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DistillationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Distiller" and "Distillery" redirect here. For other uses, seeDistiller (disambiguation)and Distillery
(disambiguation).For other uses, seeDistillation (disambiguation).
Laboratory display of distillation: 1:A source of heat 2:Still pot 3:Still head 4:Thermometer/Boiling point
temperature5:Condenser 6:Cooling water in 7:Cooling water out 8:Distillate/receiving flas 9:!acuum/gas inlet 10:Still
receiver 11:"eat control 12:Stirrer speed control 13:Stirrer/heat plate 14:"eating #$il/sand% bath 15:Stirring means e&g&
#shown%' boiling chipsor mechanical stirrer 16:Cooling bath&()*
Distillationis a process of separatingcomponent substances from li+uid mi,turesthrough
vaporisation and condensation' based on different volatility#vapori-ationpoint% of components in the
mi,ture& Distillation is a unit operation'or a physical separation process' and not achemical reaction&
Commercially' distillation has a number of applications& .t is used to separate crude oilinto more
fractions for specific uses such as transport'power generationand heating& Air is distilled to separate
its componentsnotably o,ygen'nitrogen' and argonforindustrial use&Li+uid chemicals for diverse
uses are distilled after synthesisto remove impurities and unreacted starting materials& Distillation
offermentedsolutionscan producedistilled beverageswith a higher alcohol content& The premises
where distillation is carried out' especially distillation of alcohol' are nown as adistillery&Astillis the
e+uipment used for distillation&
Contents
(hide*
) "istory
0 Applications of distillation
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distiller_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distiller_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distiller_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillery_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillery_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillery_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_chipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distilleryhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distilleryhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distilleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Applications_of_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distiller_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillery_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillery_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation_(disambiguation)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_chipshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_processhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(physics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_operationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermentation_(food)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilled_beveragehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/distilleryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#Applications_of_distillation -
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the uan dynasty&(3*Arabs learned the process from the Ale,andrians and used it e,tensively in
their chemical e,periments&(citation needed*
Clear evidence of the distillation of alcohol comes from theSchool of Salernoin the )0th century&(0*
(5* 4ractional distillation was developed byTadeo Alderottiin the )1th century&(7*
.n )5>>' 2erman alchemist "ieronymus Braunschweigpublished Liber de arte destillandi#The Boo of
the Art of Distillation%(8*the first boo solely dedicated to the subEect of distillation' followed in )5)0 by a
much e,panded version& .n )75)' ohn 4renchpublished The Art of Distillationthe first maEor @nglish
compendium of practice' though it has been claimed(*that much of it derives from BraunschweigFs
wor& This includes diagrams with people in them showing the industrial rather than bench scale of the
operation&
"ieronymus BrunschwigFs Liber de arte Distillandi de Compositis#Strassburg' )5)0% Chemical "eritage 4oundation
A retort
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Haw-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Haw-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Forbes1970-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeo_Alderottihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeo_Alderottihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Braunschweighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_French_(doctor)http://www.levity.com/alchemy/jfren_ar.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-8http://www.chemheritage.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:My_retort.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:My_retort.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Haw-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Salernohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Forbes1970-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeo_Alderottihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieronymus_Braunschweighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_French_(doctor)http://www.levity.com/alchemy/jfren_ar.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-8http://www.chemheritage.org/ -
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Distillation
$ld Grainian voda still
Simple li+ueur distillation in @ast Timor
As alchemyevolved into the science ofchemistry' vessels called retortsbecame used for distillations&
Bothalembicsand retorts are forms of glasswarewith long necs pointing to the side at a downward
angle which acted as air6cooled condensersto condensethe distillate and let it drip downward for
collection& Later' copper alembics were invented& ?iveted Eoints were often ept tight by using various
mi,tures' for instance a dough made of rye flour& (=*These alembics often featured a cooling system
around the bea' using cold water for instance' which made the condensation of alcohol more efficient&
These were called pot stills& Today' the retorts and pot stills have been largely supplanted by more
