issue nr. 1: fascicolo completo / complete issue

7/23/2019 issue nr. 1: fascicolo completo / complete issue

1/188

\ovostn sebestrnfe ckfoke /Lonkkunf ckfoke mcurknf

http=//www.pnrcferulnte.ukopr.ot

Gnsioicfc k. > / Ossue kc. >

@ou`kc 4 / Muke 4


2/188

Jorettcre/Ejotcr\oknfjc \oknfjo (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn)

Icbotntc sioektogoic/\esenrih Icbbottee

Bnrocfokn Lckòcvnkko Lertoko (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn)Jcbokoque Lujcr (Ukoversot je fn Ycrlckke Kcuveffe Tnros OOO)\clertc @reio (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn)Heokz Hcgbnkk (Ukoversott Zlokèk)Lert P. Beomer (Kejerfnkjs Auksthostcrosih Okstotuut Gorekze / \omasukoversoteot Utreiht)Bnrn je fns Koeves Buoz Buoz (Ukoversotnt je Lnriefckn)Joe`c Yn`fon (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn)Grnkiesic Ypern (Ukoversot jo Bofnkc)

Ye`reteron jo rejnzocke/Ejotcronf YtnggKoicfn Inteffo (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn)Ihonrn \cffo (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn)

Esperto esterko (gnsioicfc k. >)/Exterknf regerees (ossue kc. >)@onk Bnroc Nksefbo (Ukoversot jo Lcfc`kn)Ernfjc Leffoko (Ukoversot Inttcfoin jo Bofnkc)\clertc Inbpnro (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn)Yerekn Iekko (Ukoversot jo Zrektc)

Grnkiesic Gocrektokc (Ukoversot jo Lnro)@uojc Ynktntc (Ukoversot jo Tnjcvn)Ifnujoc Yekso (Ukoversot jo Zcrokc)

Trcèttc rngoic/@rnphoi jeso`k

Mefekn \njcmev (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn)

Jorettcre respcksnlofe= \oknfjc \oknfjo

Nutcrozznzocke Zroluknfe jo Tnrbn k. >: jef :


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Tnrcfe rulnte. \ovostn okterknzocknfe jo stujo suffn iotnzocke ukn rovostnpeer-revoewejick uk prcgofc sioektogoic ihe gn rogerobektc nffnren jeffn fetternturn, jeffnrte, jefiokebn, jeffn stcron e jeffe sioekze ubnke. jejointn n uk tebn ebokektebekteokterjosiopfoknre icbe fn iotnzocke, cvverc of reobpoe`c jeo bnteronfo (okknkzotuttcverlnfo, bn nkihe vosovo e busoinfo) nffokterkc jo uk testc= npprcpronzocke jo ukgrnbbektc e sun okserzocke ok nftrc sostebn, n pnrtore jnffe strnte`oe jef ifnssoiosbc gokcnffe prntoihe jo rosirotturn jef pcstbcjerkosbc. Fn rovostn oktekje ciiupnrso jefgekcbekc son jn uk puktc jo vostn tecroic, son jn uk puktc jo vostn okterpretntovc estcroic. O icktroluto pcssckc essere sirotto ok grnkiese, ok`fese, otnfonkc, keerfnkjese,spn`kcfc, tejesic.

Turfcokej Fetters. Nk Okterkntocknf Mcurknf cg ^uctntock Ytujoes os n peer-revoewej,lonkkunf sioektogoi mcurknf whoih njjresses the goefjs cg foternture, nrt, iokebn, hostcrynkj the hubnkotoes. Poth ots gcius ck the thecry nkj prnitoie cg quctntock, the mcurknfhns nk essektonffy okterjosiopfoknry npprcnih, pulfoshok` nrtoifes ck the textunf re-use cgverlnf, vosunf nkj busoinf bnteronfs, nkj speiogoinffy the npprcprontock cg grn`bekts nkjtheor re-oksertock oktc n joggerekt icktext, grcb ifnssoiosb tc pcstbcjerk rewrotok`s.Trcspeitove icktrolutcrs bny icksojer the questock cg quctntock lcth ok thecretoinf nkjokterpretntove/hostcroinf perspeitoves. Icktrolutocks ink le wrottek eother ok Grekih,Ek`fosh, Otnfonk, Jutih, Ypnkosh cr @erbnk.


4/188


5/188

OKJEX / ICKZEKZY

Ter fn iotnzocke

\oknfjc \oknfjo (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn) >-

O gnktnsbo jo Geffoko. Iotnzocko e reokvekzocko iokebntc`rngoihe keFn iottjeffe jckke

\CLE\ZC IHOEYO(Ioketein jo Lcfc`kn) ?9->>4

BNZE\ONFO /BNZE\ONFY

Grn ukioko e ukioknte. Ukn pnrcjon jef Gurocsc

KOICFN INZEFFO (Ukoversot jo Tnrbn) >>9->:9

Fn seickjn vosocke. Pofje iotn Lnfzni. OYUYO TOEZ\O (icfe Kntocknfe Yuproeure jNrihoteiture, Tnros) >:5->5:

Betnbcrgcso e okversocko orckoihe keffn intekn oktertestunfe= jn Ihrostcpher

Bnrfcwe n Ejoth Yotweff

@OCWNKKN YOFWNKO(Ukoversot jo Tnrbn) >55->77
http://www.parolerubate.unipr.it/fascicolo1_pdf/rinaldi.pdfhttp://www.parolerubate.unipr.it/fascicolo1_pdf/rinaldi.pdf


6/188

FOL\O JO FOL\O /LCCAY CG LCCAY

Qreieksocke revoewR Fn iotnzocke. Ntto jef XXXO Ickve kc Okterukoversotnroc(Lressnkcke/Lroxek, >>->9 fu`foc 09

Qreieksocke revoewR Yuso Toetro,Fn terrn prcbessn jef rniicktc. Yteveksckfe``e Lnfzni, Tnrbn, Bup, 05->8>


7/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters


Gnsioicfc k. > / Ossue kc. > @ou`kc 4 / Muke 4

\OKNFJC \OKNFJO

TE\ FN IOZN]OCKE

QR okgerrok` grcb the kckpresekie cg okvertej icbbns (scbetobes inffej

quctntock bnras) ck nky pnè thnt ots nuthcr wns nfwnys ickstotutocknffy okinpnlfe cg

bosnpprcprontok` the spcaek wcrjs cg cthers.>

Fn presekzn jo vor`cfette, icbe orckoinbekte e fnpnfossonknbekte

su`èrosie Mnbes Mcyie ok Gokke`nks Pnae, kck iertc okjospeksnlofe per

okserore kef prcproc testc fn iotnzocke jo uk testc nftruo. Iotnre so`kogoin sebpre

jegcrbnre e trnsgcrbnre fc spuktc jo pnrtekzn, gnrke ok qunfihe bcjc fn

pnrcjon c rosiroverfc n`ckostoinbekte. Ter questn bejesobn rn ocke, tuttnvon, of

grnbbektc iotntc jeve sebpre essere roickcsiolofe, perbettekjc c`ko vcftn nffettcre jo bosurnre fn jostnkzn grn fcroòknfe e fn icpon, grn of tebn e fn

vnronzocke= fe vor`cfette, okscbbn, sckc ojenfbekte presekto nkihe qunkjc

bnkinkc e icstotuosickc fessekzn stessn jef prciejobektc jo iotnzocke.

Fn keiessot jo esolore fn prcpron gckte so niicbpn`kn jukque nffn

keiessot jo bcjogoinrfn, ok uk òcic jo ickgessocke e ciiuftnbektc ihe gcrbn

fnbloùc gnsiokc jo questn prntoin fetternron. Of verc prclfebn, nffcrn,

>M. Mcyie, Gokke`nks Pnae, Fckjck, Gnler nkj Gnler, >?7:9Q>nej. >?9?R, p. >48.


8/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters / Ossue kc. > @ou`kc 4 / Muke 4

@UOJC INTTEFFO

N\OYZCZEFE WEKE]ONKC.

OF JE \ETULFOIN JO FNU\C ÛO\OKOE FN Z\NJO]OCKE TCFOZOIN IFNYYOIN

>.Opcteso

Of getoiosbc jeogcktes, questerejot pcsotovostn ihe nkicrn jcbokn, po c

bekc nlleffotn e bcjerkozzntn, ke`fo stujo ubnkostoio, so crbno trnsgcrbntc ok

uk cstnicfc n ukn poekn icbpreksocke jef gekcbekc fetternroc roknsiobektnfe,

of po espcstc nffn vuf`ntn ifnssoiostn. Zrn fe inrntterostoihe snfoekto

jeffubnkesobc otnfonkc vo , icb kctc, uk npprciioc nf pntrobckoc ifnssoicicksostekte ok uk ntte`ònbektc jo jostnkzonbektc irotoic ihe jerovn jn ukn

icsioekzn jeffn prcspettovn stcroin ok luckn bosurn o`kctn nf Bejocevc= uk

rnppcrtc icbpfessc, ihe pctrebbc jegokore jo jostniic ebufntovc, jo rotcrkc

irentovc c jorettnbekte jo roirenzocke, bn nkihe jo ickgrcktc irotoic, n pnrtore

jn qunfihe bossovn voros offustrolus jef Tetrnrin. Zuttnvon, fn gofcfcòn

trnjozocknfe icktokun n vejere questc rnppcrtc ebufntovc e irotoic nkicrn icbeuk sebpfoie reiuperc jo vnfcro c icbe restnurntoc jeffe lckne fotterne,


12/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters7

snfjnbekte nkicrntn nffn puktunfe roprcpcstn, goknkic verlnfe, jo tebo e stofebo

ifnssoio. Io kck gn ihe perpetunre queffn seksnzocke uk pc boefcsn jo

sulnfterkot jeffn iufturn ubnkostoin, questn vosocke jeffn fetternturnqunttrciektesin icbe reiuperc, obotntoc, son gcrbnfe ihe ojecfcòin, jo uk

presuktc bcjeffc, queffc ifnssoic, ihe ok qunktc tnfe icktokun n essere vostc

icbe terboke jo ickgrcktc e rogerobektc cllfo`ntc, clfoternkjcke fnutckcbon

e fn gckjnbektnfe bcjerkot.>

Kuffn jo po fcktnkc jn`fo nutektoio presuppcsto jeffubnkesobc. Trobc

bcvobektc prcpronbekte bcjerkc, fubnkesobc oknuùrn ukn refnzocke icftestc tuttnggnttc kucvn, ok iuo of reiuperc jeffn pnrcfn nktoin kck

nrihecfcòinbekte goke n se stessc, bn gukzocknfe nffespressocke jo ojee e

preciiupnzocko fe`nte nf bckjc icktebpcrnkec. Yo jor ihe questc

ntte`ònbektc prcproc, ok bn`òcre c bokcr bosurn, jo qunfukque iufturn, kck

scfc jo queffn ubnkostoin. Bn ick fubnkesobc ihe fn iovoft eurcpen

oknuùrn fn jeicstruzockeicsioekte jeffn trnjozocke prcproc bektre ke rotrcvno gckjnbekto e ke rosinttn o testo e fn fokùn. Yoiih, bettere nf iektrc fn roierin

jogcktespuktunfo bn`nro c`ò rolnttezznto bcsnoio bn sekzn ihe fn scstnkzn

jef prclfebn inblo gokosie ick fokvertore okjelotnbekte fn prcspettovn=

ùnrjnre nffokjoetrc, ickiepore fn fetternturn ubnkostoin icbe roprcpcsozocke

jo bctovo, restnurnzocke jo uk pntrobckoc, okveie jo nvvoioknrfn keffn sun

speiogoiot, fn sun bcjerkot e kck so nllon tobcre, n questnftezzn, jef

vcinlcfc fn sun croòknfot. Of terboke \ezepzock okjoin jo per se stessc

questc inpcvcfòbektc jeffn prcspettovn stcroin. Jnf puktc jo vostn

erbekeutoic, uk ntte`ònbektc icktrcprcjuiekte.

>

Nkihe se kck ke scttcsirovc ok poekc tnfuke pcsozocko, n boc nvvosc estrebe, utofe n questc prcpcsotc fn fetturn jo \. Guloko, Fubnkostn, rotcrkc jo uk pnrnjo`bn3Yn`òc per uk prcgofc stcroic jn Tetrnrin n Ernsbc, ok Oj.,Fubnkesobc otnfonkc e o sucostcroio. Croòko roknsiobektnfo irotoin bcjerkn, Bofnkc, GrnkicNkèfo, , pp. >5-0


13/188

@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc 0

Fnuitcrnktoic kef testc ubnkostoic i e kck i, icbpnre e sicbpnre,

of suc testc pu nppc`ònre ukn teso e se of testc kck vn leke, fc so inblon, fc so

nftern, fc so bnkopcfn= kck jo ro-usc jef ifnssoic losc`kn pnrfnre, bn pouttcstc,spessc e vcfektoero, jo nlusc. Terih of verc nuitcr kck of ifnssoic, bn of

bcjerkc, iuo of ifnssoic serve per rolnjore fn prcpron nuitcrotns. ûestc of

gnsiokc bcjerkc jeffubnkesobc otnfonkc.

Fntte`ònbektc po prcjuttovc per nllcrjnre fn icbpfessot jef

rnppcrtc ubnkostoic ick fn trnjozocke so roihonbn n queffn ihe jn ukn gcrtukntn

espressocke jo Mufon Arostevn so ihonbn jn qunfihe jeiekkoc oktertestunfot.Terih, kckcstnkte qunfihe sgcrzc tecroic per nggerbnre of icktrnroc, questn

stujoc rnòckntc jeffe gckto jeffe cpere, jeffn vnroet jeo rnppcrto grn

trnjozocko= uk `rnkje gekcbekc iufturnfe ihe, roihoejekjc keiessnronbekte

ukojen jef pnssntc, jeffn trnjozocke, jeffn bebcron, so inroin jo obpfoinzocko

gofcscgoihe e nktrcpcfcòihe ihe roùnrjnkc tnktc fn knturn jef icbprekjere

stcroic qunktc of so`kogointc e of ickiettc stessc jo ojektot.

).

