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5/8/2018 1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta - slidepdf.com
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pdali gikk%Ipxapdzdali Vakwdmlm gd @aca+ i `al#
wdlymvm: .xi~ ippm fm p`dilzm xiwi pvikm~i i aff~d#
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n~m gipwdlmwm m x~agy~~i likk%ycmlm `ylkwm cy#
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gik fya`a.,
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`odmcm~pd mkdm e~mlgi dlvilzdali#p`axi~wm gd Vak#
wm pdeldfd`m pax~mwwy~wa `aekdi~i i mxx~izzm~i km
`alwdlydwm gikkm lap~~m pwa~dm+ Ylm pwa~dm `oi+ m
>88 mlld gd gdpwmlzm+ `d dl`a~meedm m `akwdvm~i d J
eilda i km fmwd`m gikkm ~d`i~`m p`dilwdfd`m i m `al#
fdgm~i likki `mxm`dwm `apw~ywwdvi gikk%dlwikkdeilzm
i gikk%dleielapdwm+ `oi w~mpfa~cmla D%dgim likkm
`al`~iwizzm gikk%dllavmzdali wi`lakaed`m i gik#
k%mxxkd`mzdali x~mwd`m,
Wi~~dwa~da lik `ya~i g%Iy~axm+ km Ka~lnm~gdm # lid
`yd `alfdld pd `acxk km vd`ilgm ycmlm i p`dilwd#
fd`m i k d Mkippmlg~a Vakwm i gmd `yd affd`d picx~i
pala vilywd vdwmkdwm i mxi~wy~m mekd p`m~lnd dlwi~#
lmzdalmkd # `aekdi li- Nd`ilwilm~da gikkm Xdkm D%a`#
`mpdal xi~ x~a~lyavi~i dldzdmwdvi `oi pdmla lal
paka acmeeda i `ikin~mzdali m=e~mlgi fdpd`a+ cm
pax~mwwywwa .piela gd `alwdlydwg. gikkm ~d`i~ m
mxxkd mwm i gikk%dllavmzdali wi`lakaed`m i gd x~a#
~lazdali i papwiela mkdm `ykwy~m p`dilwdfd`m x~ip#
pa ki xdkd mcxdi `mwiea~di gd `dwwmgdld+
K%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ dlpi~dwm dl Ylm `dw~m gmk ~d #ia xmw~dcalda pwa~d`a+ m~wdpwd`a i `yk~y~mki+ ala#
~m `al yl%dlwilpm mwwdvdwm gd ~d`i~`m+ gd gdgmwwd`m
Wa `accica~mwi+ wua `ilwy~dip mfwi~ woi ivilw+
ml dlvilwdal py`o mp woi .mxxm~i `oda m `akallm.
/vakwmd` xdki$ nydkw dl =544 nt woi @aca xotpd`dpw
Mkippmlg~a Vakwm uod`o ump kmwi~ wa ni`aci
blaul yldvi~pmkkt mp .Xdki. /Iki w~d Nmwwi~t$ law
alkt cimlp xmtdle ~ipxi`w wa ml dleildayp givd`i
uod`o omp omg pa cmlt ~ixi~`yppdalp al wi`ola#
kaet mlg al woi pa#`mkkig pi`alg dlgypw~dmk ~iva#
kywdal, Woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t dp fd~pw mlg fa#
~icapw woi gdp`avi~t af m liu pay~`i af ili~et af
dl`acxm~mnki fkidndkdwt+ mk~imgt idpwilw dl lmwy#
~i nyw livi~ om~lippig nifa~i+ mlg n~ayeow dlwa
woi omlgp af cml mp m xaui~fyk mlg X~aciwoiml
dlpw~ycilw af gacdlmwdal avi~ Lmwy~i dwpikf: iki #
w~d`dwt+ dl woi fa~c af `alwdlyayp fkau af `y~~ilw,
Lmxakial dccigdmwikt ylgi~pwaag wodp mlg dl
=?8=+ `alfi~~ig al Vakwm woi oalay~ af e~imwipw
Iy~aximl p dilwdpw,
.Oi~i ui omvi ml m`odivicilw af p`dil`i+ woi nmw#
wi~t. i`kmdcig udwo anvdayp ~oiwa~d`+ woi e~imw
iki w~awi`ld dml Myeypwa ^deod dl =?44+ mw woi Vak#
wm Ixapdwdal dl @aca+ mlg uilw al: .Wo~ayeo dwp`dil`i `ml ~ivimk mlg affi~ wa cml m cykwdfm`iwig
ili~et+ uod`o mk~imgt piicp gipwdlig wa n~dle py#
`o giix `omleip wa `dvdkdpmwdal uod`o `ml alktxi~omxp ni `acxm~ig wa woapi uod`o woi ypi af
fd~i n~ayeow dl ml`dilw wdcip,.
Wagmt+ woi dccdlilw dcxm`w af woi cdkkilldyc+
wilgp wa cmbi yp pii .x~afaylg `omleip. mlg
.ixa`o cmbdle `omkkileip. dl ivi~twodle2 ~icdl#
gdle ay~pikvip af woi e~imw dlvilwdal!gdp`avi~t af
Vakwm cimlp mnavi mkk e~mpxdle mlg mxx~i dmwdle
woi `alwdlydwt af AYk% odpwa~t, Odpwa~t uod`o+ >88
tim~p kmwi~+ il`ay~meip yp wa `ykwdvmwi woi eildyp
mlg woi iffa~w af p`dilwdfd` ~ipim~`o mlg wa omyi
`alfdgil`i dl woi `alpw~y`wdvi mndkdwt af dlwikkd#
eil`i mlg dleildayplipp+ uod`o `ml w~mlpfa~c
dgimp dlwa woi `al`~iwi fa~c af wi`olakaed`mk dl#
lavmwdal mlg x~m wd mk mxxkd`mwdal,
Kacnm~gt, dl woi oim~w af Iy~axi+ # waoi~i woi oy#
cml mlg p dilwdfd` vd dppdwygip af Mkippmlg~a Vak#
wm ylfakgig+ mlg f~ac uoil`i woi~i omp mkumtp
niil vdwmkdwt mlg axillipp waum~gp dlwi~lmwdalmk
i ` om le ip # omp wmbil mgvmlwmei af woi Nd ilwil#
ldmk af woi Nmwwi~t wa x~acawi dldwdmwdvip uod`o
m~i law alkt m oacmei wa mlg `ikin~mwdal af woi
e~imw xotpd`dml+ nyw mnavi mkk .pdelp af `alwdlydwt.
dl mxxkdig ~ipim~ omlg wi`olakaed mk dllavmwdal mp
uikk mp woi pyxxa~w mlg x~acawdal af m p`dilwdfd`
`ykwy~i wa ~im`o xiaxki dl mkk umkbp af kdfi,
Woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm+ dl m `dwt udwo m ~d`o od#pwa~d`mk+ m~wdpw d mlg `ykwy~mk nm be~aylg+ wo~ay#
eo dlwilpi ~ipim~ o m wdvdwt+ wim`odle+ mlg xaxykm#
6
5/8/2018 1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1799-1999-bicentenario-dellinvenzione-della-pila-di-alessandro-volta 9/68
X ^ I P I L W M Z DA L I ! X^IPILWMWDAL
i gd gdvykemzdali ylm gikki pyi cmeeda~d eka~di
p dilwdfd oi, Ippm wipwdcaldm dk`m~lcdla dldlwi~#
~awwa gd yl%dpwdwyzdali gmkki a~dedld kalwmli i x~i#
pwdedapi mkdm agdi~lm vmkilzm iy~axim+ `akwdvmlga
ki e~mlgd ~~mgdzdald g%dlwi~lmzdalmkdwm gik pmxi~i
`oi wa `ia yla gik pyad xylwd xdkd mkwd `al km ~dfa~#
~lm wi~ipdmlm gikk% Mwilia i `al dk cmedpwi~a gdVakwm,
@aca dlfdli+ `oi xi~ x~dcm vdgi pvdkyxxm~pd Dm
x~ixawilwi va`mzdali p`dilwdfd`m gik pya e~mlgi
`dwwmgdla+ pilwi aeed fa~wi dw ~d`odmca gd mk~~i gyi
ci~la~mndkd a``mpdald `ikin~mwdvi dl pya ala~i:
}yikkm gik x~d~la `ilwilm~da gikkm Xdkm /=?44$ i
}yikkm gik `ilwilm~da gikkm ca~wi /=4>5$+ `oi ip#
pm a~emldzza `al eili~apa i kyled~ld~mlwi pfa~#
za i xm~wi`dxmzdali, K%mwwymki gdpdl`mlwa xi~ Di
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pca gikkm `dw~m xi~ ~d`a~gm~i gielmcilwi yl kkm#
cm `oi+ dlpdi~li md gyi Xkdld dkk ixa m ~acmlm+
xa~wa mkwa dk pya laci liJ ~lalga+ Mwwdvdwm dkkgd#
vykemzdali+ dl`alw~d gd ~dfkippdali pyd fywy~a gik#
km p`dilzm i gikkm wi`lakaedm+ dlwi~vilwd dkk vmka#
~dzzmzdali gid .kyaeod gd Vakwm. # i dl x~dca kya#
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gd ~lapw~i i pxi~wm`akd+ pd x~axaleala gd ~imkdz#
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lmwy~m+ `oi Dm xmw~dm gid .cmedpw~d `ycm`dld. i
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Fdlmkkt+ @ ac a+ u od`o u mp fd~pw wa p ii wo i x au i~ fy kp`dil wdfd` va `mwda l af dwp e ~imw `dwdzil + wa gm t ~i #
c ic ni~p vdvdgkt wu a awoi~ c ic a~mn ki a ``m pdal pa f `i kin ~m wda l dl o dp o al ay ~: wo i fd~pw `il wil m~t a fw oi N m ww i~ t /=?44$ m lg wo i o yl g~ ig wo m ll dv i~p m~ ta f o dp g im wo /=4>5$+ u od`o dw a ~e ml dpig u dwo e il i#=%YYP m lg fa ~u m~g ka abdl e iffa ~w m lg xm~wd`dxmwdal,W oi `y ~~ilw km`b af ilwoy pdm pc fa ~ .e ~ml gda pi `i#kin~mwdalp. omp law gmc xilig woi ilwoypdmpc afwo i `dwt dl ~ic ic ni~dl e fdwwdl ekt m c ml u oa + m ka leu dwo woi wu a X kdl dp f~ac ^ ac ml wdc ip `m~~dig dwpl m c i wo ~a y eo a yw wo i u a ~kg , N ~ am g `m pw dl e x ~a ji `wp +pic dl m~p a l wo i fy wy ~i a f p` dil `i m lg wi`o la ka et+m x x~ i` dm wda l a f ¢ V akwm %p Ilyw~alcilw. # mlg ca#
pw af mkk af woi u al gi~fyk .Wicxda V a !wdm la . /V a k#wm Wic xki$ # wo~ayeo i odn dwda lp m lg po au p+ wo it
oaxi wa n~dle mnayw womw om~c aldayp fypdal af wi#`ol aka et+ m~w m lg p`dil`i+ u od`o woi o ac ikm lg a fwo i . cm ed pw ~d `y cm `d ld . m lg woi ~mwdalmkdpc dl m~#
`o dwi`wy ~i om p niil m nki wa `al pw~y `w wo ~aye o wd#c i,
@ AC DW M WA L MZ DA LM KI XI ^ K I @ I K I N ^M Z DA LW V AK W DM LI
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Fmnda Nivdkm }ym+ Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ Gdxm~wdcilwa gd X dpd`m M, Vakwm, Ky`da Ndml`a+ X~ipdgilwi @L^, Edmlld Nali~m+
Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ Gdxm~wdcilwa gd Fdpd`m M, Vakwm+ X~ipdgilwi @acdwmwi A~emldzzmwa~i Xmvipi, Mkni~wa Nawwm+ Pdlgm`a
gd @aca+ X~ipdgilwi @acdwmwi A~emldzzmwa~i @acmp`a+ X~ipdgilwi Falgmzdali Pacmdld • Ld akm @mndnna+ X~ipdgilwi
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Gmggm+ Xakdwi`ld`a gd Cdkmla+ X~ipdgilwi @alpdekda P`dilwdfd`a @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m M, Vakwm /X~ipdgilwi$ •
Ycni~wy gi Jykda+ X~ipdgilwi Mppa dmzdali Ikiww~awi ld m ig Ikiww~ald m Dwmkdmlm ² Mg~dmla Gi Cmda+ ^iwwa~i Xakdwi`ld`a
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5
5/8/2018 1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta - slidepdf.com
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/1799-1999-bicentenario-dellinvenzione-della-pila-di-alessandro-volta 10/68
ND@ILWILM DA GIKk,%DLVILZDALI GIKKM X~KM
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La~wo Dwmkt Pi`wdal
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ldzzmwa~i ka`mki gd @aca, @m~ka @mci~mlm+ X~ipdgilwi Cypia gikkm P`dilzm i gikkm Wi`ld`m gd Cdkmla, Mkippmlg~a
@m~yem~d+ Yldali Dlgypw~dmkd @aca • Edykda @m pmwd+ a`diwm Dwmkwmlm gd Fdpd`m • Gm ldi ki F mn~dzd + Mppa`dmzdali
Ikiww~awi c`m ig Ikiww~ald m Dwmkdmla, Il~d a Kd~ald+ Falgmzdali m~dxka ² Xdi~a Cm m~dld Yldali Dlgypw~dmkd Xmkkdm
• Mkni~wa Cm~wdlikkd+ X~ipdgi Fm akwm P`dilzi Xikdw d oi+ Yldvi~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd Cdkmlaµ Edavmlld Cali~wd+ Falgmzdali
Nml`m gik Calwi gd Kacnm~gdm • Umkwi~ Ld agicd+ X~ipdgilwi FMPW#Figi~mzdali Mppa dmzdald P dilwdfd`oi # Mlwalda
Xmgam P`odaxxm+ X~ipdgilwi Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P`dilzi i Kiwwi~i i kd Cdkmla # Eda~eda Xigi~zakd+ Kdni~m
kpwdwywa Yldvi~pdwp @m~ka @mwwmlia gd @mpwikkmlzm • ^ilmwm Mleika ^d` d+ X~ipdgilwi Ela~m~d a Pa`d iwm kw mkdmlm gd Fd pd m
gd Nakaelm • ^ani~wa P`ocdg+ ^iwwawi Yldvi~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd Xmydm ² Mlg~im Pdkvipw~d+ Xakddi`ld`a gd Cdkmlaµ Ikda
Pdlgald+ X~ipdgilwi Dlwi~lmwdalmk P`oaak af Xkmpcm Xotpd`p .Xdi~a @mkgd~akm. • Mlwalda Pxmkkdla+ X~ipdgilwi @ilw~a gd
@ykwy~i P dilwdfd m M Vakwm, Mlg~im Wm~ald+ X~ipdgi Fm`akwm gd kleieli~dm+ Yldyi~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd N~ip`dm ² Cm~zda
W~icmekdm+ Mppippa~i ^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ /X~ipdgilwp$
@acdwmwi X~aca wa~i gd Xmvdm+ Mlg~im Mkni~em~d+ Pdlgm`a @acyli i kd Xmvdm² Pdkvda Ni~iwwm+ X~ipdgilwi Mccd=%kdpw~mzdali
X~aydl dmki gd Xmvdm, Edmlld Nali~m+ Yldyi~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd Xmvdm /X~i pd gi l~i$ • k %di~a Cmppd+ X=%ipdgilwi @mci~m gd
@accilda gd Xmvdm, ^ani~wa P`ocdg, ^iwwa~i Yldvi~pdwg giekd Pwygd gd Xmvdm
@acdwmwa X~aca wa~i gd @aca, Mkni~`a Nm~~m+ Pdlgm`a @acyli gd @aca /x~ipdg`Gwi $ • Cm~`a @dwwi~da+ k%~ipdgilwi@mci~m i kd @acci~`da gd @aca, M~cmlga Pik vm + X~ipdgilwi MccdldpwczdaliXk%avdl`dmki gd @aca a Mlwal,da Pxmkkdla
X~ipdgilwi @ilwc gd @ykwy#~m P dilwdfdim M, Vakwm /@aa~gdamwa~i$ • MlwAlda Wmekdmfi~~d /Pie~iwm~da$
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EDA^LMWI GD MXI^WY^M GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD
DLMYEY^MWDAL AF WOI @IKIN^MWDALP
X ^DC M E DA ^ L MW M !F J^ PW G MTVili~gd =4cm~za =444! F~dgmt =4wo Cm~`o =444
ala~mwm gmkkm x~ipilzm gik X~ipdgilwi gikkm ^ixynnkd`moalay~ig udwo woi x~ipil`i af woi X~ipdgilw af woi ^ixynkd`
AL, AP@M^ KYDED P@MKFM^A
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ylgi~ woi mypxd`ip af woi Kc`id Lmwdalmk M`mgict mlg woi Lmwdalmk @accdwwii faw woi Vakwm @ikin~mwdalp
a~i === == mc
Pmkywdk Pxii`oip
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MKNI^WA EDEKk NI^ZAKM^D + Mkippmlg~a Vakwm =544,
.,,, }yikkm vdcs `oi mi`m D xmppm xi~ dlwi~xapwd ycdgd w~mwwd !
gmk vdki pwmelm mk l``a m~eilwm i wa~lm ! gm }yipwm m }yikka `al xi~illi ed~a.
.,, , Woi nkdlgdle vd~wyi xmppip wo~ayeo cadpw dlwi~xapig kmti~p!
f~ac oycnki wdl wa ~d`o pdkvi~ mlg nm`b- f~ac wodp wa womw dl livi~ ilgdle `d~`kip ,,, .
/KA^ILZA CMp@OI^ALD$
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m ylm e~mlgi w~mpfa~cmzdali gikk%i`alacdm i gikkm pa`diwi
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wa m e~imw w~mlpfa~cmwdal af woi i`alact mlg af pa`diwt
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/Pmkm gd P`dilzi Xdpd`oi$
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K Y DE D G MG GM + X~ipdgil~i gik @a~ldwmwa Lmzdalmki2 ^ , A NI ^ %D %A P @ O C DG + Vd ix~ipdgilwi gik @a~ld~mwa Lmzdalmki2
C M^ Z D A W ^ I C M E Y M + X~ipdgilwi gi k @acdwmwi ^iedalmki i Vd ix~ipdgilwi gik @acdwmwi Lm zdalmki
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gik X~ae~mccm gd `ikin~mzdali! ^ ix ~i pi lw mw dy ip a f A ~e ml dp mw da lp m lg D lp wdw yw da lp u od` o o mv i ` al w~d ny wi g w a w oi @ ik in ~m wda l X ~a e~ mc c i
M``mgicdm gid Kdl`id+ Xmkmzza @a~pdld+ vdm gikkm Kylem~m+ =8+ ^acm
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EDA^LMWI GD MXI^WY^M GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD
DLM Y EY ^ M W DAL AF wlw: @IKIN^MWDALP
PI@ALGM EJA^LMWL PI@ALG GMT
pawwa e kd mypxd`d gik @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki i gik @acdwmwi X~acawa~i Ka mki gd Xmvdm
ylgi~ woi mypxd ip af woi Lmwdalmk @accdwwii mlg a~ Ka`mk @accdwwii af Xmvdm
>8 cm~za =444!>8wo Cm~`o =444
Mykm Vakwm+ Yldvi~pdwm giekd Pcgd gd Xmvdm
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a~i 4,79! 4,79 mc
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a~i ==,=9===,=9 mc
a~i =>!=> m===
A~i =0!= xc
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mlg woi K ac nm~g Dlpwdwywi /vdgia`alf`~`lzm! vdgia`alfi~il`i$
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tip f~a c woi L mwda lmk P` dil wdfd` P a`diwdi p
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woi X ~ipdgi lw a f wo i ^ atm k P a`di wt
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Cypiyc$
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.=? 8=+ `ac cic a~mwdal af woi x~ipilwmwdal af woi Nmwwi~t wa Lmxakial.
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woi wo ~ipo akg a f woi $Dim ~ > 88 8.
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Mykm Vakwm
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wo i L m wda lm k P `di lwdfd` P a` di wdi p
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EDYKDMLA NIKKAGD+ Gdx, gd Fdpd m .M,Vakwm.+ Y l dv , gd Xmvdm+ i XMAKA N^ILLD Dpwd~ywa i Cy#
pim i kd P wa ~dm g ikkm P dilzm+ Fd~ilzi: .Dk ~ipwmy~a i k%mlmkdpd giekd pw~y~lilwd gik Emndliwwa gd
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ndliwwa gd Vakwm. !%W Dde dwm k wi` ol akae dip fa ~ woi v dpdw wa V akwm %p K mn a~mwa ~t .
F^ML@A EKYGD@I+ Gdx, gd Fdpd m %=[,Vakwm.+ Yldv, gd Xmvdm: kd l cmlap ~dwwa gd Vakwm pykki m~di:
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Cypiaxi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm! O dpwa~t af woi Y ldvi~pdwt Cypiyc
^ANI^WA P@OCDG+ ^iwwa~i gikk%Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm+ i M,KDDIDYA @MKYEM^A+ Gd~i~~a~i gik C y#pim xi~ km Pwa~dm gi Dw %Yljvi~p~wm i kd Xmvdm: Dlmyey~mzdali gik Emndliwwa Fdpd a gd Vakwm ! Dlmy#e y~m wda l af V akwm %p X ot pd`p K mn a~m wa ~t
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E DA^LMWI GD M XI^WY^M GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD
DL MY E Y ^ MW DA L A F W OI @ IK IN ^M WDA LP
PI@ALGM EDA^LMWMs PI@ALG GMT
pawwa ekd mypxd`d gi k @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki i gik @acdwmwi X~acawa~i Ka`mki g d @aca
ylgi~ woi mypxd`ip af woi Lmwdalmk @accdwwii mlg af Ka`mf @accdwwii af @aca
>8 ~lm~za =444!>8wo Cm~`o =444
Wimw~a Pa`dmki+ Xdmzzm Vi~gd+ @aca
@akkiemcilwd dl vdgia`alfi~ilzm Wiki`ac Dwmkdm! n~amg`mpw fdlbp Wiki`ac Ddmkdm dl vdgia`alfi~il`i
a~i 4,=9!4,=9 mc
a~i 4,79!4,79 mc
a~i =8,08/=8,08 mc
a~i ==!== mc
a~i ==,08!==,08 mc
a~i ==,98===,98 mc
a~i =>!=> mc
a~i =0!= xdl
a~i =9,08=0,08 XDWD
m~i =6,08=7,08 xc
a~i =5,08!9,08 xc
a~i =?! 6 xc
M~~dvi gid xm~wi dxmlwd! M~~dvmk af xm~wd`dxmlwp
/dl~i~vilwd cypd`mkd m `y~m gd ga`ilwd i mkkdivd gik @alpi~vmwa~da gd @aca!ly!pd`mk xdi`ip
xkmtig nt wim`oi~p mlg pwygilwp f~ac woi @aca `alpi~vmwa~t$
Pmkywd gikki Mywa~d~m% Uik aci pxii`oip
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woi Kacnm~g Dlpwdwywi /vdgia`alfi~ilzm! vdgia`alfi~il`ip
Cippmeed gd pmkywa gik X~i dgilwi g ikk %D lp wdwy w g i F ~m l` i /Xm~ded$ i g ik X~ipdgilwi gikkm ^atmk
Pa`di~t /Kalg~mk! Cippmei af e~iiwdle f~ac woi X~ipdgilw af woi klpwdwyw gi F~ml`i mlg f~acwoi X~ipdgilw af woi ^atmk Pa`diwt
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pxcµb. /`t ki afWT x~ae~mccip$ /Xakdwi`ld a gd Cdkmla!Mlwillm 0$
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wa Mppa`dmwdalp fa~ woid~ m wdvdwdip dkk `alli`wdal udwo Vakwm
V dgia` al fi~il zm gm X mvdm: @ M^ KA ^ YN NkM $ X~icdm Lanik xi~ km F dp d` m+ Y l dv i~ pdw m gd Xmvdm+
.Ki f~alwdi~i gikkm f dp d` m m kki p ae kdi gi=>888.j Vdgia`alfi~il`i f~ac Xmvdm: %Woi R~alwdi~p afXotpd`p al woi wo~ipoakg af woi tic% >888.
@odypy~m gid kmva~d! ilg af m wdvdwdip
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lmki gd fdpd`m gd @aca gi k =4>5.=X~ipdgilw af woi Dwmkdml Xotpd`mk PA@Diwt+ .Waxd`mk dlwi~ipwaf woi @aca Dlwi~lmwdalmk Xotpd p @alfi~il`i ,, = 4> 5.
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eadle ~imkdwt.
