PSA Caratteristiche fondamentali azione incendio

PSA:

CARATTERISTICHE

FENOMENO INCENDIO

www.francobontempi.org

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GERwww.stronger2012.com

1

FENOMENO INCENDIO

Prof. Ing. Franco Bontempi

Ing. Chiara Crosti

Facolta’ di Ingegneria Civile e Industriale

Universita’ degli Studi di Roma “La Sapienza”

3/22/2011 1PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE

ANTINCENDIO

INCENDIO

• Incendio = combustione autoalimentata ed

incontrollata di materiali combustibili.

• Carattere estensivo (diffusione nello spazio):

1. wildfire


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1. wildfire

2. urbanfire

3. all’esterno di un edificio

4. all’interno di un interno

• Carattere intensivo (andamento nel tempo).

• Natura accidentale.


ANTINCENDIO


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3

CARATTERE ESTENSIVO

Diffusione nello spazio


ANTINCENDIO

1. WILDFIREwww.francobontempi.

org

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ANTINCENDIO


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ANTINCENDIO

2. URBANFIREwww.francobontempi.

org

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ANTINCENDIO


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ANTINCENDIO

The Great Fire of London Sunday, 2 September

to Wednesday, 5 September 1666.

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ANTINCENDIO

The Great Fire of the City of New York,

16 December 1835


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ANTINCENDIO

The Great Fire of Chicago, October 7-10, 1871www.francobontempi.

org

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ANTINCENDIO


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ANTINCENDIO


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10/11/20133/22/2011PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE

ANTINCENDIO27

3. ALL’ESTERNO DI UN EDIFICIOwww.francobontempi.

org

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ANTINCENDIO


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ANTINCENDIO

4. ALL’INTERNO DI UN EDIFICIOwww.francobontempi.

org

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ANTINCENDIO


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ANTINCENDIO

NUMERICALMODELING


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ANTINCENDIO


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49

CARATTERE INTENSIVO

Andamento temporale


ANTINCENDIO

ISO 13387: Example of Design Firewww.francobontempi.

org

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ANTINCENDIO

www.francobontempi.orgEVOLUZIONE NEL TEMPO DELLA

POTENZA TERMICA

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ANTINCENDIO

Summary of periods of typical fire development

Incipient

period

Growth period Burning period Decay period

Fire

Behavior

Heating

of fuel

Fuel controlled burning Ventilation controlled

burning

Fuel controlled

burning

Human

behavior

Prevent

ignition

Extinguish by hand,

escape

Death

T


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52

behavior ignition escape

Detection Smoke

detectors

Smoke detectors, heat

detectors

External smoke and flame

Active

control

Prevent

ignition

Extinguish by sprinklers

or fire fighters; control

of smoke

Control by fire-fighters

Passive

control

- Select materials with

resistance to flame

spread

Provide fire resistance;

contain fire, prevent collapse

timeBuchanan, 20023/22/2011 52PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE

ANTINCENDIO

fla

sh

over

Te

mp

era

tura

T(t

)

fla

sh

over

Te

mp

era

tura

T(t

)

FIRE MODEL

HEAT TRANSFER

MODEL

Fire thermal exposure

Curva naturale d’incendiowww.francobontempi.

org

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53

STRATEGIEATTIVE

(approccio

sistemico)

STRATEGIE

PASSIVE(approccio

strutturale)

Tempo t

andamento di T(t) aseguito del successo

delle strategie attive

STRATEGIEATTIVE

(approccio

sistemico)

STRATEGIE

PASSIVE(approccio

strutturale)

Tempo t

andamento di T(t) aseguito del successo

delle strategie attive

MODEL

STRUCTURAL

MODEL

Thermal gradients

Load capacity


ANTINCENDIO

F

L

A

passive

� Create fire

active

� Detection measures

prevention protection robustness

� Limit ignition � Prevent the

Fire Safety Strategies


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54

A

S

H

O

V

E

R

� Create fire

compartments

� Prevent damage

in the elements

� Prevent loss of

functionality in

the building

� Detection measures

(smoke, heat, flame

detectors)

� Suppression

measures (sprinklers,

fire extinguisher,

standpipes, firemen)

� Smoke and heat

evacuation system

� Limit ignition

sources

� Limit hazardous

human behavior

� Emergency

procedure and

evacuation

� Prevent the

propagation

of collapse,

once local

damages

occurred (e.g.