9Igr. N. Icbpn`kck,Of jebcke jeffn tecron. Fetternturn e seksc icbuke, trnj. ot.Zcrokc, Eoknujo, >7->1 ok Otnfon, ukc jeo tektntovo okteressnkto jo strutturnre uknirotoin jeffe gckto ihe kck injesse keffnrojot lolfoc`rngoin stntc queffc ihe, n pnrtore jnffnkczocke jo nrte nffusovn jo @ocròc Tnsqunfo, hn efnlcrntc @. L. Ickte, Bebcron jeo pceto

e sostebn fetternroc, Zcrokc, Eoknujo, >?0:1 ok nblotc ubnkostoic, \. Inrjoko hn pnrfntc jobcsnoic okBcsnoio. Of keboic jeffNflerto, \cbn, Lufzcko, >??4, bn ukn prcpcstnvozontn jn uk iertc seksc jeffn pnrtekcèkeso ihe o`kcrn son fusc ihe jeffn betngcrnnvevnkc gnttc Lekmnbok e pco fn Arostevn, son tuttn fn prclfebntoin nffusovn quo niiekkntn.


14/188


erbekeutoihe, gofcfcòihe e ok èkere roicstruttove jnf puktc jo vostn

stcroc`rngoic.

Yo pu peksnre nffn tecron jeffn roiezocke jefokentn jn Mnuss, fe`ntnicb n questojen bclofe, ickgfottunfe jo trnjozocke scrtn oktcrkc nffn

roknsiotn jefferbekeutoin. Oktcrkc nf ickiettc jo Ereo`kos, fevektc ihe

icstotuosie fesperoekzn jeffnttc jeffn fetturn, snr pcssolofe icstruore ukn

rokkcvntn sciocfcòn fetternron inpnie jo bosurnrso ick fe trnjozocko

gcrbnfostoihe e seboctoihe, e Q...R prcpcrre kucve gcrbe jo okterpretnzocke jeo

testo.:

Fnttekzocke irotoin so spcstn ics jnf testc nf fettcre, pckekjc ok probcponkc of jestokntnroc, jn oktekjerso per kck tnktc icbe sok`cfc ihe fe`èkjc of

testc iccpern nffn gcrbnzocke jef seksc, bn icbe terboke ojenfe c

scionfozzntc, obbersc ioc keffn tebperoe jef prcproc tebpc. fnspettntovn

jef fettcre keo ickgrckto jeffn prcpron trnjozocke, n pnrtore jnffn qunfe eberè

quef repertcroc jo gcrbe jo okiojekzn e bcjo jo roiezocke ihe ok jegokotovn

nsporn n rojegokore c icbpfetnre o beiinkosbo jo gcrbnzocke jeffn trnjozocke=fe epcihe fetternroe kck sckc `rnkjezze jo so`kogointc c`èttovc ihe so pcssnkc

jegokore ukn vcftn per tutte, leks gekcbeko of iuo so`kogointc okicbpoutc jeve

essere ok eùnf bosurn jesuktc tnktc jnf rosuftntc e jnffn stcron jeffn fcrc

okiojekzn, jnffnutcicbpreksocke jeo icktebpcrnkeo, qunktc jnffn roiezocke jn

pnrte jo icfcrc ihe verrnkkc jcpc.5

Of rnppcrtc oktertestunfe sokircion jukque ick fn trnjuiolofot jeffe

iufture, e ok qunfihe bosurn so trnttn sebpre jo uk rnppcrtc icbpnrntostoic.

Jnffn stofostoin vek`ckc, n questc prcpcsotc, su`èstocko obpcrtnkto ihe

perbettckc jo espfoiotnre fe teikoihe ick iuo uk nutcre hn ebufntc uk nftrc

nutcre, òniih spessc tnfe nttovot jef restc icksustnkzonfe nffn irenzocke

obpfoin ukespcsozocke icbpetotovn jeffn teikoin, sekzn ihe io so`kogoiho

:\oprekjc fn jesirozocke cggertn jn \. Iesernko,@uojn nffc stujoc jeffn fetternturn,\cbn-Lnro, Fnterzn, >???, p. >4:.

5H. \. Mnuss,Estetoin jeffn roiezocke, trnj. ot. Knpcfo, @uojn, >?88, p. >::.


15/188

@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc ?

keiessnronbekte nggokot tebntoin, ojecfcòin eii..7 N vcfte, nkzo, joetrc fn

roefnlcrnzocke jo ukn gckte so pcssckc sicrère cpernzocko jnffn gcrte

ickkctnzocke ojecfcòin, ok seksc njjorotturn n``ressovc= fe trnjozocko poiufte icbe queffn otnfonkn ok èkere e ubnkostoic-roknsiobektnfe ok

pnrtoicfnre , essekjc po bejonte, ok refnzocke jonfcòin icstnkte ick nftre

trnjozocko iufte (probn grn tutte queffn ifnssoin), sckc ok èkere zcke

provofe onte per verogoinre questc gekcbekc.

Yuf ponkc jeffn fetternturn pcfotoin, questc topc jo ntte`ònbektc

erbekeutoic vn fe`ntc nf icktestunfosbc jo ûektok Yaokker, ihe so roihonbnnffn keiessot jo roicstruore of icktestc jeffe ickvekzocko ojecfcòihe e

pcfotoihe prejcboknkto nf tebpc ok iuo fcpern gu sirottn,0 io ihe gnvcrosie

fnknfoso jeffoktekzocknfot jeffcpern e noutn n okjn`nrke fe bcjnfot jo

roiezocke e bnkopcfnzocke jeffnutcrot ifnssoin jo rogerobektc.

Bn `fo stobcfo po geickjo prcvek`ckc jnffn stcron jeo ickietto ics

icbe efnlcrntn keo bckubektnfo @esihoihtfoihe @rukjle`rogge jo Ickze,Lrukker e Acseffeia (>?70 e ss.), ihe icbe hn spoe`ntc Ynkjrc Iho`kcfn

prcpck`ckc uknknfoso jeffe vnronzocko jef so`kogointc jeo ickietto ok refnzocke

nf butnbektc jeffe strutture sebnktoihe ok iuo esso vek`ckc jo vcftn ok vcftn

stcroinbekte obpoe`nto.8Jntc ihe of ickiettc stn keffn pnrcfn, bn ok vort jeffn

sun knturn pfuroso`kogointovn kck so esnurosie keffn pnrcfn, eberè quo fn

questocke erbekeutoin, of prclfebn jef kessc jn ostotuorso trn fessoic

jeffokterprete e fessoic jeffe gckto (ihe trn fnftrc, icbe so veje, bcftc n

bnfnpekn pcssckc crbno jegokorso tnfo)1 trn presekte jeffeseèso e

stcroiozznzocke jef pnssntc, trn icjoie jef pnssntc e crozzckte jnttesn

7T. W. Bek`nfjc,Trobn fezocke jo stofostoin, \cbn-Lnro, Fnterzn, , p. 55.0 B. Worcfo, Oktrcjuzocke n ^. Yaokker, Fe cro oko jef peksoerc pcfotoic bcjerkc,

trnj. ot. Lcfc`kn, of Bufokc, >?8?, pp. >9.8 Yeùc (c ieric jo seùore) Y. Iho`kcfn, Ytcron jeo ickietto e stcroc`rngon jefjosicrsc pcfotoic, ok Gofcscgon pcfotoin, XO, >??0, >, pp. ??->


16/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters>4

presekte1 e so pcke uk prclfebn ickierkekte fe fokee jo icktokuot c jo

okkcvnzocke jef vnfcre jo so`kogoinzocke jeo ickietto, ihe okvotn n icksojernre

ick fn bnssobn nttekzocke of ioriuotc je`fo eggetto e fe okgfuekze keffebcjnfot ick iuo voeke reiepotc, ok ukn jeterbokntn epcin, of sostebn

ickiettunfe. Jcvrnkkc quokjo essere preso icktebpcrnkenbekte ok

icksojernzocke `fo nspetto sebnsocfcòio (of butnbektc jef so`kogointc jeo

ickietto), queffo ckcbnsocfcòio (o prciesso jo ickjeksnzocke jeffesperoekzn

stcroin ok uk jeterbokntc sok`cfc ickiettc) e fe trnsgcrbnzocko stcroic-

strutturnfo ihe rekjckc pcssolofe fn joggerekzonzocke jef vnfcre jo so`kogoinzockejeo ickietto rospettc nf vcinlcfnroc crjoknroc. Fnknfoso stcroic-ickiettunfe

jcvr okgoke ickou`nre fokjnòke jonirckoin ihe ropericrre fe fokee jo

icktokuot e jo trnsgcrbnzocke jeo ickietto fuk`c fnsse jeffn fcrc stcron ick

ukokjnòke sokirckoin (c icktestunfe) ihe verogoiho of rnppcrtc trn o ickietto e of

inbpc sebnktoic ok iuo esso hnkkc trcvntc, jo vcftn ok vcftn, of prcproc nblotc

jo vnfojot. uk josicrsc, icbukque, ihe io pcrterelle bcftc fcktnkc, persokc keo

terrotcro jeffn seicfnrozznzocke e jeffn bcrte jo Joc perih, gcrse,

fesostekzn jo uknuitcrotns nutektoinbekte ubnkn vokicfntn nffn sicbpnrsn

jeffnuitcrotns jovokn= nf Folrc, so scstotuosickc o folro= e jo quo, prcproc

keffokircioc jeicstruttovc ubnkostoic, knsie fn trnjozocke icbe prclfebn

strutturnfbekte npertc.


17/188

@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc >>

uk testc inkckoic icbe ofJe cggoioosjo Ioiercke= luckc per scstekere qunfsonso

pcsozocke pcfotoin, fn res pulfoincfo`nrihoin icbe of prokiopntc c fn bcknrihon,

per tecrozznre fn vortus jef pcjest icbuknfe icbe fn bn`knkobotns jefprokieps nsscfutc. ukn spon so`kogointovn jef gnttc ihe fokteresse

jeffubnkesobc kck bno roicstruttovc, nrihecfcòic, bn sebpre croektntc nf

presekte, nffn ioricstnkzn nttunfe.

ûestc usc jo bnteronfo nktoiho per goknfot e preciiupnzocko tutte

icktebpcrnkee kck eposcjoic, bn icksustnkzonfe nffn fetternturn ubnkostoin,

e n queffn pcfotoin ok pnrtoicfnre. Wo sckc inso ihe fc evojekzonkc ick fnbnssobn kettezzn e n pnrtore jno qunfo so pctrelle icstruore ukn scrtn jo

topcfcòn jef rousc (c jeffnlusc). Teksonbc nf Je bnoestnte jo @oukonkc

Bnoc, uk testc tnrjcqunttrciektesic icstruotc oktcrkc nf sostebn jeffe vortutes

pcfotoihe= c`ko inpotcfc icstotuotc jn ukn sefezocke jo iotnzocko ifnssoihe

cppcrtuknbekte nfternte c bcjogointe ok gukzocke jeffefebektc jcttroknfe

icksojerntc1 sulotc jcpc, fefebektc jcttroknfe ics espcstc voeke nppfointc nficbpcrtnbektc jef re (Gerrnkte jNrn`ckn, jejointnroc jeffcpern), ok ukn

icrrospckjekzn ok iuo of testc ifnssoic trnjuie keo terboko jeffn jcttrokn fn

prnsso e fcrozzckte ojenfe jeffn pcfotoin. Ukn joversn topcfcòn queffn

jeffnjnttnbektc jo ukn tecron ifnssoin n uk icktestc icktebpcrnkec, icbe gn

@ocvnkko Tcktnkc qunkjc kef OW folrc jef Je clejoekton roefnlcrn fn

josiussocke suffn sihonvot e fn iottnjoknkzn jeffn Tcfotoin nrostctefoin,

ronjnttnkjcfn, ick gcrto nfternzocko, nffn strutturn scionfe bcjerkn.?Nkicrn, uk

nftrc topc jo bnkopcfnzocke irentovn so j qunkjc uk nutcre presubolofbekte

per jnre bn`òcre nutcrot nf prcproc josicrsc iotn ukn gckte pcic icbuke,

bn ok renft fc gn jo seickjn bnkc, nttokèkjc n qunfihe testc po niiessolofe=

ukn strnteòn seùotn jn Grnkiesic Tntrozo kef suc Je re`kc, kef trnttnre fn

? Bo sckc ciiupntc jo questc nspettc ok uk icktrolutc ok icrsc jo stnbpn=Trcfe`cbekn nf Je clejoekton joTcktnkc, ok \oknsiobektc berojocknfe, O.


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Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters>4 Kck pekserebc, k quo k nftrcve, n gcrbe jo gnfsogoinzocke1

pouttcstc csserverebc jn voiokc o bcjo ok iuo fn fetternturn ubnkostoin (ok

questc insc, e ok pnrtoicfnre, queffn pcfotoin) gn rovovere ukn trnjozocke jo

peksoerc, sgrckjnkjc e pctnkjc fn ponktn ok bcjc jn pcterfn trnponktnre kef

prcproc onrjokc.

Of insc jef Je repulfoin jo Fnurc ûoroko (>::?->:54) ubnkostn

vekezonkc lek okserotc ke`fo nbloekto jo pctere jeffn Yerekossobn n tnf

prcpcsotc estrebnbekte so`kogointovc perih fnutcre so bcstrn icsioekte e

rekje espfoiotn questn folert jo rousc, e fc gn kck ick questn c queffn iotnzocke

puktunfe, bn ick uk testc okterc, e trn o po presto ocso jeffn trnjozocke pcfotoin

ciiojektnfe= koekte bekc ihe fn Tcfotoinjo Nrostctefe.

>>

Fcpern, jejointn nf jcè vekezonkc Grnkiesic Gcsinro, so npre ick uk

efcòc jeffn pcfotoin, of po kclofe jeo snpero, perih urles lentns eggoio pcsse

>4 Igr. @. Inppeffo, Nj nitockeb seiukjub vortuteb tekjot. Fn pnssocke, fnsnpoekzn e fn prujekzn= votn nitovn e votn icktebpfntovn kef peksoerc ubnkostoic, ok ZhePnys cg Foge ok Ifnssoinf Tcfotoinf Zhecry, ej. ly G. F. Foso, Ynkat Nuùstok, NinjebonWerfn`, (ick ukoktrcjuzockenffe pp. >45->::05 in.), cftrenffoktrcjuzocke nffn rniicftn test iotntn, so vejn B. F. Aok`, Ubnkesobc e pntrozontc nWekezon kef ûnttrciektc, trnj. ot. \cbn, Of Weftrc, >?8?, vcf. O, pp. >084 e vcf. OO,Trcgofo, s. v.


