L’alimentazione e la nutrizione animale oggi

Prof. Luciano Pinotti

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11-12 items 16-17 items

Modificazionefarine animali

Aumentointegrazione

7 items 14 items

Diminuzione Vitamina A e D

Cambio della formula chimica: da carbonati a solfati

En.- PG+circa 10%

grassi+circa 150%

Sono cambiati non solo ingredienti e composizione ma anche tecniche mangimistiche adottate

Mash Crumbeles Pellet

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Performance changes in poultry and livestockfollowing 50 years of genetic selection

Havenstein, 2006

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Strain 2001 + Diet 2001vs

Strain 1957 + Diet 1957+61% +50% +46% +32%

CARCASS FAT

Elaborate da Havenstein et al., 2003

↑ growth rate ↑ oxygen demand (metabolic needs)

↑ growth rate ↓ relative heart and lung size

↓ cardiopulmonary capacity.

Reduction heart (- 10.3% )

and lung size (-9.0%)

ACBRC strain fed a 1957 43-day-old birds

Ross-308 strain fed a 200143-day-old birds Broiler Ascites Syndrome

Prevenzione

• Solution 1: slow down early growth rate (?)

• Solution 2: diet optimization

– n-3 and n-6 PUFA supplementation (flaxseed oil 40g/kg)

– Anti-oxidant supplementation (above 100 mg of VE/kg)

– Arginine (effect on NO)?

VITAMINS

• To date, 15 vitamins have been identified and classified as either fat- or water-soluble.

• Of the 15 vitamins listed, choline is only tentatively classified as one of the B-complex vitamins.

• Choline differs from the other B vitamins

Choline: vitamin or not?• Choline is a structural

component of body tissues; • Choline is not a cofactor in

enzymatic reactions; • Choline is required at levels

far greater than those of the other water-soluble vitamins;

• It is difficult to identify a deficiency syndrome for choline in healthy mammals

• There is an endogenous pathway for the synthesis of Choline;

• The presence of a pathway for endogenous synthesis does not make a nutrient dispensable;

• It is known that choline deficiency results in several dysfunctions, when other nutrients are limiting.

Pinotti et al., 2002

Choline: a “vitamin-like” compound

Choline is an essential nutrient for mammals when sufficient methionine and folates are not available in the diet. Vitamin

B12 is also involved in the system

Pinotti, 2012

The functions of choline

• Functions of choline per se: for

which is needed the choline

moiety

– e.g. in phospholipids

• Functions of choline as a methyl

donor: for which are needed the

methyl groups of choline

Pinotti, 2012

• Choline is rapidly and extensively degraded in the rumen;

• Dietary Cho (100%):• 76% lost as methane

• 15% accumulated as Trimethylamine

• < 10% is incorporated in the protozoa

Choline metabolism in the rumen

Pinotti, 2012

Rumen stability: In vitro choline degradation

Feedstuffs Effective degradation, %

Barley 79.4

Cottonseed 84.7

Soybean meal 82.9

Fish-meal 83.8

Sharma & Erdman, 1989

Supplements Effective degradation, %

Choline stearate 98.0

Choline chloride 98.6

Choline for dairy cows

• The mean estimates of rumen degrable choline were 80-98% for common feedstuffs and supplements

• Use of choline-rich feedstuffs in diets no increase the post ruminal flow of choline in cows.

• Effects of abomasally infused

choline suggested a possible

requirement for supplementing

choline in dairy cows

Pinotti, 2012

Come apportarla: microincapsulazione

Una microcapsula costituita da una parete uniforme (coating) resistente a diversi agenti fisico chimici, a protezione di una parte interna chiamata core (può anche

essere multi-core), che rappresenta il nutriente da proteggere. Tecnica spesso usata nella rumino-protezione e non solo.

http://america.pink/micro-encapsulation_2996397.html http://www.slideshare.net/mary88ryan/microencapsulation-29320408

Choline (Rumen Protected) supplementation in different studies

Pinotti, 2012

Putnam, and Garrett, 2005

Meta-analysis

Milk yieldCholine dose/milk yield (each circle represents

a study)

