CHNOPS the six elements of life -...

chemistry course exercises

Liceo Classico L. Ariosto - Ferrara

CHNOPS the six elements of life

in accordo con il

Ministero dell’Istruzione, Università, Ricerca e sulla base delle

Politiche Linguistiche della Commissione Europea

percorso formativo a carattere

tematico-linguistico-didattico-metodologico scuola secondaria di secondo grado

teacher

Maria Petresi

2

the six elements of life

Indice Modulo

Strategies - Before • Prerequisites • Linking to Previous Knowledge and Predicting con questionari basati su

stimoli relativi alle conoscenze pregresse e alle ipotesi riguardanti i contenuti da affrontare

• Glossary Italian/English

Strategies – During

• Video con scheda grafica • Keywords riferite al video attraverso esercitazioni mirate • Conceptual Map

Strategies - After

• Esercizi:

� Multiple Choice � Matching � True or False � Cloze � Think and Discuss

• Summary per abstract e/o esercizi orali o scritti basati su un

questionario e per esercizi quali traduzione e/o dettato • Web References di approfondimento come input interattivi per test orali

e scritti e per esercitazioni basate sul Problem Solving

Answer Sheets

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1

Strategies Before Prerequisites

Chemical

Viewpoint

Biological

Viewpoint

Biological macromolecules constituents:

• proteins: amminoacids

• carbohydrates:

monosaccharides

• lipids: triglycerides,fat acid molecule (sometimes they haven’t a fixed structure)

• nucleic acids: nucleotides

Atom’s structure: • Three types of particles:

the proton, the electron and the neutron;

• The atomic number; • The atomic mass.

The periodic table: • The symbols of the

elements; • Group and period

identification; • The kind of elements:

Natural or artificial; • 25 elements occur in living

things;

• Three categories of elements: Metals, Semimetals and non-metals.

C H N O P S: the six elements of life

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2

Strategies Before Linking to Previous Knowledge and Predicting

1. Among the particles that compound an atom, which are responsible of

the mass?

2. Which particles are charged and what type of charges do they have?

3. Where are the three particles that compound an atom?

4. Why are some molecules diatomic?

5. What is the difference between ions and isotopes?

6. What happens if an electron passes from an energy level to a lower one?

7. What do A and Z represent?

8. How can you represent an element?

9. Who created the symbols used in our days in chemistry?

10. How are the elements arranged in the periodic table?

11. What is the identify group?

12. Where are Metals, Semimetals and non-metals located?

13. What does electronegativity mean?

14. What is the most electronegative atom?

15. What are the basic building blocks (monomers) of common

macromolecules in living things?

16. Why do lipids belong to this group even if they aren’t polymers?

17. Can you give some examples of proteins?

18. Enzymes are proteins. What are they important for?

19. What is the function of ATP?

20. What does the name “Carbohydrates” come from?

21. What elements are present in biological macromolecules?

22. Can we find biological macromolecules in all living things?

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5


Strategies Before Glossary Italian / English

Atom’ s structure

Acquistare elettroni To purchase electrons Anione Anion Atomo Atom Carica elettrica Electric charge Catione Cation Cedere elettroni To give / to let electrons Configurazione elettronica Electronic configuration Elettrone Electron Elettronegatività Electronegativity Energia Energy Ione Ion Ione negativo Negative ion Ione positive Positive ion Isotopo Isotope Massa Mass Massa atomica Atomic mass Massa atomica assoluta Absolute atomic mass Massa atomica relative Relative atomic mass Massa molecolare Molecular mass Neutrone Neutron Nucleo Nucleus Numero atomico Atomic number Numero di protoni Proton number Numero di massa Mass number Orbitale Orbital Protone Proton Unità di massa Mass unit

Biological macromolecules

Acidi nucleici Nucleic acids Acido grasso Fat acid Acido grasso insaturo Fat unsaturated acid Acido grasso saturo Fat saturated acid Amido Starch Amminoacidi Amino acids ATP Adenosine-triphosphate Biomolecole Biomolecules Carboidrati Carbohydrate Cellulosa Cellulose Chitina Chitin

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Code idrofobe Hydrophobic tails Colesterolo Cholesterol Condensazione (reazione di ) Condensation (reaction of) Disaccaride Disaccharide DNA Deoxy-ribonucleic acids Enzimi Enzymes Fosfolipidi Phospholipid Fruttosio Fructose Glicerolo Glycerol Glicogeno Glycogen Glicolipidi Glycolipids Glicoproteine Glycoproteins Glucosio Glucose Gruppo amminico Amino group Gruppo carbossilico Carboxyl group Gruppi funzionali Functional groups Gruppo ossidrilico Hydroxyl group Idrolisi (reazione di) Hydrolysis (reaction of ) Isomero Isomer Lattosio Lactose Legame peptidico Peptide bond Lipidi Lipid Monomeri Monomers Monosaccaride Monosaccharide Nucleotidi Nucleotide Polimeri Polymers Polipeptide Polypeptide Polisaccaride Polysaccharide Proteine Proteins Reazioni chimiche Chemical reactions RNA Ribonucleic acids Saccarosio Saccharose Scheletro carbonioso Carbon skeleton Steroide Steroid Trigliceride Tryglicerid