redundancy)


ANTINCENDIO

Fire Safety Strategies

active

protection no failures

doesn’t

trigger

Y

N

Yextinguishes

triggers

prevention

1 42 3


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protection

passive

protection

no failures

N

spreads

damages

Y

N

robustness

no collapse

collapse

Y

N

triggers


ANTINCENDIO


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56

CARATTERE ACCIDENTALE

Evento


ANTINCENDIO

DO

I: 1

0.3

26

7/H

E2

00

8

Situazioni HPLCwww.francobontempi.

org

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DO

I: 1

0.3

26

7/H

E2

00

8

High Probability Low Consequences


ANTINCENDIO

LPHC events www.francobontempi.org

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ANTINCENDIO

HPLC

High probability

Low Consequences

LPHC

Low Probability

High

Consequences

release of energy SMALL LARGE

numbers of breakdown SMALL LARGE

HPLC – LPHC EVENTS www.francobontempi.org

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59

people involved FEW MANY

nonlinearity WEAK STRONG

interactions WEAK STRONG

uncertainty WEAK STRONG

decomposability HIGH LOW

course predictability HIGH LOW


ANTINCENDIO

LINEAR interactions NONLINEAR

cou

pli

ng

sT

IGH

T


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Pe

rro

w

LOO

SE

c

ou

pli

ng

s


ANTINCENDIO

TIGHT

COUPLING

INTERACTIONS

NON LINEAR

BEHAVIOR

LINEAR

TIGHT

COUPLING

INTERACTIONS

NON LINEAR

BEHAVIOR

LINEAR

ComplexityStro N


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LOW

AMBIGUITY

UNCERTAINTY

HIGH

INTERACTIONS

CONNECTIONS

LOOSE LOW

AMBIGUITY

UNCERTAINTY

HIGH

INTERACTIONS

CONNECTIONS

LOOSE

3300183 183777 627

+383.00 +383.00

3300183 183777 627

+383.00 +383.00

HANGERS

TOWERS

MAIN CABLES

GEOMETRIC NONLINEARITY

NonlinearityStro N



62

+77.00 m+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00+77.00 m+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

CONTROL DEVICES

SOIL BEHAVIORMATERIAL NONLINEARITY

SOIL/STRUCTURE INTERFACE CONTACT

3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

GEOMETRY AND MATERIAL

UncertaintyStro N



63

STRUCTURAL MODEL

LOADING SYSTEM

3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

3300183 183777 627

+77.00 m

+383.00 +383.00

+54.00+118.00

+52.00 +63.00

TRAFFIC – STRUCTURE

InteractionsStro N



64

WIND - STRUCTURE

SOIL - STRUCTURE

GLOBAL/LOCAL STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR

DO

I: 1

0.3

26

7/H

E2

00

8Approcci di analisi

HPLCEventi Frequenti con

Conseguenze Limitate

LPHCEventi Rari con

Conseguenze ElevateImpostazione

del problema:

DeterministicoANALISI

QUALITATIVAANALISI

PRAGMATICA


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65

DO

I: 1

0.3

26

7/H

E2

00

8

Complessità:

Aspetti non lineari e

Meccanismi di interazioni

Deterministico

Stocastico

QUALITATIVA

DETERMINISTICA

ANALISI

QUANTITATIVA

PROBABILISTICA

PRAGMATICA

CON SCENARI


ANTINCENDIO

Scenari (D.M. 14 settembre 2005)

Il Progettista, a seguito della classificazione e della caratterizzazione delle azioni,

deve individuare le possibili situazioni contingenti in cui le azioni possono

cimentare l’opera stessa. A tal fine, è definito:

• lo scenario: un insieme organizzato e realistico di situazioni in cui l’opera

potrà trovarsi durante la vita utile di progetto;

• lo scenario di carico: un insieme organizzato e realistico di azioni che


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• lo scenario di carico: un insieme organizzato e realistico di azioni che

cimentano la struttura;

• lo scenario di contingenza: l’identificazione di uno stato plausibile e

coerente per l’opera, in cui un insieme di azioni (scenario di carico) è

applicato su una configurazione strutturale.

Per ciascuno stato limite considerato devono essere individuati scenari di carico

(ovvero insiemi organizzati e coerenti nello spazio e nel tempo di azioni) che

rappresentino le combinazioni delle azioni realisticamente possibili e

verosimilmente più restrittive.


