Roma, 21 Giugno 2015

Caso Clinico

"Dottore appena mangio vado in bagno"

MD GIOVANNI BRANDIMARTE

UOC di Medicina Interna, Servizio di

Gastroenterologia

Ospedale Cristo Re Roma

Dottore, ogni volta che mangio vado al bagno….

STORIA CLINICA

Francesco 31 aa Bancario.

ABS fino a 4 mesi fa.

Non fuma. Non riferisce patologie nè allergie.

Episodi di MRGE trattati con successo con PPI.

Da circa 4 mesi riferisce 3 eva/die post-prandiali, feci morbide, senza sangue

né muco.

Non riferisce viaggi all’Estero nè assunzione di pesce crudo.

FUNCTIONALDISEASE ?

ORGANICDISEASE ?

OWERLAPPINGDISEASE ?

IRRITABLE BOWEL SINDROME

LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL

OVERGROWTH

CELIAC DISEASE

OTHER

EGDS?

IBSPrevalence of organic diseases in patients

Meeting symptom-based criteria for IBS

American College of Gastroenterology Task Force in IBS

Am J Gastroenterology 2009; 104:S1-S35

Linee Guida della Federazione AIGO - SIED - SIGE

RSCS?

Linee Guida della Federazione AIGO - SIED - SIGE

"Dottore potrei avere un Crohn od una CU?"

Che cosa potrei fare per escludere una malattia infiammatoria cronica intestinale?

Devo sottopormi ad esami invasivi?

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Aim: To evaluate the utility of

C-reactive protein (CRP),

erythrocyte sedimentation rate

(ESR), fecal calprotectin and

fecal lactoferrin to distinguish

between patients with IBS and

IBD and healthy controls (HCs).

Pertanto il Medico cosa prescrive al pz?

• Emocromo con formula, VES, PCR, Mucoproteine

• Calprotectina fecale

• Sangue Occulto Fecale su tre campioni

Esami richiesti

• G.R. 5.230.450, Hb 14.6, MCV 88.4, PLT 248600, G.B. 8650.

• Calprotectina Fecale: 15 µg/g.

• Sangue Occulto Fecale su tre campioni negativo.

EO: addome piano, dolorabile alla palpazione profonda in fossa iliaca destra, peristalsi presente e valida, intenso meteorismo diffuso su tutto l’ambito.

ER: negativa, feci in ampolla rettale.

"Dottore potrei avere un colon irritabile?"

Che cosa potrei fare per confermare il mio colon irritabile?

Devo sottopormi ad ulteriori esami?

Criteri di Roma III – Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Criteri di Roma III – Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Improvement with

defecation

Improvement with

defecation

Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3 days/month In the last 3 months associated with 2 or more:

Recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort at least 3 days/month In the last 3 months associated with 2 or more:

Onset associated with a change in

frequency of stool

Onset associated with a change in

frequency of stool

Onset associated with a change in

form (appearance) of

stool

Onset associated with a change in

form (appearance) of

stool

andand andand

Longstreth GF, Gastroenterology 2006Longstreth GF, Gastroenterology 2006

* Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis.

* Criteria fulfilled for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most frequently diagnosed functional gastrointestinal

disorder in primary and secondary care. It is characterised by abdominal discomfort, pain and

changes in bowel habits that can have a serious impact on the patient’s quality of life. The

pathophysiology of IBS is not yet completely clear.

Genetic, immune, environmental, inflammatory, neurological and psychological factors, in

addition to visceral hypersensitivity, can all play an important role, one that most likely

involves the complex interactions between the gut and the brain (gut-brain axis).

Nevertheless, the severity of the patient’s symptoms or concerns sometimes compels the

physician to perform useless and/or expensive diagnostic tests, transforming IBS into a

diagnosis of exclusion.

"La diagnosi di colon irritabile è una diagnosi di esclusione"

Le consiglio di eseguire i test del respiro.

Breath test al Lattosio

Breath test al Lattulosio o Glucosio

Breath test al Sorbitolo

Breath tests are non-invasive tests and can detect H2 and CH4 gases which are produced by

bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed intestinal carbohydrate and are excreted in the breath.

Breath tests are inexpensive, simple and non-invasive, inexpensive tests which can be used for:

Evaluation of carbohydrate maldigestion;

Detection of excess bacteria in the small intestine;

Estimation of intestinal transit time.

Breath testing consists of measurement of H2/methane (CH4) produced by bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed carbohydrate that is ingested by subjects.Subsequent breath samples are collected at specific time intervals (i.e., every 15 or 30 min) for 2-5 h.

CO2 is produced by all cells during metabolism, but only bacteria produce H2 and CH4 as metabolic byproducts.

Thus, if either H2 and/or CH4 are produced in body, this proves that a substrate has been exposed to intestinal bacteria with leading tobacterial fermentation.

Urita Y et al World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:4 .Hamilton L. 2nd ed. Milwaukee: QuinTron Instrument Company, 1998.

LACTOSE MALABSORPTION

Lactose, a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose bound in a ß-glycosidic linkage.