efficient distillation methods in most industrial processes& "owever' the pot still is still widely used for
the elaboration of some fine alcohols such as cognac'Scotch whisy'te+uilaand somevodas&;ot
stills made of various materials #wood' clay' stainless steel% are also used by bootleggersin various
countries& Small pot stills are also sold for the domestic production()>*of flower water oressential oils&
@arly forms of distillation were batch processes using one vapori-ation and one condensation& ;urity
was improved by further distillation of the condensate& 2reater volumes were processed by simply
repeating the distillation& Chemists were reported to carry out as many as 5>> to 7>> distillations in
order to obtain a pure compound&())*
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alembichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alembichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_glasswarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_glasswarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whiskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-runnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-runnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Othmer-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Othmer-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UkrainianVodkaStill.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UkrainianVodkaStill.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distillation_by_Retort.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Distillation_by_Retort.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Timorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retorthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alembichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_glasswarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot_stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognac_(drink)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_whiskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequilahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vodkahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum-runnerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_oilshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Othmer-11 -
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.n the early )=th century the basics of modern techni+ues including pre6heating andreflu,were
developed' particularly by the 4rench'())*then in )1> a British ;atentwas issued toAeneas Coffeyfor
a whisey distillation column'()0*which wored continuously and may be regarded as the archetypeof
modern petrochemical units& .n )88' @rnest Solvaywas granted a G&S& ;atent for a tray column
forammoniadistillation()1*and the same and subse+uent years saw developments of this theme for oil
and spirits&
Hith the emergence ofchemical engineeringas a discipline at the end of the )=th century' scientific
rather than empirical methods could be applied& The developingpetroleumindustry in the early 0>th
century provided the impetus for the development of accurate design methods such as the
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?aoultFs law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is dependent on )% the vapor pressure of each
chemical component in the solution and 0% the fraction of solution each component maes up aa
the mole fraction&This law applies toideal solutions' or solutions that have different components but
whose molecular interactions are the same as or very similar to pure solutions&
DaltonFs law states that the total vapor pressure is the sum of the vapor pressures of each individualcomponent in the mi,ture& Hhen a multi6component li+uid is heated' the vapor pressure of each
component will rise' thus causing the total vapor pressure to rise& Hhen the total vapor pressure
reaches the pressure surrounding the li+uid' boilingoccurs and li+uid turns to gas throughout the bul
of the li+uid& Iote that a mi,ture with a given composition has one boiling point at a given pressure'
when the components are mutually soluble&
An implication of one boiling point is that lighter components never cleanly Jboil firstJ& At boiling point'
all volatile components boil' but for a component' its percentage in the vapor is the same as its
percentage of the total vapor pressure& Lighter components have a higher partial pressure and thus
are concentrated in the vapor' but heavier volatile components also have a #smaller% partial pressure
and necessarily evaporate also' albeit being less concentrated in the vapor& .ndeed' batch distillation
and fractionation succeed by varying the composition of the mi,ture& .n batch distillation' the batch
evaporates' which changes its compositionK in fractionation' li+uid higher in the fractionation column
contains more lights and boils at lower temperatures&
The ideali-ed model is accurate in the case of chemically similar li+uids' such as ben-eneand toluene&
.n other cases' severe deviations from ?aoultFs law and DaltonFs law are observed' most famously in
the mi,ture of ethanol and water& These compounds' when heated together' form ana-eotrope' which
is a composition with a boiling point higher or lower than the boiling point of each separate li+uid&
!irtually all li+uids' when mi,ed and heated' will display a-eotropic behaviour& Although there
arecomputational methodsthat can be used to estimate the behavior of a mi,ture of arbitrary
components' the only way to obtain accurate vaporli+uid e+uilibriumdata is by measurement&
.t is not possible to completelypurify a mi,ture of components by distillation' as this would re+uire
each component in the mi,ture to have a -eropartial pressure&.f ultra6pure products are the goal' then
further chemical separationmust be applied& Hhen a binary mi,ture is evaporated and the other
component' e&g& a salt' has -ero partial pressure for practical purposes' the process is simpler and is
calledevaporationin engineering&
Batch distillation[edit]
ain article: !atch distillation