ANTINCENDIO

Overview of scenario analysisDetermine geometry,

construction and

use of the building

Establish maximum likely

fuel loads

Estimate maximum likely

number of occupants

and their locations

Establish

performance

requirements

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and their locations

Assume certain fire protection

features

Carry out fire engineering

analysis

Acceptable

performance

Accept

design

Modify fire

protection

features

No Yes

Buchanan,

2002


ANTINCENDIO

ISO 13387: Example of Event Tree

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ANTINCENDIO

CONTROLLING FIRE SPREAD

• The larger a fire, the greater its destructive

potential.

• The control of fire movement, or fire spread, is

discussed in four categories:


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discussed in four categories:

1. within the room of origin;

2. to other rooms on the same level;

3. to other storey of the same building;

4. to other buildings.


ANTINCENDIO

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ISO 13387: Examples of Fire Spread Routes

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ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread within the room of origin

• Fire spread within the room of origin depends largely on

heat release rate of the initially burning object.

• Vertical and horizontal fire spread will be greatly

increased if the room is lined with combustible materials

susceptible to rapid flame spread on the walls and


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susceptible to rapid flame spread on the walls and

especially on the ceilings.

• The properties of interest are ignitability, flame spread

and the amount of smoke produced; these are often

called early fire hazard properties or reaction to fire

properties; these properties can be improved with the

use of special paints or pressure treatment.


ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to adjacent rooms (1)

• Spread of fire and smoke to adjacent rooms is a major

contributor to fire deaths. Fire and smoke movement depends

vey much on the geometry of the building. If doors are open,

they can provide a path for smoke and toxic combustion

products to travel from the upper layer of the fire room into the

next room or corridor.

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next room or corridor.

• Keeping doors closed is essential to preventing fire spread from

room to room. Doors through fire barrier must be able to

maintain the containment function of the barrier through which

they pass, whether for smoke control or fire resistance.

• Door closing devices which operate automatically when a fire is

detected are very effective for greatly increasing fire safety.


ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to adjacent rooms (2)

• Concealed spaces are one of the most dangerous paths for the

spread f fire and smoke. Concealed cavities are a particular

problem in old buildings, especially if a number of new ceilings

or partitions have been added over the years.

• Fire can also spread to adjacent rooms by penetrating the

surrounding walls. Fire resisting walls must extend through

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surrounding walls. Fire resisting walls must extend through

suspended ceilings to the floor or roof above so that the fire

does not spread by traveling through concealed space above

the wall.

• The wall can be extended above the roof line to form a parapet,

or the roof can be fire-rated for some distance either side of the

top of the wall.


ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to others storey (1)

• Vertical shafts and stairways must be fire-stopped or separated

from the occupied space at each level to avoid producing a path

for spread of fire and smoke from floor to floor. A particularly

dangerous situation can arise if there are interconnected

horizontal and vertical concealed spaces, within the building or

on the façade.

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on the façade.

• This is particularly important of curtain-wall construction where

the exterior panels are not part of the structure. Careful

detailing and installation is necessary to ensure that the entire

gap is sealed, especially at corners and junctions, to eliminate

any possible path for fire spread.

• Gaps such as these between structural and non-structural

elements are often filed with non-rigid fire-stopping materials

to allow for seismic or thermal movement.3/22/2011 74PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE

ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to others storey (2)

• Vertical fire spread can also occur outside the building

envelope, via combustible cladding materials or exterior

windows.

• Vertical spread of fire from window is a major hazard in multi-

story buildings. This hazard can be partly controlled by keeping

windows small and well separated, and by using horizontal

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windows small and well separated, and by using horizontal

aprons which project above windows openings.

• Flames from small narrow windows tend to project further

away from the wall of the building than flames from long wide

windows, leading to lower probability of storey fire spread.


ANTINCENDIO

Fire spread to other buildings• Fire can spread from a burning building to adjacent buildings by

flame contact, by radiation from windows, or by flaming brands.

• Fire spread can be prevented by providing a fire-resisting barrier

or by providing sufficient separation distances. If there are

openings in the external wall, the probability of fire spread

depends greatly on the distances between the buildings and the

size of the openings. It depends also on relative buildings


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size of the openings. It depends also on relative buildings

heights.

• Collapse of exterior walls can be a major hazard for fire-fighters

and bystanders, and can lead to further spread of fire to

adjacent buildings.