The periodic table

Affinità elettronica Electronic affinity Caratteristiche Features Comportamento chimico Chemical behavior Composto Compound Elemento Element Elettronegatività Electronegativity Formula chimica Chemical formula Gas nobile Noble gas

Gassoso Gaseous

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Gruppo Group

Legame Bond Liquido Liquid Livello energetico Energy level Livello esterno External level Metalli Metals Metalli di transizione Transation metals Non metalli Non – metals Ottetto (regola dell’) Octet Periodo Period Proprietà Property Reagire React Semimetalli Semimetals Sistema periodico degli elementi Periodic sistem of elements Solido Solid Sostanze Substances Tavola periodica Periodic Table

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Strategies During Keywords

1) Circle which of the following elements are gas at room

temperature:

carbon – copper- hydrogen– aluminum – iron - nitrogen - oxigen – helium

– phosphorous - sulfur – magnesium – neon – sodium – chlorine

2) Circle which of the following elements are metals:

hydrogen– oxigen – iron - nitrogen - boron– helium – arsenic – selenium –

phosphorous - sulfur – magnesium – carbon – neon – iodine

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5

Strategies During Conceptual Map

Complete the conceptual map using the following words:

CPS

Proteins

Sharing electrons

Lipids

Liquid

Room temperature

Lewis structure

Outer shell

CHO

CHOP

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the elements

of life

CHO CHNOS

Carbohydrates

Nucleic acids

that are

that are that are

that are

formed by

formed by formed by

formed by

are

CHNOPS

are Non-metals

at

Solid

such as

such as

HNO

make

Covalent bonds

depend on

Number of electrons

in

defined by

Valence

characterized by

represented

by

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6

Strategies After Multiple Choice

1) Which of the following elements is not one of the six most abundant elements found in all living cells? a. Oxygen b. Nitrogen c. Sulfur d. Carbon e. Sodium

2) What is the valence of the carbon? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5 3) The correct symbol to represent the sulphur is: a. P b. Zn c. S d. Si e. Sb 4) Which of the following elements appears as a molecule composed of 8 atoms? a. H b. S c. O d. Br e. I 5) Which of the following diatomic molecules contains a triple bond? a. H2 b. O2 c. Cl2 d. N2 e. F2 6) The setting of phosphorous in the periodic table is: a. Group: 4th and Period: 2nd b. Group: 4th and Period: 2nd c. Group: 5th and Period: 2nd d. Group: 6th and Period: 2nd e. Group: 5th and Period: 3rd

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7) What does the Lewis configuration represent? a. number of electron presents in the atom b. number of protons presents in the atom c. number of neutrons presents in the atom d. number of electron presents in the outer shell e. number of protons and neutrons in the atom 8) What are the elements that have not the same Lewis configuration? a. N and P b. O and S c. H and C d. Na and K e. Mg and Ca 9) What is the atomic number of oxygen? a. 6 b. 7 c. 8 d. 9 e. 10 10) Which element in CHNOPS has the greatest mass? a. C b. N c. O d. P e. S 11) Which of the CHNOPS elements are contained in all carbohydrates? a. C P S b. C H O c. O P S d. C H S e. N H O 12) In which macromolecules is there the Sulfur? a. Carbohydrates b. Proteins c. Lipids d. DNA e. RNA

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7

Strategies After Matching

Match the words on the left with the correct definition on the right:

1) Anion a) The smallest unit of a chemical element 2) Covalent bond b) An electrically neutral group of two or more atoms 3) Cation c) A substance that consists of only one type of atom 4) Bond d) A ion with fewer electrons than protons giving it a positive charge 5) Molecule e) A chemical substance that consists of two or more elements 6) Element f) Number of protons in the atomic nucleus 7) Compound g) A bond characterized by the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms 8) Atomic mass h) A ion with more electrons than protons giving it a negative charge 9) Atomic number i) A force that holds atoms together 10) Atom l) The total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus

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8

Strategies After True or False

State if the following sentences are true (T) or false (F).

1) The CHNOPS are all metals.

2) Euchariots and prochariots have a similar percentage of

CHNOPS.

3) Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen are gas at room

temperature.

4) Hydrogen is the most common element in the Universe.

5) Nitrogen is an element of the carbohydrates.

6) Sulfur is the most common element in the Earth’s crust.

7) Phosphorous is an element that can form 2, 4, or 6 bonds.