A batch still showing the separation of A and B&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_fractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_fractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ideal_solutions&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ideal_solutions&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BatchDistill.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BatchDistill.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole_fractionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ideal_solutions&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benzenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toluenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partial_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_chemicalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batch_distillation -
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"eating an ideal mi,ture of two volatile substances A and B #with A having the higher volatility' or
lower boiling point% in a batch distillation setup #such as in an apparatus depicted in the opening figure%
until the mi,ture is boiling results in a vapor above the li+uid which contains a mi,ture of A and B& The
ratio between A and B in the vapor will be different from the ratio in the li+uid: the ratio in the li+uid will
be determined by how the original mi,ture was prepared' while the ratio in the vapor will be enriched in
the more volatile compound' A #due to ?aoultFs Law' see above%& The vapor goes through the
condenser and is removed from the system& This in turn means that the ratio of compounds in the
remaining li+uid is now different from the initial ratio #i&e&' more enriched in B than the starting li+uid%&
The result is that the ratio in the li+uid mi,ture is changing' becoming richer in component B& This
causes the boiling point of the mi,ture to rise' which in turn results in a rise in the temperature in the
vapor' which results in a changing ratio of A : B in the gas phase #as distillation continues' there is an
increasing proportion of B in the gas phase%& This results in a slowly changing ratio A : B in the
distillate&
.f the difference in vapor pressure between the two components A and B is large #generally e,pressed
as the difference in boiling points%' the mi,ture in the beginning of the distillation is highly enriched in
component A' and when component A has distilled off' the boiling li+uid is enriched in component B&
Continuous distillation[edit]
ain article: Continuous distillation
Continuous distillation is an ongoing distillation in which a li+uid mi,ture is continuously #without
interruption% fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams
as time passes during the operation& Continuous distillation produces at least two output fractions'
including at least one volatiledistillate fraction' which has boiled and been separately captured as a
vapor condensed to a li+uid& There is always a bottoms #or residue% fraction' which is the least volatile
residue that has not been separately captured as a condensed vapor&
Continuous distillation differs from batch distillation in the respect that concentrations should not
change over time& Continuous distillation can be run at asteady statefor an arbitrary amount of time&
4or any source material of specific composition' the main variables that affect the purity of products in
continuous distillation are the reflu, ratio and the number of theoretical e+uilibrium stages #practically'
the number of trays or the height of pacing%& ?eflu, is a flow from the condenser bac to the column'
which generates a recycle that allows a better separation with a given number of trays& @+uilibrium
stages are ideal steps where compositions achieve vaporli+uid e+uilibrium' repeating the separation
process and allowing better separation given a reflu, ratio& A column with a high reflu, ratio may have
fewer stages' but it reflu,es a large amount of li+uid' giving a wide column with a large holdup&
Conversely' a column with a low reflu, ratio must have a large number of stages' thus re+uiring a taller
column&
eneral i!"ro#e!ents[edit]
Both batch and continuous distillations can be improved by maing use of a fractionating columnon
top of the distillation flas& The column improves separation by providing a larger surface area for the
vapor and condensate to come into contact& This helps it remain at e+uilibrium for as long as possible&
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionating_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionating_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steady_statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractionating_column -
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The column can even consist of small subsystems #FtraysF or FdishesF% which all contain an enriched'
boiling li+uid mi,ture' all with their own vaporli+uid e+uilibrium&
There are differences between laboratory6scale and industrial6scale fractionating columns' but the
principles are the same& @,amples of laboratory6scale fractionating columns #in increasing efficiency%
include
Air condenser
!igreu, column#usually laboratory scale only%
;aced column#paced with glass beads' metal pieces' or other chemically inert material%
Spinning band distillationsystem&
Laboratory scale distillation[edit]
Typical laboratory distillation unit
Laboratory scale distillations are almost e,clusively run as batch distillations& The device used in
distillation' sometimes referred to as a still'consists at a minimum of a re$oilerorpotin which the
source material is heated' a condenserin which the heatedvapouris cooled bac to the li+uid state'
and a recei#erin which the concentrated or purified li+uid' called the distillate' is collected& Several
laboratory scale techni+ues for distillation e,ist #see alsodistillation types%&
%i!"le distillation[edit]
.n si!"le distillation' the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser& Conse+uently' the
distillate is not pure but rather its composition is identical to the composition of the vapors at the given