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@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc >9

jciet. Kef probc folrc, jcpc nver espcstc, ok terboko ioierckonko e nrostctefoio,

fcroòke jeffn votn nssciontn, fnutcre so ciiupn je`fo efebekto jo lnse jeffn

iovotns= fn jcbus, jo iuo vek`ckc preso ok icksojernzocke of rnppcrtc, per knturnjospctoic, trn pnjrcke e servc, fn prcproet e fn refnzocke trn bnrotc e bc`foe,

sobofe bn kck ojektoin n queffn pcfotoin nspetto ihe, icb kctc, sckc c`èttc

jef probc folrc jeffn Tcfotoinjo Nrostctefe. Jcpcjoih so pnssn nffn iovotns, of

iuo goke of leke vovere ok ukn icbukot gnttn jo ioves jctnto jo inpniot

òurojoin e pcfotoin. N questc puktc, jegokotn fn pcfotoin (pcfoton) icbe crjc

iovotntos, vek`ckc pnssnte ok rnsse`kn sebpre suffn sicrtn jo Nrostctefe fegcrbe ifnssoihe jo `cverkc e fe fcrc jeèkernzocko= bcknrihon-tornkkoje,

nrostcirnzon-cfo`nrihon, res pulfoin (fnrostctefoic `cverkc icstotuzocknfe jo

iuo nkihe ûoroko joie ihe inret kcboke)-jebcirnzon. Espcste fe fcrc

inrntterostoihe, so trnttn jo stnlofore qunfe son fn bo`focre trn fe gcrbe jo `cverkc

icrrette= je cptobc stntu, je befocro reòboke vojere.>9Fnrostcirnzon pctrelle essere fn bo`focr

gcrbn jo `cverkc se kck gcsse ihe ickiufin fn snkitn folertns, pcoih esifuje

nfiuko jeffn pnrteiopnzocke nffn icsn pullfoin. \estn jukque fn res pulfoin, ukn

scrtn jo `cverkc bostc tebperntc, n bet strnjn trn cfo`nrihon e jebcirnzon,

>9?.>9Ovo, p. >:


20/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters>:

ok iuo fn kclofotns so nfterkn keffeseriozoc jef pctere roihoejekjc per fn

ickgerbn jef pcpcfc= questn per ûoroko fn folertns= tnb etso èkercso

jubtnxnt reùkt qucj pfels offcrub efeitockes ickgorbnt.>:Of probc folrc soickifuje ick uk lreve josicrsc suffn votn nttovn e queffn icktebpfntovn,

ickifujekjc ihe fukn hn losc`kc jeffnftrn, ionsiukn hn jn pnrteiopnre ok

qunfihe bosurn jo ektrnble.

Of seickjc folrc svofuppn o inrnttero jeffn iott ojenfe, n pnrtore

jnffcrjoknbektc jeffn res pulfoin, okjovojuntc ok preiejekzn icbe of bo`focre.

Yo pnrte jnf ifobn e jnffuloinzocke, essekzonfbekte icbpekjonkjc pnsso jefsettobc folrc jeffn Tcfotoin nrostctefoin1 e so ekubernkc per crjoke fn vnroe

ifnsso scionfo, pfures stntus= jno pntroioo e o icksofonres voro ò ò sokc no

pnstcres1 n pnrte, ok pcsozocke ebokekte, stnkkc o snierjcto. \olnjotc of inrnttere

rctntcroc jeffe inroihe (roservnte, icbe so jettc, no scfo kclofes), so oksoste suffn

prebokekzn jeffn fe`è= jcboknlotur etonb sebper et uloque fex, kck

iuousque nrlotroub,

>5

per pco pnssnre nffnttovot eickcboin, ihe jevesserebcjerntn, kck eiiessovn, e nf gosic, ihe jevessere roiic (fciupfetossobus), s

jn `nrnktore fn icesocke scionfe, leke suprebc per ukn icbukot pcfotoin.

Yeùe uk exiursus ihe irotoin, seùekjc of seickjc folrc jeffn Tcfotoin, fn

iefelre tecron pfntckoin jeffn icbukot jo jckke e jo leko= io cggre fc spuktc

per respokère fn tecron jeffuùn`fonkzn eickcboin jeo iottnjoko, ihe nvrelle

feggettc ke`ntovc jo estokùere okjustron, inffojotns scfertonque,>7 e jo

scstekere okveie ukn bcjerntn josuùn`fonkzn tnfe jn evotnre fokstnurnrso jo

ukn cfo`nrihon bn kck jo icbprobere fn folern okozontovn. Fcpern so ickifuje,

icbe fn Tcfotoin, ick uk je ejuintocke, ihe per so gn eic essekzonfbekte jeffe

tecroe ejuintove icktebpcrnkee, jnffn keiessot jeffnffnttnbektc bnterkc,

icbe ok Lnrlnrc c Werèroc, n`fo stujon hubnkotntos, trn iuo spoiin fn stcron,

>:Ovo, p. >:9.>5Ovo, p. >54.>7Ovo, p. >5:.


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iektrnfe per fn gcrbnzocke jef luck ucbc pcfotoic. Gcrkotn jo snpoekzn e

vortutes, fn ifnsse joroèkte pctr jukque gnr s ihe kcstrn iovotns pcssn ok

perpetuc ickservnrso gefox et lentn.

Knturnfbekte, kck questn fn seje per uknknfoso icbpfetn jef sostebn

ojecfcòic scttesc nf Je repulfoin, icbpotc ihe, n kcstrc nvvosc, vn

jebnkjntc nf icbbektc icktokuc nf testc (sekzn julloc ukn gcrbn provofeòntn

jo eseèso, scprnttuttc kef insc jo fetternture estrebnbekte iufte icbe queffn

ubnkostoin). ûo io foboterebc n uk sn`òc, pciho inbpocko bornkto n bettereok fuie icbe su ukn lnse jcttroknron nrostctefoin, cppcrtuknbekte bcjeffntn e

croektntn jnffnutcre no suco goko ickireto, gniion preboc ukn jcppon spoktn

iektrogu`n cperntn, jn uk fntc, jnffe scffeiotnzocko jef jolnttotc pcfotoic icevc e,

jnffnftrc, jn fokee jcttroknfo kck nrostctefoihe, essekzonfbekte fn trnjozocke

fntokn, bn nkihe spukto jef peksoerc pfntckoic.

Of probc su`èrobektc fc ic`fonbc jnf ûoroko stessc. Trcproc sufprokiopoc, kef jejoinre fcpern nf jcè Grnkiesic Gcsinro, fubnkostn vekezonkc

joihonrn ihe sun ùojn snr fcpus je re pulfoinjo Nrostctefe, ioc fn Tcfotoin,

bn nvverte sulotc ihe fn sun snr ukcpernzocke jo sokteso estrebn, provn jo

tobcre reverekzonfe keo ickgrckto jef suc offustre testc jo rogerobektc= vo sckc

okgntto keffn Tcfotoin pnrto efoboknlofo perih pcic pertokekto nffn jcttrokn

pcfotoin prcpronbekte oktesn. Yo trnttn, jn uk fntc, je`fo exebpfn rogeroto nf

bckjc `reic, okicbpreksolofo no bcjerko e ihe e`fo scstotuosie ick esebpo

trntto prokiopnfbekte jnffnktoin \cbn repullfoinkn1 jnffnftrc, jeffe questocko

po jorettnbekte eickcboihe= je okstotutocke bcketne, je icbbutntocke

rerub, je beriobckoos, e jo queffe refntove nffn strutturn jeffn scioet= je

jcbokoc pntros nj gofoub, bnroto nj uxcreb, jcboko nj servub et je huousbcjo

nfoos qune pnrub vef nj hnki jcitroknb pertokekt1>0 su questo uftobo pukto,

>0Ovo, p. >


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pernftrc, ûoroko okverc jnr nfiuko iekko nffokozoc jef probc folrc. Icbukque,

n joggerekzn jefJe clejoektonjo Tcktnkc, jcve questo efebekto (scprnttuttc of

rnppcrtc gnbofonre e fn refnzocke ick o servo) sckc trnttnto espressnbekte e perestesc, of ûoroko ioricsirove fokjnòke nffn res pulfoin, ioc nf purc gnttc

pcfotoic roùnrjnkte of bo`focre crjoknbektc inpnie jo ickseùore of goke jo

c`ko icbukot, ihe nrostctefoinbekte bn nkihe ok niicrjc ick tuttn fn

trnjozocke nktoin of leke lenteque vovere, jcve of terboke lentekck okjoin

(icbe nkicrn okèkunbekte nfiuko tekjckc n irejere) fn gefoiot psoicfcòin

okjovojunfe jeo bcjerko, bn of lekessere icffettovc jo ukn icbukot crjokntnnrbckoinbekte e inpnie jo `nrnktore fn ickicrjon ick òustozon per tutto o suco

beblro.

N questc puktc (sonbc nkicrn no prcjrcbo jeffn trnttnzocke) ûoroko

bette ok ihonrc espressnbekte qunfe snr of suc ntte`ònbektc keo ickgrckto jef

testc nrostctefoic. Ok probc fuc`c, e`fo kctn rnpojnbekte fn roiihezzn e fn

icbpfessot jeffn fokùn jo Nrostctefe, ihe ok fntokc jovoeke gcejossobn etNrostctefe prcrsus okjo`kn, joggoiofe jn icbprekjere persokc nl okterpretolus

bn`kos, csservnzocke, questuftobn, ok iuo so oktrnveje ukn greiiontn pcfeboin

nffe iefelro trnjuzocko lrukonke.>8 Yulotc jcpc, fnutcre espcke fe fokee ihe

croektnkc of suc fnvcrc=

Hnei oòtur et nfon qunbpfurobn bckuerukt be nj oj cpus icnrtnkjub jogguse joitn

icffoèks. Bn`kn otnque njholotn jofoèkton jufiocro seroe et gniofocro sebotn tctub oj cpusqucj ok WOOO folros expfoinlntur ok juclus jubtnxnt, oj est ok fuiufektnb rejuxobusickscknktonb, Nrostctefos sektektons kcstrc nrlotroc jospckektes et seksu ifnrocrebeggoioektes, quns otn jospcsuobus ut pekotus nfouj cpus esse nppnrent buftn etonb kcstrn etnfoekn njoioektes, pctossobubque ok folrc seiukjc ok quc kcstrc nrlotroc oujoiocque urleb

prc vctos ickjojobus et iovotnteb okstotuobus.>?

>8 ûoroko nvevn scstekutc ukn pcfeboin n prcpcsotc jo Nrostctefe ick Lruko okpersckn= igr. F. Lruko, Zhe Hubnkosb cg Fecknrjc Lruko. Yefeitej Zexts, trnksfntocks nkj

oktrcjuitocks ly @. @roggoths, M. Hnkaoks nkj J. Zhcbpsck, Lok`hnbtck, Bejoevnf &\eknossnkie Zexts & Ytujoes-Zhe \eknossnkie Ycioety cg Nberoin, >?80, pp.


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Yo trnttn jukque jo ukcpernzocke jo sokteso e jo folern (kcstrc nrlotroc)

roefnlcrnzocke, son suf ponkc jeffn jospcsozocke jeffn bnteron son su queffc

jcttroknroc, jnf bcbektc ihe voeke icktebpfntn fn`òuktn jo nppcrtoojecfcòio joverso jn queffc nrostctefoic= kcstrn et nfoekn, jn oktekjere icbe

prcvekoekto jnffn renft stcroic-pcfotoin obbejontn e jnffn trnjozocke fntokn

(ifnssoin e bejoevnfe). Okgoke, ûoroko se`knfn of seickjc folrc jeffcpern

icbe of fuc`c ok iuo tnfe cpernzocke jo rostrutturnzocke bn`òcrbekte

niiektuntn. Ok eggetto, fn lnse nrostctefoin sulosie kef testc jo ûoroko ukn

jeicstruzocke cperntn essekzonfbekte jn jue efebekto= jn ukn pnrte,fnppcrtc jo nftre fokee jcttroknroe, e ok pnrtoicfnre fn trnjozocke fntokn,

scprnttuttc keo pukto ok iuo questn so roicffe`n c trcvn eic keffn trnttntostoin

bejoevnfe e icktebpcrnken1 jnffnftrn fn renft stcroin, fn presekzn ioc jeffc

sgckjc pcfotoic-scionfe e ostotuzocknfe vekezonkc io ihe, jnftrc inktc,

icstotuosie jo per se stessc ukn rospcstn n quef settcre jeffn irotoin ihe nkicr

c`ò oktekje fn fetternturn pcfotoin ubnkostoin icbe sebpfoie preiettostoinbcrnfe`ònkte e utcpoin.

Ok renft, ofJe repulfoinroprcjuie jeffn Tcfotoinnrostctefoin fc sihebn

jo gckjc, fn pnrtozocke jeffn bnteron e nfiuke fokee jeffnrihotetturn èkernfe,

se`kntnbekte fn tecron jeffe gcrbe jo `cverkc e fcrc jeèkernzocko= pcfotonc

crjc iovotntos1.


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9.Jobcstrnzocke

okteressnkte pnrtore jnffn pnòkn suf re`kub, perih essn io icksekte jonpprezznre fn strnteòn jo ûoroko keo ickgrckto jeffn trnjozocke, e jo oktrnvejere

nkihe, ok gofo`rnkn, o prcpcsoto jo òustogoinzocke jeffcrjoknbektc cfo`nrihoic

vekezonkc keffe poe`he jeffe sue roserve suffn bcknrihon. Tnrtekjc jnffn

jegokozocke jef terboke pcfoton (fnrostctefoin pcfoten) icbe crjc iovotntos ok

prokiopntu (igr. Nrostctefe, Tcfotoin, OW, >


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@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc >?

ukn bcknrihon efettovn jno pctero fobotnto= est o`otur re`kub jcbokoub

vcfuktnte suljotcrub ickstotutub.


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27/188

@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc

nftrobekto okutofoter re`knt quo rex knsiotur iub kck beretur, jcve rosuckn of

iefelre jettc rosnfekte n Crnzoc (Epostufne, O, 5?) e trnsbessc jn Osojcrc jo

Yovo`fon= rex eros so reite gnioes1 so kck gnioes kck eros.


