PSA - Caratteristiche del Fenomeno Incendio - Bontempi

1

PSA:CARATTERISTICHE

FENOMENO INCENDIO

Prof. Ing. Franco BontempiIng. Chiara Crosti

Facolta’ di Ingegneria Civile e IndustrialeUniversita’ degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”

www.francobontempi.org

3/22/2011 1PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE

ANTINCENDIO

2

INCENDIO

• Incendio = combustione autoalimentata ed incontrollata di materiali combustibili.

• Carattere estensivo (diffusione nello spazio):

1. wildfire

2. urbanfire

3. all’esterno di un edificio

4. all’interno di un interno

• Carattere intensivo (andamento nel tempo).

• Natura accidentale.



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CARATTERE ESTENSIVODiffusione nello spazio



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1. WILDFIREwww.francobontempi.

org


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2. URBANFIREwww.francobontempi.

org


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The Great Fire of London Sunday, 2 September to Wednesday, 5 September 1666.

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The Great Fire of the City of New York, 16 December 1835



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The Great Fire of Chicago, October 7-10, 1871www.francobontempi.

org


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3/10/20143/22/2011PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE

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3. ALL’ESTERNO DI UN EDIFICIOwww.francobontempi.

org


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4. ALL’INTERNO DI UN EDIFICIOwww.francobontempi.

org


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NUMERICALMODELING



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CARATTERE INTENSIVOAndamento temporale



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ISO 13387: Example of Design Firewww.francobontempi.

org


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www.francobontempi.orgEVOLUZIONE NEL TEMPO DELLA

POTENZA TERMICA


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Summary of periods of typical fire development

Incipient period

Growth period Burning period Decay period

Fire Behavior

Heating of fuel

Fuel controlled burning Ventilation controlled burning

Fuel controlled burning

Human behavior

Prevent ignition

Extinguish by hand, escape

Death

Detection Smoke detectors

Smoke detectors, heat detectors

External smoke and flame

Active control

Prevent ignition

Extinguish by sprinklers or fire fighters; control of smoke

Control by fire-fighters

Passive control

- Select materials with resistance to flame spread

Provide fire resistance; contain fire, prevent collapse

T

timeBuchanan, 2002



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flash

ove

r

STRATEGIEATTIVE

(approcciosistemico)

STRATEGIEPASSIVE(approcciostrutturale)

Tempo t

Te

mp

era

tura

T(t

)

andamento di T(t) aseguito del successodelle strategie attive

flash

ove

r

STRATEGIEATTIVE

(approcciosistemico)

STRATEGIEPASSIVE(approcciostrutturale)

Tempo t

Te

mp

era

tura

T(t

)

andamento di T(t) aseguito del successodelle strategie attive

FIRE MODEL

HEAT TRANSFER MODEL

STRUCTURAL MODEL

Fire thermal exposure

Thermal gradients

Load capacity

Curva naturale d’incendiowww.francobontempi.

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FLASHOVER

passive

Create fire compartments

Prevent damage in the elements

Prevent loss of functionality in the building

active

Detection measures(smoke, heat, flame detectors)

Suppression measures (sprinklers, fire extinguisher, standpipes, firemen)

Smoke and heat evacuation system

prevention protection robustness

Limit ignitionsources

Limit hazardous human behavior

Emergency procedure and evacuation

Prevent the propagation of collapse, once local damages occurred (e.g. redundancy)

Fire Safety Strategies



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Fire Safety Strategies

activeprotection

passiveprotection

no failures

doesn’t trigger

Y

N

Y

N

spreads

extinguishes

damages

Y

N

robustness

no collapse

collapse

Y

N

triggers

prevention

1 42 3



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CARATTERE ACCIDENTALEEvento



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DO

I: 1

0.3

26

7/H

E20

08

Situazioni HPLC

High Probability Low Consequences



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LPHC events www.francobontempi.org


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HPLCHigh probability

Low Consequences

LPHCLow Probability

High Consequences

release of energy SMALL LARGE

numbers of breakdown SMALL LARGE

people involved FEW MANY

nonlinearity WEAK STRONG

interactions WEAK STRONG

uncertainty WEAK STRONG

decomposability HIGH LOW

course predictability HIGH LOW

HPLC – LPHC EVENTS www.francobontempi.org


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Pe

rro

w

LINEAR interactions NONLINEAR

LOO

SE

co

up

lings

TIG

HT



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LOW

AMBIGUITY UNCERTAINTY

HIGH

TIGHT

COUPLING INTERACTIONS CONNECTIONS

LOOSE

NON LINEAR

BEHAVIOR

LINEAR

LOW

AMBIGUITY UNCERTAINTY

HIGH

TIGHT

COUPLING INTERACTIONS CONNECTIONS

LOOSE

NON LINEAR

BEHAVIOR

LINEAR

Complexity

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3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