• Fire spread by flame contact is only possible if the buildings are

quite close together, whereas fire spread by radiation can occur

over many meters. Fire can also travel large distances between

buildings if combustible vegetation is present.3/22/2011 76

PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE

ANTINCENDIO


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IMPOSTAZIONE DELLA SICUREZZA

Rischio


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNw

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RISK

RISCHIOHAZARD

PERICOLO

EXPOSURE

ESPOSIZIONE

SYSTEM

SISTEMA

(walking person

pedone)

(hole

tombino)

cause

causa

78

VULNERABILITY

VULNERABLITA'

CONSEQUENCES

CONSEGUENZE

ENVIRONMENT

AMBIENTE

(sidewalk

marciapiede)

(path

percorso)

(distraction

distrazione)

June 2011 78www.francobontempi.org

effect

effetto

Risk treatment

Option 1 :

RISK

AVOIDANCE

START

No

Yes

100 %

50 %

50 %


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Option 2 :

RISK

REDUCTION

Option 3 :

RISK

TRANSFER

Option 4 :

RISK

ACCEPTANCE

STOP

No

No

Yes

Yes

No

30 %

20 %

25 %

5 %


ANTINCENDIO

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Option 1 – Risk avoidance, which usually means not proceeding to

continue with the system; this is not always a feasible

option, but may be the only course of action if the

hazard or their probability of occurrence or both are

particularly serious;

Option 2 – Risk reduction, either through (a) reducing the

probability of occurrence of some events, or (b) through

reduction in the severity of the consequences, such as

downsizing the system, or (c) putting in place control

measures;

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measures;

Option 3 – Risk transfer, where insurance or other financial

mechanisms can be put in place to share or completely

transfer the financial risk to other parties; this is not a

feasible option where the primary consequences are not

financial;

Option 4 – Risk acceptance, even when it exceeds the criteria, but

perhaps only for a limited time until other measures can

be taken.3/22/2011 80


ANTINCENDIO

Risk Analysis, Assessment,

Management (IEC 1995)

, 2002


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Luur,

2002


ANTINCENDIO

Quantitative Risk Analysis

, 2002


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Luur,

2002


ANTINCENDIO

Risk-based decision makingDEFINE CONTEXT

(social, individual,

political, organizational,

technological)

DEFINE SYSTEM

(the system is usually decomposed into a

number of smaller subsystems and/or

components)

HAZARD SCENARIO ANALYSIS

(what can go wrong?

how can it happen?

waht controls exist?)

Ste

wart

& M

elc

hers

, 1997

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ESTIMATE

PROBABILITIES

(of occurrences)

ESTIMATE

CONSEQUENCES

(magnitude)

DEFINE

RISK SCENARIOS

RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT

option 1 - avoidance

option 2 - reduction

option 3 - transfer

option 4 - acceptance

SENSITIVITY

ANALYSIS

MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

Ste

wart

& M

elc

hers

, 1997


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS

(for the system are defined organization,

scenarios, and consequences of

occurences) RISKMANAGEMENT

RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT


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RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT



option 3 - transfer


MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

ASSESSMENT


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS




RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT


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RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT



option 3 - transfer


MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

ASSESSMENT


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS




RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT


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RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT



option 3 - transfer


MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

ASSESSMENT


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS




RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT


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RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT



option 3 - transfer


MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

ASSESSMENT


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS




RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT


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RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT



option 3 - transfer


MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

ASSESSMENT


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS




RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT


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RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT



option 3 - transfer


MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

ASSESSMENT


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS




RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT


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RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT



option 3 - transfer


MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

ASSESSMENT


ANTINCENDIO

RISK CONCERNS

DEFINE CONTEXT



technological)

RSK ANALYSIS




RISK

ANALYSIS

RISK

ASSESSMENT


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91

RISK ASSESSMENT

(compare risks

against criteria)

RISK TREATMENT



option 3 - transfer


MONITOR

AND

REVIEW

ASSESSMENT


ANTINCENDIO


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ANTINCENDIO

Scenarios

DEFINE SYSTEM

(the system is usually decomposed into

a number of smaller subsystems and/or

components)


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(what can go wrong?

how can it happen?