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/ ^i km zda ld dl Pmkm I, Cypm+ Dpwdcwa E, @m~gy``d- Woi iyildp udkk ni oikg dl woi I, Cypm ^aac+ E, @m~gy` d DlpwdwywiS
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gd Mki ppm lg~a Vakwm+ yla p~a~d`a @alviela dlwi~ lmzdalmki gd fkPd`m,!/µ$ fa~ci~kt woi OmN af Lmwy~mk P dil ip af DDSg @m~gy``- k lpdd wywi+ u oi~i+ dkk P`w+ kicyik %
=4>5, g.~dk !,| d ni @ ik in~mwd alp ! 8=% Ddd. F2~Pk @ilwilm~t a f w oi g im wo a f M ki pp mlg ~a vao¢+ m ndpwa~d`mk Dlwicmwd lmk @ayek %i99 af Xotpd`p um p o iC
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Kygude vml Niiwoavil+ Pdlfaldi l, > i l, 6 /+Xmpwa~mki.$
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MK IPPMLG^A VAK WM
VDWM I AXI^M P@DILWDFD@M D KDFI MLG P@DILWDFD@ UA^B
KMVDWM,Mkippmlg~a Vakwm lmp`i m @aca dk=? fin#
n~mda gik =579 gm Fdkdxxa i gm Cm~eoi~dwm gi% `al#
wd Dlzmeod+ Km fmcdekdm Vakwm mxxm~wilivm m==%m6#
pwa`~mzdm kacnm~gm i mvivm kiemcd mppmd pw~iwwd @AG
k%mcndilwi i``kipdmpwd`a+ Dlfmwwd+ d w xmg~i Fdkdxxa+
xi~ ylgd`d mlld mvivm fmwwa xm~wi gikkm @acxm#
eldm gd Eipdd, Gaxm km cawwi gik xmg~i k%igy`m#
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Gaxm mvi~ f~i}yilwmwa # m =0 mlld # km p`yakm gid
Eipydwd m @aca+ i w~mpfi~dwa m k Picdlm~da Nilz- i kd
@aca+ mkk%iwm i kd pigd d mlld, Vmld ~dpykwmla d wil#
wmwdvd+ gm xm~wi gik xmg~i Ei~akmca Nalipd+ cmi#
pw~a i kd Mkippmlg~a+ gd mvvdm~ka mk pm`i~gazda+ Mk#
w~iwwmlwa dl ywdkd d~dvikmla ekd pfa~zd gikki zda
Mkippmlg~a xi~ fm~ekd dlw~mx~ilgi~i ekd pwygd edy#
~dgd d+ Ekd dlwi~ippd `ykwy~mkd i kd Vakwm pd gikdlimla
`odm~mcilwi m gd`dawwa mlld+ mkka~`oi # gaxa mvi~
pwygdmwa Di axi~i i kd vml Cypp`oiln~aib+ gd Lak#
kiw i Edmcnmwwdpwm Ni``m~dm # dlpwmy~m yl%dlwilpm
`a~~dpxalgilzm ixdpwakm~i `al =8 p dilzdmwa f~ml#
`ipi i `al dkpya `allmzdalmki,
Dlwa~la mk=569 Vakwm f~i}yilwm km `mpm i k d Edykda
@ipm~i Emwwald /=57=#=?84$+ gavi om k m x ap pd n d#kdwm i kd pi~vd~pd gik emndli~wa fdpd`a `oi dk Emwwald
mvivm `apw~ydwa f~m dk=567 i dk =569, K%dlwi~ippi
xi~ k%ikiww~akaedm vdili pwdcakmwa gmkki ~d i~ oi
gikk%mcd`a Emwwald e~mzdi mk }ymki+ pi`alga
Edmcnmwwdpwm Edavda+ Vakwm .m`}ydpwa e~ml xm~wi
gik pya laci iy~axia.+
Lik=564 Vakwm xynnkd`m Dm gdppi~wmzdali .Gi vd
mww~m`wdvm deldp iki`w~d`d mi xomilacildp dlgi
xilgilwdnyp%%+ i lik =55= km cica~dm ixdpwakm~i
.Lavyp m` pdcxkd dppd~lyp iki w~d`a~yc wilwm~ld#
lyc mxxm~mwyp.,
Li==557+ gdiw~a dlwi~ippmcilwa gik Fd~~ldml+ ilacdlmwa ~ieeilwi /gd~iwwa~i$ gikki p`yaki xyn#
nkd`oi i kd @a~la2 k%mlla py``ippdvi+ w~m~ldwi `al#
`a~pa+ gdvdili x~afippa~i gd Fdpd`m pxi~dcilwmki
lik Edllmpda gd @aca,
@al k%mxxaeeda gd Fd~cdml i gd Bmyldwz dlw~m#
x~ilgi+ lik =555+ dk pya x~dci vdmeeda p`dilwdfd#
`a dl Pvdzzi~m+ Mkpmzdm i Pmvadm, Gy~mlwi }yipwa
vdmeeda `ml apii mk`yld f~m d xdkd `ikin~d lmwy~mkd#
pwd+ `aci D # K N, gi Pmyppy~i i J , Pilindi~, Gdiw~ax~axa wm gik eavi~lmwa~i eili~mki gikkm Ka~l#
nm~dkkm mpny~ed`m /d k xddd vakwi `dwmwa @m~ka Edy#
pixxi `alwi gd Fd~cdml$+ vdili ialfi~dwm m Vakwm+
lik lavicn~i gik =55?+ = m `mwwig~m i k d Fdpd m pxi#
~dcilwmki gikk%Yldvi~pd~m dkk Xmvdm,
Lik =55==%dcxi~mw~d`i Cm~dm Wi~ipm mvivm dlfmwwd
vm~mwa yl .Xdmla gd gd~izdali+ gdp`dxkdlm i i`a#
lacdm gikk%Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm. i+ lik =550+ Yk=
.Xdmla p`dilwdfd a.,
KDFI, M kippml g~a V akwm u mp n a~l dl, @ a c a al , =?Fin~ym~t =579 wa F dkdx xa m lg C m~e oi~dwm g i% @ al #wd Dlzmeo d, W oi V akwm fmc dkt nika leig wa wo i K ac #nm ~g m~dpwa`~m`t mlg om g `ka pi wdip u dwo i``kipdm#
pwd`m k `d~`kip, Dl fm `w+ o dp fm wo i~+ F dkdx xa o mg n iil mc ic ni~ a f wo i P a`diwt a f J ipy p fa ~ ikiv il tim ~p, M f#wi ~ o dp fm wo i~% p g im wo + M ki pp ml g~ a%p y l` ki + M ki pp ml #
g =%A +u m p i lw~ ypwi g u dwo o dp i gy `m wda l,
M fwi~ mwwil gdl e woi Jipydw p`oa ak dl @ ac a f~a c wo im ei af =0+ mw woi mei af pd wiil + oi dp w ~m l pf i~ ~i g w awo i Nilzd Picdlm~t dl @ a c a , M k ip pm l g ~a % p wim`oi~2
F mwo i~ E i~a km ca N al ipd+ w~dip dl vm dl wa x i~py mg iodc wa fakkau woi x~dipwoaag, V mdl+ waa+ m~i odpyl`ki M kippmlg~a %p m wwic xwp wa xi~pymgi odc wapwy gt km u, V akwm %p `y kwy ~m k dl wi~ipwp m ~i `kim ~kt piw
ayw mw woi mei af ideowiil+ u oil # mfwi~ pwygtdlewoi u a~bp af vml C |wpp`oiln~aib+ L akkiw mlgE dm cn mwwdpwm N i``m ~dm + o i pwm ~wp y x m l dl wil pi ix d#
p wa km ~t ` a~ ~i px al gi l` i u dwo n awo wo i F ~i l` o p` di l#wd pw m l g N i `` m~ dm ,
M~aylg =569 Vakwm dp m f~i} yilw vdpdwa ~ wa woi oa#~li af E dykda @ ipm~i E mwwa ld /=57=#=?84$ uoi~ioi omp woi `oml`i wa ypi woi xotpd`p kmna~mwa~tuod`o Emwwald o mg n ydkw n iwu ii l =567 mlg =569,
O dp dlwi~ipw dl iki`w~a kaet dp pwdc ykmwig nt odpf~dilg Emwwald%p ~ipim~`o u a~b, Dw u mp womlbp wa
o dc + wo mw+ m `` a~g dl e wa E dm c nm wwdp wm Edayda+ Vak#
wm .m`} yd~ig c apw af odp ~ixywmwda l dl I y~a xi.,
Dl =564 V a kw m x y n kd po i p o dp g dp pi ~w mw da l ¢G i vd mw#w~m `wdvm de ldp iki`w~d`d m a x om il ac il dp dl gi x il #gilwdnyp. mlg dl =55= o dp i x dp wa km ~ t g dp pi ~w mw da l.Layyp m` pdcxkd dppdcyp iki`w~d`a~yc wildmcd#
lyc mxxm~mwyp.,
Dl =557+ womlbp wa F d~c dml%p dlwi~vilwdal+ oi dpmxxadlwig G d~i`wa~ af woi pwmwi p`oaak dl @ ac a,Woi fakkau dle tim~ oi u dlp m piki`wdvi i mc m lg
n i`a cip X ~a fippa ~ a f I x i~dc il wm k X otpd`p m w @ a#c a E ~mc cm~ P`oaak,
U dwo woi py xxa ~w af F d~c dml ml g B myl dwz+ dl =555oi piwp ayw al odp fd~pw p`dilwdfd` jay~lit wa Pu dw#zi~kmlg+ M kpm`i mlg Pmvadi, Dl woi `ay~pi af wodpw~dx o i c iiwp pivi~m k a f wo i c apw ~il au lig l mwy ~m k
p`dil wdpwp a f wo i wdc ip py `o m p O ,N , g i P my ppy ~i m lgJ , Pilindi~, M w woi ~i}yipw af woi E avi~la~ E ili#~mk a f O mnpny ~e Ka cnm ~gt /wo i mfa ~ic ilwdal ig@ m~ka E dypixxi @ aylw af F d~c dml$+ V akwm dp mx#x adl wig wa wo i `o md~ a f I x i~dc il wm k X ot pd`p m w wo iY l dvi~pdwt af X mvdm dl L avic ni~ =55 ?,
Dl =55= woi I cx~ipp C m~dm Woi~ipm omg dl fm`w+kmy l`oig m .X kml a f C mlm eic il w+ G dp`dxkdli ml g
I `alac t af Y ldvi~pdwt af X mvdm. mlg dl =550 m. P `d il wd fd ` X k ml . ,
W oi dc x ki c il wm wda l a f wo ip i x ~a e~ mc c ip i lwm dki g
=>
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MKIPPMLG^A VAKWM: VDWM I AXI^M P@DILWDFk@M ! KDFI MLG P@ DI LW DF D@ U A^ B
K %m~wy mzdal i gd wmkd x ~ae~mc ~l d dc xkd`mvm dk xa#wilzdmcilwa g ie kd dl p ie l mc i l wd p `di lwdfd` d g ikk%m #wilia xmvipi `oi+ likki dlwilzdald gik Eavi~la
gd Vdillm+ gavivm gdvilwm~i km .P`yakm `ilw~mkigikka Pwmwa., E~mzdi mkk%mndkdwm gdxka~lmwd`m gik
`alwi Fd~cdml i mkkm `akkmna~mzdali gd Pxmkkml#
zmld+ Nap`avd`o i gikka pwippa Vakwm+ k%dllavmzda#
li gik pmxi~i p`dilwdfd`a x~ipi mvvda dl Ka~lnm~#
gdm,
Lik =5?8+ =8 p`dilzdmwa `a~lmp`a pd ~i`m m Fd~il#
zi xi~ vdpdwm~i dk ^iedm Cypia gd fdpd`m i pwa~dm
lmwy~mki i xi~ `algy~~i dlgmedld lmwy~mkdpwd`oi+
Lik piwwicn~i gik =5?= vdpdwp km Pvdzzi~m+ k%Mkpm#
zdm+ km Ei~~lmldm `il~~a``dgilwmki+ k%Akmlgm+ dk
Niked` i+ vi~pa km fdli gd gd`icn~i+ edylei m Xm#
~ded+ ]yd paeeda~lm xi~ }ymww~a cipd kmva~mlga
`al Kmxkm`i i Kmvadpdi~, Lik=5?> e dy l ei m Kal#
g~m+ gavi pd fi~cm pdla m edyela, Py``ippdvm#
cilwi+ liD =5?7+ pd ~i`m+ dlpdici mk `aYiem Ml #walda P`m~xm+ m Vdillm i m Ni~kdla+
K% mlla gaxa pm~m lacdlmwm ^iwwa~i gikk %Yldvi~#
pdwm gd Xmvdm,
Ki ~d`i~`oi `acxdywi+ gy~mlwi ekd mlld awwmlwm+
dl iki~~~akaedm+ ciwia~akaedm i ki ww ~d ` m+ ` m ka ~ d~ l i #w~dm+ eiakaedm i `odcd`m gid emp+ ekd `alpilwala
gd mffi~cm~pd `aci yla gid xdkk dkkypw~d p`dilzdmwd
gd kdvikka iy~axia,
DD >> lavicn~i=547 pxapm Cm~dm Wi~ipm Xi~i#
e~dld+ gmkkm }ymki mv~m w~i fdekd: Zmldla+ Fkmcdlda
i Kyded2 dkpi`algaeildwa+ Fkm~ldlda+ ca~d~m m pa#
kdgd dawwa mlld+
Gaxa km xynnkd`mzdali gikka p`~dwwa i k d Emkvmld
. G i v d~ dn y p i ki `w~d` dwm wdp dl cawy cyp`ykm~ d @ac#
~lilwm~dyp. /=54=$+ Vakwm+ `oi lik=547 mvivm ~d#
`ivywa gmkkm ^atmk Pa`diwt km cigmekdm g%a~a gd
@axkit xi~ dyad `alw~dnywd p dilwdfd d+ xynnkd m
pyekd .Mllmkd gd `odcd`m i pwa~dm lmwy~mki. # ~dvd#
pwm falgmwm i gd~iwwm gmk `odcd`a xmvipi Kyde d
N~yelmwikkd # y l m cica~dm dlwdwakmwm .Lyavm ci#ca~dm pykk%ikiww~d dwm.+ dlgd~dzzmwm mk fdpd`a xdi#
calwipi Vmppmkkd, W~i mlld gaxm gm~m mkki pwmcxi
w~i pmeed gd `m~mwwi~i ixdpwakm~i+ dlgd~dzzmwd m= fd#pd`a wigip`a E~il+ gmk wdwaka .Pyk emkvmldpca.,
= = > 8 cm~za gi==?88+ Vakwm `a~lyld`m m J x~ipd#
gilwi gikkm ^atmk Pa`diwt+ Pd~ Japixo Nmlbp+ k%dl#
vilzdali gikkm xdkm+ Lik edyela gikka p~ippa mlla+
Lmxakiali # mk }ymki Vakwm mvivm ~ipa acmeeda
lik =546 # ~d`alfi~cm = 8 p dilzdmwa `acmp a x~a#
fippa~i gd Fdpd`m pxi~dcilwmki x~ippa D%mwilia xm#
vipi, Lik =?8= pd ~i`m m Xm~ded+ m``a~lxmelmwa
gmS N~yelmwikkd+ xi~ dkkypw~m~i ki ~d`i~`oi `oi = 8mvivmla `algawwa mkk%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm, MOm
x~ipilzm gd Lmxakiali+ x~dca `alpaki+ kieei km
ml dl`~impi dl woi lyc ni~ af p`dilwdfd` ki`wy~ip mwX m vd m Y l d vi ~p dw t u o d` o+ m `` a~ gdl e wa w oi d lwi lwd al paf woi E avi~lc ilw a/Vdillm+ u mp wa ni`ac i woi
. @ i lw ~m k P wm wi P`oaak., W oml bp wa wo i g dx ka cm wd`m ndkdwt af @ ay lw F d~c dm l m lg wa wo i `a kkm na ~m wda laf Pxmkkmlzmpy+ N a p` av d` o m lg V a kwm o dc p ikf + k% ifa ~ca f p `di lwdfd` ki m~ ldl e n ie ml dl K ac n m~ gt ,
Dl =5?8+ woi p`dilwdpw f~ac @ ac a eaip wa F ka~il#`i wa vdpdw woi ^atmk C ypiyc af Xotpd`p mlg L m#wy~mk P `di l` i m lg wa `m~~t ayw lmwy~mkdpwd` ~ipim~`o,
Dl P ix wi c ni ~ =5?= o i v dp dwp P udwz i~ km lg + M kp m` i+U i pw E i ~c m lt + Oakkmlg m lg N ike dy c m lg wadam~gp
woi ilg af G i`ic ni~+ oi m~~dvip dl X m~dp , O i~i+ o i~icmdlp fa ~ fa y~ c al wo p u a~bdl e u dwo K mx km `i ml gKmvadp di~ , Dl =5?> o i dp dl K al ga l+ daoi~i o i p wm tp
y lwdk Jy li, M fwi ~u m~g p+ dl =5?7+ oi eaip u dwo odp`akkimeyi M lwa lda P `m~ xm wa V dil lm m lg N i~kdl ,
Woi fakkau dle tim~ oi dp mxxadlwig ^ i`wa~ af woi
Y l d yi ~p dw t a f X m vd m,
M pm ~ipykw af woi ~ipim~`o u a~b u od`o oi `m~~dig
a yw g y~ dl e wo i i de owdi p dl i ki` w~a kaet+ m wcapxoi~d`iki` wd`dwt + ` mka ~dc iw~t+ e iaka et m lg ` oic dpw~t a fempip+ Vakwm ni`mc i ali af woi c apw ~ilau ligp`dilwdpwp dl I Y = % A x i ,
Al >> Lavicni~ =547 oi c m~~dip C mlm Wi~ipmXi~ie~dld+ u oa nim~p odc wo~ii palp: Zmldla+ Fkm#
cdlda m lg K y de d, O dp pi`a lg pa l+ F km c dl da + g di p mwalkt =?#.+
M fwi k% wo i xy nkd` mwdal a f E mky m~y %p x mx i~ . Gi vd~d#nyp iki`w~d`dwmwdp dl c awy cyp`ykm~: @accilwm#
lyp. /=54=$+ V akwm + u oa o mg ~i `i dv ig dl =547 wo i@ ax ki t E akg C ig mk f~ ac , wo i ^ atm k P a`diwt Ra ~ odp`alw~dnywdalp wa p`dil`i+ xynkdpoip dl %%M llmkd gd@ ndc d`m. # m jay~lmk faylgig mlg igdwig nt woi
` oi cdp w K yde d N ~y el mwi kkd+ f~ ac X mv dm # m g dp pi ~wm #wda l i lwdwki g . Ly ay m C i c ak% dm p ykk% iki ww~ d` dwm <. +m gg ~i pp ig wa w oi X di c al wi pi x ot pd` dp w V m pp mkk d, W o #
~ i i t i m ~p k mw i~ w o~ i i i x dp wa km ~ t i p pm t p m wi x y nk dp o ig +
mgg~ippig wa woi E ikc ml xotpd`dpw E ~il mlg ilwd#wkig . Py D E mky ml dpc a. /.A l E mkv ml dpc .$,
Al >8 C mk%`o =? 88 + V akwm dlfa~c p woi X ~ipdgilwaf woi ^ atmk Pa`diwt+ Pd~ J apixo Nmlbp+ af woi dl#
vilwdal af woi xdki, Dl Jyli af woi pmc i tim~+ L m#xakial+ wa u oac V akwm omg xmdg odp ~ipxi`wp dl=546 # ~i`alfd~c p woi p`dilwdpw f~ac @ ac a X~a#fippa~ af I xi~dc ilwmk X otpd`p mw woi Y l dyi~py²af X mvdm, Dl =?8= V akwm e ai p wa X m~ dp + m `` ac x m#
ldig nt N ~yelmwikkd wa gic alpw~mwi woi ~ipim~`ou a~b womw omg kig odc wa woi dlvilwdal af woi xd#ki, Dl woi x~ipil`i af L mxakial+ woi fd~pw @ alpyk+
o i ~ im gp o dp . C ic a ~dm p ykk% dg il wdwm g ik fdy dg a i ki w#w~d`i `ak fkydga emkvmlk`a. /%G dppi~wmwdal al woidgi lwdwt a f i ki `w~d` u dwo e mkvm ld` fky dg. $+ fa ~ u od#
=0
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ND@ILWILM DA GIKD:DLvILzDALI GIKKM XDKM
.Cica~dm pykk%dgilwdwm gik fkydga ikiww~dia `ak fkyd#
ga e mkvml d`a. + xi~ Dm }y mki e kd pm~m mppielmwm ylm
cigmekdm g%a~a+
Lalapwmlwi k%ila~ci py``ippa+ km cagipwdm gik#
k%dkkypw~i p`dilzdmwa `acmp`a lal vdili wy~nmwm, M
}yipwm x~axapdwa+ nmpwd kieei~i `da `oi Vakwm p`~d#
vi mkkmcaekdi dk 5 lavicn~i gik =?8=: .kl ciz#za m wmlwi `mpi+ `o i givala ` i~ wa R m~c d x dm `i ~i + dal al c %dl ymldp`a m piela gd `~igi~c d gd xdy gd }yik`oi pala2 i mkkm vdwm medwmwm gm ylm ymlm eka~dmx ~ifi~dp`m km w~m l} ydkkdwd2 i g ak`izzm g ikkm vdwm g a#
cipwd`m. /Ixdpw km~da+ Vak, DV+x,?6$,
Likka pwippa mlla i la~ldlmwa cicn~m gikkm
@alpykwm gd Kdmli,
L i= =?89 Lmxakiali ekd fm mppielm~i ylm xil#
Pkali mllym i = 8 fm lacdlmwi `mvmkdi~i gikkm Ki#
edali g%Ala~i ,,
Li==?86 gdvilwm @mvmkdi~i gikk%A~gdli ^imki
Dwmkdmla gikkm @a~alm gd Fi~~a2 lik =?84+ pilm#
wa~i gik ^iela g%Dwmkdm+ i dlfdli+ lik=?k 8+ @al#
wi gik ^iela g%Dwmkdm+
Gmk =?8= mk =?=> Vakwm ~dvipwd~m dl`m~d od xyn#
nkd`d: X~ipdgilwi gik `alpdekda eili~mwi gik gd#
xm~wdcilwa gik Km~da2 X~ipdgilwi gik cmedpw~mwi
g%M`}yi2 ^ivdpa~i gikki pwm~lxi i cicn~m gik#
k%yffd`da `ilw~mki gikkm kdni~wm gd pwm~lxm2 X~ipd#
gilwi gik `alpdekda ikiwwa~mki gik gdxm~wdcil~a
gik Km~da+ gm ykwdca,
Lalapwmlwi Km`mgywm gik ~iedci lmxakialdia i km
` lpieyilwi ~ipwmy~mzdali mypw~dm`m+ dkEavi~la
gd Vdillm =8`odmcm m Xmvdm dl }ymkdwm gd gd~iwwa#
~i giekd p wy g d f dk ap af d` d gikk%mwilia xmvipi,
L ik =?=4 Vakwm pd ~dwd~m m vdwm x~dvmwm likkm pym
`dw~m lmwmki,
Gaxa ylm n~ivi cmkmwwdm+ pd xieli~m dl @ a c a
dk9 cm~za =?>5 mkk%iwm gd ?> mlld+
K%AXI^M P@DILWDFD@M, Ekd dldzd gikk%mwwdvdwm p dil#
wdfd`m pala ipw~i~lmcilwi x~i`a d: xy~ dlmppilzm
gd ylm x~ixm~mzdali yldvi~pdwmwdm lik=560+ m pa#
kd =? mlld+ i edm dl `a~~dpxalgilzm p`dilwdfd`m `al
ki cmppdci mywa~dwm iki~w~d`oi gikk%ixa`m+ xmg~i
Ni``m~dm i k%mnmwi Lakkiw+ md }ymkd pawwaxali `a#
~meedapmcilwi Di x~ax~di wia~di dlcmwi~dm, ===?
mx~dki =564+ ipa~gdp i yffd`dmkcilwi `al = m ci#
ca~dm Py kkm Ra ~zm mww~mwwdvm gik Rya`a ikiww~d`a
gigd`mwm m Ni``m~dm dl fa~cm gd kiwwi~m+ x~ilgil#
ga m pakd vilwd}ymww~a mlld ki gdpwmlzi gmk ~lmppd#
ca ipxi~wa Dwmkdmla gd ikiww~d`dwm i x~axalilga
ylm wia~dm yldwm~dm gd wywwd d filacild ikiww~d d
pykkm nmpi gd yl%dlwi~mzdali mww~mwwdvm yldvi~pmki,
]yd 9 = gdpwm``m gmk xm~mgdecm e~mvdwmzdalmkiliuwaldmla gid X~dl`dxdm i pawwakdlim gm ylm xm~#
`o oi ~i`idvip m ea kg c igm k,G ipxdwi odp ila~c ayp py``ipp+ woi c ag ipwt af woi~ila ul ig Dwmkdm l p`dilwdpw f~ac @ ac a dp dl la u mt
w~ay nkig, A l wodp pyn ji`w+ dw dp py ffd`dil w wa ~imgu omw V akwm u ~dwip wa odp u dfi al 5 Lavicni~=?8=: %%Mcale woi cmlt wodlep uod`o dlgiig ed#
vi ci e~imw xkimpy~i+ D ga law gikdeow dl nikdivdle
womw = mc ca~i woml uomw D mc: mlg wa m kdfi yxpiw
nt vmdleka~t D ~ifi~ woi xim`i mlg puiiwlipp afgacipwd` kdfi. /Ixdpwakm~da Va-% DV x, ?6$,
Dl woi pmc i tim~ oi dp mxxadlwig C ic ni~ af woi
@ ay l`dk a f K ta l,
Dl =?89 L mxakial e~m lwp odc ml mll ymk xilpda lmlg mxxadlwp odc @mvmkdi~ af woi Kiedal af O a#
lay~,
Dl =?86 oi ni`ac ip @ mvm kdi~ a f woi Dwm kdml ^ atmkA ~gi~ af woi D~al @ ~au l2 dl =?84 Pilmwa~ af woi
B dlegac af Dwmkt mlg fdlmkkt dl =?=8+ @ aylw afwoi B dl egac af Dwmkt,
F~ac =?8= wa =?=> V akwm o akg p vm ~da yp x yn kd` a f#fd`ip: X ~ipdgil w af woi K m~da G ixm~wc il w E ili~mk@ a yl `dk+ X ~i pdg il w a f C m edp wJ %m wa g %M `} yi 2 X ~i pp#`ilpa~ mlg c ic ni~ af woi @ ilw~mk A ffd`i fa~ woiF ~iiga c af woi X ~ipp2 X ~ipdgilw af woi I ki`wa~mkN am ~g a f wo i K m~da G ix m~wc il w,
G ipxdwi woi fmkk a f woi L mxakiald` ~iedc i mlg woi
` al pi }y il w M y pw~ dm l ^ i pwa ~m wda l+ wo i E a vi ~l c il waf V dillm `mkkp o dc wa Xmvdm mp G d~i`wa~ af X odka#pa xot mw woi Y l dvi~pdwt af X mvdm,
Dl =?=4 V akwm ~iwd~ip wa x~dvm wi kdfi dl odp lmwdviwau l, Mfwi~ m poa~w dkklipp+ oi gdip dl @ ac a al 9Cm~`o =?>5 mw woi mei af ?> ,
P@DILWDFD@ UA^B, W oi n ie dl ldl ep a f o dp p `di lwdfd`m `wdvdwt m~i iw~ic ikt x~i`a `dayp: ivil u dwoaywm lt y ldvi~pdwt x ~ix m~m wda l dl =560 mw woi mei afalkt = ? + o i dp m k~im gt il em eig dl p`dil wdfd` `a ~~i#pxal gil`i u dwo woi c mja~ iki`w~d` mywoa~dwdip afwoi wdc i+ F mwoi~ N i``m~dm mlg woi M nnaw L akkiw+ wau oac oi `ay ~m eiaypkt xywp Rala m~g odp au l woia#~dip al woi c mwwis: A l =? Mx~d-=5 64+ oi af fd`dm kkt
c m bi p o dp p `d il wdf d` g in yw u dwo wo i g dp pi ~wm wd al .Alwoi fa~`ip af mww~m`wdal af iki w~d` fd~i. g i gd `m wi g w aN i``m~dm dl woi fa~c af m kiwwi~+ wmbdle+ m w woi meiaf >7+ odp gdpwml`i R~a ~l wo i c mja~ Dwm kdml ix i~wdl iki`w~d`dwt m lg x ywwdl e fa ~u m~g m y ldwm ~t wo ia ~t
af mkk iki`w~d` xoila cilm a l woi nm pdp a f m yldvi~#p mk dl wi~ m` wda l a f m ww~m `wda lp , O i~ i+ o i g ~m up m u mtf~a c L iu wa l%p e ~m vdwm wda lm k x m~m gde c a f wo i X~dl#
`dxdm mlg y lgi~kdlip+ al woi a li omlg+ mlm kaedipu dwo x liyc mwd`p mlg c meliwdpc mlg + al wo i awo i~+
p ay ~` ip x i~ om x p K idn ld zdm l + wo ~a ye o wo i c i gd mwda la f wo i R ipy dw N ap `a yd` o,
=7
5/8/2018 1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta - slidepdf.com
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MKIPPMLG^A VAKWM: VkWM I AXI^M P@KILWDFJ@M D KDFI MLG P@ DI LW DF D@ U A^ B
wi mlmkaedi `al km xliy~lmwd`m ig dk ~lmeliwdp~la
i gmkk%mkw~m ~mgd`d fa~pi kidnldzdmli cigdmwi gmk
eipydwm Nap`avd`o,
Lik=55=+ gigd`m mk `ikin~i Pxmkkmlzmld ylm lya#
, vm cica~dm ixdpwakm~i+ ml`oi }yipwm p`~dwwm dl Dm#
wdla+ dl `yd pwygdm ki x~ax~diwm ikiww~d`oi gid cm#
wi~dmkd i gip`~dvi yl lyiva eili~mwa~i ikiww~a#
pwmwd`a, L i= edyela gik =559+ `acyld`m m X~di#
pwkit D%dlvilzdali ikd yl pa~x~ilgilwi p~~ycil#
wa+ Tiki ww ~ada~a xi~xiwya + m pya gd~i x~avm p`odm`#
`dmlwi `ilw~a Ni``m~dm i `alfi~cm gikki x~ax~di
vigywi wia~d`oi+ Xi~ km x~dcm vakwm k%dlgyzdali
vildvm mxxkd mwm mkkm x~agyzdali pdpwicmwd`m+ mn#
nalgmlwi i gy~ivaki gd ikiww~d`dwm+
K%ikiww~afa~a pd gdffaliki ~mxdgmcilwi i Vakwm m
w~ilwm mlld gdvdili fmcapm dl wywwm Iy~axm+ Ki
~d`i~`oi x~apieyala dl`ippmlwd: dl ylm lyavm ci#
ca~dm ixdpwakm~i+ gigd`mwm dl gmwm >8 meapwa =55?