CONTROL DEVICES

SOIL BEHAVIORMATERIAL NONLINEARITY

SOIL/STRUCTURE INTERFACE CONTACT

HANGERS

TOWERS

MAIN CABLES

GEOMETRIC NONLINEARITY

Nonlinearity www.francobontempi.org

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3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

STRUCTURAL MODEL

LOADING SYSTEM

GEOMETRY AND MATERIAL

Uncertainty www.francobontempi.org

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3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

TRAFFIC – STRUCTURE

WIND - STRUCTURE

SOIL - STRUCTURE

Interactions

GLOBAL/LOCAL STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR


65

DO

I: 1

0.3

26

7/H

E20

08

Approcci di analisi

HPLCEventi Frequenti con

Conseguenze Limitate

LPHCEventi Rari con

Conseguenze Elevate

Complessità:Aspetti non lineari e

Meccanismi di interazioni

Impostazionedel problema:

Deterministico

Stocastico

ANALISIQUALITATIVA

DETERMINISTICA

ANALISIQUANTITATIVA

PROBABILISTICA

ANALISIPRAGMATICACON SCENARI



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Scenari (D.M. 14 settembre 2005)

66

Il Progettista, a seguito della classificazione e della caratterizzazione delle azioni,

deve individuare le possibili situazioni contingenti in cui le azioni possono

cimentare l’opera stessa. A tal fine, è definito:

lo scenario: un insieme organizzato e realistico di situazioni in cui l’opera

potrà trovarsi durante la vita utile di progetto;

lo scenario di carico: un insieme organizzato e realistico di azioni che

cimentano la struttura;

lo scenario di contingenza: l’identificazione di uno stato plausibile e

coerente per l’opera, in cui un insieme di azioni (scenario di carico) è

applicato su una configurazione strutturale.

Per ciascuno stato limite considerato devono essere individuati scenari di carico

(ovvero insiemi organizzati e coerenti nello spazio e nel tempo di azioni) che

rappresentino le combinazioni delle azioni realisticamente possibili e

verosimilmente più restrittive.



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Overview of scenario analysisDetermine geometry,

construction and use of the building

Establish maximum likely fuel loads

Estimate maximum likely number of occupants

and their locations

Assume certain fire protection features

Carry out fire engineering analysis

Acceptable performance

Accept design

Modify fire protection features

Establish performance requirements

No Yes

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ISO 13387: Example of Event Tree

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CONTROLLING FIRE SPREAD

• The larger a fire, the greater its destructive potential.

• The control of fire movement, or fire spread, is discussed in four categories:

1. within the room of origin;

2. to other rooms on the same level;

3. to other storey of the same building;

4. to other buildings.



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ISO 13387: Examples of Fire Spread Routes

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Fire spread within the room of origin

• Fire spread within the room of origin depends largely on heat release rate of the initially burning object.

• Vertical and horizontal fire spread will be greatly increased if the room is lined with combustible materials susceptible to rapid flame spread on the walls and especially on the ceilings.

• The properties of interest are ignitability, flame spread and the amount of smoke produced; these are often called early fire hazard properties or reaction to fire properties; these properties can be improved with the use of special paints or pressure treatment.



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Fire spread to adjacent rooms (1)

• Spread of fire and smoke to adjacent rooms is a major contributor to fire deaths. Fire and smoke movement depends vey much on the geometry of the building. If doors are open, they can provide a path for smoke and toxic combustion products to travel from the upper layer of the fire room into the next room or corridor.

• Keeping doors closed is essential to preventing fire spread from room to room. Doors through fire barrier must be able to maintain the containment function of the barrier through which they pass, whether for smoke control or fire resistance.

• Door closing devices which operate automatically when a fire is detected are very effective for greatly increasing fire safety.

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Fire spread to adjacent rooms (2)

• Concealed spaces are one of the most dangerous paths for the spread f fire and smoke. Concealed cavities are a particular problem in old buildings, especially if a number of new ceilings or partitions have been added over the years.

• Fire can also spread to adjacent rooms by penetrating the surrounding walls. Fire resisting walls must extend through suspended ceilings to the floor or roof above so that the fire does not spread by traveling through concealed space above the wall.

• The wall can be extended above the roof line to form a parapet, or the roof can be fire-rated for some distance either side of the top of the wall.