Absorption of lactose requires lactase-phlorizin hydrolase (LPH) activity in the small intestinal brush

border to break the linkage between the two monosaccharides, a step preceding the transport of

glucose and ⁄ or galactose across the brush border membrane.

Lactose malabsorption represents a well-known cause of abdominal disorders, like diarrhoea,

bloating, excessive flatus and abdominal pain. Lactose malabsorption testing should be recommended

in subjects complaining of these symptoms after lactose ingestion. However, sugar malabsorption

does not necessarily result in the development of intolerance symptoms; infact, only about one-third

to half of lactose maldigesters are also intolerants.

Simren M et al. Gut 2006; 55.Vesa T et al. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19.Peuhkuri K et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71.

LACTOSE BREATH TEST

For effective utilization, lactose requires hydrolysis by the enzyme lactase. The

breath test is now being considered to be the most practical and dependable

method to diagnose malabsorption of lactose.

Corazza GR et al. J Lab Clin Med 1994; 124.Newcomer AD et al. N Engl J Med 1975; 293.Metz G et al. Lancet 1975; 24.Szilagyi A et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 5.Hiele M et al. J Lab Clin Med 1988; 112.Strocchi A et al. Gastroenterol 1993; 105: 1404–10.

On the basis of reviewing different studies, lactose breath test shows good

sensitivity (mean value of 77.5%) and excellent specificity (mean value of

97.6%).

Lactose intolerant

Lactose tolerant

SORBITOL BREATH TEST

Sorbitol is found in stone fruits, and also used as an artificial sweetener in sugar-free

gum and mints. It is poorly absorbed in small intestine.

Sorbitol breath test determines if an individual can absorb small amount of sorbitol.

This can help to decide if dietary restriction of sorbitol can lead to improvement in

gastrointestinal symptoms.

Sorbitol intolerant

Sorbitol tolerant

Vati Rana S et al. World J Gastroenterol 2014 June 28; 20(24).

SORBITOL BREATH TEST

Tursi et al. in our study compare the effectiveness of the sorbitol H2 breath test (H2-BT) and serological tests

(antigliadin (AGA), antiendomysium (EMA) and anti-tissue transglutaminase (anti-tTG) as screening tests in the

detection and estimation of celiac disease (CD) prevalence in 1st-degree relatives.

Was screened 111 1st-degree relatives of 37 coeliac families. Relatives with abnormal serological tests and/or with

sorbitol H2-BT positivity underwent a small-bowel biopsy. Small-bowel biopsy was also performed in relatives

negative in all tests but with clinical complaints or suspected of having CD.

CD was diagnosed in 49/111 screened relatives (44.14%): 5 showed Marsh IIIc, 8 Marsh IIIb, 16 Marsh IIIa, 13 Marsh

II and 7 Marsh I lesions. Nineteen relatives showed the classical form of the disease, while the subclinical and silent

forms were recorded in 20 and 10, respectively.

AGA, EMA and anti-tTG showed strong positivity only in severe intestinal damage (Marsh IIIb-c lesions) (but overall

positivity was 36.73%, 38.78% and 44.89% for AGA, EMA and anti-tTG, respectively), while sorbitol H2-BT showed

strong positivity also in patients with slight histological damage (Marsh I-IIIa) (overall positivity was 83.67%).

A significant proportion of coeliacs may be missed if relatives are screened by serology only, while the efficacy of

sorbitol H2-BT in screening relatives is confirmed. This study confirms that neither a breath test nor serology can

replace intestinal biopsy, which remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of CD.

SMALL INTESTINAL BACTERIAL OVERGROWTH

In many studies, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is defined as the

microbiological presence of at least 105 colony-forming units per millilitre of jejunal aspirate.

Husebye E Chemotherapy 2005; 51.Gregg CR. Semin Gastrointest Dis 2002; 13.Sherman P et al. Dig Dis 1987; 5.Singh VV et al. Curr Treat Options Gastroenterol 2004; 7.Bouhnik Y et al. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94. Giannella RA et al. Am J Clin Nutr 1976; 29:.Toskes PP et al. Gastroenterology 1975; 68.Ament ME et al. Gastroenterology 1982; 63.Schjonsby H. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1977; 603.Mosekilde L, et al. Gut 1980; 21.Shindo K et al. Hepatogastroenterology 1998; 45.Masclee A et al. Eur J Clin Invest 1989; 19.Nucera G et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 21.

In clinical practice, SIBO is characterized by a wide spectrum of manifestations, ranging

from unspecific abdominal symptoms (e.g. bloating, abdominal discomfort, flatulence) to

less frequent severe generalized malabsorption and nutrient deficiency (diarrhoea,

steatorrhoea, weight loss).

Symptoms can be attributed in part to the effects of intraluminal bacterial replication and

fermentation and partly to impaired enterocytes.

DIAGNOSIS OF SIBO

The gold standard for diagnosis of SIBO is still aspiration and direct culture of the jejunal aspirate.

The principal limitation of this test are: high costs, invasivity, scarce reproducibility, bacteria

cultivation-resistance, possible contaminations by oropharyngeal flora. In addition, the irregular

distribution of bacteria may lead to false negatives.