temperature and pressure& That concentration follows ?aoultFs law&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory)#Air_condenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_bedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_band_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult's_lawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDW.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DDW.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory)#Air_condenserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigreux_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packed_bedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_band_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(matter)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raoult's_law -
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As a result' simple distillation is effective only when the li+uid boiling points differ greatly #rule of thumb
is 05 C%()3*or when separating li+uids from non6volatile solids or oils& 4or these cases' the vapor
pressures of the components are usually sufficiently different that the distillate may be sufficiently pure
for its intended purpose&
&ractional distillation[edit]ain article: Fractional distillation
4or many cases' the boiling points of the components in the mi,ture will be sufficiently close that
?aoultFs law must be taen into consideration& Therefore' 'ractional distillationmust be used in order
to separate the components by repeated vapori-ation6condensation cycles within a paced
fractionating column& This separation' by successive distillations' is also referred to as recti'ication&()5*
As the solution to be purified is heated' its vapors rise to the fractionating column& As it rises' it cools'
condensing on the condenser walls and the surfaces of the pacing material& "ere' the condensate
continues to be heated by the rising hot vaporsK it vapori-es once more& "owever' the composition of
the fresh vapors are determined once again by ?aoultFs law& @ach vapori-ation6condensation cycle
#called atheoretical plate% will yield a purer solution of the more volatile component& ()7*.n reality' each
cycle at a given temperature does not occur at e,actly the same position in the fractionating
columnK theoretical plateis thus a concept rather than an accurate description&
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Dimethyl sulfo,ideusually boils at )= C& Gnder a vacuum' it distills off into the receiver at only 8> C&
(er)in trian*le distillation setu"
1:Stirrer bar/anti6bumping granules 2:Still pot 3:4ractionating column 4:Thermometer/Boiling point temperature5:Teflon
tap ) 6:Cold finger 7:Cooling water out 8:Cooling water in 9:Teflon tap 0 10:!acuum/gas inlet 11:Teflon tap 1 12:Still
receiver
+acuu! distillation[edit]
ain article: acuum distillation
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Some compounds have very high boiling points& To boil such compounds' it is often better to lower the
pressure at which such compounds are boiled instead of increasing the temperature& $nce the
pressure is lowered to the vapor pressure of the compound #at the given temperature%' boiling and the
rest of the distillation process can commence& This techni+ue is referred to as #acuu!
distillationand it is commonly found in the laboratory in the form of therotary evaporator&
This techni+ue is also very useful for compounds which boil beyond theirdecomposition
temperatureat atmospheric pressure and which would therefore be decomposed by any attempt to
boil them under atmospheric pressure&
,olecular distillationis vacuum distillation below the pressure of >&>)torr&()=*>&>) torr is one order of
magnitude abovehigh vacuum'where fluids are in thefree molecular flowregime' i&e& themean free
pathof molecules is comparable to the si-e of the e+uipment& The gaseous phase no longer e,erts
significant pressure on the substance to be evaporated' and conse+uently' rate of evaporation no
longer depends on pressure& That is' because the continuum assumptions of f luid dynamics no longer
apply' mass transport is governed by molecular dynamics rather than fluid dynamics& Thus' a short
path between the hot surface and the cold surface is necessary' typically by suspending a hot plate
covered with a film of feed ne,t to a cold plate with a line of sight in between&
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Short path vacuum distillation apparatus with vertical condenser #cold finger%' to minimi-e the distillation pathK1:Still pot
with stirrer bar/anti6bumping granules 2:Cold finger bent to direct condensate 3:Cooling water out 4:cooling water
in 5:!acuum/gas inlet 6:Distillate flas/distillate&
%hort "ath distillationis a distillation techni+ue that involves the distillate travelling a short distance'
often only a few centimeters' and is normally done at reduced pressure& (0>*A classic e,ample would be
a distillation involving the distillate travelling from one glass bulb to another' without the need for a
condenser separating the two chambers& This techni+ue is often used for compounds which are
unstable at high temperatures or to purify small amounts of compound& The advantage is that the
heating temperature can be considerably lower #at reduced pressure% than the boiling point of the
li+uid at standard pressure' and the distillate only has to travel a short distance before condensing& A
short path ensures that little compound is lost on the sides of the apparatus& The Mugelrohris a ind of
a short path distillation apparatus which often contain multiple chambers to collect distillate fractions&
/one distillation[edit]9one distillation is a distillation process in long container with partial melting of refined matter in
moving li+uid -one and condensation of vapor in the solid phase at condensate pulling in cold area&
The process is wored in theory& Hhen -one heater is moving from the top to the bottom of the
container then solid condensate with irregular impurity distribution is forming& Then most pure part of
the condensate may be e,tracted as product& The process may be iterated many times by moving
#without turnover% the received condensate to the bottom part of the container on the place of refined