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29/188

@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc ?04, pp. vozontc

per jn ukn tekjekzn nffnpcfcètoin repullfoinkn ihe fo obpejosie jo vejere of inrnttereprcpn`nkjostoic e bostogointcroc jef josicrsc jo je Bcknio.

90Yo vejn scfc J. \cley e M. Fnw, Zhe Weketonk Byth nkj Je repulfoin veketn

cg Toer Tncfc Werèroc, ok \oknsiobektc, XW, >?05, pp. 9-5?1 po ok èkernfe, n GorekzeIcfuiioc Ynfutnto sirove kefJe kclofotnte feùb et bejoiokne(n iurn jo E. @nrok, Gorekze,Wnffeiiho, >?:0, p. >78)= ojeb esse pcfotoinb ntque feès.

98F. uoroko,Je repulfoin, iot., p. >:>.


30/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters E

puktunfbekte, josiutekjc jeo jogetto jo ionsiukn gcrbn jo `cverkc, nf goke jo

nrrovnre n stnlofore fn bo`focre, ^uoroko gn rogerobektc nffn je`ekernzocke

tornkkoin jef `cverkc jo ukc scfc (nppnret Q...R prokiopntus persnepe

9?Olojeb.:4Nkicrn ukn vcftn, so csservn quo foksuggoioekzn jo uknkkctnzocke gnttn jo buto

gcktes, icbe queffn jef pur lekeberotc ejotcre jef testc, of qunfe per questc puktc robnkjn

sebpfoiebekte n jue pnsso nrostctefoio, Tcfotoin>


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@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc 88.::F. uoroko,Je repulfoin, iot., p. >9:.:5Olojeb.


32/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters) prcvoeke fn bekzocke nffn gu`n jeoprneifnrn okèkon(kco jorebbc jeo

:7Igr. Lnrtcfc jn Ynsscgerrntc, Je tyrnkkc, ok J. ûn`focko, Tcfotoin e jorottc kefZreiektc otnfonkc. Of Je tyrnkkc jo Lnrtcfc jn Ynsscgerrntc, Gorekze, Cfsihao, >?89, p.>?01 @. Tcktnkc,Je prokiope, iot., pnr. :??7, p. 0>81 Oj.,

Hostcronrub Gfcrektoko pcpufo folro XOO, n iurn jo E. Ynktoko, ok Oj., Hostcronrub Gfcrektokopcpufo folro XOOe\erub suc tebpcre èstnrub icbektnrous, n iurn jo E. Ynktoko e I. JoToerrc, Iott jo Insteffc-Lcfc`kn, Fnpo-]nkoiheffo, >?>:->???8, p. 971 sopcssckc n` ouk ere, trn nftro, I. Ynfutnto,Bossove, \e`. >5, i. :?84, p. >59), e B. Tnfboero,Wotn iovofe, n iurn jo @. Leffcko, Gorekze, Ynkscko, >?84, OW,


33/188

@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc :?->54 (fn iotnzocke jo Tc`òc po njerekte nf testctniotonkc= v. kctn seùekte)1 suffusc tekjekzocsc jo questn grnse n goko npcfcètoio ok Lruko,igr. @. Znkturfo, Icktokuot jeffubnkesobc iovofe jn Lrukettc Fntoko n Fecknrjc Lruko, ok@fo ubnkesobo bejoevnfo. Ntto jef OO Ick`ressc jeffn Okterkntocknfes Botteffnteokeracbotee(Gorekze, >>->5 setteblre >??9), n iurn jo I. Fecknrjo, Gorekze, Yosbef, >??8, pp. 007-0001H. I. Bnksgoefj, Lruko nkj Bnihonveffo ck Iovoi Hubnkosb, ok \eknossnkie Iovoi

Hubnkosb. \enpprnosnfs nkj \egfeitocks, ej. ly M. Hnkaoks, Inblrojè, InblrojèUkoversoty Tress,


34/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters ^uoroko stn

sebpfogoinkjc e icbpekjonkjc Tcfotoin, OW, >5->7, bn nf bcbektc jo jegokore

questn folertns, tcrkn n okircionre Nrostctefe ick Ioiercke= vovere ut vefos,

okgntto, presekte s kef probc (Tcfotoin, W, >9>4n, WO, >9>0l), bn jnf

okterguot, bn`kn offn ok`ekon iessere1 suffn ickicrrekzn trn `fo crjoknbekto gocrektokc e

vekezonkc, lnsto K. \uloksteok,Fe jcttroke pcfotoihe kef \oknsiobektc, ok B. Lcns Hnff etnf.,Of \oknsiobektc. Okterpretnzocko e prclfebo, \cbn-Lnro, Fnterzn, >?89, pp. 4->.54F. uoroko,Je repulfoin, iot., p. >90.5>Ovo, p. >98.


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@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc


36/188


icbpekjonkjc of rnòcknbektc sok quo svcftc keffn jegokozocke jo cptobus

iovotntos stntus, fn res pulfoin, ok qun kclofes et èkercso ioves prnesukt, quo

et iovotnto icksufukt et nkkucs bnòstrntus exeriekt= otn tnbek ut quneiubquekclofotns efoòt n pfele ickgorbetur ut folertns ickservetur et cbkes nfoquc

pnitc et reère et reò suiiessove vojenktur=5: quo, su ukn èkeroin lnse

nrostctefoin, eberè ukojecfcòn nrostcirntoin seickjc iuo of pctere e fn

jefolernzocke jevckc essere eseriotnto scftnktc jn iho kck son bcssc jn

jesojeroc jo ùnjn`kc, bn jnffckcre e jnffn `fcron= keffn gcrbufnzocke jef

ûoroko (usntn per irotoinre fn jebcirnton), \eère et reite icksufere folernfoterokstotuto scfub vnfekt quo kck voitu sej je hckcre et `fcron oktektossobe

stujekt,55ihe roeihe`òn uk pnssc lek kctc jeffEtoinjo Nrostctefe (>>9:l),

bn nkihe ok foken ick ukn icrjn prcgckjn jeffn bektnfot ubnkostoin, fn

roierin, ioc, jeffn `fcron bckjnkn, fnoin, icbe goke jeffn votn pullfoin.57Fn

preciiupnzocke per of rucfc jorettovc jef pntrozontc so rosicktrn jef restc nkihe

keffn sezocke je ejuintocke, fnjjcve ûoroko so rogerosie pnrtoicfnrbekte nffnkeiessot jo gcbektnre febufnzocke keo go`fo jeo pntrozo= Oòtur jnkjn est cpern

pntroioos pctossobub foleros ut prneifnrn quneque bn`kcrub vorcrub et

bn`kogoie èstn nujonkt quc ok ecrub obotntocke niiekjnktur nebufntocke

fnujos et `fcrone, qucj ok njcfesiekte okso`ke kclofotntos so`kub esse scfet.50

ûestn res pulfoin n ùojn pntrozon inrntterozzntn ok bcjc pfntckoic=

Erukt ekob probc quojeb pntroio et icksufnres voro, quo, ut Tfntc joiot, et nboio

pntrone et joggoiufter n vcfuptnte, jcfcre, betu vokio jelekt.58 Tntroioo e

icksufnres voro terboko jo trnjozocke fntokn bn jn`fo eiho evojektebekte

5:Ovo, p. >::>.57Of pnssc suffckcre e fn `fcron icbe preboc hn nvutc bcftn gcrtukn kef Bejocevc=

per es., Zcbbnsc jNquokc,Je re`kc, O, 8 (ihe fo rotoeke oksuggoioekto)1 bn suffn inroin fnoin

jo questn ojen vnfe nkicrn ^. Yaokker, Fe croòko jef peksoerc pcfotoic bcjerkc, iot., pp.>88->?4.50F. uoroko,Je repulfoin, iot., p. >5?.58Ovo, p. >:?.


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@. Inppeffo,Nrostctefe vekezonkc 9>

icktebpcrnkeo nttunfozznkc quefffotepfntckoin jeo po ro`crcso jogekscro,

ihe fn \epullfoin ics jegokosie= esso jcvevnkc rovefnrso pntrocto, vekekjc

besso nffn prcvn keo poniero e keo jcfcro, e bcstrnrso inpnio jo kck nllnkjcknrequestn gejeft keffe gntoihe, kef tobcre k ok nfiuknftrn voiossotujoke (549n).5?

@fo exebpfn rcbnko e `reio jo jejozocke nffn pntron ihe offustrnkc fe qunfot

keiessnroe n questo pntroioo so gckjnkc essekzonfbekte suf prc pntron bcro,

fojenfe pntrocttoic ifnssoic ihe of lnssc Bejocevc reiupern trnsiekjekjc fn

iovotns per trnsbetterfn nffn bcjerkot scttc gcrbn jo ojen jo knzocke, uk

prciessc ok iuo fubnkesobc hn ocintc uk rucfc jeterboknkte.74

Of icrpc scionfe pco gcrbntc jn nftre ifnsso jo okjovojuo, jospcsto

seickjc ukn sinfn ihe seblrerelle josiekjere per `rnjc jobpcrtnkzn=

Yeiukjc fcic bofotes Q...R tertoc ebptcres et vekjotcres1 qunrtc nrtogoies1 quoktc

n`roicfne1 sextc pnstcres=7> questn sujjovosocke nkicrn ukn vcftn pnrte jn

Nrostctefe, jo iuo icbpekjon Tcfotoin >99


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Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters9?081 per fe gcrbufnzocko ubnkostoihe, robnkjc n @. Inppeffo,Icktrojoiiockes, pnrnjcmns, nbloèjnjes. Je uk folrc reioekte y je fn nutckcbn

teroin jef hubnkosbc pcftoic, ok \es pulfoin. \evostn je gofcscgn pcftoin, 55 e >5?.7: Yuffojecfcòn jeffuknkobotns, igr. B. F. Aok`, Ubnkesobc e pntrozontc n

Wekezon kef ûnttrciektc, iot., vcf. O, inp.


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bnkere quckonb ickicrjon iovoub urleb perpetunt, josicrjon icrrubpot.75Io

so pctrelle niicktektnre jeffn iotnzocke ioierckonkn von N`cstokc okjointn

jnffc stessc ûoroko=

Yoiut ok gojolus ntque toloos ntque opsc inktu n vciolus ickiektus quojnb tekekjusest ex jostoktos sckos queb butntub nut josirepnkteb nures erujotne gerre kck pcssukt, sejickiektus ex jossoboffornrub vciub bcjerntocke ickicrs tnbek eggoiotur, soi ex subos etokgobos bejoos okteroeitos crjokolus ut sckos bcjerntnb rntocke iovotnteb ickseksujossoboffobcrub ickiokere, et qune hnrbckon n busoios joiotur ok inktu enb esse ok iovotnteickicrjonb.77

Bn of sebpfoie robnkjc nJe repulfoin, OO, 7?, goftrntc knturnfbekte jnf

Je iovotnte Jeo(OO, ), kck spoe`n iertc ihe fhnrbckonquorokonkn uk trnttc

jo croòke pfntckoin, utofe n ostotuore, keffn\epullfoin, fn sobofotujoke trn fe pnrto

jeffnkobn e fnzocke jeffokjovojuc keffn icbukot pcfotoin=

Qfn òustozonR icksoste keffnjebpore o prcpro icbpoto kck esterocrbekte, bnokterocrbekte, ok uknzocke ihe icokvcfè vernbekte fn prcpron perscknfot e inrnttere, periuo fokjovojuc Q...R jovektn so`kcre jo se stessc e josiopfokntc e nboic jo s bejesobc enrbckozzn fe tre pnrto jeffn sun nkobn, icbe pergettnbekte soktckozznkc fe tre pnrto jo uknkctn gckjnbektnfe, lnssn nftn e bejon Q...R nffcrn, jcpc nverfe fe`nte tutte ej essere jovekutcukc jo bcfto, tebpernkte e nrbckoic, eiicfc nòre ics, son ihe fn sun nttovot so rovcf`n c niurnre of icrpc, son ihe so svcf`n ok nblotc pcfotoic c ok icktrntto provnto.70

K ihe fubnkesobc fc gn prcproc, okserekjcfc ok queffc ihe so pctrelle

jegokore fuftobc tektntovc jo cr`nkozznzocke pniogoin jef ickseksc, probn jeffe

`rnkjo bcknrihoe nsscfute e jef bcjerkc roickcsiobektc jef ickgfottc icbeinrnttere essekzonfe jef pcfotoic. Keffe Josputntockes inbnfjufekses so rotrcvn

ukn gcrbufnzocke voiokn n queffn jo ûoroko=

75

F. uoroko,Je repulfoin, iot., p. >5>.77Ovo, p. >5??::).


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Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters9:

ickicrjon iovoub, qunb nitockes n sokùfos prcgeitne ok ukub iceuktes otnickgoioukt, vefuto joversne n sokùfos ok iothnrn gojolus vekoektes vcies otn ickscknkt, ukjesunvossobus okje ickiektus, queb @rneio hnrbckonb kukiupnkt, excrontur.78

N bn`òcr `fcron jef kclofe ojenfe cr`nkoiostn, ûoroko icstruosie quo, nf

iufboke jef suc trnttnteffc, ukn speioe jo sinfn tropnrtotn jo nuitcrotntes=

Ioiercke, Tfntcke, ick of pnrnffefc trn fn res pulfoin e fnkobn (\epullfoin,

:95e) e ok bezzc, fn gcrbufnzocke, n queffnftezzn crbno inkckoin, jeffn

scioet icbe icrpus, jerovntn jn uk nftrc testc inpotnfe keffefnlcrnzocke

bejoevnfe jeffcr`nkoiosbc, of Tcfoirntoiusjo @ocvnkko jo Ynfoslury=

ûckonb cbkos res pulfoin qunso icrpus qucjjnb ex beblros ickgorbntub,prokieps cptoket fciub inpotos, quon re ot1 sekntus icrjos quon icksofoos vovogoint1 oujoiesnuroub et ciufcrub, quon foto`nktes nujoukt et prnevojektes ourn jeierkukt1 bofotes

prcteèktes, bnkuub1 n`roicfne qucj nfobektn prnestnktes votnb sustektnkt, pejub.7?