ESTIMATE

CONSEQUENCES

(magnitude)

ESTIMATE

PROBABILITIES

(of occurrences)

DEFINE

RISK SCENARIOS SENSITIVITY

ANALYSIS

RISKANALYSIS

FIREEVENT3/22/2011 93


ANTINCENDIO

Simulations

DEFINE SYSTEM

(the system is usually decomposed into

a number of smaller subsystems and/or

components)


(what can go wrong?

how can it happen?

waht controls exist?) RISK

NUMERICALMODELING


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ESTIMATE

CONSEQUENCES

(magnitude)

ESTIMATE

PROBABILITIES

(of occurrences)

DEFINE

RISK SCENARIOS SENSITIVITY

ANALYSIS

RISKANALYSIS


ANTINCENDIO

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)1

2

3

4

Buchanan,

2002

Strategie per

la gestione

dell'incendio

1

Prevenzione

2

Gestione

dell'evento

3

Gestione

dell'incendio

4Gestione delle

persone e

dei beni

15

Difesa sul posto16

Spostamento17

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5

6

7

8

9

Buchanan,

2002

Disposibilità

delle vie

di fuga

18

Far avvenire

il deflusso

19

Controllo

della quantità

di

combustibile

5

Soppressione

dell'incendio

10Controllo

dell'incendio

attraverso il

progetto

13

Automatica11

Manuale12

Controllo dei

materiali

presenti

6Controllo

del movimento

dell'incendio

7Resistenza e

stabilità

strutturale

14

Contenimento9

Ventilazione8


ANTINCENDIO

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA)

Buchanan,

2002

1

2

3

4

Strategie per

la gestione

dell'incendio

1

Prevenzione

2

Gestione

dell'evento

3

Gestione

dell'incendio

4Gestione delle

persone e

dei beni

15

Difesa sul posto16

Spostamento17

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Buchanan,

2002

5

6

7

8

9

Disposibilità

delle vie

di fuga

18

Far avvenire

il deflusso

19

Controllo

della quantità

di

combustibile

5

Soppressione

dell'incendio

10Controllo

dell'incendio

attraverso il

progetto

13

Automatica11

Manuale12

Controllo dei

materiali

presenti

6Controllo

del movimento

dell'incendio

7Resistenza e

stabilità

strutturale

14

Contenimento9

Ventilazione8


ANTINCENDIO

FIRE SAFETY CONCEPTS TREE (NFPA)

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Line 2

• La gestione dell’incendio non è necessaria se si previene l’ignizione.

• Può essere solo ridotta la probabilità che avvenga l’ignizione.

• Gli incendi dolosi è difficile da prevedere dal progettista


ANTINCENDIO


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Line 4

Exposed persons and property can be managed by moving them from the building or

by defending them in place; in order for people to move, the fire must be detected,

the people must be notified, and there must be a suitable safe path for movement.


ANTINCENDIO


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Line 6

• There are three options for managing a fire; in the first case the fuel source can be

controlled, by limiting the amount of fuel or the geometry; the second options is to

suppress the fire; the third is to control the fire by construction.

• Control fire by construction it is necessary to both control the movement of the fire

and provide the structural stability.


ANTINCENDIO

Line 9 - The two strategies for controlling fire movement are:

a) fire venting: venting can be by an active system of mechanically operated vents, or a passive

FIRE SAFETY CONCEPTS TREE (NFPA)www.francobontempi.

org

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a) fire venting: venting can be by an active system of mechanically operated vents, or a passive

system that relies on the melting of plastic skylights; in either case, the increased ventilation

may increase the local severity of the fire, but fire spread within the building and the overall

thermal impact on the structure will be reduced;

b) containment of a fire to prevent spread is the principal tool of passive fire protection;

preventing fire growing to a large size is ne of the most important components of a fire safety

strategy; radiant spread of the fire to neighboring buildings must also be prevented, by limiting

the size of openings in exterior walls;

Smoke containment can also controlled by venting or containment; pressurizations and smoke

barriers can also used.


ANTINCENDIO

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA) (1)

• Line 4 – exposed persons and property can be managed by

moving them from the building or by defending them in place;

in order for people to move, the fire must be detected, the

people must be notified, and there must be a suitable safe

path for movement.

Buchanan,

2002


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path for movement.

• Line 6 – there are three options for managing a fire; in the

first case the fuel source ca be controlled, by limiting the

amount of fuel or the geometry; the second options is to

suppress the fire; the third is to control the fire by

construction.

• Control fire by construction it is necessary to both control the

movement of the fire and provide the structural stability.