m gi Pmyppy~i+ mxxkd`m km x~ax~dm wia~dm gikki mw#capfi~i i kiw w~ d`oi m==8 pwygda gikkm .`mxm`dwm% % ikiw#
w~d`m gid `algywwa~d dpakmwd, M``mlwa md `al iwwd
i k d `mxm`dwm i i k d }ymlwdwm+ i }yd `oi ypm xi~ =m x~d#
cm vakwm dk`al`i~wa ikd w il p da l i i ki ww ~d `m xi~ ~il#
gi~i `mlwa gikki x~ax~diwm dlwilpdvi gikk%iki~w~d#
`dwm+ Vakwm dlwilgi km wilpdali `aci ylm wilgil#
zm mg ipxmlgi~pd gik fkydg m iki~w~d`a+ dl mlmkaedm
mk `al`i~wa gd x~ippdali gd yl emp, Likkm x~dcm#
vi~m gik =5?8+ dlvilwm dk `algilpmwa~i ikiwwl`a+dcxa~wml`i pw~ycilwa `oi `alpilwi gd ~dvikm~i ,
`m~d`oi ikiww~d`oi ginakdppdci ,,Lik f~mwwicxa+
`alwdlym `al ipxi~d~lilwd i pxi`ykmzdald pykkm
xappdndkdwm gd }ymlwdfd`m~i k%mzdali gikki mwcapfi#
~i ikiww~d`oi, DD =7 cm~za =5?>+ vdili kiwwm mkkm
^ at mk P a` di wt ylm pym cica~dm pyk `algilpmwi#
~ i a Likkm vi~pdali gifdldwdvm gd }yipwm cica~dm+
pwmndkdp`i ipxkd`dwmcilwi dkkiemci w~m `m~d`m+ `m#
xm`dwm i wilpdali /] 3 @W$+ ylm kieei ml`a~m
x~ipilwi dl wywwd d~ipwd gd fdpd m,
Lik =5?6+ a~m~lmd }ym~mlwilli+ dldzdm mg a``y#
xm~pd gd ciwia~akaedm ikiww~d`m i dl ~ikmzdalim}yipwm gikkm }ymlwdfd mzdali i pwmlgm~gdzzmzdali
gikki cdpy~i i kd wilpdali ikiw~~d`m+ yl x~ankicm
falgmcilwmki gikk%ixa`m+ D ~dpykwmwd+ xynnkd mwd w~m
dk =5?? i dk=5?4 dl ylm pi~di gd pid ~lica~di ixd#
pwakm~d gd~iwwi mk xaiwm i p`dilzdmwa wigip`a Kd#
`owilni~e+ gikdlimla yl pakdga x~ae~mccm ikiw#
w~a~liw~d a falgm~a py gyi `mxapmkgd: km gifdld#
zdali axi~m~dvm gd y~d%yldwm pwmlgm~g gd wilpdali
i km `apw~yzdali ikdikiww~a~liw~d `mxm`d gd gm~i dl#
gd mzdald `acxm~mndkd i kdlim~cilwi x~axa~zda#
lmkd mkki wilpdald mxxkd`mwi,
Cm Vakwm lal pd a``yxmvm paka gd ikiww~d`dwm: dk0lavi~ln~i gik =556+ xa`a gaxm k%dlvilzdali gik#
Dl =55w o i g igd` mwip wa wo i ~i la ul ig P xm kkm lzm #ld+ m l iu i xdpwa km ~t gdppi ~wmwdal + me mdl u ~dwwil dlKmwdl+ wl u o d` o o i p wy gd ip wo i i ki `w~ d` mk x ~a xi ~w di p
a f c mwi~dm kp m lg g ip` ~dn ip m l iu iki` w~a pwm wd` e i#l i~ mwa ~, Dl J yl i =559+ oi `ac cyld`mwip wa X~di#pwkit woi dlvilwdal af ml mc mzdle dlpw~yc ilw+ woixi~xiwymk iki`w~axoa~yp m lg g ip` ~dn ip m l iu i ki `#w~ ap wm wd` e il i~ mwa ~+ u od` o o i g i` km ~i p dp ` ~y po dl e
x ~a af m em dl pw N i` `m ~dm m lg ` al fd~ cm wda l a f o dp a ulwo ia ~i wd` mk v di up , F a~ wo i fd~ pw wdc i + dl gy `wda l u mpmxxkdig wa woi ptpwic mwd`+ mnylgmlw mlg kmpwdlex ~a gy `w da l a f i ki `w ~d` dw t,
W oi iki`w~axoa~yp ~mxdgkt ni`ac ip u dgipx~imgmlg+ mw woi mei af wod~wt+ V akwm ni`ac ip fmc ayp wo#~ayeoayw I y~axi, O dp ~ipim~`o u a~b `alwdlyipu dwo ayw ~ip xdwi: dl m l iu ix dpwa km ~t g dppi ~wmwda l+gmwig >8 Myeypw =55? mlg gigd`mwig wa gi Pmyp#py~i+ oi mxxkdip odp au l woia~t af mwcapxoi~d`
iki`w~d`dwt wa wo i pwy gt a f wo i iki `w~d` . `m xm `dwt . a fdp akm wi g ` al gy `wa ~p , O i ~i + m ka le pdg i wo i ` al `i xwpaf `mxm`dwt mlg }ymlwdwt+ oi ypip fa~ woi fd~pw wdc iwoi `al`ixw af iki w~d` wilpdal wa ylgi~pwmlg woidl wi lp dv i x ~a xi ~wdi p a f i ki `w~ d` dwt , V akwm x i~ `i dv ipwilpdal mp iki` w~ d` fky dg %p wil gil `t wa i xm lg + dl
mlmkaet wa woi `al`ixw af woi x~ippy~i af m emp, DlPx~dle =5?8+ o i d lv i lw p woi iki`w~d` `algilpi~+ mldc x a~ wm lw dl pw~ yc i lw u od` o dp m nki wa ~ iv im k i vi l
i w~ ic ikt fm dl w i ki `w~ d` ` om ~e ip , Dl wo i c im lwdc i +oi `m~~dip al u dwo woi ixi~dcilwp m lg p xi `y km #wdalp oi omg pwm~wig mk~imgt dl =55? a l wo i x appd#n dkdwt a f } ym lwdft dl e wo i m `wda l a f m wc a px oi ~d` i ki `#w~d`dwt, Al 7 C c ` ` o =5?>+ a li a f o dp g dp pi ~w mwd al pal woi `algilpi~ dp ~img nifa~i woi ^at mk Pa`diwt,
Dl wo i fdl mk vi ~pdal a f wo dp g dp pi~wm wda l+ o i i xkd`d#wkt ipwm nkdpo ip wo i kdlb n iwu ii l `o m~e i+ ` mxm `dwtm lg w il pd al /]3 @W$+ m kmu u od`o dp pwdkw faylgwagmt dl m kk X o tp d` p w i wp ,
Dl =5?6+ nt lau 78 tim~p akg+ oi niedlp wa wy~lodp mwwilwdal wa iki`w~d` c iwia~akaet mlg+ dl `al#
li`wdal, u dwo wodp+ wa woi }ymlwdfd`my`c mlg pwml#gm~gdpmwdal af woi c impy~ip af iki`w~d` wilpdal+ mfy lg mc il wm k x ~a nki c m w wo i wdc i, W oi ~i py kwp+ x y #n kd po i g n i wu i il =5?? ml g =5?4 dl m pi~dip af pdi xdp wa km ~t g dp pi ~wm wda lp g ig d` mwi g wa wo i E i ~c m lx ai w m lg p` di lwdpw K d`o wi ln i~e + pi w a yw m pa kdg iki` #w~ac iwl` x~ae~mc ci faylgig al wu a nmpip: woi
axi~mwdvi gifdldwdal af m pwmlgm~g yldw af wilpdalmlg woi `alpw~y`wdal af iki`w~ac iwi~p `mxmnki afedvdle `ac xm~mnki dlgd`mwdalp mlg kdlimgt x~a#
x a~ wda lm k wa wo i m xx kdi g wi lp da lp ,
N yw V akwm u mp l aw a lkt dl wi~i pwi g dl iki `w~d` dwt: al
0 L av ic ni ~ =556+ law kale mfwi~ woi dlvilwdal afw oi i ki `w~ ax oa ~y p+ o i g dp `a vi ~p wo i dl f km c c mn ki m d~
=9
5/8/2018 1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta - slidepdf.com
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N~@ILWILM DA GIY+%-LvILZDALI GIKKM FDKM
k%ikiww~afa~a+ p`ax~i k%m~dm dlfdmccmndki lmwdvm
gikki xmkygd+ avvi~a dk ciwmla+ i li pwygdm ki x~a#
x~diwm dl ylm pili gd piwwi ci~la~di ixdp~akm~d, Dl
`allippdali `al }yipwd p~ygd+ dlvilwm km xdpwakm
mg m~dm dlfdmccmndki+ xa`a ywdki `aci m~cm+ ~lm
`oi }ymk`yla vyaki `alpdgi~mwi `aci kalwmlm
x~aeildw~d`i pdm gik cawa~i m p`axxda `oi gik wi#
kie~mfa, Vakwm dlfmwwd x~aeiwwm gd ~dicxd~i gd dg~a#
eila yl mxxapdwi `alwildwa~i gd viw~a m fa~cm
gd xdpwakm `od ypm gm yl wmxxa+ i gd x~ava `m~i k%i#
pxkapdali gik emp `ml ylm p`dlwdkkm /`aci mvvdili
xi~ km cdp`ikm gd m~dm i nilzdlm lid `dkdlg~d gid
cawa~d gikki lapw~i mywa$, Km p`m~d`m `oi x~ava#
`mvm Dm p`dlwdkkm xawivm dlakw~i ippi~i mxxkd`mwm m
gdp~mlzm: yl x~aeiwwa mggd~dwwy~m x~ivigivm gd
fm~ pxm~m~i km xdpwakm m Cdkmla+ `al ylm p`m~d`mmxxkd`mwm m @aca ~~mcdwi yl kylea `algywwa~i
papxipa py xmkd /Di mlmkaedi `al dk wikie~mfa pmlm
ivdgilwd$+
K%dlpwml`mndki Vakwm wyw~mvdm lal pd fi~cm }yd: w~m#
pfa~cm km xdpwakm dl yl iygdaciw~a+ yla pw~y#
~lilwa xi~ pwygdm~i km .~ipxd~mndkdwm%%+ avvi~a km
xi~`ilwymki gd m~dm gifkaedpwdzzmwm /appdeila$+ gik#
k%m~dm, Pxi~dcilwmlga a~m dlvi`i `oi `al dkci#
wmla `al k%c%dm dlfdmccmoddi gi d ciwmkkd /dg~aei#
la$ `al lawiva ki x~i`dpdali km dlgdvdgym lik
>8), Vakwm dlakw~i x~i`a~~i+ dl }yipwm `mpa gd#
~iwwmcilwi+ km p`axi~wm gikkm `acxapdzdali gik#k%m`}ym /dg~aeila i appdeila$ fmwwm gm Kmvadpdi~
lik =5? 0, Dlfmwwd pdm = 8 pw~ycilwa /k%iygda~liw~a$
`oi dkciwaga pala pyeei~dwd gm Vakwm gy~mlwi dwpya vdmeeda m Xm~ded lik, =5?>, ^dfi~dp`i dlfmwwd m
Kmvadpdi~ i Kmxkm`i `oi likk%iygdaciw~a km @AkWD#
nyp~dali gd dg~aeila i appdeila x~agy`i yl vm#
xa~i ndml`mpw~a+ `oi lal dgilwdfd`m xi~` `al dk
vmxa~i m`}yia, Vakwm dlfmwwd miiiwwm `al ~dwm~ga km
~dvakyzdali `od cd`m x~axapwm gm Kmvadpdi~,
Lik =548 pxdlei km xi~fizdali gikk%iygdaciw~a
i gikki cdpy~i iygda~liw~d`oi m yl kdvikka wmki `oi
ml ` a~m li==?89 Oycnakgw i Emt#Kyppm` edygd#`oi~mlla gdffd dkcilwi pyxi~mndki, Lik `alwi~l#
xa+ pd gigd`m mkDa pwygda gid emp gmk xylwa gd vd#
pwm fdpd`a i lik=540 edylei m giwi~cdlmwi dk`aif#
fd`dil~i gd gdkmwmzdali m x~ippdali `apwmlwi gik#
k%m~dm `al x~iidpdali cmeeda~i gd }yikkm awwily#
~m lavi mlld xdl wm~gd gm Emt#Kyppm ,
Lik =547+ ipieyi cdpy~i gikkm wilpdali gd vmxa#
~i gikk%mi}ym `oi mlwd`dxmla }yikki gd Gmkwal i
gd lyava ki pyxi~mla dl x~i`dpdali+
Gmkk%dldzda giekd mlld %48 Vakwm i dcxielmwa lik
gdnmwwdwa `ml Emkvmld+ xdy ipmwwmcilwi gmkkm xy n#
nkd`mzdali gik G i T d~dny p li==54=,
Xmppmwa yl ilwypdmp~la dldzdmki+ Vakwm gdvilwm fa~#
lmwdvi wa cm~pokmlg+ dl awoi~ ua~gp+ ciwomli+ mlg
pwygdip dwp x~axi~wdip dl m pi~dip af pivil ixdpwakm~t
gdppi~wmwdalp, Dl `alli wdal udwo woipi pwygdip+ oi
dlvilwp woi dlfkmccmnki md~ xdpwak+ law vi~t ypifyk
mp m uimxal nyw uod`o paci omvi `alpdgi~ig mp
ml im~kt x~i`y~pa~ af nawo woi dlwi~lmk# `acnypwdal
iledli mlg woi wikie~mxo, Vakwm%p x~aji`w ump dl
fm w wa Dkk- udwo otg~aeil m xy~xapi#nydkw ekmpp `al#
wmdli~ dl woi fa~c af m xdpwak pimkig udwo m wmx+ mlg
wa `mypi woi ixkapdal af woi emp udwo m pxm~b /mp
omxxilp udwo woi cddle af md~ mlg fyik dl woi il#
edli `tkdlgi~p af ay~ `m~p$, Ca~iavi~+ woi `om~ei
`mypig nt woi pxm~b `aykg ni mxxkdig f~ac m gd#
pwml`i: ali x~aji`w dlgiig damp wa fd~i m poaw f~ac
woi xdpwak dl Cdkml+ udwo m `om~ei mxxkdig dl @a#
===8 nt cimlp af m kale `algy`wa~ pypxilgig alxakip /woi mlmkaedip udwo woi wikie~mxo m~i anvdayp$,
Oauivi~+ woi ylwd~dle Vakwm gaip law ilg odp i#
xi~dcilwp oi~i: oi w~mlpfa~cp woi xdpwak dlwa m iy#
gdaciwi~+ ml dlpw~ycilw ypig wa pwygt woi
.n~imwomnkilipp. af woi md~+ dl awoi~ ua~gp+ woi Xi=%#
`ilwmei af gixokaedpwd` md~ /ateil$ dl woi md~,
Nt ixi~dcilwdle lau udwo woi dlfkmccmnki md~
af ciwmkp /otg~aeil$ dlpwimg af udwo ciwomli+ oi
xdlxadlwp woi .n~imwomnkilipp. udwo ~icm~bmnki
x~i dpdal mw >8 ), Fy~woi~ca~i+ Vakwm mlwd dxm#
wip+ dl wodp `mpi gd~i`wkt+ woi gdp`avi~t af woi `ac#
xapdwdal af umwi~ /otg~aeil mlg ateil$ cmgi ntKmvadpdi~ dl =5?0, Dl fm`w+ nawo woi dlpw~ycilw /woi
iygdaciwi~$ mlg woi ciwoag m~i pyeeipwig nt Vak#
wm gy~dle odp vdpdw wa Xm~dp dl =5?>, Mp m cmwwi~ af
fm`w+ oi xadlwp ayw wa Kmvadpdi~ mlg Kmxkm`i womw
dl woi iygdaciwi~ woi `acnypwdal af otg~aeil mlg
ateil x~agy`ip m uodwdpo vmxay~ uod`o+ oaui#
vi~+ dp law dgilwdfdmnki udwo woi umwi~ vmxay~
/pwimc$, Dlgiig+ Vakwm dp ~iky`wmlw wa m``ixw woi
`oicd`mk ~ivakywdal x~axapig nt Kmvadpdi~,
Dl =548 oi dcx~avip odp iygdaciwi~ mlg iygda#
ciw~d` ===imPYJ%ipa py`o ml iwilw womw ivil dl
=?89 val Oycnakgw mlg Emt#Kyppm ,`alpdgi~ womwdw udkk ni gdff d ykw wa xi~fi w dw fy,~woi~, Dl woi ciml#
wdci+ oi givawip odcpikf wa woi pwygt af empip f~ac
woi xadlw af vdiu af xotpd`p mlg dl =540 oi m~~dvip
mw giwi~cdldle woi `a#iffd`dilw af woi gdkmwmwdal af
md~ mw `alpwmlw x~ippy~i+ udwo m e~imwi~ x~i`dpdal
woml womw anwmdlig ldli tim~p kmwi~ nt Emt#Kyppm`,
Dl =547+ oi `m~~dip ayw cimpy~icilwp af woi vm#
xay~ wilpdal af umwi~ uod`o mlwd`dxmwi woapi af
Gmkwal mlg memdl m~i cy`o ca~i x~i`dpi,
F~ac woi niedlldle af woi ldliwdip+ mfwi~ woi xy#
nkd mwdal af .Gi Vd~dnyp. dl =54=+ Vakwm dp dlvak#
vig dl woi `alw~avi~pt udwo Emkvmld,
Mfwi~ odp dldwdmk ilwoypdmpc+ Vakwm ni`acip pw~alekt
=6
5/8/2018 1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta - slidepdf.com
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MKIPPMLG^A VAKWM: VDWM I AXI^M P@DILWDFk@M ! KDFI MLG P@ DILWDFD@ U A^B
wicilwi `~dwd a i+ mk `alw~mla gd Emkvmld+ dlgd#
vdgym lid ciwmk Ddd.cawa~d. gikk%ikiww~d`dwm i lik#
Di ~mli gid picxkd d ~lm pilpdpdndkd ~dvikmwa~d+ ]yi#
pwm dlwi~x~iwmzdali ekd fm awwili~i lik =547 km ci#
gmekdm @axkit gmkkm ^atmk Pa diwt+ yl ~d`alap`d#
~lilwa w~m dxdkd mcndwd+ k%i}ydvmkilwi i kd }yikka `oi
aeed i dk x~i~lda Lanik, Cm Emkvmld ig demkvm#
ldmld x~ipilwmla mkw~d ipxi~d~lilwd `oi picn~mla
~dnmkwm~i gd lyava k%dlwi~x~iwmzdali+ md }ymkd Vak#
wm ~dpxalgi mkkm~emlga md `algywwa~d gd pi`algm
`kmppi /ycdgd$ Di kieed gid ciwmkkd+ papwdwyilga mk#km ~mlm `aci ~dvikmwa~i k%ikiww~aciw~a `algilpm#
wa~i ig dlfdli ~imkdzzmlga km xdkm+ dldzdmkcilwi
x~ipilwmwm `aci .a~emlm ikiww~d`a m~wdfd`dmki. + dl
xakicd`m `al km x~iwipm mywalacdm gikkm ikiww~d#
`dwm mld~lmki, Km xappdndkdwm gd x~agy~~i `a~~ilwd
ikiww~d`oi mv~inni `mcndmwa km p`dilzm i km wii#lakaedm gik lyiva pi`aka,
Vakwm `aci fdpd a pxi~dcilwmki i g dlvilwa~i gd
pw~ycilwd inni py``ippd pilzm xm~d+ ~l m aeed a`#
`a~~i ml`oi ~d a~gm~i dpya- lawivakd `alw~dnywd
wia~d`d /x~aga~wa gd e~mlgizzi dlwilpdvi ig ipwil#
pdvi+ wilpdali+ `mxm`dwm+ kieei gi k `alwmwwa ndci#
wmkkdia+ m~capfi~i ikiww~d`oi$ `oi+ xy~ pieyilga
yl fdkali lal liuwaldmla+ pd ~dviJm~ala x~izda#
pd xi~ = 8 pvdkyxxa gikki p`dilzi pxi~dcil~mkd gik#
k%Awwa`ilwa,
`~dwd`mk mlg+ dl `alw~mpw wa Emkymld+ oi giwi`wp dl
ciwmkp woi .cawa~. af iki`w~d`dwt mlg dl f~aep pdc#
xki nyw pilpdwdvi giwi`wa~p af iki w~d dwt, Wodp dlwi~#
x~iwmwdal kimgp wa odp nidle mum~gig dl =547 woi
^atmk Pa`diwt @axkit cigmk+ ali af woi capw pay#
eow mfwi~ mum~gp+ woi i}ydvmkilw af woi Lanik x~dzi
wagmt, Nyw Emkymld mlg odp fakkaui~p x~ipilw awoi~
ixi~dcilwp uod o piic wa ~ivi~pi woi dlwi~x~iwm#
wdal, Al`i ca~i Vakwm ~ipxalgp nt iwilgdle woi
kmup af ciwmkp wa pi`alg `kmpp `algy`wa~p /oycdg$
pynpwdwywdle woi f~ae mp giwi`wa~p udwo woi `algil#
pi~ iki w~aciwi~ mlg fdlmkkt `alpw~y wdle odp .Xdki.+
dldwdmkkt x~ipilwig mp ml .m~wdfd dmk iki w~d` a~eml.+
dl `alw~avi~pt udwo woi `kmdcig mywalact af mld#
cmk iki`w~d`dwt, Woi xappdndkdwt af x~agy`dle iki`#
w~d` `y~~ilwp ump wa `omlei p`dil`i mlg wi o == 8 kaet
wl woi liu `ilwy~t,
Mp ml ixi~dcilwmk xotpd`dpw mlg dlvilwa~ af dl#
pw~ycilwp+ Vakwm iljatig yli}ymkkig py` ipp+ nyw
laumgmtp ali cypw ~icicni~ mkpa odp lawmnki
woia~iwd mk `alw~dnywdalp /woi x~agy w af dlwilpdvi
mlg iwilpdvi }ymlwdwdip+ wilpdal+ `mxm`dwt+ woi
kmu af ndciwmkkd` `alwm w+ mwcapxoi~d iki w~d dwt$
uod`o+ uodki eadle memdlpw woi Liuwaldml kdli+
ui~i wa x~avi dlvmkymnki fa~ woi givikaxcilw af
woi ixi~dcilwmk p`dil`ip af woi ideowiilwo `il#
wy~t,
=5
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MKIPPMLG^A VAKWM
NDNKDAE^MFkM ! NDNKDAE^MXOT
A X I ^ I G ~ V AK W M D VAKWM%P UA^BP
@akkizdali gikki axi~i gik `mv, `alwi Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ xmw~dzda ``cmp`a /@akki`wdal af woi Ua~bp n t
@aylw M, v , + m @aca xmw~d`dml$ m `y~ m gd V dl `il za Mlwdla~d+ Xdmwwd+ Fd~ilzi =?=6+ 0 wacd dl 9 vaky#
==== ,
Ki Axi~i gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Igdzdali l mzdal mki pawwa e kd mypxd`d g ikkm ^ imki M `` mg ic dm gid Kdl`id
i gik ^ imki Dpwdwywa Dacnm~ga gd p`dilzi i kiwwi~i /Woi Ua~bp af M, v , + Lmwdalmk Igdwdal ylgi~ woi my#
pxd`ip af woi ^atmk M`mgict af Kdl`id mlg af woi ^atmk Kacnm~g Dlpwdwywi af P`dil`i mlg M~wp$+ Oai#
x kd+ C dkm la =4=?#=4>4+ 5 v a k y c d /~dpw+ mlmpwmwd m: Jaol pal ^ ix~dl w+ L iu T a~b =464$,
Ixdpwakm~da gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Igdzdali lmzdalmki pawwa e kd mypxd`d gikk%Dpwdwywa ka~lnm~ga g% p`dilzi
i kiwwi~i i g ikkm Pa`diwm dwmkdml m gd fdpd`m /M , V, # odp kiwwi~p, Lmwdalmk Igdwdal ylgi~ woi mypxd`ip ak woi
Kacnm~g Dlpwdwywi ak P`dil`i mlg M~wp mlg ak woi Dwmkdml Xotpd`mk Pa`diwt$+ Z ml d` oikkd+ N aka el m =474#
=499+9 vakycd,
Meedylwi mkki Axi~i i mkk%Ixdpwakm~da gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /Mggdwdalp wa wo i Ua~bp mlg Kiwwi~p adM , V ,$+
Zmld`oikkd+ N a k a e lm =466,Dlgd`i gikki Axi~i i gikk%Ixdpwakm~da gd M, Vakwm /Dlgi ak woi Ua~bp mlg Kiwwi~p af M, V,$+ m `y ~m gd M ,Fi~~iwwd Wa~~d`ikkd+ ^yp`ald+ C D m la + p,g,+ > vakycd,
P @ ^ DW W D P Y V A KW M D XYNKD@MWDALP ^IEM^GDLE VAKWM
@ A L W I P W A E I L I ^ M K I ! NM@BE^AYLG ^IMGDLE
C I ^ D I+ Ki wi~~i+ k%m`}ym+ ki m~di+ N a k a e lm =4?7,
N I V D K M @ ] Y M , & F I ^ ^ M ^ I P DM ,+ .Xi~ ylm pwa~dm gikka pvdkyxxa giYm cmwicmwd`m i g ikkm f dpd` m m Xm~dedi Xmvdm likk%iwm gikkm ~dvakyzdali.+ dl E Y G I ^ Z A /=44=$+ x x, = 44 #> 98 ,
@ AO I L O ,I + Woi p`dilwdfd ~ivakywdal, M odpwa~dae~mxod mk dl}yd~t+ @od`mea =447,
Gi C M G G M K I L M M,+ ^ A WIk Kd I, & NM^ NM^DPkE, /m `y~m gd$+ I`alacdm+ dpwdwyzdald+ `ykwy~m dl Kac#
nm~gdm likk% iwm gd Cm~dm Wi~ipm 0 vakp,+ N akae l m = 4 ? >,
E YG I^ ZA E , /m `y~m gd$+ Xmvdm i d pyad wi~~dwa~d pwal`d dl iwm R~ml`ipi /@alviela gd pwygd+ X mv dm = ># =7
awwan~i =4?4$+ dl Mllmkd gd Pwa~dm Xmvipi+ __ /=44=$,
O I D K N ^ A L S,K,+ Iki`w~d`dwt dl woi =5wo mlg J ?wo `ilwy~dip+ N i ~b ik it #K a p M l e iki p# K al g al =454,
O ID KN ^ A L S,K,+ .I xi~dc il wmk l mwy ~mk xodkapaxot. + dl ^ A Y PPI M Y& X A ^ WI ^ ^ , /=4?8$+ xx, 095#0?5,,
O ID KN ^ A L J,K,+ Uideodle dcxalgi~mnkip mlg awoi~ }ymlwdwmwdvi p dil i m~aylg =?88 Ni~bikit =440,
O A K C I P F,K,+ Ideowiilwo#`ilwy~t `oicdpw~t mp ml dlvipwdemwdvi ilwi~x~dpi+ Yldvi~pdwt af @ mkdfa~l dm mw
Ni~bikit =4?4,O AC I ^ ,U + Iki`w~d`dwt mlg ixi~dcilwmk xotpd p dl =?wo# ilwy~t Iy~axi+ Mkgi~poaw =44>,
BYOL W P ,+ . C mwo ic mwd` mk vp, i xi~dc il wmk w~mg dwda lp dl woi givikaxc il w af xotpd`mk p` dil `i. + dlJay~lmk af Dlwi~gdp dxkdlm~t Odpwa~t+ V DD /=456$+ xx, =#0=,
^ A P P k X /gd~iwwa~i$+ Pwa~dm gikkm p`dilzm cagi~lm i `alwicxa~mlim+ vakk, =#>+ W a~dl a = 4 ? ? ,
^ A Y P P IM Y E ,P , & X A ^ W I ^ ^, /m `y~m gd$+ Woi Ri~cilw ak blaukigei, Pwygdip dl woi odpwa~dae~mxot ak
ideowiilwo#`ilwy~t p dil`i+ @mcn~dgei =4?8,
P @ O M F F I ^ P9,+ .L mwy ~mk xodkapaxot. dl ^ A Y P P IM Y& X A ^W I^ /= 4? 8$+ xx, 99#4=,
P @ O Y P W I J , & U MW@ O k^ P E ,+ . L mwy ~mk xodkapaxot+ ixi~dc il w ml g gdp`ay ~pi dl woi = ?wo `il wy ~t. +
dl Ixi~dcilwmk dl}yd~dip /m `y~m gd Ki E^Md[WA O,I,$+ Ga~g~i`ow =448+ xx, = #7? ,
WID@OCMLL J,+ Zy~ Ilwud`bkyle val E~ylgnie~dfil gi~ Ikiow~dzdwgwpkio~i+ dlpnipalgi~i gip ikiow~d#
p`oil Pw~acip ndp =?>8+ Odkgipoidc =457,
= ,?