matter& The irregular impurity distribution in the condensate #that is efficiency of purification% increases
with number of repetitions of the process& 9one distillation is a distillation analog of -one
recrystalli-ation& .mpurity distribution in the condensate is described by nown e+uations of -one
recrystalli-ation with various numbers of iteration of process with replacement distribution efficient
of crystalli-ation on separation factor N of distillation&(0)*(00*
ther ty"es[edit]
The process ofreactive distillationinvolves using the reaction vessel as the still& .n this
process' the product is usually significantly lower6boiling than its reactants& As the product is
formed from the reactants' it is vapori-ed and removed from the reaction mi,ture& This techni+ue
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is an e,ample of a continuous vs& a batch processK advantages include less downtime to charge
the reaction vessel with starting material' and less worup& Distillation Jover a reactantJ could be
classified as a reactive distillation& .t is typically used to remove volatile impurity from the
distallation feed& 4or e,ample a littlelimemay be added to remove carbon dio,ide from water
followed by a second distillation with a littlesulphuric acidadded to remove traces of ammonia&
Catalytic distillationis the process by which the reactants are cataly-ed while being distilled to
continuously separate the products from the reactants& This method is used to assist e+uilibrium
reactions reach completion&
;ervaporationis a method for the separation of mi,tures of li+uids by partial vapori-ation
through a non6porous membrane&
@,tractive distillationis defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible' high boiling'
relatively non6volatile component' the solvent' that forms no a-eotropewith the other components
in the mi,ture&
4lash evaporation#or partial evaporation% is the partialvapori-ationthat occurs when a
saturated li+uid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling valveor
other throttling device& This process is one of the simplest unit operations' being e+uivalent to a
distillation with only one e+uilibrium stage&
Codistillation is distillation which is performed on mi,tures in which the two compounds are
not miscible&
The unit process ofevaporationmay also be called JdistillationJ:
.nrotary evaporationa vacuum distillation apparatus is used to remove bul solventsfrom a
sample& Typically the vacuum is generated by a water aspiratoror amembrane pump&
.n augelrohra short path distillation apparatus is typically used #generally in combination
with a #high% vacuum% to distill high boiling #O 1>> C% compounds& The apparatus consists of an
oven in which the compound to be distilled is placed' a receiving portion which is outside of the
oven' and a means of rotating the sample& The vacuum is normally generated by using a high
vacuum pump&
$ther uses:
Dry distillationor destructive distillation'despite the name' is not truly distillation' but rather
a chemical reactionnown aspyrolysisin which solid substances are heated in an inert
orreducingatmosphere and any volatile fractions' containing high6boiling li+uids and products of
pyrolysis' are collected& The destructive distillation of woodto give methanolis the root of its
common name #ood alcohol&
4ree-e distillationis an analogous method of purification usingfree-inginstead of
evaporation& .t is not truly distillation' but a recrystalli-ationwhere the product is themother li+uor'
and does not produce products e+uivalent to distillation& This process is used in the production
of ice beerand ice wineto increase ethanol and sugarcontent' respectively& .t is also used to
produceappleEac&Gnlie distillation' free-e distillation concentrates poisonous congeners rather
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirator_(pump)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelrohrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelrohrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_liquorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_liquorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-style_lager#Ice_beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lime_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulphuric_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pervaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_membranehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extractive_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azeotropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspirator_(pump)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelrohrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destructive_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrolysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeze_distillationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_liquorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American-style_lager#Ice_beerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_winehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applejack_(beverage) -
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than removing themK As a result' many countries prohibit such appleEac as a health measure&
"owever' reducing methanol with the absorption of 3A molecular sieveis a practical method for
production&(01*Also' distillation by evaporation can separate these since they have different boiling
points&
Azeotropic distillation[edit]
ain article:$%eotropic distillation
.nteractions between the components of the solution create properties uni+ue to the solution' as most
processes entail nonideal mi,tures' where?aoultFs lawdoes not hold& Such interactions can result in a
constant6boilingaeotro"ewhich behaves as if it were a pure compound #i&e&' boils at a single
temperature instead of a range%& At an a-eotrope' the solution contains the given component in the
same proportion as the vapor' so that evaporation does not change the purity' and distillation does not
effect separation& 4or e,ample'ethyl alcoholandwaterform an a-eotrope of =5&7P at 8&) C&