Ottoboni & Pinotti 2016

An “Adequate intake” for choline

Choline amount

administered

Milk yield estimate

(kg/d)

SEM RPC effect

Control (0 g/d) 32.35 1.53 -

RPC low level (<10 g/d) 33.40 1.59 0.15

RPC high level (> 10 g/d) 35.18 1.58 <0.001

Pinotti, 2012

Metabolic health

Choline effect on NEFA Choline effect on BHBA

Ottoboni & Pinotti 2016

Choline per se(i.e. lipotropic compound)

• Liver effects

– lipid/DNA ratio in choline

supplemented goats suggest a

lower cellular lipid

accumulation, as reported in

dairy cows receiving choline

– Feeding rumen-protected

choline can prevent and

alleviate fatty liver induced by

feed restriction.

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Cooke et al.,(2007)

Baldi et al. (2011)

Choline essential in lipid traffic

• RPC-reduced hepatic TAG by: (1) improved buffering and transport of intracellular NEFA by increased carnitine concentration; (2) improved excretion by VLDL transport; (3) improved carbohydrate metabolism,.

• Overall, RPC supplementation improved hepatic energy metabolism

• Choline may have been the rate-limiting nutrient in VLDL assembly, resulting in TAG accumulation in unsupplemented cows during the first weeks

• postpartum.

• the beneficial effects of RPC on liver function are extended beyond

• the period of hepatic lipidosis, i.e wk 6,

www.wjgnet.com

When?

Pre calving treatment (days)/milk yiled response (each

circle represents a study)

RPC supplementation should be recommended

• Transition dairy cows (-21,

+21/+30 days relative to

calving)

• When a silage based diet

is fed

• When other dietary

methylated compounds

are limiting Ottoboni & Pinoti 2016

General conclusions

• Overall these results suggest that greater choline availability seems to be essential for optimising metabolic health in modern dairy ruminants. Moreover, role of choline as methyl donor does not exclude its function per se, mainly in lipid metabolism as suggested by results on liver constituents.

Antioxidant 3 major groups

• 1° group comprises enzymatic antioxidants(mainly intracellular) > glutathione peroxidase , SOD

• 2° group includes non-enzymatic proteinantioxidants that are primarily found in plasma > SH-albumin

• 3° group includes low-molecular weightantioxidants, and it is found mainly in plasma but also in other extracellular and intracellularfluids > glutathione, α-tocopherol, β-carotene….. Chauhan et al., 2014

Oxidative stress (OS) & related disorders in dairy ruminants

Retained foetal membrane (RFM)

IMI and mastitis

(Baldi & Pinotti, 2007, Politis 2012)

Vitamin E (& Se): mechanisms of action

• Vit.- E plays a central role asantioxidant by scavenging ROSwith consequent reduction ofcellular damage.

• In addition Vit.-E exerts also non-antioxidant cellular activitiessuggesting alternative molecularpathways for disease prevention. Adapted from Weiss and Spears, 2006

• “Ref. Values”: Based on health and immune function in cows,plasma α-TC should be above 3 µg/ml in plasma [Adequate

Selenium status: Whole blood >0.20 g/ml]

Pinotti & Baldi 2015

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BUFFALOES (Panda et al., 2005)

COWSIn all dairy ruminats

Transition period is risky

Effect of mastectomy on plasma -TC in cows(Goff et al,, 2002)

GOATS

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Wks relative to parturition

(Pinotti & Baldi, 2009)

(Hogan, 1993)

Pinotti & Baldi 2015

Route of administration: Injection vs feed

Plasma -TC in beef cows Plasma -TC in calves according to cows treatments

Feed supplemention long term effectInjection can be used for an immediated responseDell’Orto et al. Personal com.