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MKIPPMLG^A VAKWM: N~lKkAE^MFDM D NDNYAE^MXOT
DL W I ^ X ^ I W M Z DA L D G D V A K WM D @^DWD@MK PWYGDIP A L VAKWM
M N N ^ D F+ M kip pm lg ~a V akwm , I kiww~a fa ~a + ` al gi lp mwa ~i + x dpwa ki i kiwwl `o i /pyxxk+ gd Wiblap+ DV$+ ^acm
=449,
N I K K A L I I,+ .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm.+ dl G I = v= MG GM KI LM &MK, /=4?>$+ Dkk+ xx, 79=#794,
N I ^ L M ^ G D # U + Rrkydgd gikkm vdwm+ mdki a~dedld gikkm `alw~ayi~pdm pykk%ikiww~dmwm mlwcmki+ Fd~ilzi =44>,
F ^ I E A L I P I K ,+ .Wua gdffi~ilw p`dilwdfd` x~ae~mccip, Vakwm%p iki`w~a kaet mlg @aykacn%p iki`w~apwm#
w d p.+ dl ^ipwmedle @aykacn, Ypmeip+ `alw~ayi~pip iw ~ixkd`mwdalp mywiy~ gi Kmnmkml i gi wa~pdal /m `y#
~m gd NKALGIk , @, & GA^^D IP C,$+ Fd~ilzi =447,
F ^ I E A L I P I K,+ .==x~ae~mccm ikiww~d`a gd Vakwm, Mk`yli `alpdgi~mzdald pykkm pwa~dae~mfdm vdeilwi.+ dl
Myd gik _VD @ale~ippa Lmzdalmki gd Pwa~dm gikkm Fdpd`m i gikk%Mpw~alacdm+ @aca =445+ xx, 09#60,
F ^ I E A L I P K,+ Vakwm%p iki w~d`mk x~ae~mcci+ Xo,G woipdp+ @mcn~dgei Yldvi~pdwt =444,
EDEY N I ^ Z A K M ^ J M ,+ Mkippmlgc Vakwm i km `ykwy~m p`dilwdfd`m i wi`lakaed`m w~m %588 i %?88+ Cdkmla
=440,
EYAZZk C ,+ .Dk Vakwm gikkm pi`algm cmldi~m.+ dl @ykwy~m i P`yakm+ V /=466$+ xx+ >09#>04,
EYAZZD C, /m `y~m gd$+ Axi~i p`ikwi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ Wa~dla =4652 =44?,
EYAZZD C,+ .@alpalmlzi i gdppalmlzi w~m k%ikiww~ap~mwd m gd @mvilgdpo i }yikkm gd Vakwm.+ dl Xotpdp+_ D /=464$+ xx, >0=#>7?,
OID KN^AL J ,K+ .Vakwm.+ dl Gd wdalm~t af P dilwdfd` Ndae~mxn²+ Liu Ta~b+ vak, _L /=456$+ xx ,,64#?>,
OID KN^AL S,K,+ dl OID KN^AL /=454$+ xmppdc,
C M P P M ^ G D F,+ .@al`a~gmlzm gd ~dpykwmwd i fallyki i~li~eilwd gm cmlap`~dwwd dligdwd gik Vakwm `ml }yik#
kd ~d`mvmwd gmkkm fdpd`a#cmwi~lmwd m likkm ~dpakyzdali gik x~ankicm eili~mki gikk%ikiww~apwmwd`m.+ dl ^il#
gd alwd gikk%kpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ KVD /=4>0$+ xx+ >40#08?,
CMPPM^Gk F,+ .'ykk% dcxa~wmlzm gid `al`iwwd 88 gm~lilwmkd ipxapwd gmk Vakwm lik =564 likkm pym x~dcm
c ic a~dm p` dil wdfd` m G i vd m ww~m `wdy m de ldp ikim~d`d.+ dl ^ilgd`alwd gikk%kpwdwypa Kacnm~ga+ K D_ /=4>6$+
xx,050#0?=,
C;[,pPM^Gk I+ Iaxi~m gdMkippmlg~a Vakwm+ P`ikwm gd p ~dwwd+ @ml calae~mfdi a~dedlmkd pya`dmP@Y==8id va#
kycd gikkm Igdzdali Lmzdalmki+ Cdkmla =4>5,
k vD MPPM^GD F, & PACMkLD F , /m `y~m gd$+ kk Wicxda Vakwdmla dl @aca+ @aca =404 /~dpwmcxi mlmpwmwd#
`oi =450+ % 455$,
CkIY M ,+ Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ ^acm =4>5,
XML@MKGk E ,+ Ml ilkdeowilig xotpd`dpw, Mkippmlg~a Vakwm mlg iki`w~d`dwt+ =579#=?>5+ Xo,G, woipdp+
Afa~g Yldvi~pdwt =440,
XAKVMLD E ,+ Mkippml,g~a Vakwm+ Xdpm =47>,
XI^M C,+ Km ~mlm mcndeym, Km `alw~ayi~pdm pykk%ikiwwl`dwm mldcmki w~m Emkvml2 i Vakwm+ Wa~dla =4?6,
VAKXMWD@+ MKippmlg~a Vakwm likkm eka~dm i likk%dlwdcdwm+ Cdkmla =4>5,
@ A LW ^ DN YW D V AK W DM QL D D @AKKI@WIG UA^BP
M CM KG W I,+ .Mwwymkdwm gd Vakwm likkm fdpd`m cagi~lm.+ dl P`dilwdm @_kk/=#7$ /=455$+ xx, =5=#=?5,
N I K K A G S E,+ .== xmw~dcalda pwa~d`a p`dilwdfd`a gikkm Pizdali gd Fdpd`m gik Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Y#
ldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm.+ dl Dlpw~ycilwm, DD xmw~dcalda pwa~d a p dilwdf d a dwmkdmla: Ylm ~imkdm pw~ma~gdlm~dm
/m `y~m gd G ^ M E A L D E,+ Nakaelm =44=+ xx, >==|>=7,
N K I Z Z M F, + Emkvmld i Vakwm ,,,Km xakicd m pykk%ikiww~d ym+ N~ip`dm =4?0,
G I PM LWD KK ML M E,+ .Vakwm.+ dl P`dilwdfd Mci~d`ml+ @@_DD/D$ /=469$+ xx, ?>#4=,
GD NLI^ N ,+ Mkippmlg~a Vakwm mlg woi iki`w~d` nmwwi~t+ L iu Ta~b =467,
F ^ E A L I P I K,+ .Ekd dlfkyppd gd Nap`avd`o i gikkm `odcd`m gikki mffdldwm likki x~dci fmpd gikk%ikiww~aka#
=4
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ND@ILWILMDYA GIKK%JLVILZDALI GIKKM XkKM
edm gd Vakwm.+ dlMwwd gik _kD @ale~ippa Lmzdalmki gd Pwa~dm gikkm Fdpd`m+ Cdkmla =447+ xx, 4=#=86,
EMKKD ^, /m `yc gd$+ A c m ee da m kdm P `di lzm , M ki pp ml g~ a Vakwm /=54=#=44=$, N d` il wi lm la g ie kd i px i~ d#cilwd yakwdmld+ ^acmla gd Dlvi~dea =44=,
EDEKD NI^ZAKMJY M+ .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /=579#=?>5$ lik pi`aka gikkm ~dvakyzdali p`dilwdfd`m i wi`la#kaed`m.+ dl Nakkiwwdla g ikkm P a`diwi X mvipi g d P wa ~dm X mw~dm + ___VDDD /=4?6$+ xx, =6=#=56,
E~iy NI^ZAKM^k M,+ %AKi~d`i~`oi vakwdmli pykki x~ax~diwm ikiww~d`oi gikki `m~ili gd `algy~wa~d m gyi#
`ilwa mlld gmkka~a dldzda.+ dl ^ilgd`alwd gikk%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ @__VD /=44>$,
Ek@Kk NI^ZAKM D M ,+ %%%%Dlpaccm i Dm gdffi~ilzm gid ci~mkkd `oi fm.: Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ cmeeda =54>.+
dl Dk Lyava Pmeedmwa~i+ /=440/=$$+ xx, 7>#9=,
E~`KD NI^ZAKM^W M , /m `y~m g d$ + K ,V N~yelmwikkd: Gdm~da gik vdmeeda dl Padzzi~m i dl F~ml`dm `ml Mkip|
pmlg~m Vakwm lik=?8=+ Nakaelm =445,
EDKK P,+ .M Vakwmd` ildecm mlg m xappdnki pakywdal wa dw.+ dl Mll, P`d,+ ___DDW /=456$+ xx, 09=#058,
OIkkJ0^AL J,K,+ .Vakwm%p xmwo wa woi nmwwi~t.+ dl Piki`wig waxd p dl woi odpwa~t af iki w~a`oicdpw~t /m @=,=#
~m gd GYN XI^LIKK E, & UIPWN^AAB J,O ,,$+ X~dl`iwal =45?+ xx, 04#69, ,
K M E Y Z Z D M,+ .D xlcd mlld gd X , @m~ka Nm~kiwwd m Xmvdm i dPYAD ~mxxa~wd `al dk Vakwm.+ dl ^d`i~`oi /Nak#kiwwdla giekd P`akmxd dwmkdmld$+ /=4?4/=$$+ xx, =|>5,
kvdM^MZZD K,+ @mclmea i km wacnm gd Vakwm+ K d alp @kyn Calwd`ik ka =44? ,,
CM^WDLALk ^, /m `y~m gd$+ Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, V dm e ed dl P y dz zi ~m 2 @aca#Xmvdm =44=,
CAA^I @I,+ PCAKDLPBD M , VAL &JMPIKPBDP N ,+ .Vakwm mp vakwciwi~.+ dl DIII Pxi`w~yc+ Cm~`o =446+
xx,04#77,
X M L @ M K G D E,+ .Iki`w~d`dwt mlg kdfi, Vakwm%p xmwo wa woi nmwwi~t.+ cOdpw, Pwyg ,,Xotp, Ndak, P`d,+ __D/=$/=448$+ xx+ =>0#=68, ,
X M L @ M K G D E,+ .Woi pa`dmk ypip af xmpw p`dil`i, @ikin~mwdle Vakwm dl fmp dpw Dwmkt.+ dlLmwy~mk p`dil`ipmlg oycml woayeow /m `y ~m gd ZUDKKDLE$ + Ni~kdl =449,
XIC C ,+ .O au `~y ` dmk dp m `~y `dmk ixi~dcilw, ^ ifki `wda lp a l woi E mkvml d#V akwm `al w~avi~pt. + dl
F~ac K yde d E m kv ml d wa `alwicxa~m~t liy~andakaet+ Ni~kdl =4?4+ xx, =4#05,
^I@ILWD C, /m `y~m gd$+ K% ikiww~acazdali, Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ ^acm =4?5,
PINMPWkMLD I+ .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm.+ dl PINMPWD ML- I+ Dfkydgd dcxalgi~mndkd+ `mka~i ig ikiww~dmwm gm Liu#
wal m Jayki+ Nm~d =448+ xx, =>4#=76,
P A @DI W M P W A^ D@ M @ACILPI+ Dlwa~la m Vakwm, @iwd+ e~yxxd+ xi~pali w~m k#dfalli i ~dyakyzdald likk!m~im
`acmp`m /=568#=?08$+ dl Xi~dagd`a gikkm Pa`diwm Pwa~d`m @acilpi+ KVDDD /=446$,
PA^IPDLWI+ M ki pp ml g~ a V a kwm + Cdkmla =4??,
VI^^I@@ODM M,+ .Kd`owilni~e ylg Vakwm.+ dl Pygoaffp M~`odv+ Y+ /=465$+ xx, 074#068,
VAKXMWD @+ .Mcd`d i m~lcd~mwa~d gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm dl @i~cmlkm.+ dl Lyaym ^dydpwm Pwa~d m+ _D
/=4>5$+ xx, 900#958,
VAY%MWD @+ P ` ~d ww d V a kw dm l w /m `y~m gd K Y @ M W D V , $ + @aca =457,UDIGICMk%kL O,^,+ .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm i dkfdpd`a wigip`a @o~dpwaxo Oidl~d`o Xfmff.+ dl Xi~dag d`a gik#km P a` di wm P wa ~d` m @acilpi+ KDD /=4?6#5$+ xx, 04#7?,
^M@@AKWI VAKWDMLI ! @AKKI@WDALP AL VAKWM
Pa`~IWM PWA^J@M @ACILPI + ^ m `` akw m V a kw dm l m+ @ac,a =?44+ /`a cxa pwa ` dm $:
M C N ^ A P A K D P,+.Ki cigmekdi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm.+ VD+ xx , 0#>7,
FI^^DLD ^ ,+ . Km ` akkiz da li gid `d~likdd gd Vakwm x~ippa dk ^ , Dp~dwywa Kacnm~ga.+ DD+ xx, 9#=0,
FappMWD I+ .Iffi~li~dgd vakwdmli.+ Dv+ xx, 0#78,
E I C IK K D E ,+ . E il im ka edm ig m~cm eil~dkdzdm gikkm fmcdekdm Vakwm.+ V + xx, 0#=9,
XAEES @+ .DD pmkali gid `dcikdd.+ DDD+ xx, 0#=78,
>8
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M KI PPM LG ^A V AK WM : N DN KDA E^ MFDM ! N DN K DA E ^ M X O T
^ D@ O D M ,+ .V akwm i = m xdkm. + D+ xx, 0#97,
^AVIkK- @+ %|xxm~iiiod vakwdmld `alpi~vmwd lik ^ , Kd ia Fap`aka g d X mv dm .+ DD+ xx, 09#05,
V A K W M Z,+ .@illd dkkypw~mwdvd gikki wmvaki gid ` dc ikdd vakwdml d. + DD+ xx, = 5#0= ,
K W DW Y W A K A C N M^ G A + Liw `ilwilmla gikkm ca~wi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Gdp`a~pd i lawi gik x~ipykilwi Ni~#
zakm~d+ gid CC, I I, E~mppd i Cy~mld i gid PP, @`, Pac dekdmlm i Vakwm+ Cdkmla =4>5+ /`a~lxapwa gm$:
M LA L,+ .Km lyavm igi gik `m~wikkm~da vakwdmla i km mllippm ndnkdawi`m, Lawdzdi pwa~d oi.+ xx ,
>4#=7=#
MLAL,+ .P`~dwwd g ik V akwm 8 `o i =8~deym~gmla+ pwm~lxmwd liekd Mwwd gi k ^, Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga i k d
P`dilzi i Ki~wi~i.+ xx, =79#=7?,
E^ M PPD F + .Kieed gik Vakwm i Jieed gik E mt#Ky ppm` i gik G mkwal . + xx, = 7#>7,
E ^ MP Pk F + .D kmva~d gik Vakwm i gik E mt#Ky ppm` py km gdkmwmzdali i k d mi~dfal l d xi~ D%mzdali gi k
`mka~i.+ xx, 60#4>,
E^MPPD%F+ .Wkmva~d gik V akwm i g ik G mkwa l py km wilpdali gi d vmxa~d.+ xx, 4 9#= >6,
CY^MLDA, + %Km xdkm gik Vakwm. xx,05#9? ,
P AC kE Y ML M @ ,+ . = = xilpdi~a p dilwdfd`a gd M kippml g~a Vakwm. + xx+ 4#=0,
VAKWM K , .Mki pmlg~a Vakwm i km ciwia~akaedm+ pxi dmkcilwi ikiww~d`m.+ xx, >9#06,
@A CDWMW A XI^ kI A LA ^ML ZI M V AK WM /m `y~m gd$+ Mwwd gik @ale~ippa Dlwi~lmzdalmki gid Fdpd d /==#>8
piwwi~ln~i = 4 >5$+ > vakp,+ N akael m = 4 >? , Dk vaky c i `al wdil i ~ikmzdal d gd: M K @A N I I ,+ ,fy V kM G YZ Z DK,+M C I ^ J A M,+ MPWAL I U, + N A O ^ L ,+ N A ^L C ,+ N A PI G,C ,+ N A Y@ O I^ AW X+ N ^ M E E UK , + N^kGECML XU +N^DKKAYDL C,+ @ M N ^ I^ M N ,+ @M L WAL I C ,+ @ A C XWAL M,O,+ @ A ^ N DLA A,C ,+ @ A WDAL M+ G I N ^A EK DI
C,+ GINT I =|+GY ML IU + IGG DLE WA L M,P,+ IO ^IL OM FW F, + F ^ M L @ B J ,+ F ^ I L B I K J , + F I ^ C D I,+ E M ^ N M 9 #
PA M+ EI^,KM@O U+ E JM LF ^M L@ IP @O D E ,+ E DA ^E D E ,+ E ^kJ LI DP IL I ,+ OMKK I,O,+ OIDPILNI^E U+ JMLIW
X+ B I L L I K K T MI,+ B ^ M C I ^ P O,M+ K[L@CYc D,+ KM ^ APM C ,+ KM PM ^IFF X ,+ K M Y I C,v,+ K I V D @ ~V J WM W ,+
K A ^ I L W Z N,M,+ C MJA^ MLM ] ,+ C M^@ ALD E ,+ C `KIL LM L D,@+ CDKKDBML ^,M,+ XMP@OIL F, + XMYKD U+X I ^ Y @ @ M I,+ XKML@B C,+ ^D@OM^GPAL A,u,+ ^w~~OI^FA^G I, PMOM C,L, P L kI B M KM ,+ P A C C I ^F I KG M+
PWI^L 8,+ PW^MLIA X+ W A K C M L ^,@,+ V MK KM Y^ J E,` ,+ U M EL I^ BU,+ U A A G ^,U Dl xm~wd`akm~i+ pa #l a g ig d mwd m V akwm i mkk%ikiww~akaedm vakwdmlm:
MK`aNI I,+ .Yl wikie~mfa iki~w~dia x~dc m gikkm p`axi~wm gikkm xdkm gd Vakwm.+ D+ xx, 0? 5,
MdvKI^kA M,+ .Vakwm i ki ki ee d g ikkm gdkm~mzdali i gid cdp`yekd giekd mi~dfa~cd.+ G+ xx, 6= =#6 >8,
N^DKKAYWL C,+ .]yipw dalp g%iki`w~d`dwi mwcapxoi~d}yi.+ D+ xx, 05= #0? 6,
@ A^ NDL A A ,C , .K%iffiwwa Vakwm i = m w ia ~d m ikiww~ald`m gikkm xdkm.+ DD+ xx, 04 #67,
EM^NMPPA M ,+ .@a~lcica~mzdali gdM kippml g~a V akwm.+ D+ xx, = = #>= ,
OMKK I,O,+ .V akwm%p woia~t af woi V akwm iffi`w: M c agi~l dl wi~x~iwmwdal . + DD + xx, =74#=9? ,
JMLIW X ,+ .Gdp`a~pa.+ D+ xx, 0=#05,
B I L L I K K T MI,+ .Gdp`a~pa.+ D+ xx, >0#08,
K M YI C , v AL +. Gdp `a ~p a. + D+ xx, 04#77,
C M ^@ AL D E ,+ . Gdp` a~pa .+ DD + xx, 6 05#6 76 ,X I ^ Y @ @ M I ,+ .Iffiwwa w~dnaikiww~d`a ig iffi~wa Vakwm.+ D W + xx, =94#=47 ,
XKML@B C,+ .Yni~ gdi Xawilwdmdgdffi~ilz vi~gyll~i~ Kappyleil.+ DD+ xx, 00#0?,
^ Y W O I ^ F A ^ G I,+ .Gdp`a~pa.+ D+ xx, 79#75,
PAdVKCI^FIKGM ,+ .Zy~ Ikibw~alilwoia~di gik. Ci~mkki ylg gip Vakwm#Iffibwip l m`o gi~ Fi~cd%#
p`oil Pwmwdpwdb.+ DD+ x x, 774 #75 7,
@ACDWMWA XI ^ K I A L A^ ML ZI M V AK WM I C YL D@ DX DA G ~ @ AC A+ @aca mg Mdippmlg~a Vakwm liw DD ml##
wil#m~dm gikkm lmp dwm /= 579#= 4 79$+ @ ac a = 4 79+ /`a~lxapwa gm$:
MK ~M WJ E ,+ .Ki ala~mlzi `acmp oi m V a kwm .+ xx, =?0#=46
F^JEI^DA F, + .Pmeeda gd d`alae~mfdm vakwdmlm.+ xx, =70#=96
F^=EI^DA I+ .D kyaeod , pm`l mkkm cica~dm gd Vakwm. + xx, = 4 5#>= 6
X A K V M L D E , + .Yaxi~m p`dilwdfd`m gd M kippml g~a V akwm. + xx, 94 #= = >
> ,=
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N D@ IL WI LM ^DA A IK K%DL VI k. %[kZ DA LI G IK KM X D K M
^ A W M I,+ .km cilw i i k%mldcm gd M kippml g~a V akwm. + xx, =5M?
^A V I k K - K,+ . K m p a` di ~m `acmp`m md wicxd gik V akwm .+ x x, =95#=?>
Pa`~I W M DG ^A I K I W W ^k @M A ,CM @DL M +K %ax i~m gik V akwm l ikka pvdky xxa gi kk% dl gy pw~dm ikiww~d` m. +
xx,>=5#>0>V M @ @ M ^ DX , + %%V akwm i D%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm. + xx, 74#9?
V A K X M W D@+ .K%ykwdca i xdp ag da g ikkm v dwm p `di lwdfd` m gdM , V akwm /K m }yipwdali gikkm gdfipm `al#wDA k m e ~ ml g dl i $ . + x, ==0#=7>
PaaIWM DWMKDML-, , DF=PD,@Mm `y~m gd$+ =98¸ mlldvi~pm~da gikkm ca~wi gd M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm /=579#=?>5$+
dl ]ymgi~ld gik Eda~lmki gd Fdpd`m+ DD/0$ /=455$+ /`a~lxapwa gm$:
N ^ J M W A ^ I=,&^ M kv DM Z ZA W DDP ,+ . M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm i km p`yakm fdpd`m wa~dlipi.+ xx, 6>#57,
E ~yK aW W A K,+ . Mki ppm lg ~a V ak wm likkm pwa~dm gikkm fdpd`m.+ x x,,=#=6 ,,
K M F A ^ E DMC,+ .Wilpdald i `a~~ilwd likkm .w~mgyzdali. f~ml`ipi gikkm wia~dm gd Vakwm.+ xx, >4#
7>,
K Y @ M W -v , + .DD wicxda vakwdmla.+ xx+ ?0#4?,
X M P A Y I,+ .Mxxylwd py V akwm i =0 `kmppd`dwm.+ xx , =5#>?,
W I D@O CM L L S, + .Kdlfkyilzm i kd M kippml g~a V akwm dl E i~c ml dm+ pxi`dmkcilwi py E ia~e @ o~d#
pwaxo K d`nwil ni~e + J aoml l U dkoikc ^dwwi~ i E ia~e Pdc al A oc .+ xx, 70#68,
PA@= IWMPWA^ D@M@AC ILPI/=45?$+ @aldi~ilzi vakwdmli x~acappi gmkkm Pa`diwm Pwa~d`m @acilpi lik
`ilwa`dl}ymlwilm~da gikkm ca~wi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /=?>5#=455$+ dl ^m``akwm Pwal`m gikkm Pa`diwm
Pwa~d m @acilpi+ _DDD /=45?$+ /`acxapwa gm$:
M L L A L D M,+ .@ykwy~m i p`yakm likk%ixa`m gik Vakwm. + xx, 64#=>7,
G I K y , , W A ^ ^ I P,,$ .K m `mpm gid V akwm dl @ ac a i dyad ~ipwmy~d a~wa`il~ip`od.+ xx, =5#0?,
KY@ MW Dv,+.Vakwm i Lmxakiali.+ xx, 7=#69,
K Y @ M W Dv , + .K%igdzdali lmzdalmki gikki Axi~i i gikk%Ixdpwakm~da gd M ki pp ml g~a V akwm .+ xx, =>5#
=07,
K Y @ M W J v , + .Mxxylwd gd d`alae~mfdm vakwdmlm.+ xx, =05#=7> ,,
X^A PG A @DCk ,K+ .P`dil zm i pwa~dae ~mfdm l ikkm @ ac a gd M kippml g~a V akwm w~m w~mgdzdali i ~dva#
kyzdali.+ xx, 0#=0,
DPWDWYWAKAC NM^ GA+Mkippmlg~a Vakwm =54>, Dl`alw~a gd pwygda Dw, > />> eillmda =440$+ Cdkmla =447+
/`acxapwa gm$:
N I ^ W ^ M L G G,+ .Gm Emkvmld m V akwm md l a pw~d e da ~l d, Kivakyzdali g ikkm ~ di i~ im ikiww~afdpdakaed#
`m. + xx, 94#67,
@~#KkM^A~~f E,+ .K m wia~dm cd ~ap`axd m g ikk%i ff iwwa V a kwm i =8=xdkm.+ xx, >=#7= ,,
XI^M C ,, .Wia~di+ ipxi~dcilwd i pw~y~lilwd pi`alga Vakwm.+ xx, 5#>8,
W^d# [PMWWk9,, . Km xdkm gd V akwm: G yi` il wa mlld+ ~l m l al kd gdcapw~m.+ xx , 70#9?,
FALWD VAKWDMLI DM VAKWM PAY^@INAAB
F ^ I E A L I P IK,+ .M eeda~l mc il wa N dnkdae ~mfd`a. + dl Axi~i p`ikwi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /m `y~m gd Eyaz#Zk C,$+ Wa~dla =4652 =44?+ xx, 04#78,
K Y @ M W DV+ .Ndnkdae~mfdm vakwdmlm, P`~dwwd xynnkd mwd dl a`` mpdal i gik =98¸ mlldvi~pm~da gikkm ca~wi i kd
M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm .+ dl Xi~dagd a gikkm Pa diwi Pwa~d`m @acilpi+ _ K V D D /=4?8$+ xx , >>5#>79,
K V @ M W DV+ k`alae~mfdm ig ixde~mfdm gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ @ a c a =4?>,
P M L W M L E I K AE, /m `y~m gd$+ Ndnkdae~mfdm vakwdmlm+ `d~`m 588 axi~i ~deym~gmlwd Vakwm+ dl `a~pa i kd ikm#
na~mzdali lik E~yxxa gd Pwa~dm i Gdgmwwd m gikkm Fdpd m gik Gdxm~~dcilwa g d F dpd` m . M, V akwm. gikk%Y#
ldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ `alpykwmndki py Dlwi~liw m k p dwa owwx:!!uuu,`dkim,dw!vakwm44 /pa~~a .vakyci gd pwygdpwa~d`d pykkm vdwm i k%axi~m gd V akwm. 2 . fal wd x~dc m~di i pi`algm~di.$+
>>
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DK X^AE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD
X ^ A E ^ M C C I AF @IKIN^MWDA LP
W DX A KA EJM + I L Wk X ^ AC AW A ^-+ WICXD GJ ^ I MK DZ Z MZ DA L I! WT X AK A ET + X ^ AC A W DL E N AG DI P+ P @O IG Y K I
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wd wi~~dwa~dmkd `a~lmp`od /X~avdl`dm+ @acyli i @m#
ci~m gd @a~l~li~`da$ i gmk @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m
P`dilwdfd`m .M, Vakwm., Lik gd`icn~i gikka pwippa
mlla dk E~yxxa+ `ml km `akkmna~mzdali gikk%Yld#
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w~m d }ymkd ^d``m~ga Emkkd gikk %Yldvi~pd~m gd Cdkm#
la+ gmvm mdki pwmc xi y l .X~ae~mccm x~ikdcdlm#
~i.+ lik }ymki vildvmla mlwd`dxmwi ki kdlii eydgm
gik x~ipilwi X~ae~mccm,
Mxx~avmwm lik finn~mda gik =445 gmk @alpdekda
^iedalmki gikkm Kacnm~gdm km kieei l, =8=45+ kmEdylwm ^iedalmki om dpwdwydwa dw @acdwm~a ^ieda#
lmki km `yd mwwdvd~m om alpilwdwa gd gdpxa~~i gid
x~dcd fdlmlzdmcilwd /xi~ iacxkippdvd 7 ~ldkdm~gd i
788 cdkdald gd kd~i w~m dk=445 i d==44?$, Dlgd 98#
la pwmwd `apwdwydwd d@acdwmwd x~aca~a~d gd @aca
/=8kyekda =445$ i gd Xmvdm /=44?$+ `al dk `ac#
xdwa gd `aa~gdlm~i ekd dlwi~vilwd m kdvikka ka`mki+
i dl fdl i dd @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki+ dpwdwydwa l ik gd #
`i~ln~i =445 `al gi`~iwa gik Cdldpw~a xi~ d Ni#
l d i ki M wwdvdwm @ y kwy ~mkd i `ml y l m x~dcm gawm#
zdali dk k yl cdkdm~ga gd kd~i gm gipwdlm~i m dlwi~#
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zdm~i kdl pdwa uin gikki `ikin~mzdald i m facd~i dkpyxxa~wa a~emldzzmwdva i pw~ycilwmki xi~ ki `i#
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kicmwd`m # om ~imkdzzmwa xi~ Dm ^iedali Kacnm~#
gdm dk Kaea yffd`mki gikki `ikin~mzdald, Mkw~d pxal#
pa~ omlla py``ippdvmcilwi cippa m gdpxapdzdali
`alw~dnywd+ ml`oi `alpdpwilwd+ i dlf~mpw~y~wy~i xi~
km ~imkdzzmzdali gikki mwwdvdwm dl x~ae~mccm,
@dmpiylm gikki dldzdmwdvi gip`~dwwi lik pieydwa ~i#
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wml Ka`mkd pala `alw~mppielmwd m cm~edli `al dk
Kaea yffd dmki giKki `ikin~mzdald:
Ml im~kt aywkdli af woi X~ae~mcci fa~ woi Nd#`ilwilldmk `ikin~mwdalp af woi dlvilwdal af woiNmwwi~t ump g~mul yx dl =449+ woi tim~ af woi>98wo mlldvi~pm~t af Vakwm%p nd~wo+ nt dldwdmwdviaf m Ua~bdle Wimc cmgi yx af ka`mk @aca dl#pwdwywdalp /X~avdl`i+ Waul @ayl`dk mlg @omc#ni~ af @acci~`i$ mlg nt woi @ilw~i af P`dil#wdfd` @ykwy~i ;fk, Vakwm., Woi E~ayx+ dl `akkmna#~mwdal udwo woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm mlg woi mg#vd`i af ixi~wp py`o mp ^d``m~ga Emkkd f~ac woiYldvi~pdwt af Cdkml+ dppyig wa woi x~ipp dl Gi#`icni~ af woi pmci tim~ m .X~ikdcdlm~t X~a#e~mcci. `alwmdldle woi nmpip fa~ woi `y~~ilwx~ae~mcci,
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Im`o af woi dldwdmwdvip gip`~dnig nikau `m~~dipwoi lmci af woi x~axapi~+ fakkauig nt woipxalpa~ uoi~i mxxkd`mnki: woi x~aji`wp uod oomvi niil mppy~ig fdlml`i nt woi Lmwdalmk@accdwwii+ woi ^iedalmk @accdwwii+ mlg woiKa`mk @accdwwiip `m~~t woi affd dmk kaea:
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ND@ILWILM^DA GIK|DLVILZDALI GIKKM XDKM
K%a~gdli gd x~ipilwmzdali gid x~aei~wd likkm x~i#
pil~i xynnkd`mzdali i dk pieyilwi:
# Xynnkd`mzdald i ~d`i~`oi: axi~i gd Vakwm /dli#
gdwd i ~dpwmcxi$2 ~d`i~`oi i pwygd vakwdmld2 va#kycd gdvykemwdvd dlwa~la m Vakwm i wicd `a~#
~ikmwd2 ~d i~`oi+
# @alvield: p`dilwdfd`d gd `m~mwwi~i gdvykemwdva,
Gdgmwwd`m i gdffypdali: vdgiagdffypdali /vd#
gia`alfi~ilzi i w~mpcdppdald wikivdpdvi$2 dl#
wi~liw /pdwd uin$2 gdgmwwd`m dlwi~mwwdvm /iod#
ndw i kmna~mwa~d$2 mxxkd`mzdald cykwdci`kdmkd
/@G#^AC$,
# Cypidi Capw~i: cypid i mdkipwdcilwd xi~c m#
lilwd2 ~lap~~i pwmlzdmkd2 capw~i dwdli~mlwd2 mk#
w~d ivilwd ipxapdwdvd `akkiemwd,
# Wi`lakaedi /pxi~dcilwmzdald lik piw~a~i wiki#
cmwd`a+ ili~eiwd`a i gid w~mpxa~wd$+
# Mkw~i dldzdmwdvi /m~wi+ pxa~w+ pxiwwm`aka+ vmgi$,
Xi~`a~pd vakwdmld: km vmka~dzzmzdali gid nikkd
pwa~d`d i calycilwmkd likki `dw~m gd Vakwm /gi#
p`~dzdald i dlwi~vilwd gd ~ipwmy~ai ~dx~dpwdla m
@aca+ m Xmvdm i x~ippa k%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga
m Cdkmla$,
Ki Eda~lmwi gd mxi~wy~m gikki @ikin~mzdald pd
mv~mlla m ^acm+ Xmvdm i @aca /`f~+ xx, 4#==$+ km
x~dcm+ `al dkpyxxa~wa gik @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki i
gikk%M``mgi~ldm Lmzdalmki gid Kdl`id+ Di py``ippd#vi `ml dkpyxxa~wa gikkm pwippa @acdwmwa Lmzda#
lmki+ gid @a~ldwmwd X~acawa~d ka`mkd i k%dlwi~vil#
wa gd pxalpa~ x~dvmwd,
K%m~ a wicx a~mki gikki dldzdmwdvi mnn~m``dm ek d ml#
ld =444 i >888 # dlgdvdgymlga `aci gmwi pdc#
nakd oi ipw~ici dd>8 cm~za ikd ilw~m~lnd ekd mlld
/gik >8 cm~za =?88 i =mkiwwi~m `ml `yd Vakwm `a#
cyld`mvm mkkm ^atmk Pa`diwt k%dlvilzdali gikkm Xd#
km$ # + i km wicxa~dzzmzdali dlgd`mwm+ }ymlga edm
gifdldwm+ m``mca m aeld x~aeiwwa, l X~ae~mccm
`acx~ilgi ml`oi dlwi~vilwd x~aeiwwmwd i!a ~im#
Ddzzmwd dlmlld x~i`igilwd /=446#=44?$ avvi~a ml#`oi py``ippdvd />88=$,
W o i x ~i pi lwm wda l a ~g i~ a f wo i x ~a ji `wp =' mp fa kkau p:
# Xynkd`mwdalp mlg ~ipim~`o: u a~bp af Vakwm /yl#x yn kdp oi g m lg ~ ix ~dl wi g$ ~ ip im ~` oi p m l g p wy gdi p
al V akwm 2 dlfa ~c mwdvi g a`y cil wp a l V akwm m lg~ i ki v ml w p y nj i` wp 2 ~ ip i m~ ` o u a ~ b,
# C iiwdle m lg ` al fi~i l`i p: p`di lwdfd`+ e il i~m k,
# G dgm`wd`p mlg xaxykm~dpmwdal: vdgia gdffypdal
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# Cypiyc mlg iodndwdalp: C ypiyc p mlg xi~#c m li lw i o dn dwda lp 2 x yn kd` g dp xkm tp 2 dwdl i~ ml wi od nd wd al p 2 a wo i ~ ~ ik mw ig i vi l wp ,
# W i`olakaedip /wikicmwd + ili~et mlg w~mlpxa~wixi~dcilwp$,
# A woi ~ dl dwdm wdvi p /M ~wp+ px a~wp + il wi~ wm dl ci lw+vm~dayp$,
# V akwm oi~dwmei w~mdkp: woi mxx~i`dmwdal af woi od#p wa ~d` mk m lg m ~` odwi `wy ~m k u im kwo a f V akwm %p ` d#wd ip / gi p` ~dx wda lp m lg ~ ip wa ~m wd al m lg d c x~ av i#c il w x ~a ji `wp dl @ ac a+ X mv dm m lg m w wo i Dpwdwy#wa K ac nm~ga dl C dkml$,
M g gi g w a wo ip i d ldw dm wd vi p+ wo i~ i m ~i m kp a w oi axildle
`ikin~mwdalp dl ^ ac i+ X mvdm mlg @ ac a /`f~, xx, 4#= =$+ woi fd~pw a ~e ml dpi g u dwo wo i p yx xa ~w af wo i L m#
wdalmk @ ac cdwwii mlg woi L mwdalmk M`mgic t afK dl`id+ woi awoi~p u dwo woi pyxxa~w af woi pmc i L m#wda lm k @ ac c dwwii m lg woi ka `m k X ~ac awi~p m lg wo i` a kk mn a ~m wd al a f x ~ dv m wi p x al p a~ p ,
W oi wdc i p`m ki af woi i vi lwp `a vi~p wo i ti m~p = 44 4#> 88 8+ wmbdle mp woi ptc nakd` pwm~w mlg ilg gmwi woi> 8wo af C m~`o /woi kiwwi~ f~ac V akwm wa woi ^atmk
P a` di wt m gv dp dl e wo i p `d iw df d` ` ac y ldw t a f w oi dl vi l#wdal af woi N mwwi~t dp gmwig > 8wo C m~`o =? 88$ #mlg woi wdc dle dlgd`mwig u oil mk~imgt gifdlig+m ka le pdg i i m` o x ~a ji `w+ W o i X ~ ae ~m c c i u dk k dl `k yg ii v il wp x ~ ae ~ mc c i g a~ mk~i mg t wmb il x km `i dl x ~i #
v da yp t im ~p /=446#=44?$ 8= % u od`o m~i gyi wa wmbix km `i m w m km wi ~ gm wi /> 88 =$,
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XY NN KD@ MZ DA L= I ^ D@ I^ @O I
XY N KD@MWDA LP ML G ^I PIM^@ O
AXI^I GD VAKWM ! V A KW M%P U A ^ BP
• M ` a~ lx ki wm c il ~a g iY % Ig dzda li L mzda lm ki g ikki A x i~i g d V akwm + xy nnkd` mwm m `y ~m gikk%Dp wdwy wa K ac nm~#
g a M ` `m gi ~l d m i kd P ` di l zi i K iw wi ~i i kd Cdkmla /5 v a k y c d gd A xi~i+P V aky cd gd Ixdpwakm~da+ > v a k y c d g d Dl #
gd` d gikki ax i~i i gikk%ixdpwakm~da$ vi~~ml la xy nnkd`mwd+ pawwa D%ie dgm gikk%Dp wdwy wa K ac nm~ga pwippa i gik#k%Y l dv i~p dwm g d X mvdm+ gy i l yavd vaky ~l d i P D x~a`igi~m mkkm g de dwmkdz zmz da li pdm giekd p wi pp d p dm g i k c m la #
p`~dwwd x dkd pde ldfd`m~dv d+ l al ~dxa~wm~d dl fa~c m dl wie ~m ki l ikki axi~i xy nnkd`mwi+ D Dl `ac xkiwdal yf woi L m#
wdal mk I gdwdal af U a~bp af M kippml g~a V akwm+ wua l iu v aky c ip udkk n i x yn kdp oi g+ y lg i~ woi m ie dp a f wo i kpwd#
wywa K ac nm ~g a ml g a f wo i Y l dvi ~pdwt a f X mvdm , W oipi m lg woi c apw dc xa ~wm lw c ml yp`~dxwp l aw ~i `a ~gi g dl
wo i ` ac xki wi v i~ pda l d= = x yn kdpo ig u a~ bp u dkk wo il n i g de dwm kdzi g,
/Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga iYldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi @acdwmwa L mz dal mki i @acdwmwi ^iedalmki+ @acd#
wm wa P `di lwdfd` a ! P `di lwdfd` @accdwwii: M , E ~@ Kk N I^ ZA KM ^D+ I, @ M Y # kpwdwywa K a cn m~ ga + C d km la 2 F NIDkk#
K M @ ] Y M + E , NALI^M+ Y l dv i ~p dw d: g d X m vd m$
=, C ml ap`~dwwa dl igdwa ~de y m~gml wi mk`y l i K izdal d py kki M ~di D Y l x yn kdp oi g c m ly p` ~dx w ~ ie m~ gdl e p ac iKi`wy~ip al Md~
DD cmlap`~dwwa+ m`}ydpwm wa ~i`ilwi~lil ~i gmekd M~`odvd gikk% M``mgicdm gikki P`dilzi gd Xm~ded+ `alwdili dk wi#pw m mywae~mfa gd y l m pi~di gd kiz dal d py d e mp wil ywi x~ipycdndk~lilwi m @ ac a 8mkk%Y ldvi~pdwm gd X mvdm+ l id
x~d~l d ml ld gik py a dl pie l m~l il wa+ K m w~mp`~dz dal i gik c ml ap`~dwwa pm~m m`` ac xme l mwm mkk%ml mkdpd fdkakae d`m
gikki pwippa+ gm yl ` ac c il wa p` di lwdfd` a i gm y l m dlw~agyzdali p y kk m m ww dv dw m i kd V akwm ` ac i g a` il wi,! Woi
c m ly p` ~dx w+ u o d` o o mp ~ i` il wkt n ii l m `} yd~ ig f~ ac wo i M ~` odv ip af wo i M ` mg ic t a f P `di l` i a f X m ~dp +` al wm dl pwo i a~dedl mk wi w a f m pi~di p a f K i` wy~ip a l e mpip o ikg x~ipyc mnkt dl @ ac a 8=% m w X mv dm Y l dv i~P dwt dl wo i im~kt
w im ` od le t im ~ p,
>, Km pw~ycilwmzdali vak~dmlm ! Va k wm % p d l pw ~y cil wp
M kwa p` axi gd gm~i pie ydwa mkk%my pxd` da eddd, ipx~ippa l ik= ? 4 4 + pd x~a`igi~m mkdm xy nnkd`mz dal i gd y l y kwdc a
v aky c i g ig d` mwi m kk mP w~ yc i l wm zd al i V a kw dm = =, m+ dai y lm ~m``akwm ` ~dwd`m gd wywwd ek d p w~y ~l il wd p` di lwdfd` d y wd#
kdzzmwd i!a ~imkdzzmwd gmk V akwm gy ~ml wi km py m mwwdv dwm gd ~d`i~`m + Pd w~mwwm gd ~m``ae kdi~i fa~ae ~mfdi i gip` ~d#
z dal d gd wy wwm D m pw~y c il wmz dal i a~de dl mki ml `a~m ipdpwil wi x~ippa dk %Dic xda V akwdml a m @ ac a+ dw C y p i axi~ km P wa~dm gikk%Y ldvi~pd~m gd X mvdm i mkw~d C ypid i ` a kk iz da l d x y n nk d` o i i x ~ dv m wi + i gd }yiYm ml gmwm xi~#
gy wm gy ~ml wi D%dl `il gda gikkm ~l apw~m gik = ? 4 4 ,, K ixi~m vi~~m `ac xkiwmwm g m kk m ~ dx ~a g y zd al i gd wywwd ekd
p`odzz d i gikki gip`~dz dal d a~de dl mkd gd pw~y cil wmz dal d `al wil ywd l ikki axi~i i l id c ml ap`~dwwd vakwdml d dl i#
gdwd ml`a~m `alpi~vmwd x~ippa D%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ lal`oi gikki pxi~dcilwmzdald g d~ iww mc i l wi µ if fi wwy m wi
g m kk a p `d il z dm wm ,! M ` ~dwd` mk ` akki `wda l a f m kk wo i p` di lwdfd` dl pw~ yc il wp y pi g n t a ~ c mg i n t V akwm g y~ dl e o dp
~ ipi m~` o m `wdv dwt , W oi x ~a ji `w dp wa ` akki `w x oa wa e~m xo p m lg g ip` ~dx wda lp a f m kk wo i a ~de dl mk dl pw~ yc il wp pwdkkwa ni fay lg dl wo i W ic xda V akwdml a 2 = = @ ac a+ woi Y ldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm C ypiyc mlg dl awoi~ C ypiyc p mlgx yn kd` m lg x ~dv mwi ` akki `wda lp+ m p u ikk m p wo ap i g ip w~a ti g dl wo i fd~ i g y~dl e wo i =?44 Iodndwdal,
0, G de dwmkdzz mz dal i gikki ax i~i gd M , V akwm J G de dwm kdz mwda l a f M , V akwm %p u a~bK %I gdz dal i L mzdal mki gikki A xi~i gd M kippml g~a V akwmi ` dm wic xA % fy a~d `a~l ci~` da, ] y ipwm kdc d~m fa~wi#
c il wi km x appdndkdwm gd gdffy pdal i gik xil pdi~a gikkm p` dil zdm wa dl Dwmkdm i mkk%ip~i~a
Dl }yipwm `mpa km gdedwmkdzzmzdali `apwdwydp`i yl%dxawipd ` dw e~mlgi dlwi~ippi+ xi~`oi axxa~wyld pdpwicd gd
p`oigmwy ~m gik c mwi~dmki `al pil ~d~inni~a k%dl gd` dzzmz dal i gie kd m~e ac il wd+ gid ky ae od+ gid xi~pal me ed+ `oi
xaw~inni~a ippi~i fm dkcilwi ~ixi~dwd i cippd dl ~ikmzdali w~m km~m, ! Woi L mwdalmk Igdwdal af woi u a~bp af
M ki ppml g~a V akwm o mp n ii l y lm vmdkm nki fa ~ m ka le wdc i, W odp pw~a le kt kdc dwp wo i gdffy pda l af wo i p`di lwdpw%pwo ay eo w n awo dl D wm kt m lg m n~ am g, D l wo dp ` mp i+ g de dwm kdz mwda l ` al pwdwy wi p m v i~ t dl wi ~i pwdl e o tx awo ip dp + m p a x#
x a~wyl i c mwi ~dm k fdki #~i `a ~g dl e pt pwic p u aykg m kka u fa ~ woi dl gi m wda l a f wo i wa xd` p+ x km` ip+ x ia xki+ wo mw`a ykg i mpdkt ni w~m `i g m lg ` al wm `wi g ,
• Kiwwi~m gd M, Vakwm m Pd~ J apixo Nml bp gik >8 C m~za = ? 88 ! Kiwwi~ nt M , V akwm wa P d~ Ja pi xo Nmlbp af > mw oC m ~ :` o = ? 8 8/Y l dv i~pdwm g d X mv dm | F dl ml zdmc il wa x~ax~da, M `y~m gd ! Igdwig nt F NIVDK M@] Y M i E , NALI^M$
X i~ km @ akkm lm gd P wa ~dm g ikkm P `di lz m g ik G dx m~ wd~l il wa i kd Fdpd`m %M , Vakwm % vilm x yn nkd` m~m km ` ax dm m lm p~m wd` m
gikkm kiwwi~m gik >8 C m~za = ? 88+ `al km } y mki V akwm ` a~l yl d`mvm mkkm ^ atmk Pa`diwt k%dl vil zdal i gik py a mx#
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X^AE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! X ^ A E ^ M C C I AF @IKIN^MWD ALP
xm~idk m `akalli /km x dkm$ + K m kiwwi~m + p` ~dwwm dl f~m l` ipi+ i pwmwm xy nnkd`m wm py D Xodkapaxod`mk W~mlpm`w dalp /x ,
DD+ xme , 780 + = ? 8 8$ `al dw pa ka wdwaka w~mga ~wa dl dl e kipi, K m kiwwi~m pm~m x ~i` igy wm g m y l m dl w~agy z dal i m
` m ~ mw wi ~ i p ~ a~ d` a # p `d i l wd f d` a , ~ F a~ wo i O dpwa ~t a f P `dil `i wo i M , V akwm . Gi xm ~wc il w a f X ot pd` p. P i~ di p+ m l m lm #
pwmwd` `axt af woi kiwwi~ af woi >8 C m~`o =?88+ u oi~i Vakwm `ac cyld`mwig odp dlvilwdal af odp mxxm~idkm` aka ll i / wo i X dki $+ u dkk n i x yn kdp oi g,
• Pykk%ikiww~d dwm i` dwmwm gm k picxkd`i `alwmwwa gd papwmlzi `algywwydi gd gdyi~pm lmwy~m, K iw~i~m gd M ,
V akwm m P d~ J apixo N ml b p gik >8 C m~z a = ? 88 / x~ ipi lwm zda li m @ a ca df > 8 ~lm~za =444$= . El Ik i` w~ d` dw tpwdc ykmwig nt pdc xki `al wm`w u dwo `algy`wdvi pynpwml`ip af g dffi~ilw wtxip. , M, V akwm %p ki wwi ~ wa P d~ J a pi xoNmlbp af >8 C m~`o =?88 /x~ipilwmwdal al >8wo C m~`o = 4 4 4 dl @ ac a$,
/@ mc i~m gd @ ac c i~` da gd @ ac a, F dl ml zdmc il wa x~ax ~da,- Pik f# fdlml`ig, M `y~m gd ! I gdwig nt EdMJ[JLk NALI^M$
= =v aky ci ~dx~ag y `i km w~mgy zda l i dwmkdml p gikkm kiwwi~m gd V akwm py kk%dl vil zda li g ikk% m xx m~ i` `o da m ` aka l#lm /x dkm$ + m `y c gd C m~da @ kdazz d+ ig i x~i`igy wa gm y l pme e da gd `m~mwwi~i gdvy ke m wdva i kd E dm ll d N al i~m +
Y l dv i~pdwm g d X mv dm,! Woi vakyc i ~ix~agy`ip woi Dwmkdml w~mlpkmwdal af V akwm%p kiwwi~ mnayw woi dlvilwdal af
woi %mxxm~i``oda m `akallm. /X dki$+ igdwig nt C m~da E kda zzd+ fakkau dle m xaxykmlpdle ippmt nt E dmlld N a#
l i~ m+ X m vdm Y l d vi ~p dwt ,
• Kiwwi~i gik Pdela~ gal M kippmlg~a Vakwm pykk%m~dm dlfdmc cmndki lmwdym gikki xmkygd ! Kiwwi~p nt M , Vak#wm al woi dlfkmc cmnki md~ lmwdvi wa c m~`oip
/K d`ia V akwm+ @ ac a, @ al w~dny wa M @ P C , M `y~m gd ! Igdwig nt C m~da Kalemwwd$
P d w~mwwm gikkm ~dpwmc xm ml mpwmwd`m gikki ki wwi~i+ edm xy nnkd`m wi l ik V aky ci g ik k% Ix dp wa dc % da g d M ki pp ml g~ aVakwm+ g igd`mwi mkDm p` axi~wm i mkkm pwy g da gik c iwml a /lavicn~i = 4 4 ? $ , ! Dw dp woi ml mpwmwd` ~ix~dlw a f woiki wwi ~p+ m k~i mg t x yn kdpo ig dl wo i V aky ci a f M, V akwm %p .I xdpwa km ~da .+ g ig d`m wi g wa wo i g dp` av i~t m lg pwy gt a f
c i wo ml i / La vi c ni ~ =44?$,
^ D@ I^ @ O I I P W Y G D V A KWDM L D ! ^IPIM^@O MLG P WYGDIP A L VAKWM
" GDMDYA CMLEDKD/Y ldv i~pdwm g d X mvdm, F dl ml zdm~l il wa x~ax~da! Pikf#fdlml`ig, M `y~m gd ! I gdwig nt M K Ip pk UG ^ M F I ^^ M ^I P =+
F^ML@A EfYGD@I+ E I A ^ @ =J,w PM L G DL @ I KA + Yldyi~pdwm g d X m vd m$
G dm~da dl ig dwa p` ~dwwa gm E dy pixxi C ml edkd+ py ``ippa ~i gd K mzzm~a P xmkkml zml d m X mvdm py kkm @mwwig~m i kd
P wa~dm L mwy ~mki+ ~ikmwdvi mkk%ml la = 54 >+ } y ml g a i~m pwy gil wi m Xmvdm,
L ik gdm~da pal a ~dxa~~m wi dl fa ~c mzdal d e da~l mkdi~i i giwwme kdm wi py kki kiz dal d pie y dwi gmk C ml edkd ~ikmwdv m#
c il wi md `a ~pd wil y wd gm V akwm+ P xmkkml zml d i P `m~xm i dk py a dc xie l a ] y mki mdy wml wi dc x~avv dpmwa g d V ak#
wm l ikki m wwdv dwm gd Dmna~mwa ~da+ x ~ax ~da l ik xi~daga dl `y d } y ipw%y kwdc a dl dz da ki py i ~d`i~`oi y kk%ikiww~d` dwm
mldcmki , ! Y l xynkdpoig gdm~t u ~dwwil nt E dypixxi C mledkd+ py``ippa ~ af K mzzm~a P xmkkmlzmld wa woi @ omd~a f L mwy ~m k O dpwa ~t dl X mvdm + ~i km wdl e wa wo i t im ~ =54> u oil oi u mp pwygilw dl X mvdm, W oi gdm~t `alwmdlp gmdkt
dl !a~c mwdal, mlg giwmdkp mnay w woi ki`wy~ip C mledkd fa kkau ig edvil n t V akwm+ Pxmkkmlzmld mlg P`m~xm ml g
mnayw odp iffa~wp mp dc x~avdpig mppdpwmlw wa Vakwm dl kmna~mwa~t m`wdvdwdip+ dl woi vi~t xi~dag u oil Vakwm
p wm ~w ig o dp ~ ip im ~` o8= =
m l dcm k i ki` w~ d` dw t,
• M ,M , V v , + M, V akwm: niwu iil lmwy~mk xodkapaxot mlg xotpd`p/@ a kkml m g d P wa~dm g iY m P `dil zm+ G dx, g d F dpd`m % M , •V akwm % Y l dvi~pdwm gd X mvdm, @ al w~dny wa @ a c dwmwa L m#
z dalm ki ! @ alw~dnywdal L mwdalmk @ ac cdwwii, M `y~m gd ! I gdwig nt FMNDA Nw[fkKM@]YM+ K Y @ dA X ^ IE A LI PI $
Y l iki~lil~a `il w~mki gikki `ikin~mz dal d v` kwdml i gik = 44 4 i dk ~dipmc i gikk% axi~m p` dil wdfd` mgd V akwm mkkm
ky `i gid ~i`il wd pvdky x xd pwa ~dae ~mfd` d i gid `al w~dny wd affi~wd gm y lm g dp` dx kdl m dl e ~ml gi pvdky xxa: km P wa#
~dm g ikkm P idil zm, I % pwmwy }y dl gd x~a e iwwm wa y l va ky c i `o i ~m``a e kdi~m j `a l w~dny wd gd ` d~`m ] ym~ml wm pwy #
gdapd gd vm~d x mipd m wwdv d l ik `mc xa gikki ~d` i~` oi gd pwa~dm gikki p` dil zi gd fdl i P iwwi`il wa, L ik va ky c i+
`o i dkky pw~i~m dk ~y aka gd V akwm l ik xmppme e da w~m km .fdkapafdm l mwy ~mki. piwwi`il wip`m i km .fdpd` m. awwa`il wi#
pim w~avi~ml la mc xda px mzda ki p` ikwi wia~d`oi io i oml la xa ~wmwa V a kwm m g m~i pxi` dfd` d i ~dkivml wd `a l w~d#
ny wd md x~a `ippd gd }y ml wdfd`mz da li gikki p` dil zi pxi~dc il wm kd+ dl xm~wd`a km~i l ikk%ikiww~apwmwd` m+ ` od~l d`m+ fd #
pd`m xl iy cmwd`m+ iy gdac iw~dm+ wi~c aka e dm + y ik ` mc xa gid il ac il d e mkvml d` d+ i giJ Jm x ~agy zdal i g d `m~d#`o i i `a ~~il ~d ikiw~~d`o i+ X m~wd`akm~i `y c pm~m gmwm m kk%my mkdpd gid ` al wipwd p` dil wdfd` d+ dpwdwy zdal mkd+ ` ykwy ~m#
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XYNNKD@MZDALk I ^D@I^@OI ! XYNKD @MWD ALP MLG ^IP IM^@O
kd i xakdwd` d gd y l%ixa`m xm~wd` akm~~l il wi ~d`` m gd ivil wd c ic a~mndkd, = =vaky ci pm~m, x ynnkd`mwa l ik `a~pa gik
=444,! W oi v aky ci dkky pw~m wi p V akwm %p ~a ki dl wo i w~m lpdwda l f~a c pi vi lwi il wo ` il wy ~t ¢ lm wy ~m k x odka pa xo t.
wa ide owiilwo `ilwy~t .xotpd`p² ml g gimkp i wilpdvikt u dwo woi woia~iwd`m k `oad`ip u od`o kig V akwm wa cmbi
px i` dfd` m lg ~i ki vm lw ` al w~dn ywda lp wa wo i x ~a `i pp a f } ym lwdfd` mwda l a f i x i~dc il wm k p` di l` ip, X m~wd` ykm ~ m w#
wi lwda l dp x mdg wa wo i m lm kt pdp a f wo i p` di lwdfd` + dl pwdwy wda lm |+ ` ykwy ~m k m lg x akdwd` mk `alwiwp af odp m ei,
" K , F ^I EA LI PI + V a kw m% p i ki `w~ d` mk x ~a e~ mc c i/@ akkml m gd P wm`dm gikkm P` dil zm+ G dxm~wdc il ~a gd Fdpd`m %M ,V akwm% Yldvi~pd wm gd Xmvdm , Fdl ml zdmc il wa x~a#
x~da! Pik~fdlml`dle$
@ al w~m ~dm ci lwi m kk%dl wi ~x ~i wmz da li g ac dl ml ~i + ` oi ~d` al gy `i dk x ~a e~m cc m ikiww~d`a v akwdm l a m k x m~ mg de #~lm .e~mvdwmzdalmki. gd M ixdl yp i @ ay kac n+ pd fm vigi~i `n i + m ww ~m vi~ pa y l % a~ de d l mk i ~ di km n a~ mz da l i gikkm wia#
~dm ikiww~d` m gd F~ml bkdl i gikkm wia~dm gik `mka~i gd N ap`avd` o+ V akwm m~~dvi x~ipwa m y l%iffd` m`i `al `iwwy m#
k dz z m zdali .~ lm eli wd`a#xliy c m wd`m% % gikki m z dald i ki ww ~dioi , ]yipwm ` al `iwwy mkdzz mzdal i e kd x i~c dpi dl xm~#
wd`akm~i gd w~ mw wm ~i ` a~l x ki pp d i mp d g d . dl g y zda l i i ki ww~ ap wm wd `m . p d~ ld kd m } y ikkd dle da `a ~di k fy l zda lm ~l il wa g ik#
k%i kiww~afa~a i gik ` al gil pmwa~i, P d fm dl akw~i vigi~i ` oi km ` ac xal il wi .xl iy cmwd`m. gik x~ae ~mc cm ikiw#
w~d`a g d V akwm pd ~dw~avm mkkm nmpi gid py ad wil wmwdv d g d Ddl im~dzz mzdal i i pwml gm~gdzz mzdal i gikki c dpy ~i gd . wil#
pdali. iki~w~d`m, j Dl ` al w~ mp w u dwo wo i g ac dl ml w dl wi ~x ~i wm wda l+ u o d` o wm bi p V akwm %p i ki `w~ d` mk x ~a e~ mc c i n m` b
wa wo i . e~m vdwm wda lm k. x m~m gde c a f M ix dl yp m lg @ ay ka cn + dw dp poau l wo mw+ wo ~a yeo ml a~dedl mk ~i#ikmna~m#
wda l a f F ~ml bkdl%p iki`w~d`mk woia~t mlg af N ap`avd`o %p woia~t af oimw+ V akwm pa al ~im`oig ml iffi`wdvi.c m#eliwd`#xliycmwd`. ` al `i xw ym kd pm wda l a f i ki `w ~d `m k m ` wd al p,
V A K Y C D G DV k= K E M W DV D DL W A ^ L A M V A K W M I W I C D @ A ^ ^ I K M W D
DL FA ^C M WDV I U ^ DW DL E P AL VAKWM MLG ^IKMWIG PY N,-I@WP
" Dlwa ~l a m V akwm: `iwd+ e ~y xx d+ x i~pa li w~m W dfa ~c i i ~dv aky zda ld likk%m~im @8===mp`m/=568#=?08$ ! @al#` i~ ld le V a kw m: mkk ~mlbp+ e~ayxp+ xiaxki niwu iil ~ifa~c p mlg ~ivakywdalp dl woi @ ac a m~im /=568#=?08$
/P a`diwm Pwa~d`m @ ac il pi+ @ al w~dny wi M cc dl dpw~mzdal i X~avdl `dmki gd @ ac a- @ al w~ dn ywda l @ ac a X ~a vdl `i ,
^ipxalpmndkd D P y xi~vd pa ~p: P WIFMLAGIKKM WA^^I+E DM L@ M ^K A E M KK D$
Mwwd gd l dk ` al viel a ~il ywapd l ik gd i~ln~i =446+ dl `y d pal a pwmwd xapwd g y i fa l gm c il wm kd andiwwdvd: gm K Dl
kmwm+ pwmndkd~i pi i dl }y mki c aga km ~imkwm `ac mp` m pixxi mx~d~pd mkki l avdwm `oi vil dvml a gme kd mvvil d#
c il wd kiemwd mkki ~dfa~c i i mkki ~dvaky z dal d c mwy ~mwi w~m = m f dl i gik P iwwi` il wa i d ~dc d g i` il ld g ikk%A wwa#
` il wa2 gm kk%mkw~a+ m vv dm~i y l m ~dfkippdal i py kkm pa` diwm ` ac mp` m dl } yikkm fm pi x i~ ` ae kdi ~l i c ie kda dgdlmcdpcd+! X ~a `i ig dl ep a f m `a le ~i pp o ikg dl G i` ic ni ~ =446,
"@a ca i k%Ipxapdzdali yakwdmlm g`k=?44 ! @ ac a mlg woi Vakwm iodndwdal af = ? 4 4 /@aca =445$
/Fmcdeddm @acmp`m, F dl m lz dm c il wa x ~a x~ da ! P ik f# fd lm l` dl e$
^ dx ~a gy z da li m lm pwm wd` m gikk %acaldcm ~dv dp wm ` oi m `` ac x me l a k i c ml dfi pwmz dal d i km E~mlgi Ipxapdzdalidl ala~i gi k x~ dca `ilwilm~da g ikk%dl vil zdal i gikkm Xdkm+ @al y l m x~ipilwmzdali gd M kni~wa K al e mwwd, !
M lm pwm wd` ~i x~a gy `wda l a f wo i oacalwcayp jay~lmk u od`o fakkau ig woi `ikin~mwdalp mlg woi E ~imw Iodnd#
wdal fd~pw @ ilwilm ~t af woi dlvilwdal af woi N mwwi~t, U dwo ml dlw~agy `wdal af M kni~wa K alemwwd,
" M ki pp ml g~ a V akwm ,, I lw~ m dl pmlm f m ky `i /@aca+ = 4 4 5 $ = M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm + K de ow i lwi~p wo i p` il i /@a#
ca =445$
/Ilza Xdffi~d I gd~a~i+ @ ac a, Fdl ml zdmc il wa x~ax ~da! Pikf#fdlml`dle$
V a ky c i d kk yp w~ mw a gd =77 xmedli ~ im kd zz m wa g m k fmwae ~mfa ig i gdwa~i ` a c mp `a I l z a X df fi ~d+ W ipwm Dwm kdml a ` ml
w~mgy zdal i dl ekipi m fdml `a , ^ dx~axal i km ndae ~mfdm gd V akwm p` ~dwwm gm C my ~dzda C al wd l ik =?69,= Ml dk#
kypw~mwig y a k y ci nt woi @ ac a xoawae~mxoi~ mlg x ynkdpoi~ I lza X dffi~d, Dwmkdml wi w u dwo I lekdpo w~mlpkm#
wdal axxapdwi, Dw ~ix~axapip woi n dae~mx ot af V akwm u ~dwwil n t C my~dzda C al wd d== =? 69,,
" Mkippmlg~a Vakwm #=544#=444 Nd ilwilm~da gikk%dlyilzdali gikkm xdkm /@ ac a+ fi nn ~m da =44?$
/Mzdilgm gd X~acazdali Wy~dpw d m gik @ ac mp ` a, @ al ~~dny wa Fal gmzdal i @ m~dxka$
Xmp`d`aka m v de l iwwi m `y ~m i k d Xmaka Apwdlikkd+ V il eal a x~axapwi dl c aga gdvi~wil wi+ ~l m ~dea~apa+ Diwmxxi xdy pde ldfd`mwdvi gikkm v dwm dkkM kippml g~a V akwm i gik py a xi~`a~pa p` di lwdfd` a,DDppy i n t X ma ka A iwd#
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X^AE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALk ! X ^ AE ^ MC C I A F @ IK IN ^M W= 8L P
likkd, M fyl nyw ~dea~ayp m``aylw af woi kdfi af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm mlg odp p`dilwdfd` m``ac xkdpoc ilwp,
• E, XAK VMLw+Mkippmk% kgc Vakwm /^acm+ =4 cm~za =444! ^ac i+ =4wo cm~`o =444$/M``mgicdm Lmzdalmki gikki P`dilzi gilm gid _K+ M``mgicdm Lmzdalmki gid Kdl`id+ G i c y p Emkdkmimlm,
@alw~dnywa @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki! @ a lw~ dn ywda l L m wda lm k @ a cc dwwi i$
^dpwmcxm gikkm pwygda falgmcilwmki gd Edavmlld Xakvmld py Vakwm+ xynnkd`mwa lik =47> gmkkm Gacyp Em#
kdkm im l m m Xdpm,! ^ ix ~dl w a f E da vm ll d X ady ml d%p fy lg mc il wm k pwy gt 8== V akwm + x yn kdp oi g dl = 4 7 > nt wo i G a#c yp E mkkkimlm dl X dpm,
• Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ @ac a i dk Km~da ! Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ @ ac a mlg woi Km~da m~im/Yldvi~pdwm gikkm Wi~zm Iwm+ @aca, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm! @ alw~dnywdal K ac nm~g t ^ iedal, M
`y~m gd ! I gdwig nt Y C N I ^ W A CAKWIL- $
Vakyci gd 0>8 xmedli `al a kw~ i 0 88 dkky p w~ mz da l d m ` aka ~d+ W~mwwm km vdwm i D%axi~m gikkm p dilzdmwa+ gigd mlga
mkw~ipd m~lxda pxmzda mkkm gip`~dzdali gid kyaeod dl `yd vdppi i paeedaca, DD vakyci pm~m x~ipilwmwa dk >6
cm~za =444 x~ippa = Dpwdwywa E, @m~gy``d m @aca, ! Dw gimkp udwo woi kdfi mlg u a~bp af wo i p` dil wd pw m l g `al#
wm dl p m c xk i gip`~dxwdalp af woi xkm`ip u oi~i oi kdvig mlg pajaycig,
• Eydgm wy~dpwd`m ndkdleyi /ipwmwi =444$ ! Ndkdleymk way~dpw eydgi /Pycci~ =444$
/Mxxylwmcilwd Cypd`mDd N~ylmwi+ @acyli gd N~ylmwi+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki gd @aca$
Eydgm `a~~igmwm gd xdmlwdli+ dlfa~cmzdald wy~dpwd`oi i `illd pwa~d`d gigd`mwm m Vakwm, ! K a` mk wa y~ dp weydgi+ udwo odpwa~d`mk dlfa~cmwdal gigd`mwig wa Vakwm,
• L yavm eydgm gik Wicxda Vakwdmk%ka D L iu Eydgi af V a kwm W i c xki/^awm~t @kyn @aca Nm~mgikka, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da! P ik f# fdl m l` dl e, ^ i px al pm n dki D Pyxi~vdpa~:
Mkni~wa Kalemwwd$
Xi~ km pi`algm ciwm gik =444 i x~ivdpwm km xynnkd`mzdali gd ylm lyavm eydgm gik Cmypakim gd Vakwm m @a#
ca$ gd 7? xmedli+ ~imkdzzmwm dl fa~cmwa wmp mndki+ dlwi~mcilwi m `aka~d+ dl gyi igdzdald /dwmkdmlm i dlekipi$,!