.f the a-eotrope is not considered sufficiently pure for use' there e,ist some techni+ues to brea the
a-eotrope to give a pure distillate& This set of techni+ues are nown as aeotro"ic distillation& Some
techni+ues achieve this by JEumpingJ over the a-eotropic composition #by adding an additional
component to create a new a-eotrope' or by varying the pressure%& $thers wor by chemically or
physically removing or se+uestering the impurity& 4or e,ample' to purify ethanol beyond =5P' a drying
agent or a #desiccantsuch as potassium carbonate% can be added to convert the soluble water into
insoluble water of crystalli-ation&
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This method can remove the need to add other chemicals to a distillation' but it has two potential
drawbacs&
Gnder negative pressure' power for a vacuum source is needed and the reduced boiling points of the
distillates re+uires that the condenser be run cooler to prevent distillate vapours being lost to the
vacuum source& .ncreased cooling demands will often re+uire additional energy and possibly newe+uipment or a change of coolant&
Alternatively' if positive pressures are re+uired' standard glassware can not be used' energy must be
used for pressuri-ation and there is a higher chance of side reactions occurring in the distillation' such
as decomposition' due to the higher temperatures re+uired to effect boiling&
A unidirectional distillation will rely on a pressure change in one direction' either positive or negative&
(ressure.sin* distillation[edit]
Further in&ormation:'ressureS#ing Distillation (section on the main $%eotrope page)
;ressure6swing distillation is essentially the same as the unidirectional distillation used to brea
a-eotropic mi,tures' but here bothpositive and negative pressures may be employed&
This improves the selectivity of the distillation and allows a chemist to optimi-e distillation by avoiding
e,tremes of pressure and temperature that waste energy& This is particularly important in commercial
applications&
$ne e,ample of the application of pressure6swing distillation is during the industrial purification of ethyl
acetateafter its catalytic synthesis fromethanol&
Industrial distillation[edit]
Typical industrial distillation towers
ain article: Continuous distillation
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Large scale industrial distillationapplications include both batch and continuous fractional' vacuum'
a-eotropic' e,tractive' and steam distillation& The most widely used industrial applications of
continuous' steady6state fractional distillation are inpetroleum refineries' petrochemicaland chemical
plantsandnatural gas processingplants&
To control and optimi-e such industrial distillation' a standardi-ed laboratory method' AST< D7' isestablished& This test method e,tends to the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a
laboratory batch distillation unit to +uantitatively determine the boiling range characteristics of
petroleum products&
Automatic Distillation Gnit for the determination of the boiling range of petroleum products at atmospheric pressure
.ndustrial distillation()5*(03*is typically performed in large' vertical cylindrical columns nown
asdistillation toersor distillation colu!nswith diameters ranging from about 75 centimeters to
)7 meters and heights ranging from about 7 meters to => meters or more& Hhen the process feed has
a diverse composition' as in distillingcrude oil'li+uid outlets at intervals up the column allow for the
withdrawal of different &ractionsor products having differentboiling pointsor boiling ranges& The
JlightestJ products #those with the lowest boiling point% e,it from the top of the columns and the
JheaviestJ products #those with the highest boiling point% e,it from the bottom of the column and are
often called the$otto!s&
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Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower
.ndustrial towers use reflu,to achieve a more complete separation of products& ?eflu, refers to the
portion of the condensed overhead li+uid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is
returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical' large6scale
industrial distillation tower& .nside the tower' the downflowing reflu, li+uid provides cooling and
condensation of the upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficiency of the distillation tower& The
more reflu, that is provided for a given number of theoretical plates'the better the towerFs separation
of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials& Alternatively' the more reflu, that is provided
for a given desired separation' the fewer the number of theoretical plates re+uired& Chemical
engineersmust choose what combination of reflu, rate and number of plates is both economically and
physically feasible for the products purified in the distillation column&
Such industrial fractionating towers are also used in cryogenicair separation' producingli+uid
o,ygen'li+uid nitrogen'and high purity argon& Distillation of chlorosilanesalso enables the production
of high6puritysiliconfor use as a semiconductor&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_separationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosilanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosilanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_platehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_separationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorosilanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor -
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Section of an industrial distillation tower showing detail of trays with bubble caps
Design and operation of a distillation tower depends on the feed and desired products& 2iven a simple'
binary component feed' analytical methods such as the>P
efficiente+uilibrium stage&"ence' a distillation tower needs more trays than the number of theoretical
vaporli+uid e+uilibrium stages& A variety of models have been postulated to estimate tray efficiencies&
.n modern industrial uses' a pacing material is used in the column instead of trays when low pressure