Hydrogen breath tests are the most common diagnostic tool for SIBO diagnosis since they are

noninvasive, cheap, simple and safe.

Gasbarrini a et al. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2009; 29(Suppl 1).Gasbarrini a et al. Dig Dis 2007; 25.Romagnuolo J et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97.

Diagnosis of SIBO is established on the increase of hydrogen value respect the baseline sample

after oral ingestion of glucose (50 g) or lactulose (10 g), measurement then occurs every 15

minutes for 2 or 4 hours, respectively for the glucose and lactulose breath test.

Unfortunately, breath tests have not yet been standardized, in term of substrate concentration,

duration of tests, time intervals of breath sampling and cut-off values.

GLUCOSE BREATH TEST

Diagnosis of SIBO is established when the hydrogen level measured in breath sample increases ≥12

parts per million at 120 min respect the baseline value for glucose breath test.

Glucose is rapidly absorbed in the proximal small bowel and usually does not reach the colon, so it is a

suitable substrate to detect proximal small bowel overgrowth.

Bond JH et al. J Lab Clin Med 1977; 90.

A rise in H2, after the assumption of the substrate, means that glucose meets bacteria in the small bowel,

before its absorption. Because of its early absorption, this test may not able to diagnose SIBO of the

distal small intestine (ileum).

GLUCOSE BREATH TEST

Glucose breath test validation studies are divided into two main groups based on the substrate dose

administered and the test length:

Glucose 50 g ⁄ 250 mL; 120 min.

Glucose 75–100 g (in different concentrations); 180 min.

The diagnostic accuracy is around 70% for both tests.

Theoretically, the use of a glucose dose greater than 50 g and a longer test length can also explore

the distal segments of the small intestine, thus increasing the diagnostic accuracy of ‘distal’

SIBO.

However, 75–100 g of glucose did not show a significant improvement in sensitivity as compared

to 50 g.King CE et al, Gastroenterology 1986; 91.Bauer TM et al. J Hepatol 2000; 33.Ghoshal UC et al. Indian J Gastroenterol 2006; 25.

LACTULOSE BREATH TEST

A variety of criteria have been used for defining a positivity for the lactulose breath test:

pick of H2 > 20 ppm above baseline in 90 or 180 min, CH4 increase > 5 or > 10 ppm above

baseline, dual H2 peaks 10 ppm above baseline with a decrease of 5 ppm from before the second

peak, two consecutive H2 peaks of 10 ppm above baseline that is different from the colonic peak

defined as being 20 ppm above baseline.

George NS et al. Dig Dis Sci. 2014 Mar;59(3).Rhodes JM et al. gastroenterology 1990; 99.Yu D et al. Gut 2011; 60.Pimentel M et al. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95.Reddymasu SC et al. J Clin Gastroenterol 2010; 44.

At present, the most used criterion is the presence of two peaks, the first due to bacterial activity in

the small intestine (SIBO) and the second when lactulose reaches the colon.

GLUCOSE VS LACTULOSE BREATH TEST

Glucose breath test detect only proximal small bowel overgrowth

Lactulose test may able to diagnose SIBO of the distal small intestine.

Lactulose is a simple disaccharide. Generally, there is no lactulase enzyme in the small intestine to

hydrolyze this sugar, therefore it is transported intact to the colon where it is metabolized by colonic

bacteria. End products of its metabolism include H2 and CH4.

LACTULOSE BREATH TEST

The oro-caecal transit time in healthy subjects ranges between 40-170 min for lactulose meal and

between 192-232 min for a solid meal.

Transit time shortens with increasing doses of lactulose.

Read NW et al. Gastroenterology 1980; 79.La Brooy SJ et al. Gut 1983; 24.Hirakawa M et al. Am J Gastroenterol 1988; 83.Prather C et al. Dig Dis Sci 2005; 50: 989–1004.

The current protocol employing the liquid solution includes 10 g of lactulose in 100 mL of water, and

a cut-off value of hydrogen ≥ 10 ppm (based on barium meal studies) followed by at least two other

subsequent increments.

PICCOLI GRUPPI DI LAVORO

IL PAZIENTE TORNA CON GLI ESAMI ESEGUITI

Esami richiesti

Breath test al Lattosio: negativo.

Breath test al Sorbitolo: negativo.

Breath test al Glucosio: positivo per Overgrowth batterico.

Dottore come spiega questa contaminazione?

Ho preso qualche batterio?

C’è una spiegazione al mio problema?

Sono infetto?

PPI AND SIBO

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a condition in which increased bacterial load in the

small bowel results in excessive fermentation and inflammation, leading to a variety of clinical

complaints including bloating and diarrhea.

Use of PPI could predispose individuals to SIBO by altering the intraluminal environment and

bacterial flora.

Chronic acid suppression and the resultant hypochlorhydria associated with PPI use have been

hypothesized to alter the intraluminal environment to promote growth of the bacterial flora in the

small intestine.

PPI AND SIBO

OR, 2.282; 95% CI, 1.238 – 4.205

OR, 7.587; 95% CI, 1.805–31.894 vs OR, 1.93; 95% CI, 0.69 –5.42

Quale terapia devo fare?