M l iu e ydg i wa wo i V a kw m C m y pa ki yc d = = @aca+ 7? x me ip + x a` ni w i gd wd al + dkk fykk `akay~2 udkk n i ! $y n kd po ig
dl wu a i gdwda lp /Dwm kdm l m lg I le kdpo $ mlg u dkk n i m vm dkm nki dl wo i ` ay ~pi a f = 44 4,
• WACMPA NDML@OD+ Gikkm vdwm g ik ` al wi M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm x mw~dzda ` ac mp` a ! K dfi a f @ ay lw M ki ppm lg ~a V ak#wm+ m @ ac a x mw~d` dm l
/@acyli gd Wa~la+ @aca, @alw~dnywi @acdwmwi X~acawa~i @acmp`a! @ al w~dn ywda l @ ac a X ~a ca wdl e@accdwwii$
Lik =444 pm~m x~axapwm km ~dpwmcxm mlmpwmwd`m gikkm x~dcm ndae~mfdm gdMkippmlg~a Vakwm+ xynnkd mwm dl @a#
ca lik=?>4 /gyi mlld pakd gaxa km ca~wi gikkm p`dilzdmwa$ gmk pm`i~gawi+ xaiwm i xmw~dawm Wacmpa Ndml#
`od+ lmwdvi gd Wa~la pyk Kmea i kd @aca+ i mywa~i mkw~ipd gd yl @m~ci gigd`mwa m Vakwm+ xy~i `acilywa lik
vakyci, ! M lm pwm wd` ~ ix ~dl w a f wo i fd~pw ndae~mxot a f M ki pp ml g~ a V a kw m xynkdpoig dl @ ac a dl =?>4 n t wo i x ~di #pw+ xaiw mlg x m w~ da w W a c mp a N dml`od+ m lmwdvi af Wa~la al K mbi @aca,
• C 8 =%wa e~m fdi wi cm wd` oi ! W oi cm wd` C a la e~m xo p/@ilw~a gd @yk~y~m P dilwdfd`m -kM,Vakwm., @alw~dnywa @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki! @alw~dnywdal Lmwdalmk @8=k=#
cdwwii$
K%dgim i gd ~m``aekdi~i dl ylm pi~di gd 7 vakycd /gd lal xdy gd =98 xmedli `dmp`yla$ dk xylwm gd vdpwm gd pwy#
gdapd+ pxi dmkdpwd i fdkm af 9 = , , = e~mlgd wicd gikkm pvdkyxxa wi`ld`a#p dilwdfd`a `akJiemndki mkdm ~dvakyzdali dl#
galm gmkk%ypa gikk%ikiww~d dwm i+ xdy dl eili~mki+ ili~edm+ wiki`acyld`mzdald+ dlfa~cmwd`m+ pdpwi~ld dllavmwd#
vd lmzdalmkd+ D vaky~ld+ km `yd yp`dwm i x~ivdpwm ~~m km fdli gik =444 i dk >888+ ~m``aek di~mlla d x~dl`dxmkd
`alw~dnywd gid xi~palmeed `oi dlwi~vi~~mlla likki gdvi~pi a``mpdald `ale~ippymkd gikki cmldfipwmzdald,
Woi dgim dp wa `akki`w dl m pi~dip af 7 vakycip /u dwo m c mdc yc af =P A x m ei p i m `o $ a xd ld al p mwwg x adl wp a f
v di u a f p `o akm ~p + p xi `dm kdp wp m lg x odka pa xo i~ p 8== wo i e ~i mw wo ic i p a f wo i wi `o ld` mk# p` di lwdfd` g iv ika xc i lwkdlbig wa woi ~ivakywda l `my pig n t wo i y pi af iki` w~d`dwt mlg c a~i eili ~m kkt n t ili~et: wiki`accyld`mwdalp+dl fa ~c mwda l wi `o la ka et m lg dl la vm wdv i l mwda lm k pt pwi cp,
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XYNNY@MZDALD I ^~@I^@OI ! X Y NNKD@ MW DA L P M L G ^ IPI M^ @ O
,P d piel mkml a dl ak~~i w~i xy nnkd`mz dal d gik = 4 46+ m `y ~m gikkm Fmc de kdm @ a~l mp`m: !C il wda =%k c ypw n i c m#
gi af wo~ii awoi~ xynkd`mwdalp af =446+ i gdwi g n t F mc de kdm @ ac mp` m:
# VD Wm`ydl gd @ycmp`o, C igmekdal d pwa~d` d ~dfi~dwd mg ml iggawd va Dwdml d /= 4 4 9 + = 4 4? + = 44 4 $
# N dnkdae~mfdm V akwd8= =m, @mwmkaea dkk >90 axi~i `al py kwmndkd x~ippa km N dnkdawi` m ` ac y l mki gd @ ac a /dl` akkmn a~mz dal i ` al } yipw%y kwdc m$ / =4 4 6$,! M `mwmka eyi af> 9%0 u a~bp u od`o `ml ni `alpykwig mw @ ac a Cy#
l d` dx mk K dn ~m ~t /dl ` akkm na ~m wda l u dwo wo i pm ci $# D k y c = = = gi @ 8 = = = = = = , P`mcxakd gd pwa~dm gikk%dkkycdlmzdali xynnkd`m i gikdikiww~ddd`mzdali lik @acmp`a D
F ~mec ilwp af woi o dpwa~t af x ynkd` kdeowdle mlg iki`w~dfd`mwda l dl woi @ ac a m ~im /=446 $,
^ D @ I ^ @ O I = ^IPI M^@ O U A^B
• @ akkizdal d p` dil ~dfd`oi m @ ac a: ml mkdpd pwa~d`a#`~dwd`m+ x~aeiwwmzdal i gdgmwwd` m ! P ` di lw dfd ` ` akk i` wda l p dl
@ a c a: o dp wa ~d` mk #` ~dw d` mk m lm kt pdp + g dg m` wd ` x km ll dl e,/@ il w~a gd @ ykwy ~m P `dil wdfd` m %%M, V akwm. , @ al w~dny wa ^ ie dal i K a~l nm~gdm i Fal gmz dal i @ m~dxka! @alw~d#
ny~dil Kacnm~gt ^ ieda l ml g @ m~dx ka FAkcgmwdAdk, E~yxxa g d km va ~a D Ua~be~ayx: XMAKAN~kkdLLD+ VMKIL#W DL M E M KY + N^YLA CMEMWWD+ XD IW^A WAGIP@ODLD$
M k fdl i gd vmka~dzzm~i Di `akkizdal d p` dil wdfd` oi x~ipil w- m @ ac a+ gdpw~dny dwi ky lea dkxi~`a~pa gmk W ic xda
V akwdm la mk K d` im .M , Vakwm. i dl ` a~pa gd ~imkdzzmzdal i y l a pwy gda xi~ dk ~ipwmy ~a i dw ~da~g dl a gikki mx xm#
~i``odmwy~i ipdpwilwd,
l x~aeiwwa x~ivigi yl%mlmkdpd pwa~d`a# ~dwd`m i km `alpieyilwi x~ae~mccmzda~di giekd dlwi~vilwd dkkvmka~dz#
zmzdal i+ l al `oi km fa~~l mzdal i gd y l e~y xxa gd kmva~a+ ` oi xappm dl gd~dzzm~i pawwa dk x~afdki g i kk m g dg m~ wd #
` m e kd dl wi~v il wd i+ py ``ippdvm~l il wi+ e m~ml wd~i = m e ipwdal i gdg mwwd`m gikki `akkizdal d,
K %ml mkdpd pwa~d`m i km x~aeiwwmzdal i gie kd dl wi~vil wd vi~~ml la iffiwwy mwi ` i~` ml ga gd m~~l al dzzm~i w~m ka~m Di
gdvi~pi ipde il zi+ } ymDd dk ~de a~i p`dil wdfd`a+ km vmkil zm gdvy ke mwdvm i gdgmwwd`m + km xappdndkdwm gd cmldxakm#
z dal i gm xm~wi gid R~y dwa~d+ ` oi k%ipxapdzdal i gikki ` akkizdal d p` dil wdfd` oi `ac xa~wm, P m~ml la mkw~ipd `al pd#
gi~mwd km g dv i~pm l mwy ~m gikJ i `akkizdal d /d ` dc i kd a ~de dl m ~d dkk V akwm i ki ka~m ~ d`apw~yzdald pwa~d`oi+ pw~y#
~l il wd p` dil wdfd` d g %ixa`m y pmwd xi~ = m gdgmwwd`m + gda~mc d p` dil wdfd` d gid x~d~l d gik %4 88+ ~d` apw~y zda~y ~l agi~#
l i gd p~~y cil wd g %ixa`m vakwdml m$ i dk gdvi~pi wdxa gd f~y dzdal i gikki pwippi / wy ~dp~l a `y kwy ~mki xi~ = =%Dic xda
V akwdml a i gdgmwwd`m mwwdvm xi~ dk K d`ia V akwm+ k%Dpwd~y wa @ m~gy ` `d i dk K mna~mwa~da E mwwal d$, ! = = = a ~g i~ wa
iloml`i woi vmkyi af woi p`dilwdfd` `akki`wdalp dl @ ac a gdpw~dnywig niwu iil woi % Dicxda V akwdm la / Va kwm
Wicxki$ mlg woi K d` im V akwm /M , Vakwm E~mccm~ P`oaak$+ m pwy gt fa ~ wo i ~i pwa ~m wda l, m lg ~i #m ~~m le dl e a f
woi i dpwdle mxxm ~m wyp o mp niil xkml lig, W oi xdmy x~avdg ip fa~ m odpwa~d`mk#`~dwd`mk ml mktpdp m lg woi x~a#e~mc cdle af woi iloml`ic ilw u a~bp+ mp u ikk mp woi piwwdle#yx af m u a~bdle wimc womw `ml gd~i`w woi u a~bp
U Dg i~ m g dg m`wd` x ~a fdki m lg py npi} yi lwkt e ym ~m lwi i wo i p` oa km ~kt g d~i `wda l a f wo i ` akki `wda l,
L a wm : E k d dl ~ i~ vi l ~d g d ~ ip wm y ~a + g d ~ d` a pw ~y z da l i i g d m kki pw dc i l wa g ik ki ` a kk iz da l d p ml m aeeil a g id X ~a e il d . ^ d` a pw ~y z da l i g ik K m #
n a~m ~a ~da @ mwwm l d. / `f~+ x , 7 8$ i . ^ dm gi ey m ci lwa ` a~l x ki ppdv a g ik W ic x da V a k~dm l a. / g~, x , 9 7$ ,
• Xi~ y lm pwa~dm gikkm fdpd` m dwmkdml m: = 47 9# =4 69 ! O dp wa ~t ad Dwmkdml Xotpd`p: =479#=469
/G dxm~wdc il wa gd F dpd` m gikk%Y ldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm , @ al w~dny wa ^ ie dal i K ac nm~gdm i Fal gmz dal i @ m~dxka!
@alw~dnywdal K ac nm ~g t ^ ie da l m lg @ m~dx ka F ay lg mwda l, @ aa ~g dl mwa ~i ! @ a#a ~g dl mwa ~ E D Y P I XX I E J Y K k ML k $
K i ~d`apw~y zdal d pwa~d`oi gikki v d`il gi gikkm fdpd`m dwmkdml m+ gmkkm c iwm gikki p` a~pa pi` aka mkkm pi` al gm e yi~#~ m ~ l al g dm ki + omllm xi~~l ippa gd dl gdvdgy m~l i Di kdl ii x~dl `dxmkd gd pv dky xxa i gd ivdgilzdm~li =kdc dwd, L ik
pi `a lg a g ax ae y i~~m dx~anki~l d `o i k%Dwmkdm givi ~dpakvi~i x i~ e m~ml wd~pd dk ~iw~awi~~m p` dil wdfd` a i wi`l aka#
e d`a l i`ippm~da mkdm pvdky xxa gik xmipi pal a xm~wd` akm~c il wi `ac xkippd i ~ipd ml `a~ xdkd gdffd` dJ d gmkki @Ak=#
pie yil zi gdpmpw~api gikkm e yi~~m i gmkJ m ginakizzm `ac xkippdvm gikki pw~y wwy ~i p` dil wdfd` oi lmzdalmk d + Xi~ km
fdpd`m+ dk v il wil l da = 479 #= 4 69 i ` ~y `dmki x i~ dk ~dkml `da gikkm ~d`i~`m+ km py m ~dpw~y wwy ~mzdal i+ km x~ae ~ippd#
v m dl wie ~m zdal i l id pi~wa~d gd f~a lwdi ~m , P m~m ll a g ikdl im wd d~ mw wd i pp il z dm kd gd }y ipwa x ~a` ippa+ D ~dpy kwmwd pm#
=%m====8 xy nnkd`mwd dl y l vaky c i m` `ac xmel mwa gm y l pi`al ga vaky c i gigd`mwi md ga` y c il wd i mkki wipwd#
c a l dm l zi + Md v ak ycd pm~m mkki emwa y l py xx a~wa dl f a~ c mwd` a ` a l wi l il wi + w~ m k %mkw~a+ km ` km pp dfd` mz da li g ie kd
m ~wd` aJ d x y nn kd` mwd p y DD L yava @ dc ilwa l ik x i~daga `al pdgi~mwi, X m~wi gid ~dpy kwm wd gikkm ~d` i~`m pm~ml la d~l #
c ippd dl ~iwi,- Mp fm ~ m p x ot pd` p dp ` al `i ~l ig + wo i wu i lwt #t im ~ xi~dag niwuiil =479 ml g =469 d p ` ~y `d mk f a~
wo i ~ i#km yl `o dl e a f ~ ipi m~` o+ dwp ~ ip w~ y` wy ~dl e m lg x ~a e~ ip pdv i dl wi e~ mwda l dl f~ al wdi ~ pi`wa~p, Wo i ippil wd mk
Rimwy~ip ak wodp x~a`ipp u kk ni a ywkdlig, W oi %~ipykwp u dkk ni xy,nkdpoig dl m vakyc i fadfaY J ig nt m pi`alg aligigd`mwig wa ga`yc ilwp ml g wipwdc aldip, W oi vakyc ip udkk ` al wm dl m ` ac xy wi ~ n mpi g n m` b#y x,
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CIIWDLEP MLG @ALFI^IL@IP
@ALVIELk P @DI LW DF k@ D!P @kI LW DF D@ C I IW DL E P
Likk %dlwilwa gd `ikin~mwi Dm fdey~m gd Vakwm dl ylm x~apxiwwdvm dlwi~gdp`dxkdlm~i+ dk x~ae~mccm om x~ivdp~a
k %a~emldzzmzdali gd y l m pi~di gd ` al v ie l d+ g ig d` mwd lal paka mkkmfdey~m i mkk%axi~m gikkm p` dil zdmwa ` ac m#
pia+ cm mlioi mdki mxxkdimzdald gi~dvmlwd gmkk%dlvilzdali gikkm Xdkm+ lal`oi m wicd ici~eilwd gikkm p` dil#zm c agi~l m ~d`akkie mndkd mkdm pvak~m x~agawwm gm Vakwm,
Gmk>5 mk0= awwan~i = 4 4 5 pd i wilywa m @ a c a + x~ippa dk @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dil~dfd m .M , Vakwm. dk @ale~ippa
gik @ilwilm~da gikkm Pa`diwm D~mkdml m gd F dpd`m+ Rm `yd pakilli `i~dcaldm g%mxi~wy~m x~ippa dk Wimw~a Pa`dm#
ki gd @aca om y ffd` dmkc il wi gm~a d J vdm+ ml`a~`oi dl mlwd`dxa+ mdki @ i ki n~ mz da l d V a kwd ml i +
F akka udl e m l dl wi ~g dp`dx kdl m~t x ~a fdki + wo i x ~a e~m cc i dl `ky gi p wo i a ~e ml dpm wda l a f m pi ~di p a f c ii wdl ep+ g i#gd`mwig law alkt wa woi fdey~i mlg u a~b af woi @ ac a p`dilwdpw+ nyw mkpa wa wo i m xx kd` mwda lp g i~ dv dl e f~ ac wo i
dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t+ mp u ikk mp wa woic ip ic i~edle f~ac c agi~l p`dil`i womw `ml ni w~m`ig nm`b wa woiwy~ldle xadlw x~agy`ig nt V akwm,
F~ac >5 wa 0= A`wani~ =445 mw woi @ ilw~i af P`dilwdfd` @ykwy~i %dw Vakwm. dl @ac a+ woi ?0pw Lmwdalmk
@ al e~i pp a f wo i Dwm kdm l P a` di wt a f X ot pd` p /@ il wi lm ~t @ al e~i pp$ ump o ikg, W oi pakic l axildle `i~ic alt mw
wo i W im w~a P a` dm ki dl @ ac a a ffd` dm kkt dl my ey ~m wi g wo i V akwm ` iki n~m wda lp+ pkde owkt m oi mg a f x ~a e~m cc i,
MLLA =44?!TIM^ =44?
• .Gmkkm fdkapafdm lmwy~mki mkkm fdpd`m: Gdp`dxkdli, i Gdgmwwd`oi dl Dwmkdm mOm fdli gik %588., Xmvdm+ cmeedi
=44? D .F ~ac l mw y~ mk x od ka pa x ot wa xotpd`p: Gdp`dxkdlip mlg gdgm`wd`p dl Dwmkt mw woi ilg af I deowiilwo
@ i lwy ~t ,. X mv dm + C m t =44?/Yldvi~pdwm i kd Xmvdm, @ al w~dny wi ^ ie da li K ac nm~gdm+ P i e ~ i w i ~ d m p`dilwd fd`mk P`dilw df d` nam~g: M K IP P ML G ^ M F I ^#
^M^IP=+ F^ML@A EDYGD@I$
Pd i w~mwwmwa gd y l `al vie l a x~ixm~mwa~da xi~ Di `ikin~mzdald vakwdmli gik = 4 4 4 , DD `alviela pd i pvakwa dl
gy i eda~lmwi gd kmva~a+ `yd omlla xm~wi`dxmwa d~ dl ` dx mkd p wy g da pd gd }yip w dald gdgmwwd`oi gik %588+ i 9 d i ` a l#
`kypa `ml ylm wmvakm ~awalgm `oi o m fmw~a dw xylwm pykka pwmwyp giekd pwygda E kd m wwd g,ik`alviela vi~~mlla
xynnkd`mwd `aci ly c i ~ a yld`a gikkm ~dvdpwm ¢ Pwy gd piwwi` il wip` od² , ! W odp u mp m x ~i kdc dl m~t c iiwdl e dl x~i#
x m~ mwda l fa ~ wo i V akwm ` iki n~ mwda lp 8 r =4 4 4 ,, Dw u mp m wu a#gmt c iiwdle mlg woi xm~wd`dxmlwp u i~i woi c mdlp`oakm~p af woi gdgm`wd` c mwwi~p af woi ideowiilwo `ilwy~t,µµ ,
• .Ylm gdkfd`dki cagi~ldwm: %D~mgdzdald gd ~d`i~`m i `acyldwm p dilwdfdioi dl Dwmkdm =?48#=478., Xmvdm+ 4#==
piwwicn~i =44? ! % : 7 , gdffd`ykw c agi~ldwt: W ~mgdwdal p af ~ipim~`o mlg p`dilwdfd` `ac cyldwdip dl Dwmkt = ?48 #
= 47 8. , X mv dm 4#== P ix wi cn i~ = 44 ?/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ P ie~i wi~ dm p` dil wd fd `m S P `dil wd fd ` n a m~g : ML~ALDA @ M#
p mK M+ M KI PP ML G^ M F I^ ^M ^I Pk+ E DY P IX XI E DY K kM JV D+ IKDPM PDELA^D$
DD @alviela om ~deym~gmwa Di `acyldwm p`dilwdfd`oi dwmddmli i ki ka~a w~mgdzdald gd ~d`i~`m+ dyaeod i ki
pw~yw~y~i gikk%axi~m~i wi`ld`a i p dilwdfd`a+ ki fa~c,i gd `d~`akmzdali i gdffypdalp gik pmxi~d gdp dxkdlm~d+ Ylm
m ww il z da l i x m~ wd `a km ~i i p wm wm ~ dv a kw m m w `mpa gikkm Fdpd`m, Ki ` a~l y ldwm p` dil wdfd` oi dwmkdml p+ mk` yl i c md ipw~m#
G ii # ml `o i l ikk%Dwmkdm x ~iy ld~m~dm i ~dpa ~e dc i lwm ki # m dki em cd dl wi ~l mz da l mkd+ omlla ipx~ippa dl gdvi~pd piw#
wa~d fdey~i `oi pwml la gik wywwa gdeldwapmcilwi likkm cigdm iy~axim gik xi~daga, Gik @alviela vi~~mlla
xynnkd mwd w~m n~ivi ek d Mwwd, ! W oi `alfi~il `i gimkw u dwo woi Dwmkdml p`dilwdfd` `ac cyldwdip mlg woid~ w~mgd#wda lp a f ~ ip im ~` o+ wo i x km `i p m lg p w~ y` wy ~i p a f wi `o ld` mk m lg p `di lwdfd` a xi ~m wda lp + wo i fa ~c p a f ` d~` ykm wda l m lg
g dffy pda l a f g dp` dx kdl m~t b la uki ge i, X m~wd` ykm ~ m wwi lwda l u mp x mdg wa wo i ` mpi a f X ot pd` p,
• .M, Vakwm: niwuiil lmwy~mk xodkapaxot mlg xotpd`p., Xmvdm+ ==#=0 gd`icn~i =44?! X mv dm + = =#= 0
Gi`icni~ =44?/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm Pie~iwi~dm pailwdfd`m ! P `d il wdf d` n am ~g : F M ND A N IV D#
K M@ ]Y M+ KY @dA F^IE AL IPI$
EDd pwygd gd Pwa~dm gilm P`dilzm pd pala fa~wi cilwi pvdkyxxmwd liekd ykwdcd gi`illd i omllm gmwa vdwm m ylm
`a~lyldwm dlwi~lmzdalmki gd ipxi~wd lik piwwa~i+ a~emldzzmwm dl pizdald gikk%Dlwi~lm~dalmk Yldal af Odpwa~t
mlg Xodkapaxot af P`dil`i i gikkm Iy~aximl Xotpd`mk Pa diwt, MYa p`axa gd ciekda `a~lx~ilgi~i k%axi~m i
km fjey~m gd Vakwm lik py a `alwipwa pwa~dia+ mkdm Dy`i gd lyavi i xdkd,`acxkippi pw~mwiedi pwa~dae~mfd`oi+ pd i~imkdzzmwa Kdlua~bpoax `yd omlla xm~wi`dxmwa }ym~mlwm pxi dmkdpwd gd }yipwm `acyldwm+ x~avildilwd gm vm#~d xmipd gd wy~wa dw calga, Ddpyk~mwd gik ua~bpoax pm~mlla ~m``akwd ==k vakyci /igdzdali dwmkdmlm i dlekipi+
08
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@ A VIELD ! CIIWDLEP MLG @ALFI^IL@IP
piwwicn~i~,v W oi mdc af wodp u Ak%bpoax+ mwwil gig nt fa~wt pxi`dmkdpwp f~ac ml dlwi~lmwdalmk `ac cyldwt afixi~wp f~ac vm~dayp `aylw~dip R~ac mkk avi~ woi u a~kg+ u mp wa niwwi~ ylgi~pwmlg woi u a~b mlg Rdey~i afV akwm dl o dp odpwa ~d`mk `alwi w+ dl woi kdeow af liu mlg c a~i `ac xki odpwa~dae~mxod`mk pw~mwiedip,
MLLA = 44 4= TI M^ = 44 4
• .Vakwm Cica~dmk Ua~bpoax al kau#xaui~ gipdel.+ V dk km A kc a + @a = = % =8+ 7#9 cmwza = 4 4 4 = Vdkkm 8 = = = % = 8 +
@aca+ 7#9 C m~` o = 44 4/Gdxm~wdcilwa gd Ikiww~ald`m i Dlfa~cmzdali+ Xakdwi`ld a gd Cdkmla+ @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P dilwdfd`m .M, Vak#
wm., @alw~dnywd ~d`odipwd: DIII+ @acyli gd @aca+ Xakdwi`ld`a gd Cdkmla, ^ipxalpmndkikPyxi~vdpa~: , J % v f M #
^DME=8VMLLM P M C J $
Km x~aeiwwmzdali gd `d~`ydwd ikiww~ald d m nmppa `alpyci ikd xawilzm i yla giekd m~eacilwd gd xylwm gikkm
~d i~`m calgdmki gi k piwwa~i ikiw~~ald`a+ DD Ua~bpoax pd x~axmli gd ~dyld~i j cmeeda~d ipxi~wd gik piwwa~i
xi~ gdp ywi~i gikki xdy ~i`ilwd p`axi~wi l ik `mcxa gik `alpyca gd xawilzm+ mkk%dlwi~la gikki cmldfipwmzda#
ld `accica~mwdvi gd Vakwm+ `oi xya ippi~i `alpdgi~mwa d-.xmg~i. gd }yipwa piwwa~i gikk%ikiww~ald m+ ! Woi
g ipde ldl e a f ka u#x au i~ i ki `w~a ld` ` d~` ydwp dp a li a f wo i b it wa xd` p a f u a~kg ~i pi m~` o dl wo i i ki `w~a ld` pi `wa ~,
W oi u a~bpoax m dc p wa `mkk wae iwoi~ wo i c mdl i xi~wp dl wo i fdi kg wa g dp`y pp wo i c apw ~i `i lw g dp` av i~di p dl wo ifdikg af x au i~ ` al py cx wda l ,
• .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm =54>#=544+ gyi pi`akd gaxa., Dpwdwywa K a cn m ~g a+ C d km la + =9#=6 mx~dki =444! .Mkip#
p ml g~ a V a kw m =54>#=544+ wu a ` il wy ~di p km wi ~ %+ D, K,+ Cdkml =9#=6 Mx~dk =444/Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P dilzi i Kiwwi~i+ @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~d#
xka+ Nipxalpmndkik Pyxi~vdpa~: MKNI^WA E DE Kk N I^ ZA KM ^J $
l @alviela i gigd mwi mkkm xi~palmkdwm p dilwdfd`m gd Vakwm+ cicn~a mywa~ivaki i x~dca X~ipdgilwi gikk%k#
pwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ `oi `alpi~vm dcmlap`~dwwd p dilwdfd`- i km `a~~dpxalgilzm gik e~mlgi fdpd a+ Vd dlwi~vi~#
~mlla pwygda d gd Vakwm ikiww~akaedm ig ikiww~a od`odcd m+ pdm dwmkdmld `oi pw~mldi~d, ! Woi `alvilwdal dp gi#
g d` mwi g wa wo i p` di lwdfd` x i~pa lm kdwt a f V akwm + x ~a cdl il w F ikka u m lg fd~pw X ~i pdg il w a f wo i Dpwdwy wa K ac nm ~#g a+ u od` o x~ipi~yip wo i pgildgd` c ml yp` ~dx wp m lg `a~~ipxalgil`i a f w oi e ~i mw x ot pd` dp w,
• Iy~aximl KIV `al = /Kdeow Iki w~d` Viod kip$ @alfi~il`i: .Vid akdIkiww~d d aeed i gacmld. # Cilg~dpda+Pydzzi~m+ 5 # 4 cmeedi = 4 4 4 = . Iy ~a xi ml K I V `a = = = / Kd eo w I ki `w ~d` V i od `ki p$ @ a lfi ~i l` i: . Ik i` w~ d` V i od` ki pW ag mt m lg W ac a~ ~a u ., C i lg ~dp da + P u dwz i~ km lg 5# 4 C mt =444
Km @alfi~ilzm i a~emldzzmwm gmkk%klfa V IK gd Cilg~dpda i xmw~a dlmwm+ xi~ km Pv dzzi~m+ gm k @AGkKkGid Cil#
g~dpda+ gmk @mlwal Wd`dla i gmkkm @alfigi~mzdali Ikviwd`m+ xi~ k%Dwmkdm gmk @acyli i gmkkm X~avdl`dm gd
@aca i gmk @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P ` di l wd fd `m . M Vakwm., .KIV`al =. i km x~dcm `alfi~ilzm iy~axim gigd`m#wm mekd mpxiwwd pa dmkd i xakdwd d kiemwd mkk%ypa }yawdgdmla gik vid`aka ikiww~d`a, Ylm gikki pid ~ikmzdald i pwmwm
`aa~gdlmwm gmk @ilw~a Vakwm+ dk }ymki om cippa m gdpxapdzdali yl e~yxxa i kd kmva~a xi~ km wicmwd`m .Pmky#
wi i Mcndilwi. /Pmlg~i Fy~kml+ P`yadm Pyxi~da~i Il~d a Cmwwid gd Cdkmla+ i Cd oiki Edyekdmla+ Xakdwi`#
ld`a i kd Cdkmla$, K%dl~i~vilwa dkkypw~m dKdvikkdgd dl}ydlmcilwa mw~lapfi~d`a i m`ypwd a+ ki `alpieyilzi pyk#
km pmkywi i dikmwdvd `apwd pmldwm~d `mypmwd + dl ~mxxa~wa m }ymlwm dlvi`i m``mg~inni dl p ie ydw a m k k% dl w ~agyz d ali
ikdv id` akd i ki ww~ d d ki ee i~d, = W o i ` al fi ~i l` i d p a ~e ml dp ig nt Dlfa VI K C i l g~ dp da m lg p xa lp a~ ig n t pivi~mk dc#,
x a~ wm lw d lp wdw yw da l p, K I V` a l =dp wo i fd~ pw I y~ ax im l ` al fi ~i l` i g ig d` mwi g wa wo i p a` dm k m lg x akdwd` mk m px i` wpkdlbig wa woi dlw~agy`wdal mlg gmdkt ypi af woi iki`w~d` viod`ki, Ali af woi pd ~ixa~wp uod`o udkk ni i#xay lgig dl woi `a y~pi af woi `al fi~il`i+ `a#a~gdlmwig nt woi @ il w~a V akwm + dkkypw~mwip woi kivikp af mwc a#p xo i~ d` m lg m `a yp wd` x akky wda l+ wo i ` al pi }y il `i p al oimkwo mlg woi ~ikmwdvi `apwp wa woi O imkwo Pi~vd`i+ dl~ikmwdal wa u omw dlpwimg u aykg a``y~ mp m ~ipykw af woi dlw~agy`wdal af kdeow iki`w~d` viod`kip dl m edvil xi~#` il wm ei a f w ~m gdw da lm k v io d` ki p,
• .Dlwi~lmwdalmk Ptcxapdyc al Lal#kdlim~ Iki w~acmeliwd` Ptpwicp., Xmvdm =8#=> c#meedm = 44 4= = 8 #= >
C mt = 4 4 4
/ Y l dv i~ pd~ m g d Xmvdm, @ a lw~ dn y wi ^ ie da l i K ac n m~ gdm + Pie~iwi~dm p`dilwdfd`mk P`dilw df d` nam~g: M L W G L D A PMVDLD$
DDpdcxapda dlwi~lmzdalmki pyd dpwicd ikiww~acmeliwd d lal kdlim~d i YG nil lawa fa~yc dlwi~lmzdalmki pkSk#
D%ikiww~acmeliwdpca mxxkd`mwi, DD x~dca inni kyaea lik=4?? dl Edmxxali i dl pieydwa fy wilywa picx~i dl
Edmxxali+ xad dl @a~im+ dl E~ml N~iwmelm i dl Eillmldm, DD lali mxxylwmcilwa pd wi~~m m Xmvdm, =W oi Dl #
wi~l mwda lm k P tc xa pdy c a l l al #kdl im ~ i ki `w~a cm el iwd` pt pwi cp dp m u ikk#b la ul dl wi ~l mwda lm k fa ~y c a l m x#
0=
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: :J|%: P ,,+|, +,%
X^AE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALJ ! X^AE^MCMdkk AF @IKIN^MWDALP
xk dig iki`w~acmeliwdpc,
• .M,Vakwm iki yldvi~pdwm iy~axii., Xmvdm+ 0#9 Edyela =444! .M V akwm m lg I y~ ax im l Y l dv i~ pdwdi p. X mv dm +
0#9 Jyli =444
/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm, Pie~iwi~dm p`dilw df d`m! P`dilw df d` nam~g: ML~aLJA PMVDL S $
Ki yldvi~pdwm pwa~d`oi g%Iy~axm+ ~mee~yxxmwi likk%mppa`dmzdali `odmcmwm E~yxxa gd @adcn~m+ lik =444 ~d#
waci~mlla m Xmvdm+ gavi fy fd~cmwm km `m~wm `apwdwy~dvm gik E~yxxa+ xi~ wili~vd km ~dyldali mllymki i ml#
`oi xik: ~dvakei~i yl acmeeda mg Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ X~afippa~i i ^iwwa~i gikk%Mwilia wd`dlipi+ `oi gyi pi#
`akd fm gdigi dk vdm mkka pvdkyxxa gikkm p`dilzm i wi`lakaedm ikiww~d`m i km `yd fmcm ~meedylpi wywwi ki yldvi~#
pdwp g% cmxm, ! Dl =444+ wo i o dpwa ~d` mk Y l dv i~pdwdi p a f I y~a xi+ e ~a yx ig wa ei wo i~ dl m l m ppa `dm wda l ` mkki g@ adc n~m E ~ayx+ u dkk ~iwy~l wa X mvdm+ waoi~i woi @ alpwdwywdalmk @ om~wi~ af woi e~ayx u mp pdelig+ wa oakg woimllymk ciiwdle mlg mkpa wa xmt oacmei wa M ki pp ml g~ a V a kw m ,
• ^dyldali Eili~mwi M I D , W my ic akm + @ ac a+ = 6 # = ? edyel+a =444! M I= E il i~m k C i iwdl e, W my ic akm 2 @ ac a+
=6#=? JYkdi =444/Mppa`dmzdali Ikiww~awi`ld`m ig Iki~w~ald`m Dwmkdmlm, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm, @aa~gdlmwa~d D @aa~#
gdlmwa~p: EYDGA @KI^ D@S+@M^K ACMPIWD=+ @KMVGkA Cd ^M+ @M^KACMpADWa$
K%dl`alw~a pd m~wd`akm dl ~~ i eda~lmwi+ km x~dcm gikki }ymk d pm~m gigd`mwm mkki x~apxiwwdvi gd pvdkyxxa i gdci~ mwa gikk%dlgypw~dm ikiww~d m i gikki wiki acyld mzdald+ Ki gyi eda~lmwi w~mwwi~mlla wicd xdkk pxi`dfd`d+ `a#
ci deili~mwa~d ikiww~a`odcd`d i km `alvi~eilzm gikki wi`lakaedi dlfa~cmwd`oi i gd wiki`a~lyld`mzdali, DWoi c iiwdle u dkk kmpw wo~ii gmtp+ woi R d ~ p w af u od`o u dkk ni gigd`mwig w a w o i givikaxc ilw mlg c m~biw X J % A #
pxi`wp af woi iki`w~d` mlg wiki`ac cyld`mwdalp dlgypw~t, W oi awoi~ wu a gmtp udkk gimk u dwo c a~i pxi`dfd`p yn ji `wp + p y` o m p i ki `w~a `o ic d` mk e il i~ mwa ~p m lg wo i ` al vi ~e il `i a f ` ac x ywi ~ p` di l` i m lg wi ki `a cc y ld` m#
w da l w i`o ly ka e t,
• .Woi xotpd`p a f ` a c x ki ptpwicp mlg dwp dcxm`w al p`dil`i+ pa`diwt mlg wi`olakaet mw woi wy~l af wo i `il#
wy ~t. # V dkkm A kc a+ @ ac a+ >8#>0 edyela =444= V ,A ,+ @ ac a + >8#>0 Jyli =444/@ilw~a gd @yk~y~m P`dilwdfd`m .M, Vakwm., @alw~dnywa @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki, Pie~iwi~dm p`dilwd f d`mS P`dilwd#
fd ` n am ~g : K M Y ^ M ^INYZZDLJ$
Aeed xappdmca `alpwmwm~i `oi k%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm om x~agawwa yl%ila~ci m``iki~mzdali gikka pvdkyxxa
wi`lakaed`a i }ydlgd gikkm `a~lxkippdwm `oi `m~mwwi~dzzm ki pw~ywwy~i gikkm pa`diwm cagi~lm, ]yipwm @A~l#
xkippdwm `apwdwydp`i yl ikicilwa gacdlmlwi lal paka likkm p`dilzm i likkm wi`lakaedm+ ~lm ml`oi dl ~lakwi mk#
w~ i gdp`dxkdli, M >88 mlld gmkk % dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm+ ylm ~ df ki pp da l i p y `aci km p`dilzm xy a dl wi~v il d~i m ~d#pakvi~i dx~anki~ld xapwd gmkk%mwwymki pa`di~m wi`lakaed`m+ `odmcmlga m ~m``akwm dgdvi~pd ipxi~wd dlwi~lmzda#
lmk d likki vm~di gdp`dxkdli+ i gd e~mlgi dlwi~ippi, ! Woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t x~agy`ig ml ila~c ayp m`#
` iki~m wda l a f wi` ol aka ed` mk g iv ika xc il w m lg `a lpi }y il wkt a f wo i ` ac xki dwdi p u od` o ` om ~m `wi ~dpi wo i pw~y `#
wy~ip af c agi~l pa`diwt, W oipi `ac xki dwdip wagmt `alpwdwywi m gac dlmlw fm`wa~ law alkt dl p`dil`i mlg wi#
`olakaet nyw mkpa dl c mlt awoi~ gdp`dxkdlip, Dw dp af e~imw dlwi~ipw lau + >88 t im ~p f= %8 == =o i dl vi lwda l a f wo i
N mwwi ~t + o au p `di l` i ` ml dl wi ~v il i wa pa kv i x ~a nki cp m ~dp dl e dl a y~ x ~i pi lw# gm t wi `o la ka ed` mk p a` di wt + nt `mk#
kdl e wa ei wo i~ dl wi ~l mwda lm k i x i~ wp dl wo i v m~ da yp g dp` dx kdl ip ,
• .M ll ymk @alfi~il`i af woi Dlwi~lmwdalmk Pa`diwt af Iki`w~a`oicdpw~t., X ma dm #@ ac a 9 #= 8 piwdic n~i = 44 4!