drops across the column are re+uired& $ther factors that favor pacing are: vacuum systems' smaller
diameter columns' corrosive systems' systems prone to foaming' systems re+uiring low li+uid holdup'
and batch distillation& Conversely' factors that favorplate columnsare: presence of solids in feed' high
li+uid rates' large column diameters' comple, columns' columns with wide feed composition variation'
columns with a chemical reaction' absorption columns' columns limited by foundation weight tolerance'
low li+uid rate' large turn6down ratio and those processes subEect to process surges&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Perry-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-SeaderHenley-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Perry-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_stagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_stagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_stagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bubble_Cap_Trays.PNGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Perry-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-SeaderHenley-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenske_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_note-Perry-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrium_stagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate_column -
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Large6scale' industrial vacuum distillation column(07*
This pacing material can either be random dumped pacing #)1J wide% such as ?aschig
ringsorstructured sheet metal&Li+uids tend to wet the surface of the pacing and the vapors pass
across this wetted surface' where mass transfertaes place& Gnlie conventional tray distillation in
which every tray represents a separate point of vaporli+uid e+uilibrium' the vaporli+uid e+uilibrium
curve in a paced column is continuous& "owever' when modeling paced columns' it is useful to
compute a number of Jtheoretical stagesJ to denote the separation efficiency of the paced column
with respect to more traditional trays& Differently shaped pacings have different surface areas and
void space between pacings& Both of these factors affect pacing performance&
Another factor in addition to the pacing shape and surface area that affects the performance of
random or structured pacing is the li+uid and vapor distribution entering the paced bed& The number
oftheoretical stagesre+uired to mae a given separation is calculated using a specific vapor to li+uid
ratio& .f the li+uid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the
paced bed' the li+uid to vapor ratio will not be correct in the paced bed and the re+uired separation
will not be achieved& The pacing will appear to not be woring properly& Theheight e+uivalent to a
theoretical plate#"@T;% will be greater than e,pected& The problem is not the pacing itself but the
mal6distribution of the fluids entering the paced bed& Li+uid mal6distribution is more fre+uently the
problem than vapor& The design of the li+uid distributors used to introduce the feed and reflu, to a
paced bed is critical to maing the pacing perform to it ma,imum efficiency&
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The goal of multi6effect distillation is to increase the energy efficiency of the process' for use in
desalination' or in some cases one stage in the production of ultrapure water& The number of effects is
inversely proportional to the HQh/m1of water recovered figure' and refers to the volume of water
recovered per unit of energy compared with single6effect distillation& $ne effect is roughly
717 HQh/m1&
effects with thermal energy input' as
mentioned in the article&
!apor compression evaporationCommercial large6scale units can achieve around 80 effects
with electrical energy input' according to manufacturers&
There are many other types of multi6effect distillation processes' including one referred to as simply
multi6effect distillation #
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Diagram of an industrial6scale vacuum distillation column as commonly used inoil
refineries
A rotary evaporatoris able to distill solvents more +uicly at lower temperatures
through the use of a vacuum&
Distillation using semi6microscale apparatus& The Eointless design eliminates the
need to fit pieces together& The pear6shaped flas allows the last drop of residue to
be removed' compared with a similarly6si-ed round6bottom flasThe small holdup
volume prevents losses& A pig is used to channel the various distillates into three
receiving flass& .f necessary the distillation can be carried out under vacuum using
the vacuum adapter at the pig&
See also[edit]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-bottom_flaskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Semi-microscale_distillation.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotavapor.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vacuum_Column.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refineryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_evaporatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round-bottom_flaskhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=24 -
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References[edit]
)& u!" u" "arwood' Laurence%&$ short history o& theart o& distillation: &rom the
beginnings up to the death o&Cellier !lumenthal& B?.LL& pp& 58'=& .SBI=86=>6>36>>7)86)&?etrieved 0= une 0>)>&
1& u!" u" Taylor' 4& #)=35%&JThe evolution of the stillJ&$nnals o&
Science5#1%:)5& doi:)>&)>>/>>>118=35>>0>)35)&