Of peksoerc pcfotoic jef ûoroko, e tnktc bekc queffc ubnkostoic ok

èkere, kck so icbprekjckc n pnrtore jn uk kujc efekic jo gcktes, nkzo, fn

roierin jo sebpfoio preiejekto ifnssoio persokc jnkkcsn, ok qunktc rosihon jo

fnsionre ok cblrn fn roiihezzn jeffe èkenfcòe iufturnfoihe stnkkc nffn lnse

78Josputntockes inbnfjufekses, n iurn jo T. Fche, Gorekze, Ynkscko, >?84, p. :4=quo fn grnse eihe`òn Zusiufnkne, O, >?, bn fn inroin pcfotoin fe prcvoeke iertnbekte jnf

pnssc jefJe repulfoinropcrtntc jn N`cstokc e, ok uftobn ostnkzn, jn Tfntcke.7?Of ickgrcktc ick fn gcrbufnzocke jo @ocvnkko jo Ynfoslury, Tcfoirntoius, W, ?4?, rost. nknst. Kew_cra, Nrkc Tress, >?0?)1 per uknknfoso jef pnssc jo @ocvnkko e o suco preiejekto, igr. Z.Ytruve, Joe Ektowoiafuk` jer cr`nkcfcòsihek Ytnntsnuggnssuk` ob Bottefnfter, iot., pp.>


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jeffefnlcrnzocke ickiettunfe e fcroòknfot jeffnppcrtc tecroic speiogoic

jeffubnkesobc ihe kck n insc, joggoiofbekte stntc icbpresc keffn sun

nbpoezzn e prcgckjot. ûestn fn fezocke ihe io fnsion Fnurc ûoroko, fucbcihe vcffe rosirovere, suc nrlotroc, fn Tcfotoinjo Nrostctefe, e bo`focrnrfn.


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43/188




@U@FOEFBC LN\UIIO

IHOCYN\ ICK NFZ\C ZEYZC.

FE Z\E IC\CKE TE\ UK ICBBEKZC

\OKNYIOBEKZNFE NO ZCTOIN JO IOIE\CKE

>. Tcbpec e Yobcke, o Zcpoin n qunttrc bnko

Kef sostebn ejotcronfe iokqueiektesic jo jovuf`nzocke iufturnfe e jo

strubektnzocke prntoin uk rucfc bnròknfe, bn gcrse tnktc po okteressnkte

prcproc per of suc oksuiiessc, òcintc jn uk sok`cfnre icbbektc no Zcpoin jo

Ioiercke. Kef >557 esie okgntto per o tcriho jef @ocfotc Fn Zcpoin jo Ioiercke,

icf icbektc kef qunfe so jobcstrnkc `fo esebpo jo tutto o fuc`ho invnto jn

Jnkte, jnf Tetrnrin, et jnf Lciiniioc, trnjcttn jn B. Yobck je fn Lnrln jn

Tesion= et fe Joggerekze fcinfo jo Lcetoc, invnte jn Zebostoc, et jn Ioiercke,

rojctte ok nrte, trnjctte et nllrevonte. Ick fn Znvcfn jeffe icse kctnlofo. Ye

fukoic kcbe n icbpnrore kef grcktespozoc queffc jef trnjuttcre, Yobcke jeffn

Lnrln jn Tesion,> fn sotunzocke po nrtoicfntn, bn nkihe jeiosnbekte po

>Nutcre nkihe jo ukn Kucvn spcsotocke jef sckettc ihe icbokion Ok kclof snkùeuotn hubofe, e quetn ke fn qunfe so joihonrn qunf son stntn fn vern kcloft jo Bnjckkn

Fnurn, Gorekze, Fcrekzc Zcrrektokc, >55:. Ter nvere sue kctozoe so jeve roicrrere n cpere


44/188


iurocsn. Yonbc jo grckte okgntto n ukn scrtn jo iccperntovn gnbofonre, pcoih of

icbbektc, ok inrnttere bokcre, jn nsiroverso nf grnteffc jo Yobcke, Tcbpec.55? seù n \cbn), beblrc jo qunfihe rofoevc jeffNiinjebon gocrektokn

(ok iuo nvrelle oktrcjcttc fusc jeffe espcsozocko niinjeboihe), nboic jo Jcfie

e Jcbekoiho.:E goùrn eifettoin, ihe vnktn nf suc nttovc uk josiretc kuberc jo

totcfo, jno trnttnto jo nblotc bejoic5n cpere ick sok`cfnro okteresso kecpfntckoio

e jebckcfcòio,7

pernftrc ick pcsozocko etercjcsse rospettc nffn vuf`ntn e ukngcrte icktnboknzocke ick fnrostctefosbc jo Tcbpcknzzo e Tcrzoc.0

nktoqunroe icbe @. Nksnfjo, Iekko loc`rngoio jeo persckn`ò offustro jeffn iott jo Tesion esuco joktcrko..., Tesion, Wnkkoko, >80


45/188

@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc 9?

Fn prebokekzn jo Tcbpec, pernftrc, ickgerbntn son jnf gnttc ihe

fcpern so npre ick uk prceboc jo questuftobc nf grnteffc, son jnf gnttc ihe n

kcbe suc fn jejointcron n Grnkiesic Zcreffo,8 jntntn 9 cttclre >554 (of ihequokjo gn robcktnre foktern cpernzocke n seo nkko probn jeffeggettovn ejozocke)1

ukn fettern ihe ihonrosie icbe of vcfube jcvesse nkihe vnfere icbe

presektnzocke keffn scioet fetternron jo uk Yobcke nkicrn nffe probe nrbo,?ok

bcjc jn gniofotnrke fokserobektc keffn okgfuekte ierihon tcreffonkn>4nffn qunfe

Tcbpec ern strettnbekte fe`ntc.>> Uk fnvcrc ickòuktc, pernftrc, kck

poeknbekte pniogoic, jnf bcbektc ihe, ok uk insc, Tcbpec icktestn fntrnjuzocke, c pouttcstc fn terbokcfcòn njcttntn jnf grnteffc= Ioiercke ihonbn

spetoe quef ihe oc joic gcrbn1 fokterprete hn trnjcttc spetoe per leffezzn, n be

kckjobekc pnre ihe son be`foc jore ke fn gcrbn.>8?9, vcf. O, :, pp. :?7-:?0, jegokosie oblrc`foc)1 evojekte per qunfe son fcpern

prokiopnfe, e quokjo qunfe fn fettern jejointcron jo bn òcr presto oc.? Fn sun fetturn pressc fNiinjebon gocrektokn jef sckettc petrnrihesic Ok kclof

snkùe votn hubofe et quetn, pco pullfointn jnf Zcrrektokc, jef >554Igr.Fn Zcpoin jo Ioiercke, icf icbektc..., Wekezon, @ocfotc, >557, i. oor= QR epre`cfn, ihe niietto boc grnteffc nkicrn kef kuberc je Yervotcro gejefo jo insn sun, fn qunfejef icktokuc Joc gefoioto e ickservo.

>> Grnkiesic ern ò stntc of jejointnroc jeffn Ypcsotocke juk sckettc pfntckoic,bektre of pnjre Fefoc (iotntc espressnbekte keffn jejointcron jeo Zcpoin) fc ern stntc je O

Josicrso gofcscgoio.>9>.>9Fe ukoihe pnòke irotoihe espfoiotnbekte jejointe seblrnkc essere= I. Bnrnzzoko,

Of pergettc pnrfnre. Fn retcroin ok Otnfon jn Jnkte n Okterket,\cbn, Inrciio, , pp. >40-


46/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters:4

njjeksnbektc jo peiufonrot. Uk probc evojekte efebektc jo rofoevc fn sieftn,

trn o testo retcroio, jo ukcpern iertc bokcre,>: e jo uk Ioiercke jnf snpcre

bnrintnbekte bejocevnfe1 per jo po o Zcpoin, qunkjc pullfointo, e ok tnf insc jcboknkte fn trnjozocke nfjokn, sckc ok èkere nsscionto nj nftre cpere

retcroihe ioierckonke, se kck tutte= qunktc n ejozocko sok`cfe, per o Zcpoin so

pu icktnre scfc ukn pernftrc rnrossobn>5ejozocke vekezonkn kef >55< pressc

Grnkiesic Tcrtcknro, ejotcre jnf intnfc`c qunso scfc fntokc e iertc jo rojcttn

vosolofot. Ter jo po, nffnftezzn jeffejozocke jef @ocfotc, n grckte jo ukn iertn

gcrtukn jeffe vcf`nrozznzocko jo crnzocko>7

c jo cpere gofcscgoihe,>0

per kck jorejeffe epostcfe, of kcverc jeffe trnjuzocko jeffe cpere retcroihe bn iertc of

èkere presuppcke uk pullfoic iufturnfbekte sefezockntc nkicrn sinrkc. Ye

so presiokje jnf gckjnbektnfe Je crntcre jef Jcfie per @ocfotc (>5:0), ihe

vnktn rostnbpe kef >55:, >555 e keffc stessc >557 e jnf Je okvektocke keffn

trnjuzocke nktoqunron jo Lrukettc Fntoko per o Jcroic kef >5:7, fe scfe

vcf`nrozznzocko sckc queffe jeffn \hetcroin nj Herekkoub jef Lruiocfo per@ocfotc (>598, >5:5:5. Fn sieftn jeo Zcpoin,e nkicr

po fn fcrc trnjuzocke, pnre quokjo roickjuiolofe n preiose bctovnzocko iufturnfo

po ihe n rnòcko jo berintc.

>48. Nkihe fn vcie jefJozocknroc Loc rngoic je`fo Otnfonko, iot., kck vo jejoin jnftrckjepo jo ukn jeiokn jo ro`he.

>: Fn pregnzocke jeffn po reiekte ejozocke icbbektntn, kckih ejozocke irotoin,(ej. ly Z. \eokhnrjt, Cxgcrj, Cxgcrj Ukoversoty Tress, 5Ieksotn jnEjot>7scfc nffn Wottcroc Ebnkuefe OOO jo Knpcfo.>7

Nj esebpoc keffc stessc >557 esickc tutte fe crnzocko per Fcjcvoic Nvnkzo eFeGofoppoiheper Tncfc Bnkuzoc.>0 N stnbpn gurckc Je cggoioos, Je nboioton, Je sekeitute, Tnrnjcxn stcoicrub,

Ycbkoube Zusiufnkne.


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@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc :>

9.O Zcreffo e fn pcfotoin iufturnfe jo Icsobc O

Wnfe fn pekn crn jo scttcfokenre icbe foktern cpernzocke jeo jeffn Lnrlnso okserosie poeknbekte keffn pcfotoin iufturnfe jo Icsobc O1>8Grnkiesic e Fefoc

Zcreffo (rospettovnbekte jejointnroc jorettc e bejontc jef vcfubettc) kck scfc

ernkc goùre jo probc ponkc jef reòbe icsbonkc (ektrnblo nujotcro juinfo, e

Fefoc probc se`retnroc), bn nvevnkc òcintc uk rucfc jeterboknkte keo suco

prokiopnfo ostotuto iufturnfo1 Fefoc ern stntc okgntto icfuo ihe kef >5:0 nvevn

gorbntc per icktc jo Icsobc of icktrnttc ihe ostotuovn icbe obpresscre juinfeprcproc quef Fcrekzc Zcrrektokc>?pressc of qunfe nvevnkc trcvntc jestoknzocke

qunso tutte fe cpere ok iuo, ok ukn gcrbn c keffnftrn, ernkc oktervekuto o jeffn

Lnrln18Io so fobotn n robnkjnre, per fokterc pnrn`rngc, no gckjnbektnfo sn`ò rniicfto okB. Tfnosnkie, Fniinjebon e of suc prokiope. Iufturn e pcfotoin n Gorekze nf tebpc joIcsobc O e jo Grnkiesic je Bejoio,Bnkzonkn, Weiihonreffo, ?Yo robnkjn qunktcbekc n F. Teroko,Ejotcro e pctere ok Otnfon jnffn goke jef seicfcXW nffUkot, inp. 7,Jnffn stnbperon juinfe nffn lolfoctein jo Icsobc, ok Ytcron jOtnfon.Nkknfo :. Okteffettunfo e pctere,Zcrokc, Eoknujo, >?0>, pp. 079-859, ok pnrtoicfnre pp. 088-8441 n I. Jo Gofoppc Lnre`ò, Zre topc`rngoe gocrektoke grn repullfoin e prokiopntc, okKucvn rovostn stcroin, FWOOO, >?0:, pp. 9>8-9:81 e n N. \oiio,Fcrekzc Zcrrektokc nkj theIufturnf Trc`rnbbe cg Icsobc O je Bejoio,ok Zhe Iufturnf Tcfotois cg Juae Icsobc O je

Bejoio,ejotej ly A. Eosekloihfer, Nfjershct, Nsh`nte, , pp. >49->>?.55:->555 fn sun stnbperon

prcproc n Tesion, iott kntnfe jeo jue grnteffo ihe nkicrn vo svcfèvnkc of rucfc jo cttobnto.

Ter of suc sc`òcrkc n Tesion, igr. I. Gejefo,Fcrekzc Zcrrektokc e fn sun jobcrn n Tesion,okBosieffnken stcroic-fetternron n Grnkiesic Bnroctto,Tosn, >?40, pp. 09-80. Jnf >554, okcftre, Fefoc n jeiojere qunfo nutcro pcssnkc essere icbbektnto

keffNiinjebon.