X my dm #@ ac a + 9 #= 8 P ix wi c ni ~ =444
/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm, Pie~iwi~jm pmilwddd`md P`dilwd fd` nam~g: P, W^MPMDWf/Cd#
kmla$ `omd~cml+ ^, EYdGIKKk /F d~i k= zi$ +I , BMKCML/Ny g mx ipw $ DP I+ M, CMEDPW^kP/Xmvdm$+ E , PDKVIPW^DXm#ki~ca$+ I, V~ML IKK A/Xmgavm $$
Kikiww~a`odcd`m+ `aci gdp`dxkdlm mywalacm+ lmp`i `al =m X dkm i xi~wmlwa km Pa`diwm Dlwi~lmzdalmki gd Ikiw#
w~ a` odc d` m n m gi`dpa gd wili~i dk pya @ale~ippa Mllymki gik = 44 4 m Xmvdm xi~ `ikin~m~i pakilli~lilwi km
~d`a~~ilzm+ D I ki`w~a`oic dpw~t mp ml mywalac ayp gdp`dxkdli pwm~wig u dwo woi N mwwi~t mlg woi~ifa~i woi Dl#
wi~lmwdalmk Pa`diwt af I ki`w~a`oic dpw~t omp gi`dgig wa oakg dwp =444 Mllymk @alfi~il`i dl Xmvdm wa pa#
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X^AE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! X^AE^MCCI AF @IKIN^MWDALP
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@ A LV I E LD G D @ M ^M WW I ^ I l DV Y KE M WkV A !E IL I^ M K CIIWDLEP
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= 44 4! . F~ ac X km wa wa D lwi ~l iw, I ki `w~ d` ` y~ ~i lwp m lg p `di lwdfd` i lkde owi lc i lw. @8=la=0 #= 9 A`wani~ = 4 4 4
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ky pw~m wi wo i fde y~i a f V akwm dl wo i p`di lwdfd`+ o dpwa ~d` mk m lg pa `dm k ` al wi w a f o dp wdc i, W oi fd~pw `t `ki a f Ra y~` al fi ~i l` ip u m p o ikg dl Mywyc² =44? m lg g im kw u dwo wo i a ~de dl p a f c ag i~l p` di l` i, W oi pi `a lg `t `ki udkk
ni oikg dkk Px~dle =444 m lg u dkk `a l` il w~m wi a l V akwm + woi c ml m lg wo i p`dil wdpw,
• D%Km p`dlwdkkm g d Vakwm.+ @d`da gd =8 w~mpcdppdald wikivdpdvi, X ~ ip i lw mz da l i: @ a c a + >8 cm~za =444! .Vak#wm%p pxm~b.+ M `t`ki af =8 wi ki vdp da l x ~a e~ mc c i p, X ~i pi lwm wda l: @ a c a+ >8 Cm ~`o =444
/Xakdwi`ld`a gd Cdkmla, ^imkdzzmzdali Mlwillm 0, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~d#
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wipwa pwa~d`a gikkm pym ixa`m+ `al mwwilzdali xi~ de~ml`kd gdnmwwdwd `yd xm~~i`dxa i xi~ km gdcilpdali iy#
~axim gik pya kmva~a+ ~lm dl}ymg~mlgali mkw~ipd ekd dlwi~ippd lal paka i k d pwygdapa gd ikiww~d dwm /fdla mk#
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wywwa gaxa k %Yldwm+ w~m dcdwd gikk%dgilwdwm lmzdalmki, Km ~dfkippdali pd i mkkm~emwm mekd iffiwwd gikki py``ippd#
vi p`axi~wi ikiww~d oi /dcxilpmndkd dl mppilzm dkk Vakwm$ pykk%dlwi~a x~a ippa gd cagi~ldzzmzdali+ gmkkm wi#
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ipicxda likki ~i`ld`oi emkvmld`oi 8dl cigd dlm$, Xi~ pxmzdm~i dlfdli pykk%dcxmwwa likk%mwwymkdwm+ dl piwwm#
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DLWI^LIW! DLWI^LIW
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5/8/2018 1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta - slidepdf.com
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• Pdwa Uin .M+ Vakwm+ k%laca i =8 p`dilzdmwa. ! Uinpdwi %%dw V akwm+ woi c ml m lg wo i p` di lwdpw./Yldvi~pdwm i kd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm, ^ i px a lp mn dk d ! P yx i ~v dp a~ p: K kG JM X MK AC A + F MN dA
N I V DK M @ ] Y M + Y l dv i~ pdwm g d X mv dm $
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ndnkdae~mfdm giwwmekdmwm gikki falwd pi`algm~di mdcig, =8 pwygdapa, ! W oi pdwi dp gigd`mwig wa V akwm mlg `mlni ~im`oig f~ac woi V akwm44 pdwi, Dw x~agy`ip m piki`wdal af gdedwmkdpig u a~bp+ m ~ix~agy`wdal af pac i fm#c ayp c mly p`~dxwp mlg dkkypw~m wdal p a f woi =>8 dl pw~ yc i lwp a f V akwm %p km na ~m wa ~t ,
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• Pdwa Uin .Cypia Vd~wymki Mkippmlg~a Vakwm. ! U i np dwi . Mki pp ml g~ a V akwm V d~ wy mk C y pi yc ./@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd m .M , Vakwm.+ `ml dkpyxxa~wa fdlmlzdm~da i wi`lakaed`a gd Wiki`ac Dwmkdm, @a#
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DD pd~a+ `oi pm~m m``ippdndki m wywwd ekd y~ilw d Dlwi~liw mkk%dlgd~dzza uuu,mkippmlg~avakwm,a~e+ dlwilgi ippi#
~i mkw~ipd yl dcxa~wmlwi xylwm gd ~dfi~dcilwa xi~ ki dlfa~~lmzdald pyekd ivilwd `ikin~mwdvd gik nd`ilwilm~da
gikkm xd- m lik `a~pa gik = 44 4, D C y kwdc i gdm x ~a gy `w m dc i g m w wo i p `di lwdfd` x ax ykm ~dp mwda l a f wo i i x i~ dc i lwpml g pwyg dip ` m~~dig a yw nt wo i e~imw @ ac a x otpd`dpw, W oi pdwi+ u od`o u dkk n i m`` ippdnki wa m kk D lwi ~l iw y pi ~p
m w wo i m gg ~i pp uuu,mkippmlg~avakwm,a~e+ dp mkpa dl wi lgig m p m l dc xa~wml w xa dl w af ~ifi~il` i fa~ dlfa ~c m#wdal al woi `ikin~mwdyi ivilwp fa~ woi nd`ilwilm~t af woi nmwwi~t dl woi `ay~pi af =444,
• Cypia vd~wy mki MID ! M ID V d~wy mk C ypi yc/Mppa`dmzdali Ikiww~awi`ld`m ig Ikiww~ald`m Dwmkdmlm /MID$, @alw~dnywa @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki,^ipxalpmndkiD Pyxi~vdpa~: EdAVMLLd ^ d@ @ M ^APIKYLJ /MID$$
dl `a~pa gd mkkipwdcilwa x~ippa dk pdwa Dlwi~liw giY%MID /owwx:!!uuu,mid,dw$ yl cypia wa~d`a vd~wy mki
gikk%ikiww~awi`ld`m i gikk%ikiww~ald`m+ DD Cypia `al wi~~m wipwd+ dccmedld fdppi+ n~ivd fdkcmwd ~dx~ipi m 0688
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Woi c ypiyc `alpdpwp af m `i~wmdl lyc ni~ af .~aac p.+ W oi .~aac p. `y~~ilwkt nidle x~ixm~ig m~i gigd`m#wig ~ipxi` wdvikt wa M lwalda C iy ``d+ E mkdkii F i~~m ~dp m lg wa woi givikax cilw af nmwwi~dip ml g woid~ m xxkd#` mwda lp m fwi ~ wo i dl vi lwda l a f M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm ,
06
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GWGMWD=@M I GJVYKEMZDALI D GDGM@WD@P MLG XAXYKM^DPMWDAL
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al xm~wd`akm~i ~deym~ga mk `alw~dnywi gd Vakwm i mkki py``ippdvi mxxkd`mzdald gi~dvmlwd gmkk%dlvilzdali
gikkm xdwm, Km capw~m dlwi~ippi~m lik xi~daga piwwi~ln~i # gd i~ln~i 44+ wywwi ki x~avdl`i kacnm~gi,
M``mlwa mg ylm pi~di dkkxapwi~ `oi dkkypw~mla ki vm~di fmpd gikkm pwa~dm gikk%ikiww~d`dwm i dl xm~wd`akm~i dk @AS=#
w~dnywi gd Vakwm+ vi~~mlla x~ipilwmwi mk`yli ~d`apw~yzdald gikki xdkd pdeldfd`mwdvi ipxi~dilzi ~imkdzzmwi, Ki
ipxi~dilzi pm~mlla `algawwi gm xi~palmki ipxi~wa `oi+ lik `alwicxa+ jkkypw~i~m km capw~m i eydgig d
e~yxxd gd vdpdwmwa~d mkk%dlwi~la gikkm cigipdcm+ Km ~lapw~m P = m~wd`aki~m pyd pieyilwd 9 wi~ld: k$Vakwm: D ya#
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vmld i k%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm2 9$ Gmkkm xdkm mkk%ikiww~acmeliwdpca+
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~lmzdali dkkmk`yld pw~ycilwd+ wipwd a~dedlmkd i``,$ i gd ~dxiwi~i mk`yld ipxi~dcilwd w~mcdwi pdcykmzdald mk `mk#
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Ml dl fa ~c m wdv i+ o dp wa ~d` mk dl wi ~m `wdv i i o dn dwda l ` al `i ~l dl e wo i g iv ika xc i lw a f i ki `w~ d` dwt u dwo x m~ wd` ykm ~
m wwi lwda l wa V akwm %p ` al w~dn ywda l m lg wa py npi }y il w m xx kd` mwda lp g i~dv dl e f~a c wo i dl vi lwda l a f wo i n mwwi ~t ,W oi iodndwdal u dkk way~ woi ikivil x~avdl`ip dl K ac nm~gt+ Woi~i u dkk ni m lyc ni~ af ~i`alpw~y`wdalp afwo i c apw pde ldfd` ml w i ki `w~d` mk i x i~ dc il wp ` m~~ di g a yw+ wa ei wo i~ u dwo m pi ~di p a f x apwi ~p wo mw dkky pw~ mwi p wo ivm ~day p pwm ei p a f woi odpwa ~t af i ki `w~d` dwt ml g V akwm %p `al w~dn ywda l dl xm ~wd`y km~, W oi i xi ~dc il wp u dkk ni
`algy`wig nt w~mdlig xi~palp u oa+ mw woi pmc i wdc i+ u dkk ixkmdl woi iodndwdal mlg m``ac xmlt woi e~ay#x p a f v dp dwa ~p , M p i~ di p a f wi~c dlm D p mlg m @ G#^ AC + u od`o omp niil c mgi ipxi`dmkkt fa~ woi a``mpdal u dkkmkkau woi vdpdwa~ wa ~iximw pac i af woi ixi~dc ilwp nt c imlp af `ac xywi~ pdc ykmwdalp,
• .P`dil`i @ilw~i., Kmna~mwa~da gd gdgmwwd`m dlwi~mwwdvm+ D .P `dil `i @ il w~i., Dlwi~m` wdv i g dgm `wd`
Kmna~mwa~t
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pa gd ylm ~imkdzzmzdali `acxapdwm `oi x~ivigi: yl e~yxxa gd axi~mwa~d mwwdvd likkm gdgmwwd`m i likDm gd#
vykemzdali2 ylm pigi `al mww~izzmwy~i w~mgdzdalmkd i dlfa~cm~d`oi gd nmpi2 ylm ndnkdawi`m i ylm cigdmwi#
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zdm~i gm awwan~i =444+ ! W odp dp m .K mna~mwa~t. dl woi pilpi af m fm`dkdw%t womw dl`kygip: m e~ayx af xiaxkiu o a m ~i p xi ` dm kd pw p dl wi m` odl e m lg x ax ykm ~dpm wda l2 m ` il w~i u dwo w~ mg dwda lm k fm `dkdwdi p m lg nmpd`, `acxywi~
p`di l` i2 m kdn~m~t m lg m c ig dm#~aa c2 m e~a yx a f `~mfwpc il mn ki wa `a lpw~y `w fy l`wda ldl e x~awawtxip a f dl#pw~yc ilwp mlg mxxm~mwyp dlwi~m`wdvikt2 m w~mdldle x~ae~mc ci+ iodndwdal mlg dlfa~c mwdal ivilwp, W oi
m` wdvdwdip m ~i g yi wa pwm ~w f~a c A `wa n i1 %=444,
MXXKD@MZDALD CYKWDCIGDMKk!CYKWDCIGKM MXXKD@MWDALP
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05
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Ddzzm~i falgmcilwmkc ilwi gDDi wi`ld `oi: D%dxi~wipwymkd wm i km cykwd~ligdmkdwm, Pm~m picx~i xappdndki xmppm#~i ~mxdgm~lilwi gm ylm }ymkyl}yi vdgimwm m }ymkyl}yi mkw~m+ pieyilga pwdcakd dlgdvdgymkd gd `y~dapdwm 8
mxx~afalgdcilwa, Pm~mlla `apwdwydwd dlgd d pwa~d d /`ml m``ippa gm ylm wdci#kdli$+ eiae~mfd`d /`al m``ip#
pa gm ylm `m~wdlm gikk%Iy~axm$+ xi~ gdp`dxkdlm+ xi~ xm~akm `odmvi+ xi~ cigdm ywdkdzzmwa,! Woi @G#^AC
udkk dl`kygi x~ipilwmwdalp+ otxi~wiwp mlg, cykwdcigdm cagykip /wiwp+ xd wy~ip+ mldcmwdalp+ pdcykmwdalp+
fdkcp$ m``ippdnki nawo dlgdvdgymkkt mlg dl pi}yil`i mlg x~avdgdle lyci~ayp =58Y=%P af `alwm`w Woi @G#^AC
udkk ni givikaxig fa~ pynpi}yilw mggdwdalp: woi fd~pw kivik+ cmdlkt pi}yilwdmk+ udkk ni mdcig mw m ylgi~ xy#
nkd 2 woi pi`alg+ D~txi~wiwymk kiyik udkk x~ipilw ca~i pxi@ fd ikicilwp mlg udkk ni xm~wd`ykm~kt pydwmnki mp
m gdgm`wd` pyxxa~w fa~ pwygilwp+ mp dw dlwie~mwip odpwa~d`mk mlg p dilwdfd` ikicilwp `alli wig udwo woi kdfi mlg
ua~bp af Vakwm udwo waxd`p womw m~i w~mgdwdalmkkt gimkw udwo dl wiwnaabp, M wod~g kivik `aykg ni ipxi`dmk#
kt ypifyk wa p`oakm~p mlg udkk `alwmdl mcxki ~ifi~il`i cmwi~dmk+ ndnkdae~mxodip mlg `mwmkaeyip ,
• .Xi~`a~pd vakwdmld m @aca: pyxxa~wd gdgmwwd`d cykwdcigdmkd%% ! .Vakwm oi~dwmei w~mdk dl @aca: gdgm`wd`
cykwdcigdm pyxxa~w./@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m .M , Vakwm., @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka, E~yx#
xa gd kmva~a D Ua~bdle wimc: FIGI^D@A@MLANNDA#@AGIKKk+MK LWDLMM K Y + NJ ULA C M @M WW k+ P M^ M XIKAPA+
X DI W ^A W A GI P @O DL D$
Kmxxkd`mzdali cykwdcigdmki dl~i~mwwdvm w~avi~m pxmzda dl yl `odap`a x~ippa dk Wicxda Vakwdmla /`f~+ x,97$+
xi~ xi~ciwwi~i ylm xdKDiffd`m`i f~ydzdali gid `dcikd gm xm~wi gid vdpdwmwa~d+ Mww~mvi~pa wipwd+ dxi~wipwd+ dc#
cmedld+ va`d fya~d `mcxa i fdkcmwd k%mxxkd mzdali cykwdcigdmki xi~~liwwi~m mk vdpdwmwa~i gd cyavi~pd kyl#
ea ? xi~`a~pd gdffi~ilwd xi~ awwili~i d l fallmzdald + m vm~d kdvikkd gd mxx~afalgdcilwa+ pyd `alwipwa pwa~d`a
i pa da`ykwy~mki dl `yd vdppi Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ pykkm vdwm i k%axi~m gikkm p`dilzdmwa `a~lmp`a+ pykki `ikin~m#
zdald vakwdmli mvvilywi dl xmppmwa+ pyd kyaeod vakwdmld m @aca+ i pyekd pvdkyxxd gikkm p`dilzm `alpieyilwd
mkk%dlvilzdali gikkm xdwm, Mww~mvi~pa Glm vdpdwm vd~wymki gik ~lypia+ dlfdli+ dk vdpdwmwa~i xaw~m mvvd dlm~pd mk#
ki viw~dli+ p`ieDdi~i yla pw~ycilwa i appi~vm~i @Acifylzdalm xi~ cizza gd mldcmzdald nd#i w~dgdcil#
pdalmkd, Y @ G #^ A C pm~m mkw~ipk ~lavdcilwmwa `dm gdpield m l d c mw d ~ im kd z zm wd gm yl lawm gdvykemwa~i i gd#pielmwa~i gd `acd`p,- Woi dlwi~m`wdvi cykwdcigdm mxxkd mwdal udkk ni xkm`ig dl woi Wicxda Takwdmla /Vak#
wm Wicxki$ /`f~, x,90$, Nt cimlp af wiwp+ otxi~wiwp+ xd`wy~ip+ lm~~mwa~p mlg fdkcp woi cykwdcigdm mxxkd#
`mwdal udkk ilmnki woi vdpdwa~ wa fakkau ? gdffi~ilw ~aywip wa anwmdl dlfa~cmwdal mw vm~dayp kivikp+ giwmdkig
8= % awoi~udpi+ al woi odpwa~d`mk mlg pa`da# ykwy~mk `alwiw d==+ uod`o Mkippmlg~a Vakwm kdvig+ al woi kdfi mlg
ua~bp af woi @aca p`dilwdpw+ al xmpw Vakwm `ikin~mwdalp+ al woi Vakwm oi~dwmei w~mdk dl @aca+ mlg al woi
givikaxcilwp af p dil`i pynpi}yilw wa woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t# Fdlmkkt+ womlbp wa m vd~wymk vdpdw ~aylg
woi cypiyc+ woi vdpdwa~ udkk ni mnki wa mxx~am`o woi poau`mpip+ `oaapi ml dlpw~ycilw mlg umw`o dw ua~b+
• @ G #^ A C .Km Xdkm m `acnypwdndki: k%dcxdmlwa gd Wi`la dwt%%
/@ilw~a gd @ykwy~i P dilwdfd`m.M, Vakwm.+ @alw~dnywi MIC+ Cdkmla, @aa~gcmcilda ! @a#a~gdlmwa~: IKI#
LM CM WDLIKKD+, @ilw~a M, Vakwm$
M `a~lxkicil~a gikk%mxxkd mzdali cykwdcigdmki pax~m gip ~dwwm+ dk@ilw~a Vakwm om dl~~mx~ipa = 8 pvd#Dyxxa gd yl @ G # ^ A C gigd`mwa mkkm wiilakaedm gikki xdki m `acnypwdndki+ }ymki x~aciwwilwi ivaky#
zdali gid gdpxapdwdvd gi~dvmwd gmkk%dlvilzdali gd Vakwm, ==@ G # ^ A C dkkypw~m D%dcxdmlwagdcap~~mwdva
eip~dwa gmkk%Mzdilgm Ili~eiwd`m Cdkmlipi /MIC$ m Cdkmla Nd`a``m+ `oi `ap~dwydp`i j J xdy dcxa~wmlwi
x~aeiwwa iy~axia dl }yipwa pi~wa~i+ i x~ipilwm km wia~dm i dkfylzdalmcilwa gikki xdki m `acnypwdnd#
Di + dvmlwmeed gd iffd`dilzm i gd d~lxmwwa mcndilwmki, DK @ G#^ AC i `a~~igmwa gm fdkcmwd+ mldcmzdald
i pdcykmzdald ioi fmva~dp`ala Dm `acx~ilpdali gik fylzdalmcilwa gikk%dcxdmlwa+ -a `acxkiwi woi
cykwdcigdm mxxkd`mwdal gip`~dnig mnavi+ woi @ilw~a Vakwm omp icnm~big al woi givikaxcilw af m
cykwdcigdm ua~b gigd`mwig wa `acnypwdnki nmwwi~t wi`olakaet+ mp ml dlwi~ipwdle mlg x~acdpdle dl#
vilwdal af ili~et eili~mwdle givd`ip+ gi~dvdle f~ac Vakwm%p dlvilwdal, Woi @G#^AC poay!p woi gi#
calpw~mwdal xkmlw ~yl nt woi Cdkml Iki`w~d` @acxmlt /MIC$ mw Nd`a``m Cdkml+ uod`o `alpwdwywip
woi capw dcxa~wmlw Iy~aximl x~aji`w dl woi pi`wa~ mlg woi woia~t mlg ua~bdle x~dl`dxki af `acny#
pwdnki nmwwi~dip+ woi mgvmlwmeip af dwp iffd`dil`t mlg dwp dcxm`w al woi ilvd~alcilw, Woi @G#^AC dl#`kygip fdkc: mldcmwdalp mlg pdcykmwdalp uod`o mppdpw woi ylgi~pwmlgdle af oau woi xkmlw ua~bp
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CYPID I CAPW^I
C Y PIY C P ML G I _O DN DWDA LP
CYPI= I MKKIPWDCILWD XI^CMLILWD! C Y P I Y C P MLG X I ^ C M L I L W I_ODNDWDALP
• .Gm Vakwm mk Gyicdkm # Xi~ yl Cypia gikkm Wi`ld`m Ikiww~d`m. D .F ~ac V akwm wa woi tim~ >888 # F a~
m C ypiy c a f I ki`w~d`m k W i`ol aka et.