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-02017-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-02017-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Forbes1970_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Forbes1970_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Forbes1970_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Forbes1970_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Forbes1970_2-1http://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Taylor_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Taylor_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Taylor_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00033794500201451http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00033794500201451http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit§ion=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-02017-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-02017-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Forbes1970_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Forbes1970_2-1http://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28Chttp://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Taylor_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00033794500201451http://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F00033794500201451 -
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4. R ump up to:a b"aw' Stephen2& #0>)0%& JHine' women and
poisonJ& arco 'olo in China&?outledge& pp& )38)3& .SBI=86)6)1360853068& JThe earliestpossible period seems to be the@astern "an dynasty &&& the mostliely period for the beginning of
true distillation of spirits for driningin China is during the in andSouthern Song dynastiesJ
5& u!" u" Sarton' 2eorge#)=85%& +ntroduction to the history o&
science& ?& @& Mrieger ;ub& Co&p& )35& .SBI>60856)8068&
7& u!" u" "olmyard' @ric ohn#)==>%&$lchemy& Courier Dover;ublications& p& 51& .SBI>6376070=68&
8& u!" u"
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Alchemywebsite&com& ?etrieved on0>)36>360>&
& u!" u" +ndustrialngineering Chemistry#)=17% p&788
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)>& u!" u" Traditional Alembic
;ot Still' accessed )7 Iovember0>>7&
11. R ump up to:a bD& 4& $thmer#)=0% JDistillation Some Steps inits DevelopmentJ' in H& 4& 4urter
#ed%$ Century o& Chemicalngineering.SBI >61>763>=561
)0& u!" u"A& Coffey British;atent 5=83' 5 August )1>
)1& u!" u" G&S& ;atent)='7==.mprovement in theAmmonia6Soda
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)3& u!" u" ST>8 Separation ofli+uidli+uid mi,tures #solutions%'
D.DAC by.G;AC15. R ump up to:a bcd;erry' ?obert
"& and 2reen' Don H)=3%& 'errys Chemical ngineers-andboo#7th ed&%& 0)& u!" u" Mravcheno' A&.&
#0>))%& J9one distillation: a newmethod of refiningJ&'roblems o&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-14http://web.archive.org/web/20080908000656/http:/www.iupac.org/didac/Didac%20Eng/Didac05/Content/ST07.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080908000656/http:/www.iupac.org/didac/Didac%20Eng/Didac05/Content/ST07.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry's_Chemical_Engineers'_Handbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry's_Chemical_Engineers'_Handbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-049479-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-16http://web.archive.org/web/20070903202418/http:/wulfenite.fandm.edu/labtech/fractdistill.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-17http://www.brinstrument.com/fractional-distillation/spinning_band_distillation.htmlhttp://www.brinstrument.com/fractional-distillation/spinning_band_distillation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-14http://web.archive.org/web/20080908000656/http:/www.iupac.org/didac/Didac%20Eng/Didac05/Content/ST07.htmhttp://web.archive.org/web/20080908000656/http:/www.iupac.org/didac/Didac%20Eng/Didac05/Content/ST07.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Perry_15-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry's_Chemical_Engineers'_Handbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perry's_Chemical_Engineers'_Handbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-049479-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-16http://web.archive.org/web/20070903202418/http:/wulfenite.fandm.edu/labtech/fractdistill.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-17http://www.brinstrument.com/fractional-distillation/spinning_band_distillation.htmlhttp://www.brinstrument.com/fractional-distillation/spinning_band_distillation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-19http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#CITEREFHarwoodMoody1989http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-21 -
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atomic science and technology#in?ussian% 6#)=%: 0307&
00& u!" u" Mravcheno' A&.>)3%& J9one distillation:EustificationJ& 'roblems o& atomicscience and technology1#0>%: 7375&
01& u!" u" Study on
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08& u!" u" >7%& JA
new method to assess li+uiddistributor +ualityJ& Chemicalngineering and'rocessing45#))%:)>))&doi:)>&)>)7/E&cep&0>>7&>5&>>1
&0=& u!" u" Munesh' ohn 2&K
Lahm' LawrenceK anagi' Taashi#)=8%& JCommercial scalee,periments that provide insight onpaced towerdistributorsJ& +ndustrial 1ngineering Chemistry
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Moore_27-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Moore_27-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Moore_27-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Spiegel_28-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Spiegel_28-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Spiegel_28-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cep.2006.05.003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Kunesh_29-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Kunesh_29-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Kunesh_29-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Moore_27-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Spiegel_28-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cep.2006.05.003http://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cep.2006.05.003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation#cite_ref-Kunesh_29-0 -
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/esearch26#=%:)35& doi:)>&)>0)/ie>>>7=a>0)&
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fie00069a021http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fie00069a021