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Fire spread to others storey (1)• Vertical shafts and stairways must be fire-stopped or separated

from the occupied space at each level to avoid producing a path for spread of fire and smoke from floor to floor. A particularly dangerous situation can arise if there are interconnected horizontal and vertical concealed spaces, within the building or on the façade.

• This is particularly important of curtain-wall construction where the exterior panels are not part of the structure. Careful detailing and installation is necessary to ensure that the entire gap is sealed, especially at corners and junctions, to eliminate any possible path for fire spread.

• Gaps such as these between structural and non-structural elements are often filed with non-rigid fire-stopping materials to allow for seismic or thermal movement.

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Fire spread to others storey (2)• Vertical fire spread can also occur outside the building

envelope, via combustible cladding materials or exterior windows.

• Vertical spread of fire from window is a major hazard in multi-story buildings. This hazard can be partly controlled by keeping windows small and well separated, and by using horizontal aprons which project above windows openings.

• Flames from small narrow windows tend to project further away from the wall of the building than flames from long wide windows, leading to lower probability of storey fire spread.

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Fire spread to other buildings• Fire can spread from a burning building to adjacent buildings by

flame contact, by radiation from windows, or by flaming brands.

• Fire spread can be prevented by providing a fire-resisting barrier or by providing sufficient separation distances. If there are openings in the external wall, the probability of fire spread depends greatly on the distances between the buildings and the size of the openings. It depends also on relative buildings heights.

• Collapse of exterior walls can be a major hazard for fire-fighters and bystanders, and can lead to further spread of fire to adjacent buildings.

• Fire spread by flame contact is only possible if the buildings are quite close together, whereas fire spread by radiation can occur over many meters. Fire can also travel large distances between buildings if combustible vegetation is present.



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IMPOSTAZIONE DELLA SICUREZZARischio



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RISK CONCERNw

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RISKRISCHIO

HAZARD

PERICOLO

EXPOSURE

ESPOSIZIONE

VULNERABILITY

VULNERABLITA'

CONSEQUENCES

CONSEGUENZE

ENVIRONMENT

AMBIENTE

(sidewalkmarciapiede)

SYSTEM

SISTEMA

(walking personpedone)

(hole

tombino)

(path

percorso)

(distraction

distrazione)

June 2011 78www.francobontempi.org

causecausa

effecteffetto

79

Risk treatment

Option 1 :RISK

AVOIDANCE

Option 2 :RISK

REDUCTION

Option 3 :

RISK TRANSFER

Option 4 :RISK

ACCEPTANCE

START

STOP

No

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

100 %

50 %

50 %

30 %

20 %

25 %

5 %



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Option 1 – Risk avoidance, which usually means not proceeding to continue with the system; this is not always a feasible option, but may be the only course of action if the hazard or their probability of occurrence or both are particularly serious;

Option 2 – Risk reduction, either through (a) reducing the probability of occurrence of some events, or (b) through reduction in the severity of the consequences, such as downsizing the system, or (c) putting in place control measures;

Option 3 – Risk transfer, where insurance or other financial mechanisms can be put in place to share or completely transfer the financial risk to other parties; this is not a feasible option where the primary consequences are not financial;

Option 4 – Risk acceptance, even when it exceeds the criteria, but perhaps only for a limited time until other measures can be taken.

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Risk Analysis, Assessment, Management (IEC 1995)

Luur, 2

002



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Quantitative Risk Analysis

Luur, 2

002



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Risk-based decision makingDEFINE CONTEXT(social, individual,

political, organizational,technological)

DEFINE SYSTEM(the system is usually decomposed into a

number of smaller subsystems and/or components)

HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS(what can go wrong?how can it happen?waht controls exist?)

ESTIMATE PROBABILITIES(of occurrences)

ESTIMATE CONSEQUENCES

(magnitude)

DEFINE RISK SCENARIOS

RISK ASSESSMENT(compare risks against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT option 1 - avoidance option 2 - reduction option 3 - transfer option 4 - acceptance

SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS

MONITORAND

REVIEW

Ste

wart

& M

elc

hers

, 1997

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RISK CONCERNSDEFINE CONTEXT

(social, individual, political, organizational,

technological)

RSK ANALYSIS

(for the system are defined organization, scenarios, and consequences of

occurences)