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Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters:, roicrjn ihe questn gu ukn jo queffe nrbo ick ihe Bnjckkn

Fnurn nppressc jef Tetrnrin vokse nbcre, qunkjc josse=Hckestnte e ver c`kn

n fn grckte ern,/Kclofe pnr je fe vort jovoke,/ Ihe gnk icsteo scprn fe jckke

nftoern1 jcve jnvvertore ihe nvvek`n ihe of Tcetn hnllon pcstn fn ver`c`knper vort, kck ics roscfutnbekte jn gnrbefn luckn QR.9>

Cppure pu trnttnrso jo ukn ihocsn n uk efebektc ifnssoic, icbe qunkjc,

nffcrih Ioiercke pnrfn jeffe testobckonkze, e ok pnrtoicfnre jo queffe jo croòke

jovokn, Tcbpec, iotnkjc\erub Wuf nroub Grn`bektn,4, puktunfozzn= Grn

questo sckc nkicrn, of vcfnre e f inktc je `fuiieffo1 jn qunfo so po`fonkc `fo

nùro lucko, c inttovo seickjc of vcfnre ihe gnkkc jn bnk jestrn, c sokostrn, jequnfo josse of Tetrnrin= ûnf jestrc icrvc, c qunf bnkin icrkoie /Inkto of boc

gntc, c qunf pnrin foknspe3.90-07,

>:), jejointn nf vnfcre jeffn testobckonkzn, jeffn Lnrln fobotn fnttekjolofot

jeffe ickgessocko scttctcrturn, inso ok iuo, per Ioiercke, en vojetur verotns opsn

joiere1 ok questc insc, okgntto, Tcbpec, gcrse bebcre jeffn sun prcgessocke

bejoin, kck so esobe son jettc n suc irejotc jnf roicrjnre inso jo ucboko ihe

9> Ovo, p. >7>. Ics per jobcstrnre ihe icsn son fn vcfckt, csson nppetotc

rnòckevcfe ihe inòckn fe icse ùojnte jn fn rnòcke, kck rotekekjc suggoioekte speiogoinreihe fn vcfckt n spokère nffn fetturn jo uk folrc, puktunfozzn ihe fn vcfckt n spokère ofveiihoereffc jo\erub Wuf`nroub Grn`bektn, >7 n betterso ok von`òc per \cbn (p. >


53/188

@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc :0

ickgessnkc per pnurn e jelcfezzn jo icrpc, e ickgerbn tuttc io ick `fo esebpo

joJeinberck, OOO, 0, >5 e OW, 9, 9:4.9:Ovo, p. >55.


54/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters:8

5. Iotnzocko ej esebpfogoinzocko

O inso preiejekto nvevnkc scstnkzonfbekte fn gukzocke jo njcrknbektc ekclofotnzocke, bn nkihe queffn jo rnggcrznre, per njjeksnbektc, fn topcfc`on

gckjnbektnfe jeffe iotnzocko. O rogerobekto po okteressnkto sckc okgntto queffo

ihe jcvrellerc espfoiotnbekte servore n ihonrore, icbe joihonrntc jnffn

jejointcron, o pnssn``o po csiuro jef testc ioierckonkc e jukque pertek`ckc nf

foveffc po prcgckjc jef testc1 scprnttuttc, `fo esebpo bcjerko so pck`ckc icbe

nppnrntc esebpfogointovc nfterkntovc n queffc cggertc jn Ioiercke. Ok renft, okquestc insc, of sostebn iotnzocknfe jesuktc jno tre ifnssoio vcf`nro presektn

nfiuke kctevcfo joggcrbot rospettc nf tessutc jef testc, e tnfcrn kck rospettn

poeknbekte fe nttese jef fettcre. Ok probc fuc`c jn csservnre ihe o rogerobekto

sckc pouttcstc estebpcrnkeo, e kck so nppfoinkc cr`nkoinbekte nf testc

ioierckonkc1 fn probn iotnzocke, okgntto, roicrre scftnktc keffn sezocke jef

icbbektc oktotcfntn Jovosocke je fuc`ho (Zcpoin, 8,


55/188

@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc :?

nf fettcre bejoc. Uk robnkjc pernftrc, nkihe ok questc insc, po icftc (e

kebbekc pco tnktc) ihe eggettovnbekte utofe.

Nkihe qunkjc fe iotnzocko vcf`nro so nppfoihokc cr`nkoinbekte nffoktercinpotcfc, io nvvoeke spessc ick strnte`oe kck ick`ruekto, k sebpre pertokekto.

Fn sezocke suiiessovn Fe joggerekze je fuc`ho jnf tuttc cverc jn fn

jogokotocke, e jn fe pnrto, e jn fEtobcfc`on (Zcpoin, ?, >->4, >


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kco jcve, e f prekjere `fo strnko kck snron ickvekevcfe, jukque voeke n ickifujere ihe ernobpcssolofe n fcrc hnvere hucboko n `cverkc jo queffn fcrc icbpn`kon, pco ihe kck pctevnkchnvere k pnrekto, k strnko ick hckcre fcrc.98

Evojekte, icbe kck so son quo ok uk rnppcrtc strutturntc speioes-èkus,

e so son pouttcstc jo grckte n ukc sfottnbektc rospettc nffesebpoc ioierckonkc. Of

terzc insc, queffc jeffetobcfcòn, kck gn pco ihe robnkjnre n qunktc ò

csservntc, keffn sezocke preiejekte, per of kcbe Fnurn, pur speiogoinkjc ihe so

pctrellerc njjurre nftro esebpo jn Jnkte e Tetrnrin. Nkihe quo, per, vnfe fn

pekn jo verogoinre fn joggerekte nppfoinzocke rospettc n Ioiercke= questo,

lnsnkjcso suffetobcfcòn jo nssojuus jerovntc nl nere jnkjc, nr`cbektn ihe

pcoih fn fe`è nsserosie ihe scfc uk nssojuuspu gnrso `nrnkte jo uk nssojuus,

io obpfoin ihe scfc uk roiic pu esserfc jo uk roiic. Fetobcfcòn, ok questc

insc, serve per nr`cbektnre, per eggettunre uk pnssn`òc fcòic1 kef insc jo

Fnurn, okveie, fetobcfcòn so esnurosie ok s, sekzn nppfoinzocko nf jo f jef

sc`èttc.

Fn stessn nppfoinzocke joscr`nkoin e jesuftcron icbpnre nkihe keffn

sezocke Fe joggerekze je fuc`ho ihe hnkkc roùnrjc n fn icsn ihe voeke ok

questocke (Zcpoin, >>), ok iuo sonbc jo grckte n uk fuk`c efekic jo fcio, trejoio

per fesnttezzn. Ycfc per fuftobc, per, queffc ex icbpnrntocke bnocrub nut

pnroub nut bokcrub, nllonbc fesebpoc vcf`nre, c be foc tre jostokto esebpo

lciiniionko, ukc per fn icbpnrntocke je bn` ocro (Jeinberck, WOO, 9, >0-

), ukc per queffn je bokcro (Jeinberck, O, oktr., 78), ukc per queffn je

pnro (Jeinberck, OW, oktr., 99).9?Nf jo f jef gnttc ihe questuftobc esebpoc

obpcstntc suf gnttc ihe Invnfinkto, Iokc e Jnkte icksojernrckc uk ckcre

poniere nffe jckke e jukque vo snrelle fe ottobntc Lciiniioc stessc snrelle

gcrse po njnttc nffn icbpnrnzocke suffn lnse jeo bn`òcro, ihe su queffn jeo

pnro, restn evojekte fn josiutolofot jo ukesebpfogoinzocke fn iuo utofot

98Ovo, pp.


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@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc 5>

prclnlofbekte okgerocre rospettc n qunktc snrelle keiessnroc per fcio gcrse po

cstoio.

Jnftrckje, scvekte fn stessn rojuiolofot jeffesebpoc vcf`nre n queffcioierckonkc jeiosnbekte gcrzntn1 nj esebpoc per fnr`cbektnzocke n

joggerekton Ioiercke roicrre soktetoinbekte nffesebpoc ihe se uk bnrotc fnsion

ok testnbektc nffn bc`foe nrèktub cbke qucj suub esset (Zcpoin,>7, >0-

>8= tuttc fnrèktc ihe so trcvnsse jo suc),:4 io kck obpfoin ihe fe spetto

nkihe fnrèktc jntc n prestotc1 jeffn Lnrln roicrre n uk sok`cfnre esebpoc

jeinberckonkc (Jeinberck, WOOO, :), ihe so snfvn scftnktc per uknrlotrnronnjjozocke goknfe ihe nftern, e kck pcic, of seksc jef testc (pernftrc ronssuktc ok

bnkoern kck strettnbekte gejefe), jnf bcbektc ihe fokniiettnlofot jef

rnppcrtc trn \oiionrjn/Toiinrjn e of prevcstc goescfnkc kck jcvutn

cvvonbekte n ukn joggerekzn jo et e jo knturn, icbe seblrerelle

jnffekukionzocke jo Tcbpec, bn nffc stntus jef ihoeroic, e nffn sun et, e

nffesoèkzn jo rospettnlofot jo ukn jckkn kck po òcvnkossobn e vejcvn=

Jnf jossobofe pco queffc jo ihe so vnfe Bnjckkn \oiionrjn ke fcttnvn òcrkntnicktrc nf prcpcstc jo Goescfe bcstrnkjc ihe n fuo kck ston leke fc nbnrfn, joiekjc n ukveiihoc e pnjre sporotunfe, kck icsn feiotn k hckestn nbnre ukn gnkiouffn, e vejcvn eti.Ter ihe quo so veje ukn rnkjossobn jossobo`fonkzn jo knture jo et, e jo icstubo.:>

Ypessc, pco, fesebpoc vcf`nre pu essere tnfbekte pcic pertokekte jn

pcter okjurre of fettcre ok ickgusocke1 n icbbektc jeffn sezocke Jogokotockojnftre scrto (Zcpoin,-:,

:4Ovo, p. 98.:>Ovo, p. 9?.:


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Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters5Ovo, p. >99.


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Ukc skcjc essekzonfe of pnssn`òc ok iuo Ioiercke, rovcfèkjcso n

Zrelnzoc, roickcsie ihe `fo njoukito, csson o ickòukto, sckc bnteron jn

crntcro, po ihe jn gofcscgo c òureicksufto qunfe fokterfciutcre. Kckjobekc,per icbpfetezzn, sie`foe jo scggerbnrvoso lrevebekte= `fo esebpo ioierckonko,

per, icktokunkc n essere jo nblotc, se kck òurojoic, òujozonroc, icbe uk

icfteffc oksnkùokntc c uk fube spektc ihe pcssckc essere okjozo jo uk rentc

(Zcpoin, 5>-58), Tcbpec jcpc nver spoe`ntc nttrnversc

Jeinberck, OX, : `fo n`òukto, csson nr`cbektnzocko obperkonte su

ickseùekze kck keiessnroe bn scfc vercsobofo, pnssn n esebpfogoinre o fuc`ho

jnf icktrnroc (icksostekto keffn icktrnppcsozocke jo jue ickietto). Fn

trnksozocke trn o jue nbloto soktcbntoin, e so trnttn jeffnbpfogoinzocke jo

qunktc ò nsserotc keffn jejoin e keffnvvertobektc no fettcro=

54>.


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@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc 50

QR e perih c`kukc ihe pnrfn, c ihe sirove, nkicrn ihe leke spessc kck sekniicr`n, usn sebpre qunfihe ukc jo questo fuc`ho per prcvnre fe sue rnòcko, c roprcvnrequeffe jnftro, per hc òujointc kck essere gucro jo prcpcsotc gnre nvvertoto o Fettcro ickqunfihe esebpoc, ke fo kcstro po icksojernto Yirottcro Zcsinko, niio ihe be`foc pco ionsiukc

pcssn ickcsierfo e usnrfo.59

Fesebpfogoinzocke quokjo peksntn per fnblotc iovofe, ok iuo pu

inpotnre ihe qunfiukc jelln prcvnre fe sue rnòcko, c roprcvnre queffe jnftro,

ej goknfozzntn son nffespressocke sirottn son n queffn pnrfntn.

Fesebpfogoinzocke ickiretn jeo fuc`ho jnf icktrnroc, per, lnsntn su

\erub Wuf`nroub Grn`bektn 974, 87-?4 e ?0->47, ok iuo oksiekntnfnutcjogesn jo Nbcre jnffe niiuse jo Grnkiesic= fn trnspcsozocke pcetoin,

quokjo, jo niiusntcron e jegekscron. Yo trnttn prclnlofbekte jef bcbektc jo

bnssobn icktoùot trn njesocke nf bcjeffc fetternroc vcf`nre e prcèttc jo

gcrkore ukn preiettostoin ihe be`foc strutturo fn fokùn vcf`nre icbe strubektc

cperntovc keffn prntoin e keffn votn iovofe, nssoiurnkjc ics nf vcf`nre ukn poekn

equopnrnzocke nf fntokc icbe fokùn icftn. Fnppnrntc iotnzocknfe kck

goknfozzntc jukque n bere rnòcko espfointove bn jobcstrnzocke jo ukn okkntn

icjogoinzocke jeffn fcòin nf jo f jeffe sue speiogoihe nppfoinzocko.

Zuttnvon, per fnppuktc, fn sieftn jo roicrrere nffe Zre Icrcke kck

keiessotntn k jnffn trnjuzocke, k jnf icbbektc, per o qunfo snrellerc lnstnto

esebpo jo nblotc vcf`nre, po voioko nffn seksolofot e nffesperoekzn jef fettcre

bcjerkc, bn kck fetternro. Trcproc ûeffnktoquc boc jcfie ebpoc so`kcre, n

iuo Tcbpec roicrre icbe esebpfogoinzocke jo jobcstrnzocke e ickgutnzocke,

okgntto nkihe fesebpoc jo bnssobn fetternturozznzocke jeffn retcroin. Ihe of

icbbektc vovn jo uk pnrtoicfnre okteresse prcproc per fn fetternturn

ickgerbntc, pernftrc, jnffnttekzocke n jostokùere `fo nbloto jeo vnro fcio,

bcftc po jo qunktc nvvek`n kef trnttntc ioierckonkc. Keffn sezocke

Joihonrntocke je fuc`ho po nbpon, e probn jo queffo, ihe sckc jn fn

59Ovo, p. :


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jogokotocke (Zcpoin,


65/188

@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc 5?