Pinotti & Baldi 2015

Forms and formulations

Vitamin E Notes References

Feed technology Microincapsulation Baldi et al., 1997; Bontempo et al., , 1998

Forms-bioavalability Natural (RRR- form) Syntetic

Weisset al., 2009; Meglia et al., 2006; Baldiet al., 2011; Politis, 2012

Interactions withother nutrients (fats)

Plasma α-TC increased by 1.9 times when fats were fed; Of note: 160 DIM, Limited effect in transition

Weiss et al., 2003

Baldi et al., 2000, 2011

Route of administration Feed suppl. Long term effects Injection immediate effects

Dell’Orto, pers. Com.Politis, 2012.

Pinotti & Baldi 2015

Vitamin E: summary

• Bioavalability, biopontecy, feed tecnology & nutrients inteactionsneed further investigations in all dairy ruminants

• Minimum response around parturition

– Irrespective of vitamin E intake, plasma α-TC drops at parturition (over 30%), suggesting that an extra dose of the vitamin is useful at this time

• Vitamin E supplementation (in transition period)

• Cows/buffaloes: 1000-2000 IU/day of vitamin E• Higher amounts for specific purpose (3000 IU/day for

SOF in milk, herds with high inc. mastitis)• Ewes/goats: 100-200 IU/day vitamin E

(Baldi 2005; Baldi et al., 2000; 2007; Pinotti et al., 2008; Politis, 2012)

A 'Cibus' in mostra mille nuovi prodotti, accento su salute

• Alimentazione animale come strumento di ottimizzaionequalitativa e salutistica dei prodotti di origine animale

– Arricchimento di micronutrienti

– Profilo acidico

Consumer prospective

y = 0.0383x + 0.3975R² = 0.2637

P<0.001

y = 0.1696x + 0.066R² = 0.498P<0.001

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Se Intake (mg/day)

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Efficienza di trasferimento (SeTotale)

SY 18% dose - indipendente

SS 11.3 vs 8.1% con dose crescente

Juniper and Bertin, 2011

Trasferimento di Selenio totalee Se-Met dal latte ai formaggi ≈1:1

y = 1,1559x + 15,232R² = 0,8136

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y = 1,1968x + 37,287R² = 0,8098

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Selenium: in brief Selenium effect

• Se can ameliorate OS and reduce the severity of several economicallyimportant diseases in dairy cattle including mastitis and metritis

• Many of the health benefits of Se can be attributed to the antioxidantfunctions of selenoproteins

Selenium forms

• Se yeast results in up to 20% higher GSH-Px activity, and Se bloodconcentrations compared with similar amounts of Se-selenite

– i.e. bioavailability of organic Se is higher than inorganic Se

– No differences in neutrophils function and health/productive traits

• Selenium supplementation:

– Cows 0.30 mg/kg DM

– Small ruminants 1-1.2 mg/kg DM

Weiss,2003; baldi et al., 2007; Phipps,2008 and Caballos,2008; Sordillo & Aitken, 2008;

Richiesta di nutrienti

• Fabbisogno minimo: si intende la minor quantità di ognisingolo nutriente che sia in grado di evitare all’animale unostato carenziale

• Il soddisfacimento del solo fabbisogno minimo rappresenta unasituazione critica: un leggero incremento nel fabbisogno, peresempio associato ad uno stato di infezione sub-clinica, puòesitare in uno stato di carenza.

• Raccomandazioni: si basano sulle quantità che garantisconoun buon stato di salute per la maggior parte degli animali diquella specie.

Naturalmente le dosi raccomandate per uno stesso nutrientesono superiori ai fabbisogni minimi

Optimal nutrition

http://world-ostrich.org/how-interactive-are-nutritionists-and-veterinarians/

L’alimentazione e la nutrizione animale oggi

• ANIMAL PROSPECTIVE

– Production response

– Animal Metabolic health

– Animal welfare

• HUMAN PROSPECTIVE

– Animal welfare

– Quality of products

– Functionality of products

– Sustainable

– Ethics

Changing role of feed from that of general maintenance or production efficiency to a highly focused diet

• Grazie per l’attenzione • Prof. Pinotti Luciano

• Dip. VESPA

• Università statale di Milano