RISK ASSESSMENT(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT

option 1 - avoidance option 2 - reduction

option 3 - transfer

option 4 - acceptance

MONITORAND

REVIEW

RISKMANAGEMENT

RISKANALYSIS

RISKASSESSMENT



ANTINCENDIO

85



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS


occurences)


against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT


option 3 - transfer


MONITORAND

REVIEW

RISKMANAGEMENT

RISKANALYSIS

RISKASSESSMENT



ANTINCENDIO

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technological)

RSK ANALYSIS


occurences)


against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT


option 3 - transfer


MONITORAND

REVIEW

RISKMANAGEMENT

RISKANALYSIS

RISKASSESSMENT



ANTINCENDIO

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technological)

RSK ANALYSIS


occurences)


against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT


option 3 - transfer


MONITORAND

REVIEW

RISKMANAGEMENT

RISKANALYSIS

RISKASSESSMENT



ANTINCENDIO

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technological)

RSK ANALYSIS


occurences)


against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT


option 3 - transfer


MONITORAND

REVIEW

RISKMANAGEMENT

RISKANALYSIS

RISKASSESSMENT



ANTINCENDIO

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technological)

RSK ANALYSIS


occurences)


against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT


option 3 - transfer


MONITORAND

REVIEW

RISKMANAGEMENT

RISKANALYSIS

RISKASSESSMENT



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technological)

RSK ANALYSIS


occurences)


against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT


option 3 - transfer


MONITORAND

REVIEW

RISKMANAGEMENT

RISKANALYSIS

RISKASSESSMENT



ANTINCENDIO

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technological)

RSK ANALYSIS


occurences)


against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT


option 3 - transfer


MONITORAND

REVIEW

RISKMANAGEMENT

RISKANALYSIS

RISKASSESSMENT



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Scenarios

DEFINE SYSTEM

(the system is usually decomposed into a number of smaller subsystems and/or

components)

HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS

(what can go wrong?

how can it happen?waht controls exist?)

ESTIMATE

CONSEQUENCES(magnitude)

ESTIMATE

PROBABILITIES(of occurrences)



RISKANALYSIS

FIREEVENT



ANTINCENDIO

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Simulations

DEFINE SYSTEM

(the system is usually decomposed into a number of smaller subsystems and/or

components)

HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS

(what can go wrong?

how can it happen?waht controls exist?)

ESTIMATE

CONSEQUENCES(magnitude)

ESTIMATE

PROBABILITIES(of occurrences)



RISKANALYSIS

NUMERICALMODELING



ANTINCENDIO

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Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Buch

anan,

2002

Strategie per

la gestionedell'incendio

1

Prevenzione

2

Gestione

dell'evento

3

Gestionedell'incendio

4Gestione delle

persone e

dei beni

15

Difesa sul posto16

Spostamento17

Disposibilitàdelle vie di fuga

18

Far avvenireil deflusso

19

Controllo della quantità

di

combustibile

5

Soppressionedell'incendio

10Controllo

dell'incendioattraverso il

progetto

13

Automatica11

Manuale12

Controllo deimateriali

presenti

6Controllo

del movimento

dell'incendio

7Resistenza e

stabilità

strutturale

14

Contenimento9

Ventilazione8

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Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)

Buch

anan,

2002

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Strategie perla gestione

dell'incendio

1

Prevenzione

2

Gestione

dell'evento

3

Gestionedell'incendio

4Gestione delle

persone edei beni

15

Difesa sul posto16

Spostamento17

Disposibilità

delle vie di fuga

18

Far avvenireil deflusso

19

Controllo della quantità

di combustibile

5

Soppressionedell'incendio

10Controllo

dell'incendioattraverso il

progetto

13

Automatica11

Manuale12

Controllo dei

materialipresenti

6Controllo

del movimentodell'incendio

7Resistenza e

stabilitàstrutturale

14

Contenimento9

Ventilazione8

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FIRE SAFETY CONCEPTS TREE (NFPA)

Line 2

• La gestione dell’incendio non è necessaria se si previene l’ignizione.

• Può essere solo ridotta la probabilità che avvenga l’ignizione.

• Gli incendi dolosi è difficile da prevedere dal progettista

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Line 4

Exposed persons and property can be managed by moving them from the building or

by defending them in place; in order for people to move, the fire must be detected,

the people must be notified, and there must be a suitable safe path for movement.

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Line 6

• There are three options for managing a fire; in the first case the fuel source can be controlled, by limiting the amount of fuel or the geometry; the second options is to suppress the fire; the third is to control the fire by construction.

• Control fire by construction it is necessary to both control the movement of the fire and provide the structural stability.