8) Oxigen is fundamental to all living organisms.

9) In nature Phosphorous is in volcanic areas.

10) The valence of Oxigen is 2.

� T � F � T � F

� T � F

� T � F

� T � F

� T � F � T � F

� T � F � T � F � T � F

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9

Strategies After Cloze

Complete the text.

The most common elements in the biological macromolecules are …[1]. It means:

carbon, …………. [2] nitrogen, oxygen, ……………. [3] and sulfur. These elements are

all ……………. [4].

These elements share the characteristic of forming strong …………… [5] bonds.

A covalent bond is a particular bond where ………….. [6] are shared and it depends on

the number of the electrons in the ……………. [7] shell.

The CHNOPS will ……………. [8] electrons with other elements, such that each element

completes its outer electron shell capacity.

The …[9] is a representation of the number of electrons that each atom has in the

outer shell.

The ……………. [10] of covalent bonds that an atom can form is defined valence. Each

element has a characteristic valence.

The valence of CHNOPS is 4 for the …………………. [11], 1 for the hydrogen, 2 for the

……………….. [12], 3 for the nitrogen, ……………….. [13] for the phosphorus and 2,4,6

for the sulfur.

Carbon, phosphorous and sulfur are ………………… [14] at room temperature;

hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen are ……………….. [15] at room temperature.

Hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen are ………………… [16] molecules and the sulfur

molecule is composed by …………………. [17] atoms and the …………………. [18]

molecule by 4 atoms.

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10

Strategies After Think and Discuss

The following activity can be performed in a written or oral form. The teacher will choose the modality, depending on the ability (writing or speaking) that needs to be developed. The contexts in which the task will be presented to the students are: A) The student is writing an article about CHNOPS. B) The student is preparing for an interview on a local TV about CHNOPS.

The student should: 1) Choose one of the following topics: • Describe and compare the atomic structure of the six elements of life. • Describe and compare the setting of the six elements in the periodic table. • Describe the features of non-metals. In particular compare carbon element

and the silicium element which belong to the same group (IV group). Why isn’t the silicium one CHNOPS? In your opinion, which is the most important difference?

2) Prepare the article or the debate, outlining the main points of the argument, on the basis of what has been studied. 3) If the written activity is the modality chosen by the teacher, the student should provide a written article, indicating the target of readers to whom the article is addressed and the type of magazine / newspaper / school magazine where the article would be published. 4) If the oral activity is the modality chosen by the teacher, the student should present his point of view on the topics to the whole class and a debate could start at the end of his presentation.

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11

Strategies After Summary

The four major macromolecules found in living things are: Carbohydrates, Lipids,

Proteins and Nucleic acids. Six elements are the most common in the biological

macromolecules and they are the ingredients of Life. They are: CHNOPS for

short. CHNOPS means: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous and

Sulfur.

Every living being is composed of Carbon. It is a non- metal and belongs to the

fourth group and to the second period. The atomic mass is 12, while the atomic

number is 6. It is solid at room temperature. Hydrogen is a non-metal too. It is

gas at room temperature. It belongs to the first group and to the first period. It is

the most widespread element in the Universe. It is in a lot of inorganic

compounds and in organic compounds. Its atomic number is 1 as its atomic mass

(except its isotopes).

The Nitrogen is a non-metal. It is situated mainly in the atmosphere, in fact it is

gas at room temperature. It can form many compounds with oxygen. Its atomic

number is 7 and its atomic mass is 14. The Oxygen belongs to the sixth group

and second period. It's a non-metal. It's atomic number is 8 and it's atomic mass

is 16. It is an element of life because without oxygen every aerobic organisms

die. The Phosphorus is a non-metal like the others. It is solid at room

temperature. It belongs to the fourth group and third period. Its atomic number

is 15 and its atomic mass is 30. The Phosphorus is mainly situated in ATP and in

the nucleic acids as phosphate group. The Sulfur is a non-metal and it is solid at

room temperature. It belongs to the sixth group and third period. Its atomic

number is 16 and its atomic mass is 32. In nature the Sulfur is found in large

deposits mainly in volcanic areas and in many minerals and in proteins. These

elements share the characteristic of forming strong covalent bonds. The CHNOPS,

in fact, build biomolecules by joining atoms through this bonds. A covalent

bond is a particular bond where the electrons are shared. This bond depends on

the number of the electrons in the outer shell. The CHNOPS will share electrons

with other elements, such that each element completes its outer electron shell

capacity.

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The Lewis structure is a representation of the number of electrons that each atom

has in the outer shell. The ability of an atom to combine with other atoms

depends on the number of electrons in the outer shells of the atoms. The number

of covalent bonds that an atom can form is defined valence. Each element has a

characteristic valence.