Buchanan,

2002


ANTINCENDIO

Fire safety concepts tree (NFPA) (2)• Line 9 - the two strategies for controlling fire movement are:

a) fire venting: venting can be by an active system of

mechanically operated vents, or a passive system that relies

on the meltig of plastic skylights; in either case, the increased

ventilation may increase the local severity of the fire, but fire

spread within the building and the overall thermal impact on

the structure will be reduced;

Buchanan,

2002


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the structure will be reduced;

b) containment of a fire to prevent spread is the principal tool

of passive fire protection; preventing fire growing to a large

size is ne of the most important components of a fire safety

strategy; radiant spread of the fire to nighbouring buildings

must also be prevented, by limiting the size of openings in

exterior walls;

Smoke containment can also controlled by venting or

containment; pressurizations and smoke barriers can also

used.

Buchanan,

2002


ANTINCENDIO

Design Process - ISO 13387

A. Design constraints and possibilities

(blue),

B. Action definition and development

(red),


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(red),

C. Passive system and active response

(yellow),

D. Safety and performance

(purple).

1033/22/2011PROGETTAZIONE STRUTTURALE

ANTINCENDIO

SS0a

PRESCRIBED

DESIGN

PARAMETERS

SS0b

ESTIMATED

DESIGN

PARAMETERS

SS1

initiation and

development

of fire and

fire efluent

SS2

movement of

SS5

life safety:

occupant behavior,

location and

condition

SS6

property

loss

SS7

business

(0)

DESIGN

CONSTRAINTS

AND

POSSIBILITIES

(1+2)

ACTION

DEFINITION

AND

DEVELOPMENT

BU

S O

F I

NF

OR

MA

TIO

N

DESIGN

ACTION

SA

FE

TY

& P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE


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movement of

fire effluent

SS3

structural response

and fire spread

beyond enclosure

of origin

SS4

detection,

activitation and

suppression

business

interruption

SS8

contamination

of

environment

SS9

destruction

of

heritage

(3+4)

SYSTEM

PASSIVE

AND ACTIVE

RESPONSE

BU

S O

F I

NF

OR

MA

TIO

N

RESULTS

RESPONSE

SA

FE

TY

& P

ER

FO

RM

AN

CE


ANTINCENDIO

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

No

Yes

STRUCTURAL STRUCTURAL


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105

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

active

structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alive

structural

characteristics

Yes

STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

CHARACTERISTICS

STRUCTURALSYSTEM

WEAKNESS


ANTINCENDIO

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURALMATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION & FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alivestructural

characteristics

Yes


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GEOMETRY

threats

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

No

Yes


ANTINCENDIO

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

active

structural

characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threatsYes

STRUCTURAL CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

threats

No

Yes

threats

STRUCTURALMATERIAL

& PARTS

No

Yespassive

structural

characteristics

threats

FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

No

Yes

active

structural characteristics

threats

ORGANIZATION & FIREFIGHTERS

No

Yes

threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

Yes

threats

No

alivestructural

characteristics

Yes


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threats

MAINTENANCE

& USE

No

threats

No

alive

structural

characteristics

Yes


ANTINCENDIO

STRUCTURAL

CONCEPTION

STRUCTURAL

TOPOLOGY

&

GEOMETRY

STRUCTURAL

MATERIAL

& PARTS


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FIRE DETECTION

& SUPPRESSION

ORGANIZATION &

FIREFIGHTERS

MAINTENANCE

& USE

CRISIS


ANTINCENDIO

HAZARD

HOLES DUE TO

ACTIVE ERRORS

FAILURE PATH www.francobontempi.org

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IN-DEPTH DEFENCE

HOLES DUE TO

HIDDEN ERRORS3/22/2011 109


ANTINCENDIO

Causes of system failure

100%

% o

f fa

ilure

Unknown phenomena

Research level Design code level

BB B

C


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Time

% o

f fa

ilure

Known phenomena

past present future

A

BB B

Hu

man

err

ors


ANTINCENDIO

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111111

StroNGER S.r.l. Research Spin-off for Structures of the Next Generation

Energy Harvesting and Resilience

Rome – Athens – Milan – Nice Cote Azur

Str

112

Sede operativa: Via Giacomo Peroni 442-444, Tecnopolo Tiburtino,

00131 Roma (ITALY) – [email protected]

o NGER

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PSA Caratteristiche fondamentali azione incendio

Education

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