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Line 9 - The two strategies for controlling fire movement are:

a) fire venting: venting can be by an active system of mechanically operated vents, or a passive system that relies on the melting of plastic skylights; in either case, the increased ventilation may increase the local severity of the fire, but fire spread within the building and the overall thermal impact on the structure will be reduced;

b) containment of a fire to prevent spread is the principal tool of passive fire protection; preventing fire growing to a large size is ne of the most important components of a fire safety strategy; radiant spread of the fire to neighboring buildings must also be prevented, by limiting the size of openings in exterior walls;

Smoke containment can also controlled by venting or containment; pressurizations and smoke barriers can also used.

FIRE SAFETY CONCEPTS TREE (NFPA)www.francobontempi.

org


ANTINCENDIO

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Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA) (1)

• Line 4 – exposed persons and property can be managed by moving them from the building or by defending them in place; in order for people to move, the fire must be detected, the people must be notified, and there must be a suitable safe path for movement.

• Line 6 – there are three options for managing a fire; in the first case the fuel source ca be controlled, by limiting the amount of fuel or the geometry; the second options is to suppress the fire; the third is to control the fire by construction.

• Control fire by construction it is necessary to both control the movement of the fire and provide the structural stability.

Buch

anan,

2002



ANTINCENDIO

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Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA) (2)• Line 9 - the two strategies for controlling fire movement are:

a) fire venting: venting can be by an active system of mechanically operated vents, or a passive system that relies on the meltig of plastic skylights; in either case, the increased ventilation may increase the local severity of the fire, but fire spread within the building and the overall thermal impact on the structure will be reduced;

b) containment of a fire to prevent spread is the principal tool of passive fire protection; preventing fire growing to a large size is ne of the most important components of a fire safety strategy; radiant spread of the fire to nighbouring buildings must also be prevented, by limiting the size of openings in exterior walls;

Smoke containment can also controlled by venting or containment; pressurizations and smoke barriers can also used.

Buch

anan,

2002



ANTINCENDIO

103

Design Process - ISO 13387

A. Design constraints and possibilities (blue),

B. Action definition and development

(red),

C. Passive system and active response(yellow),

D. Safety and performance

(purple).

1033/22/2011


PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE ANTINCENDIO

104

SS0a

PRESCRIBEDDESIGN

PARAMETERS

SS0bESTIMATED

DESIGN

PARAMETERS

SS1initiation and

developmentof fire and

fire efluent

SS2movement of

fire effluent

SS3

structural response and fire spread

beyond enclosureof origin

SS4

detection,

activitation andsuppression

SS5

life safety:occupant behavior,

location andcondition

SS6

propertyloss

SS7business

interruption

SS8contamination

of

environment

SS9

destruction

ofheritage

(0)

DESIGNCONSTRAINTS

AND

POSSIBILITIES

(1+2)ACTION

DEFINITION

ANDDEVELOPMENT

(3+4)

SYSTEMPASSIVE

AND ACTIVERESPONSE

BU

S O

F I

NF

OR

MA

TIO

N

RESULTS

DESIGN

ACTION

RESPONSE

SA

FE

TY

& P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE



ANTINCENDIO

105

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURALMATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alivestructural

characteristics

Yes

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS

STRUCTURALSYSTEM

WEAKNESS



ANTINCENDIO

106

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURALMATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive structural

characteristics

threats

No

Yes

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURALMATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION & FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alivestructural

characteristics

Yes



ANTINCENDIO

107

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

active structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alivestructural

characteristics

Yes

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURALMATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural characteristics

threats


No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alivestructural

characteristics

Yes



ANTINCENDIO

108

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY&

GEOMETRY

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL& PARTS

FIRE DETECTION& SUPPRESSION


MAINTENANCE

& USE

CRISIS



ANTINCENDIO

109

HAZARD

IN-D

EPTH

DEFE

NCE

HOLES DUE TOACTIVE ERRORS

HOLES DUE TOHIDDEN ERRORS

FAILURE PATH www.francobontempi.org


ANTINCENDIO

110

Causes of system failure

100%

Time

% o

f fa

ilure

Unknown phenomena

Known phenomena

Research level Design code level

past present future

A

BB B

C

Hu

man

err

ors



ANTINCENDIO

111111

112

StroNGER S.r.l. Research Spin-off for Structures of the Next Generation

Energy Harvesting and Resilience

Rome – Athens – Milan – Nice Cote Azur

Sede operativa: Via Giacomo Peroni 442-444, Tecnopolo Tiburtino,

00131 Roma (ITALY) – [email protected]

PSA - Caratteristiche del Fenomeno Incendio - Bontempi

Education

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