The valence of CHNOPS is 4 for the Carbon, 1 for the Hydrogen, 3 for the

Nitrogen, 2 for the Oxygen, 5 for the Phosphorus and 2, 4, 6 for the Sulfur.

1) Answer the following questions. The questions could be answered in

a written or oral form, depending on the teacher’s objectives.

a) What is atom’s valence?

b) How is the atom’s valence represented?

c) Which are the features of the bonding covalent?

d) Which are the main differences between metals and non- metals?

e) Which CHNOPS are solid at room temperature?

f) In which inorganic compounds is present the carbon element?

g) Why is the Hydrogen considered an element apart?

h) Why are Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen diatomic molecules?

2) Write a short abstract of the summary (max 150 words)

highlighting the main points of the video.

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Web References

The periodic table The Royal Society of Chemistry site. The periodic table of data: a visual database of physical and thermochemical properties of the chemical elements. It includes games and history. http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/

Chemistry World's whirlwind tour of the periodic table: a leading scientist or

author tells the story behind each element (it is possible the transcription and the

download).

http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp Essential data and description in the site of the university of Sheffield (UK). http://www.webelements.com/ Award winning periodic table, with user-friendly element data and facts. Cool, online chemistry videos, dictionary, tools and forum. http://www.chemicool.com Short videos about every element on the periodic table, plus other cool experiments and chemistry stuff. http://www.periodicvideos.com/

The atomic structure

Gives a simple picture of the arrangement of protons, neutrons and electrons in some uncomplicated atoms. http //www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/properties/gcse. Virtual textbook. Includes ten lessons on chemical bonding and molecular structure such as molecules; models of chemical bonding; molecular geometry; the hybrid orbital model. http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/chembond/

Covalent bonds in: http://ibchem.com/IB/ibnotes/full/bon_htm/4.2.htm

Properties of Covalent Molecules, Covalent Solids, Other "Big" Covalent Molecules. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/pt/harvey/gcse/covalent.html

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Organic Chemistry Portal offers an overview of recent topics, interesting reactions and information on important chemicals for organic chemists. http://www.organic-chemistry.org

Carbon is very special because it can form so many compounds. The explanation lies deep inside the atom. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/

Carbon, graphite, diamond, fullerenes. Carbon is found in many different compounds. It is in the food you eat, the clothes you wear, the cosmetics you use and the gasoline that fuels your car… http://www.edinformatics.com/math_science/carbon.htm

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Activities Based on Problem Solving

The following activities can be performed at school, if a computer room is available, or at home. Students are invited to use the web references listed above. 1) Individual activity.

Choose to impersonate one of the following characters and write your

report.

a) You are a scientific researcher writing an article titled: “CHNOPS: the six

elements of life”.

b) You are a scientist working for a chemistry. Write an article on the

importance of the covalent bonds in the CHNOPS.

c) You are a biologist writing an article on the importance of the oxygen for the

aerobic organisms.

2) Small group activity.

Choose one of the following topics related to CHNOPS, use the web references listed above, prepare a Power Point presentation and present

it to your classmates.

a) Analyze the importance of the carbon element in organic chemistry. b) Describe the inorganic compounds of the hydrogen element. c) Look at the periodic table and find out solid, liquid and gases at room temperature. d) Find out the main features of the semi - metals.

3) Class project. Elaborate a poster and a brochure about CHNOPS indicating the features

of the atom structure and their importance in biological word. You can pin up the poster in your school and distribute the brochures to your

schoolmates and friends.

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Answer Sheets

Keywords:

1) hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, helium, neon, chlorine. 2) iron, magnesium.

Conceptual Map:

The elements

of life

CHO

CHO CHNOS

CHOP

Carbohydrates

Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

that are

that are that are

that are

formed by

formed by formed by

formed by

are

CHNOPS

are Non-metals

at

Room temperature

Solid

Liquid

such as

CPS

such as

HNO

make

Covalent bonds

depend on

Number of electrons

in

Outer shell

defined by

Valence

characterized by Sharing

electrons

represented by

Lewis’ structure

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Multiple Choice:

1e, 2d, 3c, 4b, 5d, 6e, 7d, 8c, 9c, 10e, 11b,12b

Matching:

1h, 2g, 3d, 4i, 5b, 6c, 7e, 8l, 9f, 10a

True or False: 1) false; 2) true; 3) false; 4) true; 5) false; 6) false; 7) false; 8) true; 9) false; 10) true.

Cloze: [1] CHNOPS, [2] hydrogen, [3] phosphorous, [4] non - metals, [5] covalent, [6] electrons, [7] outer, [8] share, [9] Lewis structure, [10] number, [11] carbon, [12] oxigen, [13] 5, [14] solid, [15] liquid, [16] diatomic, [17] 8, [18] phosphorous.

Materiale sviluppato da eniscuola nell’ambito del protocollo d’intesa con il MIUR

CHNOPS the six elements of life -...

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