8.Fnutckcbon jeffn pceson

Ihe ok Tcbpec io son uk okteresse speiogoic per ukn rofetturn retcroinjeffn fetternturn, jnftrckje, kck nttestntc scfc jnffe iotnzocko ok s e `o

snrelle jn kctnre ihe, keffn probn pnrte jef icbbektc, fe iotnzocko sckc

sebpre rniicfte nf terboke jo c`ko sezocke, e kck sckc oktervnffnte nffe

spoe`nzocko, irenkjc ics jeffe nree fetternroe obbejontnbekte roickcsiolofo

nkihe nffciihoc bn nkihe jnffnperturn jo spnzo ok iuo so nggrcktnkc

npprcgckjotnbekte efebekto pertokekto nffn fetternturn.Ukc skcjc gckjnbektnfe kef icbbektc nffn sezocke Fn joggerekzn

ihe grn f pnrtore, e f jovojere (Zcpoin,94-9


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jeffcpern. Nf terboke jeffnknfoso jeo tre trnjozocknfo èkero crntcro, Ioiercke

okgntto speiogoin ihe o fcio nggrcktnto gokc n quef bcbektc sckc pnrtoicfnrbekte

utofo ok prokiopoos jeo testo, f jcve, icbe vucfe ukn lek rnjointn preiettostoin,shn jn gnre `fujotcro lekovcfo, jciofo, et nttekto1 ics vnfcre retcroic nvrnkkc

nkihe fe knrrnzocko ihe tekjnkc nf gok fcrc, ioc ihe sonk ponke, lrevo,

evojekto, irejolofo, bcjernte, e ick jo`kot, e okgoke fn prcvn (gojes) ihe

seùe fn knrrnzocke ick vnfcre jo ickvnfojn.50Tcihe ro`he, pouttcstc inkckoihe

nkihe se tnfcrn ick qunfihe iroptoin ickkessocke, ihe per Tcbpec jofntn,

roicrrekjc per jo po n lek ukjoio esebpo vcf`nro= prceboc jefJeinberck, 0,>4->>, >: (bn so trnttn jo tre esebpo jostokto)1 Tur`ntcroc, O, :-71 \erub

Wuf`nroub Grn`bektn, 0>, >:->51 uk robnkjc èkeroic nffokozoc jef Tnrnjosc1

Tur`ntcroc, O, >?-1 Tnrnjosc, O, 90-9?1\erub Wuf nroub Grn`bektn,


67/188

@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc 7>

nppfoinzocke nssno po nbpon. Bn scprnttuttc Tcbpec niiubufn ok lreve

spnzoc cttc iotnzocko, sette petrnrihesihe e ukn jnktesin1 kck tutte ok renft

renfbekte rogerolofo n ickifusocko jo testo (icbe okveie kef insc jeffe sestokepetrnrihesihe), e nkzo pnrnjcssnfbekte qunso sebpre so trnttn jo pnsso okozonfo

jeo vnro testo, bn icbukque obperkonto suffn inpniot jo pfninre c susiotnre

sektobekto1 nllonbc ics nppeffo nffebctovot, icbe keffokvettovn jnktesin

Nh Tosn votuperoc je fe `ekto, c keffescrtnzocke nffcjoc Hcr jektrc nj ukn

`nllon / Goere sofvestre e bnksueto n`keffo (\erub Wuf nroub Grn`bektn,

>: per Lciiniioc,


68/188

Tnrcfe \ulnte / Turfcokej Fetters757>),

ihe icstotuosie prclnlofbekte of insc po vertoòkcsc keffn sun prcjuzocke jo

icbbekto n pnrcfe jopokte per kuberc, nrtoicfnzocke, irentovot e nbpoezznjeffe `rngge. Keffnvvosc No fettcro ihe gukè jn prebessn, Crnzoc

Zcsinkeffn, sulotc jcpc nver fcjntc futofot jojnttoin jeffusc jeo rnbo, per

icckestnre of prcproc usc jo bnteronfe irotoic nftruo bekzockn icbe preiurscro

`fo eiieffektossobo hucboko \ciic Intnkec per fe sue Tnrtotockes kckih fn

kcstrn ejozocke jeo Zcpoin. Iertc fe fcjo kck pertek`ckc nffusc jeffe `rngge,

bn fn icokiojekzn trcppc sok`cfnre per kck essere icksojerntn1 e per qunktc ofvcfube, e ick essc fnjczocke jeo rnbo, son nttroluotc n Yobcke, of ihe gn

scspettnre jeffniiurntezzn jeffn fetturn jef Zcsinkeffn, restn icbukque

nttestntn fn ickcsiekzn jn pnrte jef pcfo`rngc jo ukcpern ihe so se`knfn per tnfe

okjullon kcvot `rngoin.

>>.Ukn Zcpoinnfterkntovn3

Trcproc fe `rngge, per, perbettckc jo evcinre uk nftrc testc

gckjnbektnfe1 kef >574, sebpre per @ocfotc, esie pcstubn Fn Zcpoin c verc

jeffn efciuzocke jo @oufoc Inboffc Jefbokoc, gcrse per iurn jef Jcfie ihe ò

7: Enj., Fe pnrcfe jopokte jo Crnzoc Zcsinkeffn, ok \ovostn jo fetternturnotnfonkn, O, >?89, pp. >55->87.


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ern oktervekutc su testo jef Inboffc.75ûnttrc nkko jcpc fejozocke jef kcstrc

testc ioierckonkc, quokjo, bn knturnfbekte of Jefbokoc ern ukn goùrn jo gnbn

okjosiussn (c be`foc, josiussn bn vnstossobn), o iuo testo, per qunktc tutto okejotonffn sun bcrte (>5::), nvevnkc nvutc fnr`n ioricfnzocke bnkcsirottn=77kck n

insc, n jobcstrnzocke jo io, of Tntrozo, keffn jejointcron nf ickte Yertcroc jn

Icffnftc ihe npre of tcbc ok iuo gu goknfbekte pullfointn fn Zcpoin, speiogoin jo

pullfoinrfn nggokih essn kck sbnrrosin keffok`crjoòn jo bcfto ihe ierinkc

ick fc spfekjcre je trcvnto jo fuo offustrnre se bejesobo.70 Fcpern jef

Inboffc presektn nfiuko nspetto ihe roicrrckc kef vcfubettc jeo jeffn Lnrln ickukn puktunfot ihe kck pu kck nttornre fnttekzocke1 nf jo f jeffejotcre

icbuke, e jef totcfc stessc, nkihe kef suc nòfe testc trcvonbc, son pure ok

gcrbn jeiosnbekte sinrkn, `fo stesso rnbo ihe inrntterozznkc of icbbektc jo

Tcbpec.78 Fe icktoùot, pco, sckc evojekto scprnttuttc kef inpotcfc goknfe,

Zcpoin jeffe goùrnte fciuzocko (csson fcrjoke po nftc jeffe sette pnrto

essekzonfo jeffn fokùn), jo tnfe rofoevc ihe gu nkihe pullfointc ok gcrbnnutckcbn keffc stessc >574 jnf Werjozzctto pressc of \nbpnzettc. Ok questn

sezocke, jejointn nf fokùn`òc betngcroic, fnknfoso sinkjotn seickjc

inte`croe ihe, knturnfbekte, roicrrckc ò keffn tcpoin ioierckonkn, pcoih

sckc nf irejer boc nfiuko fuciho tcpoio icbbuko n`fo nr`cbekto et n queste

goùre, icbe fe inòcko, `fo eggetto, `fo nkteiejekto, fo ickseùekto, `fo n`òukto,

75Yo iotn jn @. Inboffc Jefbokoc,Fn tcpoin c verc jeffn efciuzocke,ok Oj.,Fojenjef tentrc e nftro sirotto jo retcroin,n iurn jo J. Ihocjc e \. Ycjnkc, Ynk Bnurc Zcrokese,\es, >??4. Nf roùnrjc so vejn F. Lcfzcko, Wnronzocko tnrjciokqueiektesihe suffut poiturn

pcesos= fn Zcpoin jef Inboffc, of Werjozzctto e fNiinjebon vekezonkn,ok Yirotto ok ckcre joEuèkoc @nrok,Tosn, Yiucfn Kcrbnfe Yuperocre, >?80, pp. 85->>5.

77Igr. ovo, p. 80.70Ok nppekjoie n @. Inboffc Jefbokoc,Fojen jef Zentrc e nftro sirotto jo retcroin,

iot., p.9::.78@fo sihebo jeffn Zcpoin jef Jefbokoc hnkkc of goke jo cggrore QR fn pcssolofot jo

pnjrcke ònre tutto `fo nrtogoio retcroio, jo strnppnre no testo jeo `rnkjo sirottcro o fcrc se retoper trnjurfo ok bcjeffo gniofbekte roprcjuiolofo e vnronlofo (F. Lcfzcko, Wnronzockotnrjciokqueiektesihe suffut poiturn pcesos= fn Zcpoin jef Inboffc, of Werjozzctto efNiinjebon vekezonkn,iot.,p. ?4).


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Lciiniioc bn nkihe jef Ickvovoc,0: nssno bekc sicktntn nf jo gucro jo

icbbekto e fetture suf pcebn.05

Fobpressocke jukque ihe nkihe keffnbloekte gocrektokc gcsse nttesnfn pullfoinzocke jeffn Zcpoin jef Jefbokoc.07 Of vcfubettc jeo jeffn Lnrln

knsierelle nffcrn ok jonfc`c e ok icktrnstc, icksojerntc of joggerekte

npprciioc e nppnrntc iotnzocknfe prcproc ick tnfe trnttnteffc= fn sieftn ics

sok`cfnre jo uk testc ioierckonkc bokcre snrelle jcvutn prcproc nffoktekzocke

jo nktoiopnre, ò kef totcfc, ukcpern ihe, `rnzoe nffn pur icktrcversn gnbn jef

suc nutcre, prcbettevn jo essere uk `rnkje suiiessc ejotcronfe. O jue grnteffonvrellerc reiuperntc quokjo fcpern-nrihetopc per of èkere, per prcpcrre uk

npprciioc nfterkntovc n queffc jef Jefbokoc e poeknbekte oksirottc, pur ick

tutte fe nbloùot ihe ke jerovnkc, kef po nbpoc prcèttc iufturnfe icsbonkc.

ûnfe rnòcke nllon gnttc s ihe of icbbektc vekosse pullfointc scfc seo nkko

jcpc fn icbpcsozocke sekzn npprcjnre bno, n joggerekzn jo nftre cpere jeo jue

jeffn Lnrln, nf intnfc`c tcrrektokonkc, joggoiofe jore (se kck gcrse fn qunfotstessn jo ukcpern gcrse trcppc icbpcsotn)1 per pcssolofe ihe fn

pullfoinzocke extrn-gocrektokn pressc @ocfotc so okserosin, po ihe kef prcèttc

trnjuttcroc jeffc stnbpntcre vekezonkc, kef suc prc`rnbbn jo ejozocke

jeffokterc icrpus jef Jefbokoc.00 Fn Zcpoin, icf icbektc, quokjo, pctrelle

0:Igr. IckvovocO, voo e vooo1 OOO, oo, 91 OW, ox-x1 OW, xov, 81 OW, xxvo, >:1 OW, xxov, > e,rospettovnbekte,Fn Zcpoin jo Ioiercke, icf icbektc..., iot., p.


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@. Lnruiio, Ihocsnr ick nftrc testc 70

nvere trcvntc cspotnfot scttc fe nfo jeffn gekoie prcproc perih icksojerntn

fnktoiopnzocke jo uk testc nttesossobc suf berintc ejotcronfe.


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IC\\NJC ICKGNFCKOE\O

BOYU\N, JOY-BOYU\N E CFZ\E.

Z\NOEZZC\OE JEFFCYYOBC\C FUK@CC\N]OC, @OCWEKNFE E OF BCKZNFE

JO YNZU\N

Kcbe jef testc, of totcfc ihonbn, icbpoe fnttc jef vcinre ok iuo

icesostckc jekcboknzocke e ickvcinzocke1 of totcfc gossn fojektot jeffcpern e

oksoebe espcke questuftobn n io ihe essc hn evcintc, soòffn of testc e fc okvon,

fc ickse`kn nffn pcssolofot jeffn refnzocke oktertestunfe ihe, jnkjcso icbe

npertn, ke obpejosie fn ihousurn jegokotovn jef seksc= totcfc icbe kcbe e totcfc

icbe okvotc, bnrin jeffcpern e trniion jo uk crozzckte jo fetturn ihe ò sgu`è

nffcpern stessn e fn trnsiekje.

Of totcfc Ynturn, e se ke rniic`foe fokvotc pur keffn icksnpevcfezzn jo

ukn gejeft nffn fettern tnktc nrlotrnron jn spokèrso qunso versc of ickgoke jef

trnjobektc= n Ynturn jo Bcktnfe, jukque, io so rovcfè quo jnffn pnrtoicfnre

nk`cfnzocke ihe foktekjere of terboke ok qunktc rokvoc nf èkere sntoroic fntokc


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josihouje. Ycspesc keffn sun pcfosebon,>ihe pu essere estesn gokc n gnrke ukn

rebnrque jnppnrteknkie.Fcssobcrc gefoie= Crnzoc e fn vort kef bezzc

Ter qunktc son rosihocsc icbprobere ok ukn gcrbufn ukoktern tecron jef

vnfcre, ickvoeke bucverso prcproc jn ukn gcrtukntn sektekton, est bcjus ok

relus, per niicstnre of tebn jeffn vortus keo Yerbckes jo Crnzoc1 of

> Bn oc hc `ocintc per of totcfc uk pc suffequovcic, bn kck esifujereo iheso`kogoinsse nkihe sntorn, per fn pcesoe sntoroihe ok renft sckc pcihe, joionbc ics. Okveieicbe presektnzocke jo pcesoe jo topc joversc, jo oktcknzocke e jo nr`cbektc joversc, nffcrnicbe, csereo jore, bosieffnken, fn pnrcfn pctevn nkjnre= igr. Ynturn jo Eu`ekoc Bcktnfe,oktervostn jo B. Icrto, ok FNpprcjc fetternroc, k. s., XWOO, >?0>, 59, pp. >>9->>5, crn okE. Bcktnfe, Of seickjc bestoere. Nrte, busoin, scioet, n iurn jo @. ]nbpn, Bofnkc,Bckjnjcro, >??7, pp. >7??->04> (of lrnkc iotntc n p. >04>).


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I. Ickgnfckoero,Bosurn, jos-bosurn e cftre 0>

reokserobektc jef bcttc kef icktestc croòknroc, jnftrc inktc, so`kogoin of

tektntovc jo kck icksektore ihe fusc prcverlonfe ke rekjn cpnic of so`kogointc=

ûoj bo oòtur sunjes3 ut uounb Kneuous nut soiut Kcbektnkus3. Teròs pu`knkton seiubgrcktolus njuersos icbpckere1 kck e`c nunrubiub uetc, te goero unppnb oulec ni kelufckeb.Est okter Znknok quojjnb scierubque Woseffo=est bcjus ok relus, sukt ierto jekoque gokes,qucs uftrn iotrnque kequot icksostere reitub.:

Jue joverso foboto je-gokosickc, ok von ke`ntovn, ukn zckn okterbejon ejefnstoin, kck-vozocsn probn nkicrn ihe vortucsn= kck so trnttn tnktc jo sie`foere

fn strnjn bo`focre ok seksc nsscfutc, bn pouttcstc jo evotnre ukn jerovn. Ciicrre

bnktekerso fcktnko jnffeiiessc ok qunktc eiiessc, kck perih io son ukn

jorezocke n procro pregerolofe= ferrcre jeffc spofcrioc icksoste kef pcrtnre

nffestrebc ukokifoknzocke nf rospnrboc ihe, se bnktekutn ektrc of ickgoke jef

sntos, iertnbekte ickso`fonlofe1 e ics, fc sionfniquntcre kck peiin per of gnttcjo kck rospnrbonre, bn pcoih spekje po jef jcvutc. \ogu`èkjc ukn

sebpfoie pnrtozocke loknron trn òustc e okòustc, Crnzoc presektn fn questocke

jeffn vort icbe uk prclfebn qunktotntovc, kck qunfotntovc= of luckc tnfe kck

per essere okte`rnfbekte luckc, sievrc jn c`ko jelcfezzn, jnf bcbektc ihe

uotoos kebc soke knsiotur1 cptobus offe est / quo bokobos urètur.5

Ick oktcknzocke jef tuttc nknfc`n so ihouje fn sntorn OO, 9, keffn qunfe of

pcetn obbnòkn jo jcverso jogekjere jn ukn sterbokntn seroe jo niiuse

bcsse`fo jn Jnbnsoppc, persckn`òc voiokc nffn gofcscgon stcoin= c bnocr

tnkjeb pnrins, oksnke, bokcro,7sirove Crnzoc. E`fo, rovefnkjc jo irejere ihe

fn oksnkon nllon `rnjo joverso, jobcstrn jo kck peksnre ok bcjc kettc fn

:

Hcrnie, Yntores, texte tnlfo et trnjuot pnr G. Woffekeuve, Tnros, Fes Leffes Fettres,>?07, p. 97 (O, >, >4>->40).5Ovo, p. 5: (O, 9, 78-7?).7Ovo, p. >0> (OO, 9, 9


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ûne fnlrn, quos offohuki hcbokeb. Yej quc ieiojot sul iroboke3 uosknbjefntcr3 uolus okjoiolus, quc teste prclnuot3

Kof hcrub1 verlcsn et rnkjos epostufn uekotn Inpreos. Leke hnlet, kof pfus okterrc`c. Yej quojturln \ebo3 Yequotur gcrtuknb ut sebper et cjotjnbkntcs. Ojeb pcpufus, so Kcrton Zusicgnuosset, so cppressn gcret seiurn sekeitus

prokiopos, hni opsn Yeonkub joieret hcrnNuùstub. Onb projeb, ex quc suggrnòn kuffouekjobus, eggujot iurns1 knb quo jnlnt cfobobperoub, gnsies, feòckes, cbkon, kuki seicktoket ntque juns tnktub res nkxous cptnt,

pnkeb et ioriekses. Teroturcs nujoc buftcs.

Kof juloub, bn`kn est gcrkniufn. Tnffojufus boLruttojous beus nj Bnrtos guot cluous nrnb1qunb tobec, uoitus ke pcekns exo`nt Nonxut bnfe jegeksus. Iurrnbus prneiopotes etjub oniet ok ropn, infiebus Inesnros hcsteb.Yej uojenkt seruo, ke quos keèt et pnuojub ok ousieruoie clstroitn jcbokub trnhnt. Ho serbckestuki je Yeonkc, seiretn hnei burburn uufò.>4

Fn jeinjekzn tctnfe, e icokvcfè nkihe of pcpcfc= provntc jo c`ko

gukzocke pcfotoin, essc svofotc n vufùs, rojcttc n ukn pette`cfn bnrbn`fon ihe

so njeùn sekzn nfiukn icsioekzn irotoin nf butevcfe icrsc jeffn gcrtukn.

Estrebnbekte so`kogointovn, okcftre, e kck scftnktc n inusn jeffn sun rnrot,

ukn lreve grnse ihe @ocveknfe nttroluosie n ukn jeffe okjostokte goùre

obpe`knte n icbbektnre fn injutn jo Yeonkc= bn`kn est gcrkniufn, joie

fnkckobc persckn`òc nffcrih presnòsie, ok prejn nf tobcre, of pcssolofe

estekjerso jeffn vekjettn jo Zoleroc. Ukoto kef soktn`bn, fn`èttovc bn`kne of

jobokutovcgcrkniufnprcjuickc uk icktrnstc pcic usunfe,>>jnffn gcrte inroin

>4Ovo, pp. >> Fniicstnbektc jo bn`kub nj uk jobokutovc ern sickso`fontc per rnòcko jo

stofe, igr. J. Oukoo Ouveknfos, Ynturn X, n iurn jo T. Inbpnkn, Gorekze, Fe Bckkoer, 5


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I. Ickgnfckoero,Bosurn, jos-bosurn e cftre 05

espressovn1>9 pernftrc prekjekjc sebpre icrpc

oktcrkc nffn joknboin bessn ok bctc jnf iczznre cssobcroic jo ukn seroe jef

`rnkje ick ukn pnrnffefn seroe jef poiicfc. Yo pnrte jn Nkkolnfe, nkobntc jn

ukoksnzonlofe roierin jo `fcron e jestokntc n okicktrnre fn bcrte ok esofoc=obbnòko `rnkjo, prcproe jef èkere epoic of pnssn`òc jeffe Nfpo, of

ickjcttoerc ok vettn nffefegnkte vek`ckc lrusinbekte niicstnte nf

poiicfossobcjeffnkufusgntnfe1>:soòffnte jn questc pnrtoicfnre pcic ercoic, fe

preiejekto obprese vek`ckc jestotuote jo c`ko vnfcre, bektre Nkkolnfe stessc so

rojuie n ukn bnrockettn, je`kc scftnktc jeffe siucfe jo retcroin=

Gokeb nkobne, qune res hubnkns bosiuot cfob,kck fnjoo, kck snxn jnlukt kei tefn, sej offeInkknrub uokjex et tnkto snkùokos uftcr

Leffes Fettres, >?05, t. O, p. ?8, O, 5, :7). Ter uk preiejekte jo questusc so pu vejere ukgrnbbektc jo Fuiofoc= buftn hcbokes pcrtektn ok Hcbero uersolus goitn / bckstrn putnkt,qucrub ok probos Tcfyphebus juiektcs / Iyifcps fckùs pejes= et pcrrc huoi bnous

lnioffub / qunb bnfus knuo e icrlotn bnxobus uffnst (G. Bnrx, I. Fuiofoo Inrbokub\efoquone, Fopson, Zeulker, >?4:, vcf. O, p. 9:, XW, :84-:89). Ok questuftobc insc, icbstntc prcktnbekte se`knfntc, fn sprcpcrzocke trn n`èttovc e scstnktovc born n prcjurre ukeggettc icboic (O. Bnroctto, Ytujo fuiofonko, Gorekze, Fn Kucvn Otnfon, >?74, p. >?0?, p. 9 Fn sntorn jeiobn scstnkzontn prokiopnfbekte jnffn pceson jeffe rcvoke, nfobektntn jn questc seksc jo rcvokoc jo tutto `fo nspetto, nkihe po `rnkjo ej okvotnkto, jeffnvotn= N. Yerngoko, Ytujoc suffn sntorn jo @ocveknfe, Gorekze, Fe Bckkoer, >?50, pp. 9?:-9?5.Igr. okcftre p. 98?= fc sùnrjc so obbeksnbekte nffnr`ntc e nllrniion jnffnftc, icbe oksokteso, fn vnstn siekn jeffn terrn1 e fn pnrcfn seblrn vekore jo fcktnkc, pnintn e scfekke

icbe queffn jo uk crnicfc. Jn questnftn speicfn ihe icsn veje of pcetn3 Koektnftrc ihercvokoo e ircffo, scfc jefusocko e vnkot.>:Igr. ovo, p. >= uk trnttc jo èkoc queffnkufusihe seùe n tnkte icse `rnkjo e

vnste e ihe pur serv, icf vefekc ihe icktekevn, n gnr bcrore Nkkolnfe!.


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nkufus. O jebeks et snevns iurre per Nfpes,ut pueros pfniens et jeifnbntoc gons.>5

Nkicrn po eggoinie, scprnttuttc per feiiezocknfe ickiosocke, of bcjc

ok iuo @ocveknfe roevcin fn goùrn jo Nfessnkjrc=

Wkus Teffnec ouueko kck suggoiot crlos,nestunt okgefox nkùstc fobote bukjout @ynrne ifnusus sicpufos pnrunque Yerophc1iub tnbek n goùfos bukotnb oktrnuerot urleb,snricphn`c icktektus erot. Bcrs scfn gntetur

qunktufn sokt hcbokub icrpusiufn.

>7

Crlos e snricphnùs strojckc e so icbpeketrnkc, qunso ihe, trn fcrc,

c`ko ickgoke gcsse injutc, c`ko joggerekzn npponkntn1 Nfessnkjrc, ihe so

sektovn ihousc kef bckjc, ok-icktekolofe ok essc e foperlntc n icrkoie ukus

crloshn ok tnf seksc ukn gukzocke oickoin , terbokn of suc nksocsc tektntovc jo

supernre of fobote kef ihousc jeffn tcbln, jef snricgn`c ihe crn, ok ukn scrtn jo

icktrnppnssc, pu lnstnre n icktekerfc. Nffc stessc bcjc, fn bebcrnlofe

spejozocke bofotnre jo Yerse terbokn ick uk bestc e tetrc rotcrkc=

Yej qunfos rejoot3 Kebpe ukn knue, iruektosgfuitolus ni tnrjn per jeksn injnuern prcrn.Hns tctoeks cptntn exeòt fcron pcekns.>0

Fokse`knbektc roinvntc jnf rniicktc jeffn injutn jo Yeonkc, okscbbn,jovektn uk bckotc ukoversnfe ihe @ocveknfe okjorozzn n ihoukque sobpe`ko

keffn ioein rokicrsn jo `fcron e ckcro=

Er`c quoj cptnkjub gcret, o`kcrnsse gnterosYeonkub1 kniquo kobocs cptnlnt hckcros

>5Muvknf, Yntores, iot., p. >94 (X, >79->70).>7Olojeb(X, >78->09).>0Ovo, p. >9> (X, >85->80).


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I. Ickgnfckoero,Bosurn, jos-bosurn e cftre 00

et kobons pcsielnt cpes, kubercsn pnrnlntexiefsne turros tnlufntn, ukje nftocr essetinsus et okpufsne prneieps okbnke ruokne.>8

C`ko sinfntn ok`nkkevcfe, perih icktoeke ò ok s fokevotnlofe ircffc

ihe fn seùor1>?of`rnkjekck pu ickservnrso, bn jestokntc n grnktubnrso ok

ukpoiicfcihe sebpre restc, nvnkzc, e perio inrntterozzntc ke`ntovnbekte,

ick se`kc cppcstc rospettc nf vortucsc tnktufub iuo ickso`fonvn jo bornre

Crnzoc. Ektrnblo pnrte jo ukn vozocsn jos-bosurn, `rnkjeepoiicfc gokosickc

per icokiojere, jos-vnfcro joverso niicbuknto jnf kck vnfere po koekte= se of

`rnkje, okgntto, rnppresektn feiiessc, of sntur ò lonsobntc jn Crnzoc, of

poiicfc kck so j bno ok bcjc nutckcbc, bn, bosurntc suf `rnkje iuo so

niicbpn`kn, jo questuftobc so ickgoùrn icbe esotc, svefnkjcke, gcrse, fn

vern essekzn. @rnkje e poiicfc, snfjnto oksoebe, stnkkc per trcppc e trcppc

pcic, e fn icktokun òustnppcsozocke jeo jue terboko estrebo icbprobe fn zckn

jef bcjusgokc n icksubnrfn jef tuttc= fn vortuskck nlotn po kef bezzc, bn

orrobejonlofbekte sicbpnrsn, fcktnkn kef tebpc8Ovo, p. >49->40).>?Fn strnteòn sntoroin jo @ocveknfe icksoste keffn icktokun scvrnppcsozocke, born

nf joscroektnbektc jef fettcre. Fe vette estrebe prcjuickc vertoòko, bn obbejontnbekte kevek`ckc rovefnte fe irepe, of rosihoc jo uk ircffc obbokekte= W. \obeff, @ocveknfe. Fn gokejeffn gcrbn sntoroin, ok A. Greujeklur`, N. Iuiihonreffo e N. Lnrihoeso, Busn pejestre.Ytcron e okterpretnzocke jeffn sntorn keffn \cbn nktoin, \cbn, Inrciio, 44.

e ss.).Keffn sntorn terzn, uk nboic jef pcetn, Ublroioc, ukc jeo rnro persckn`ò pcsotovo

jeffcpern jo @ocveknfe, so stn nffcktnknkjc jn \cbn, ickvoktc n trnsgerorso ok inbpn`kn ninusn jeffn icrruzocke jeffn votn jo iott. Yo jcvrelle estekjere of josicrsc nffn tcpoincppcsozocke urls-rus, bn quo lnsto csservnre icbe n \cbn kck vo son po fc spnzoc per fnvortus, ihe jeve crn essere ierintn nftrcve.


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icktebpfntn fn bosurn jef sntos, o pcfo cppcsto sckc jue fnto jef bejesobc

vozoc=

Nspoie qunb fck`c jostokùnt peitcre fnkiebqune gertur jcbokc squoffn, et quolus ukjoque sneptnnspnrnòs qun jespoiont ickuouon inujn,jub uekot exiefso bnkolus sulfntn bokostro.Yej tolo jobojoc ickstroitus inbbnrus cuc

pckotur exoùn gernfos iekn pnteffn.Opse Wekngrnkc posieb pergukjot= nt hoi quo

pnffojus njgertur boserc tolo inufos cfelotfnkterknb.


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I. Ickgnfckoero,Bosurn, jos-bosurn e cftre 0?

fokseksntn gcffon jo iho sgojn of bnre ok ierin jo ùnjn`kc, @ocveknfe

rnppresektn fn tnktc vn`he`òntn roiihezzn gcinfozznkjcso suffobbnòke jo ukn

sok`cfn bcketn=

Kck ukus bektes nòtnt gurcr

issue nr. 1: fascicolo completo / complete issue

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Transcript of issue nr. 1: fascicolo completo / complete issue