/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki i ^iedali Kacnm~gdm, ^ i px a l pm n dk d P ` di l wd fd `d kP `di lwdfd` P yx i~ dl wi lg il wp : M L WA L DA +pMVDLs+ F ^ M L @ A W A C C M Z Z A K K k +Y l dy i~pdwm g d X mv dm 2 X ~a ei wwa g ik#
k % dccmedli D D c me i X ~ aj i` w: ^ILMWA PA^^ILWdLJ+ I L ^ D @ A V M K I ^ D M L s $
Dl a``mpdali gik pi`alga `ilwilm~da gikk%dlvilzdali gikkm Xdkm+ k%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ `oi `al km pym
p`yakm gd fdpd`m xa~wa mvmlwd dldlwi~~awwmcilwi km w~mgdzdali vakwdmlm+ dl~ilgi ~ilgi~i yl acmeeda
xi~cmlil`i mkk%dlpdeli Cmipw~a ~imkdzzmlga yl Cypia gikkm Wi`ld`m Ikiww~d`m `oi dlwie~d Di pyi `ak#
kizdald ig aff~m ylm pigi mgieymwm mkki ~m``akwi mvvdmwi dlmlld xdl ~i`ilwd x~ippa dkGdxm~wdcilwa gd
Dleieli~dm Ikiww~d`m `al = 8 p`axa dkkgip ~dvi~i ki wmxxi xdkk,pdeldfd`mwdvi gikkm ivakyzdali pwa~d`m gd }yi#
pwa d~lxa~wmlwi piwwa~i gikk%dleieli~dm, DDCypia pm~m `y~mwa i eip~dwa gmk @ilw~a gd ^d`i~`m xi~ km
Pwa~dm gikkm Wi`ld m Iki~w~d`m+ gd ~i`ilwi `apwd~ydwa x~ippa D%Mwilia wd`dlipi,
Ippilzdmki xi~mkw~a xi~ dk Cypia i km fdlmkdwm gdgmwwd`m ,, ]ymlga xappdndki+ ekd aeeiwwd gik Cypia pm#
~mlla fmwwd ~dvdvi~i i fylzdalm~i+ xm~wi`dxmlga `apd mkdm pym vdwm, Pd xilpd+ mg ipicxda+ mg mlwdiod ei#
li~mwa~d i dlwi~~ywwa~d+ md `alvi~wdwa~d i m cakwd mkw~d mxxm~i``od 8 pw~ycilwd gd cdpy~m, Cagikkd+ pd#~lykmzdald+ fdk~lmwd ig mkw~i mxxkd`mzdald cykwdcigdmkd m``acxmeli~mlla dk vdpdwmwa~i lik vdmeeda mkdm p`a#
xi~wm gikki dlly~li~ivakd mxxkd`mzdald gikk%ikiww~awi`ld`m, DD lyava Cypia+ `akka`mwi lik xaka p`dil#
wdfd`a gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ pm~m xylwa gd ~dfi~dcilwa }ymkdfd`mlwi ml`oi xi~ dk lmp`ilwi xaka wii#
lakaed`a xmvipi ig mcndp`i m `a~lxiwi~i+ lik piwwa~i gikkm wi`ld`m ikiww~d`m+ `al mlmkaeod cypid g%Iy#
~axm, I==wd falgmwa~d gik Cypia pm~mlla k%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ Ilwd ka`mkd i wi~~dwa~dmkd w~m d}ymkd dk
@acyli gd Xmvdm i km ^iedali Kacnm~gdm ig mzdilgi ikiww~d`oi gd xa~wmwm lmzdalmki+ w~m `yd D%ILIK+
`oi edm omlla `alw~dnydwa i `alw~dnyd~mlla mkDm `~ip dwm gikki ~m``akwi cypimkd gikk%Yldvi~pdwm,
Al woi a``mpdal af woi nd`ilwilm~t af woi dlvilwdal xf woi N mwwi~t, woi Y l dvi~pdwt af X mvdm dl wilgp wa~ilgi~ xi~c mlilw oac mei wa woi ic dlilw C mpwi~ nt piwwc e yx m C ypiyc af I ki`w~d`mk Wi`olakaet wa`ac xkiwi dwp `akki`wdal mlg affi~ ml mxx~ax~dm wi `ilw~i wa oapw woi `akki`wdalp u od`o omvi niil pwm~#wig yx dl ~i`ilw tim~p mw woi G ixm~wc ilw af I ki`w~d`mk I ledlii~dle, Woi C ypiyc u dkk ni m~~mleig mlg
~y l nt woi @ il w~i a f ^ ipim ~`o fA W wo i O dpwa ~t a f I ki`w~d`mk W i`o la ka et+ ~i`il wkt n y: d w dl wo i Y l dy i~pdwtaf X mvdm , C a~iav`k2 u omw dp ippilwdm k wa woi C ypiyc dp dwp g dgm`wd` mdc , U oilivi~ xappdnki+ woi C y#piyc iodndwp u dkk ni m`wdvmwig mlg c mgi wa u mg ,, woyp ni`ac dle ml m`wdvi xm~w a f woi C ypiyc dwpikf,Woi liu C ypiyc + ka`mwig dl woi P`dil`i G ixm~wc ilw af woi Y l dvi~pdwt af X mvdm udkk m kp a n i m } ym kdft dl exadlw a f ~ifi~il`i fa~ woi liu wi`olakaed`mk yldw af X mvdm Y l dvi~pdwt mlg dwp mdc dp wa `ac xiwi u dwo pd#
c dkm ~ I y~ax im l c ypiy cp dl wo i fdi kg a f iki`w~d`mk wi`o la kae dip ,
• DD Emndliwwa fdpd`a gd Vakwm ! % %V a kw m %p X o t pd `p K m n a ~m wa ~ t./Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ X ~a ei wwa P `di lwdfd` a ! P `di lwdfd` X ~a ji `w: EDML#
LJ NALI^M+ EDYKDMLA NIKKAGD+ Y l d yi ~p dwm g d X m vdm 2 XMAKA N^ILLk+ @L^ F d~ il zi , X ~ ae iw wa g ikk %dc c m #
edli D D c m ei X ~ aji `w : ^ IL MW A PA ^^ IL WkL k+ I L^ J@ A VMKI^DMLf$
Mkippmlg~a Vakwm om pvakwa km cmeeda~ xm~wi gikkm pym mwwdvdwm gdgmww d m i gd ~d`i~`m x~ippa D%Yldvi~pd~m gd
Xmvdm, X~ippa dk Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm i k d Xmvdm+ pd w~avmla ml`a~m cakwdppdcd ipicxkm~d gi#ekd pw~ycilwd ywdkdzzmwd gmkka p dilzdmwa+ Dl a``mpdali gikki @ikin~mzdald vilm mkkipwdwm kklm lyavm mkm gik
Cypia dlwdwakmwm mkka p`dilzdmwa likkm }ymki xawi~ gielmcilwi ipxa~~i }yipwd `dcikd+
Likkm pmkm vi~~mlla pdpwi~lmwd ekd pw~ycilwd a~dedlmkd mxxm~~ililwd mk Emndliwwa fdpd`a mkkip~dwa gm Vakwm m
xm~wd~i gmJ =5?8, Xm~wi gikkm pw~ycilwmzdali gdpxaldndki ~deym~gm cm~i~dmki i kd wdxa gdgmwwd`a, Iekd m`}ydp~a
dl v m~d vdmeed mkk%ipwi~a 8 fi`i `apw~yd~i xdy gd 588 pw~y~lilwd, Gd }yipwd `d~`m =98 pala ml`a~m ipdp~ilwd
x~ippa dk Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm ig d = Kd ia @kmppdia %8, Fap`aka% i k d Xmvdm,
@kd pw~ycilwd `oi Vakwm ywdk dzzmvm pxi`dfd`mcilwi xi~ ki ~d`i~`oi p`dilwdfd`oi pala dlvi`i dl lyci~a cd#
Na~i2 dlwmwwd+ km cmeeda~ xm~wi gd }yikkd `alpi~vmwd gmkk%Yldvi~pdwm mlgm~ala gdpw~ywwd likk%dl`ilgda `oi
fylipw` d x~ixm~mwdvd gikkm ~lapw~m gd @aca gik =?44 /D `ilwilm~da$+ Q
Gd aeld pw~ycilwa vilm dlgd`mwi+ akw~i mkkm x~avildilzm i mdki `m~m~wi~dpw d oi wi`ld`oi+ dk fylzdalmcil#
wa ig dk pya ywdkdzza+ dl mk`yld `mpd cigdmlwi yl%mldcmzdali vd~wymki, Km pw~ycilwmzdali dlfa~cmwd`m `al#
pilwd~m ml`oi mk vdpdwmwa~i i k d `akkiem~pd vdm Dlwi~liw m Cypid+ Ndnkdawi`oi /mg ip,+ mk CDWi
`alpi~vmwm km
ndnkdawi`m gd Vakwm$ i Nml`oi gmwd dkke~mga gd paggdpfm~i `y~dapdwm i dlwi~ippd `ykwy~mkd pxi`dfd`d,
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X^AE^MCkVDM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! X ^A E^ MC CI A F @ IKI N^ MW DA LP
Mkippmlg~a Vakwm `m~~dig ayw capw af odp gdgm`wd` m`wdvdwdip mlg ~ipim~`o mw woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm, M
e~imw lycni~ af cagikp af woi dlpw~ycilwp ypig nt woi p dilwdpw `ml pwdkk ni faylg dl woi Odpwa~t af woi
Yldvi~pdwt Cypiyc, Al woi a``mpdal af woi `ikin~mwdalp+ m liu udle af woi Cypiyc+ lmcig mfwi~
woi p`dilwdpw+ udkk ni piw yx wa oaypi woipi x~i`dayp iodndwp, Dl woi cmdl omkk woi a~dedlmk dlpw~ycilwp
nikaledle wa woi Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t piw yx nt Vakwm R~ac =5?8 udkk ni al gdpxkmt, Paci af woi c#pw~ycilwp iodndwig m~i af woi g dg m`wd` wtx i+ I m`o dl pw~y cil w udkk `m~~t+ mp uikk mp dlgd` mwdalp af dwp
a~dedl mlg wi`old mk `om~m wi~dpwd p+ lawip d = = , dwp ua~bdlep mlg ypi+ dl P8==wi `mpip wo~ayeo vd~wymk mld#
cmwdal,
• Mykm cykwdcigdmki! .Cykwdcigdm ^aac./Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ X~aeiwwa P`dilwdfd`a ! P`dilwdfd` X~aji w: FMND A
NIVDKM@]YM+ KkGDM F M K A C A $
Dl ylm pmkm mwwdeym mk @mndliwwa gd Fdpd`m gd Vakwm i pwmwm mkkipwdwm yl%mykm ~lykwdcigdmki, K%mykm pm~m mw#
w~izzmwm `ml pwmzdald gd kmva~a cilwi gawmwm gd x~adiwwa~i gded~mki py e~mlgi p`oi~ca+ pm~m `allip#
pm dl ~iwi i mww~izzmwm xi~ vdgia`alfi~ilzi, Pm~m dlakw~i m~w~izzmwm `ml vdgia`m~li~i gded~mkd xi~ km ~i#
edpw~mzdali i k d cmwi~dmki gdgmwwd`a /dl `aaxi~mzdali `ml dk `apwdwyilga m~wdeya kmna~mwa~da fawae~mfd#
`a i cykwdcigdmki$, Pm~m xi~wmlwa xappdndki ypyf~yd~i gd ylm cagi~lm gdgmwwd`m dl `yd ekd ikicilwd
p~a~d`a#p`dilwdfd`d vi~~mlla mlmkdzzmwd i gdvykem~d `al k ===8vi ~i`lakaedi+
M cykwdcigdm cac omp niil piw yx dl m ~aac liw wa Vakwm%p Xntpd`p Kmna~mwa~t, Woi ~aac udkk ni
fdwwig udwo daa~k: pwmwdalp wa~ woi ypi~+ i}ydxxig udwo m km~ei#p`~iil gdedwmk x~aji`wa~+ `alli`wig dl m
liwua~b mlg udkk omvi ydgia#`alfi~il`dle fm`dkdwdip, Dl mggdwdal+ dw udkk ni i}ydxxig udwo gdedwmk vdgia
`mci~m wa ~i a~g gdgm wd` cmwi~dmk,
• @ilw~a xi~ km gdffypdalp gikkm `ykwy~m pwa~d`a#p`dilwdfd`m .Vakwm 44. D @ilw~i fa~ woi Gdffypdal af od#
pwal`mk#p dilwddd` `ykwy~i %Vakwm 44.
/Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm, @al~~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ X~aeiwwa P`dilyfdm: ! P`dilwdf d X~aji w: FMND A
NIVDKM@]YM+ KDGDM FMkACA$
Liekd ykwdcd gdi`d mlld x~ippa d J Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm p~ i pvdkyxxmwm+ likk%m~l#ndwa gikkm kieei pykkm gdffypdali gikkm `yk~y~m p~a~d`a#p`dilwdfd`m i gik x~aeiwwa p~~mwied`a i fdlmkdzzmwa
pyd nild `yk~y~mkd+ yl%mwwdvdwm gd ~d`i~`m i pxi~dcilwmzdali+ Km ~i`ilwi mppielmzdali gd lyavd pxmzd om
xa~wmwa mkdm x~axap~m gd yl @ilw~a w~m d yd p`mxd vd pm~m }yikka gd x~agy~~i cmwi~dmki cykwd~ligdmki
~dvakwa xm~w d akm~~lil~i mdk%dlpielmcilwa gikkm fdpdim, Xi~ k%dlmyey~mzdali gik @ilw~a+ vi~~m x~agawwa
K kl @G#^AC dlwi~mcil~i gigd`mwi mkk%axi~m p`dilwdfd`m gd Vakwm,
^ipim~`o ml g ixi~dcilwmk m`wdvdwt omp niil eadle al mw woi Odpwa~t af woi Yldvi~pdwt Cypiyc avi~
wo i xmpw wil tim~p, Woi ~i`ilw m kka `m wda l a f liu x ~i cdpi p o mp kig wa m x~axapmk fa ~ m @ il w~ i u oa pi mdc
udkk ni wa x~agy`i cykwdcigdm cmwi~dmk udwo xm~wd`ykm~ vdiu wa woi wim`odle af Xotpd`p,
• .Xi~`a~pd vakwdmld m @aca: ^d`ap~~yzdali gik kmna~m~a~da @m~wald i gikkm pym pw~y~lilwmzdali p`dil#
wdfd`m. D %Vakwm oi~dwmei w~mdk dl @aca: ~i`alpw~y`wdal af woi Emwwald kmna~mwa~t mlg af dwp p`dilwdfd` dl#
pw~ycilwp./@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m -kM, Vakwm.+ @alw~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxk`+
E~yxxa gd kmya~a D UAWbdle wimc: I CkG A N A^ @O d+ F IG I^ D@ A @ ML AN NJA #@ AG IK Kk+ M Y ^I KkM F A^ LM _A + ,VM #
KILW!LM EMKKD+ ^ILZA CM@-k+ N^YLA CMEMDWk+ FI^GDLMLGA WIMKGJ+ X~IW^A WAGIP@ODL=+ X~aeiwwa DX~adi w: M~`,odwiwwa ^ A P M K N M EDMLDs
Andiwwdva gik x~aei~wa i gd ~d`apw~yd~i pawwa fa~cm gd mkkipwdcilwa w~mpxa~~mndki dk Kmna~mwa~da gik#
k%Mnmwi Edykda @ipm~i @m~wald+ x~ippa = = }ymki dk fdpd`a `acmp`a `a~lxk d pyad x~dcd pwygd i ki x~dci pxi#
~d~lilwmzdald p`dilwdfd`oi+
Dk e~yxxa gd kmva~a+ `apwdwydwa gm x~afippa~: gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Fd~ilzi i gm ga`ilwd gikkm p`yakm ci#
gdm pyxi~da~i+ om py ggdvdpa dk `mcxa gd dlgmedli dl gyi pizdald: Dm x~dcm gd a~dilwm~lilwa pykki `a#
lap`ilzi dl mcndwa p`dilwdfd`a mkk%ixa`m i k d Vakwm /ikiww~d`dwm+ wi~~laciw~dm i ci~ia~akaedm+ ci``mld#
`m+ m`ypwd`m i awwd`m$+ km pi`algm gd mxx~afalgdcilwa pykki p`axi~~i i Di dlvilzdald gik fdpdia `acm#
p`a /ikiww~d`dwm+ iygda~liw~dm i ciwia~akaedm$, Ekd pw~ycil~d pala ~imkdzzmwd `dm ipx ~wd gikk%Dpwdwywa Eia#e~mfd`a Cdkdwm~i `kd Fd~ilzi: pm~mlla ~d`apw~ydwd pyk cagikka gd }yikkd gd fdli Pi~wi`ilwa+ ywdkdzzmlga+
78
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CYPID I CAPW^I ! C Y PIY C P ML G I_ODNDWDALP
}ymlga xappdndki+ d cmwi~dmkd a~dedlmkd, DD kmna~mwa~da vi~~m dlmyey~m~a dl mlwix~dcmdl edyela =444
i+ py``ippdvmcilwi+ fylzdali~m `aci `ilw~a gdgmwwd`a m xm~wd~i gm piwwi~ln~i,
Woi anji`wdvi af woi x~aji`w dp wa ~i`alpw~y`w dl ml impdkt w~mlpxa~wmnki umt+ woi Kmna~mwa~t af woi Mn#
naw Edykda @ipm~i Emwwald+ uoi~i woi @aca xotpd`dpw `m~~dig ayw odp fd~pw pwygdip mlg odp fd~pw p`dilwd#fd` ixi~dcilwp, Woi ua~be~ayx+ cmgi yx af ki`wy~i~p f~ac woi Yldvi~pdwt af Fka~il`i mlg af wim`oi~p
f~ac m E~mccm~ P`oaak+ omp gdvdgig woi ~ipim~`o fdikg dlwa wua pi`wdalp: woi fd~pw dp m eydgikdli al
blaukigei dl woi p`dilwdfd` fdikg dl Vakwm%p wdci /iki`w~d`dwt+ woi~caciw~t mlg ciwia~akaet+ ci`nm#ld`p+ m`aypwd`p mlg axwd`p$+ woi pi`alg dp m giixi~ dlpdeow dlwa woi gdp`avi~dip mlg dlvilwdalp af woi
@aca Xotpd dpw /iki`w~d dwt iygdaciw~t mlg ciwia~akaet$,
• Pxmzd ipxapdwdvd gigd`mwd mkkm gdgmw~d`m p`dilwdfd`m i mdki ~m``akwi lmwy~mkdpwd`oi+ Kd`im Vakwm+ @m~lmk
Iodndwdal `ilw~ip gigd`mwig wa p`dilwdfd` gdgm`wd`p mlg lmwy~mkdpw d `akki`wdalp+ Kd`ia Vakwm+ @aca
/Kd`ia M, Vakwm, @alw~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki i @acyli gd @aca$
Xi~ ylm n~ivi gip`~dzdali gikk%dlwi~vilwa pd vigm Dm izdali XI^@A^PD VAKWDMLD+ @aca /x, 9>$,
Fa~ m gip`~dxwdal af woi dlwi~vilwdal pii Vakwm oi~dwmei w~mdk @aca /x, 9>$,
CAPW^I WICXA^MLII!XYNKD@ GDPXKMTP
• .Km Xdwm gd Vakwm+ kdkm p`dlwdkkm kylem gyi pi`akd., Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ Cdkmla+ =9 mx~dki # =9 cmeedi
=444= .Vakwm%p Nmwwi~t+ m pxm~b deldwdle wua `ilwy~dip.+ Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ Cdkml =9Mx~dk # =9Cmt
=444/Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P`dilzi i Kiwwi~i, @alw~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m#
~dxka+ @aa~gdlmwa~d D @a#a~gdlmwa~p: M K N I ^ W A EDEKk N ^Z AKM^D i EY~GA WMEKDMFI^^D$
Km Capw~m dl~ilgi dkkypw~m~i D,mvdwm i ki axi~i gikka P`dilzdmwa mww~mvi~pa yl `ilwdlmda gd ga`ycilwd
dl xappippa gikk%Dpwdwywa akw~i m ylm `dl}ymlwdlm gd pw~ycilwd /}ympd wywwd a~dedlmkd$ i aeeiwwd xi~pa#
lmkd gik Vakwm eilwdkcilwi `al`ippd gmkkm fmcdekdm+ ==vdpdwmwa~i vi~gd, eydgmwa+ `ml k%mypdkda gd ylm `dl#
}ymlwdlm gd e~mlgd xapwi~+ m xi~`a~~i~i ki xdy dcxa~wmlwd wmxxi gikkm vdwm gd Vakwm+ gmekd mlld edavm#
ldkd mekd ala~d w~dnywmwdekd dl iwm c|wYDm+ gmekd mffiwwd fm~ldkdm~d mk pya `m~mw~i~i+ cm ml`oi mg mk`yld
fmwwd `y~dapd gd `yd f y x~awmealdpwm, I x~ivdpwa k%dle~ippa e~m~ydwa `ml x~ilawmzdali annkdemwa~dm+ D Woi
Iodndwdal mdcp wa dkkypw~mwi woi kdfi mlg ua~bp af woi P`dilwdpw wo~ayeo mnayw m oylg~ig ga`ycilwp
dl woi Dlpwdwywi%p xappippdal+ mp uikk mp mnayw fdfwt dlpw~ycilwp /mkcapw mkk a~dedlmkp$ mlg, xi~palmk
anji`wp nikaledle wa Vakwm mlg bdlgkt galmwig nt woi fmcdkt, Mgcdppdal udkk ni f~ii nyw naabdlep udkk
ni ankdemwa~t,
• .Km p~~ycilwmzdali ikiww~d`m giY%?88., Pmkali Wi~ipdmla+ Xmvdm+ 6, piwwicn~i # 0 awwan~i =444= ¢Ld#
liwiilwo @ilwy~t Iki`w~d mk Dlpw~ycilwp., Pmkali Wi~ipdmla+ Xmvdm 6 Pixwicni~ # 0 A`wani~ =444
/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm, Nipxalpmndki P dilwdfd`ak P dilwdfd` Pyxi~vdpa~:
EDYKDMLA NIKKAGD+ Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm2 XMAU N^ILLD + Cypia xi~ km pwa~dm gikkm P`dilzm Fd~ilzi$
P`axa gikkm ~lapw~m+ ~imkdzzmwm m `y~m gik Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm i gikkm Ndnkda#
wi`m Yldvi~pdwm~dm+ i gd dkkypw~m~i ekd pvdkyxxd `oi lik `mcxa gikk%ikiww~d`dwm P8==8pwmwd ~ipd xappdndkd gmk#
k%dlvilzdali gikkm Xdkm+ pdm pak xdmla wi`ld`a `oi py }yikka wia~d`a, Vi~~mlla ipxapwd `d~`m pippmlwm
pw~ycilwd mxxm~wililwd mk Cyp`a xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm i cak~i xynnkd`mzdald m pwm~l#
xm gikkm Ndnkdawi`m Yldvi~pdwm~dm+ ~ikmwdvd m gdvi~pd piwwa~d p`dilwdfd`d: gmkkm cdpy~m gikkm `a~~ilwi ikiw#
w~d`m mdki pyi mxxkd`mzdald /wikie~mfa+ wikifala ,,$2 gmd cawa~d ikiww~d d mkk %dlgyzdali ikiww~a~lmeliwd m2
gmkkm p`a~dm gikk%ikiww~d`dwm md cmlymkd x~mwd`d gd ikiww~awi`ld`m, M~~d``odp`i i `a~lxki~m km capw~m km
xappdndkdwm affi~wm mk vdpdwmwa~i gd ywdkdzzm~i gdvi~pi xapwmzdald ~lykwd~ligdmkd dl e~mgi gd fa~ld~i w~mcd#
wi x~ae~mccd dxi~wip~ymkd gd mldcmzdali i pdcykmzdali+ dlfa~~lmzdald pyk cmwi~dmki ipxapwa,t Mnayw
pdwt dlpw~ycilwp nikaledle wa woi Odpwa~t af woi Yldvi~pdwt Cypiyc udkk ni al gdpxkmt mp uikk mp
cmlt x~dlwig xynkd`mwdalp f~ac woi Yldvi~pdwt Kdn~m~t ~ikmwdle wa gdffi~ilw p`dilwdfd` pi`wa~p: R~ac woi
cimpy~dle af iki`w~d` `y~~ilw wa dwp mxxkd`mwdalp /widie~mxo+ wikixoali$2 f~ac iki`w~d` iledlip wa iki`#
w~acmeliy` dlgy`wdal2 f~ac woi odpwa~t af iki`w~d`dwt wa x~m`wd`mk cmlymkp al iki`w~d`mk wi`olakaet,
7=
k|#+
D|
|+ +:+
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X^AE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! X^AE^MCCI AF @IKIN^MWDALP
• .>88 VAKW # lnd ilwilm~da gikkm Xdkm.+ Xmgdekdali xd~mcdgmki x~ippa df Wicxda Vafwdmla+ @aca+ gm
piwwicn~i =444= .>88 Vakw # Nd`ilwilm~t af woi Nmwwi~t., Xt~mcdg xmydkdal dl woi Wicxda Vakwdmla+
@aca+ f~ac Pixwicni~ =444
/@acdwmwa X~acawa~i @acmpia, @alw~dny~a ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka, ^iedm = M~wgd~i`wa~: XRI^ XMAKAV I L R I ^ , X~agyzdali = X~agy wdal: XXV P D P W I C J a % DCCM E RL I , @alpykilzmk @alpyk#
wml`t: @ILW^A G~ @YKWY^MP@kILWDFk@MMKIPPMLG^AVAKWM,@acyld`mzdali = @accyld`mwdal: FkA^M
P W I D L N M @ O XMKMZZkLD+IAAM GA @AKACNA$
Km Capw~m dlwilgi ciwwi~i km fdey~m ycmlm dk k Mki pmlg~a Vakwm mk `ilw~a gikk%dlwi~ippi gik vdpdwm~a#
~ i a X~awmealdpwm i k%yaca Vakwm+ dcci~pa lik `kdcm gik pya wicxa+ `oi pd mffm``dm mkkm ~d`i ~`m p`dil#
wdfd`m `al ilwypdmpca dkkycdldpwd`a+ i `oi mww~mvi~pa km p`axi~wm gikwm xdkm om xi~ x~dci dllip`mwa km
~dvakyzd`li wi`lakaed`m cagi~lm,+ W~m di~ld falgmcilwmkd: ekd mlld gikkm fa~cmzdali2 k%Yldvi~pdwm2 dk
`alwipwa `ykwy~mki i xakdwd`a /dk `aci Fd~cdml+ Bmyldwz+ Cm~dm Wi~ipm+ Lmxakiali$2 k%mcndilwi p`dil#
wdfd`a /gm @mwwald # `al km ~d`apw~yzdali gik pya kmna~mwa~da p`dil~dfd`a # m Emkvmld+ m d `akkieod f~ml#
`ipd+ wigip`od i dlekipd$2 ekd ala~d,
Gmk xylwa gd vdpwm gikka pxiwwmwa~i+ km Capw~m pd pvdkyxxi~m py gyi Kdvikkdvdpdvd: yl x~dca kdvikka+ `il#
w~mki+ mi~ia+ apxdwi~m km xm~wi vdpdal m~dm+ mYm }ymki i mffdgmwa dJ ~m``alwa icazdalmlwi gikk%ipxi~dil#zm p`dilwdfd`m i gikk%mvvilwy~m ycmlm gik x~awmealdpwm+ Yl pi`alga+ m wi~~m+ `alwi~~m km xm~wi gdgmp`mkd`m
i d~ixi~wd pwa~d`a#p`dilwdfd`d mwwd m gm~i wywwi Di dlfa~~lmzdald li`ippm~di gmk xylwa ikd vdpwm ga`y~lil#
wmki, I .pield%% ~mxx~ipilwmwdvd gd }yikki ~d`mgywi wi`lakaed`oi `oi k%yaca Vakwm fa~pi dlwyd ~lm `oi km
pym pwa~dm gd vdwm lal ekd `al`ippi fa~pi liml`oi gd d~lcmedlm~i: gmk piwwa~i ili~eiwd`a mkk%ikiww~a~lm#
eliwdpca+ mkki wiki`a~lyld`mzdald+ mkk%dkkycdlmzdali m~wdfd`dmki ,,,^dxilpmlga mk xmppmwa+ ylm x~adizda#
li lik fywy~a,
Woi mdc af woi Iodndwdal dp wa xyw woi oycml fdey=%i af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm mw woi `ilw~i af woi vdpdwa~%p
dlwi~ipw, Woi x~awmealdpw dp M, Vakwm+ woi cml+ mnpa~nig dl woi `kdcmwi af odp wdcip+ uoa mxx~am`oip
p`dilwdfd` ~ipim~`o udwo ilkdeowilig ilwoypdmpc mlg uoa+ womlbp wa woi gdp`avi~t af woi Nmwwi~t+ dp wo ifd~pw wa pxm~b aff woi cagi~l wi`olakaed`mk ~ivakywdal, Mcale woi fylgmcilwmk woicip: woi tim~p af
odp givikaxcilw2 woi Yldvi~pdwt2 woi `ykwy~mk mlg xakdwd`mk `alwiw2 woi p`dilwdfd` ilvd~alcilw: woi
oalay~p ~i`idvig, F~ac woi vdpdwa~%p xadlw af vdiu+ woi iodndwdal udkk givikax al wua vdpymk kivikp: woifd~pw kivik # `ilw~mk mlg mnpw~m`w # udkk ni vdpdalm~t dl lmwy~i+ mlg udkk dkkypw~mwi woi i`dwdle m``aylw
af woi x~awmealdpw%p p`dilwdfd` mlg xi~palmk ixi~dil`i+ Woi pi`alg # al m ca~i nmpd` kivik # udkk `al#
wmdl woi gdgm`wd` ikicilwp mlg woi odpwa~d`mk#p`dilwdfd` iodndwp gipdelig wa edvi mkk woi li`ippm~t ga#
`ycilwm~t dlfa~~lmwdal,
• .Km kyii gd Vakwm., Yl m~wdpwm `alwicxa~mlia pyD wicm .ikiww~d`dwm i ky`i.+ @aca+ g m piwwicn~i
=444= .Vakwm%p kdeow., M `alwicxa~m~t m~wdpw al woi woici .iki`w~d`dwt mlg kdeow.+ @aca+ f~ac Pix#
wicni~ =444
/@acdwmwa X~aca wa~i @acmp`a, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ ^ipxalpmndki ! Pyxi~vdpa~: ^ANI^#
WM KkIDWJ
Acmeeda m Vakwm cigdmlwi k%dlpwmkkmzdali gd yl%axi~m g%m~wi kycdlapm py Xa~wm Wa~~i m @aca+ }ymki
pielmki i dlvdwa xi~ Di Cmldfipwmzdald Vakwdmli, K%m~wdpwm dlgdvdgymwa xi~ km x~aeiwwmzdali gikk%axi~mi Cm~da Ci~z /Cdkmla+ =4>9$+ ipxalilwi dwmkdmla gd x~dca xdmla gikk%m~wi `al`iwwymki, DD pya kmva~a
om x~dl`dxmk~lilwi `aci ~i~ld dDcalga vdvilwi+ k%m~dwciwd m+ km eiaciw~dm+ dk x~ae~ippa p`dilwdfd`a+
k%ypa gikkm ky`i mk lial: iki~lilwd }yipwd `oi w~avmla xi~fiwwd ~dcmlikdmk wi~lm vakwdmla gik fkyppa ili~#
eiwd`a i gikkm `a~~ilwi iki~w~d`m+
Oacmei wa Vakwm wo~ayeo woi dlpwmkkmwdal af m kycdlayp ua~b af mfw al Xa~wm Wa~~i dl @aca mp m pd#
el mlg dlvdwmwdal wa woi Vakwm @ikin~mwdalp, Woi m~wdpw x~axapig wa cmbi m x~aji`w f8=% woi ua~b dp
Ccda Ciw: /Cdkml =4>9$ ml icdlilw Dwmkdml ixalilw af `al`ixwymk m~w,
• .D%iki`w~d`dwi gmlp pip x~icdi~p e~mlgiy~p: Vakwm+ Emkvmld+ @aykacn., Xm~ded+ mywylla =444 DMywycl=444
/@alpi~vmwad~i Lmwdalmk gip M~wp iw Ciwdi~p, Xm~ded$
K%Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm i dk @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m %M, Vakwm% i kd @aca xm~wi`dxmla mkkm ~imkdzzm#
7>
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CYPID I CAPW^I ! CYPIYCP Md[!G I_kN=W=8LP
zdali i kd ylm capw~m pyekd pvdkyxxd gikk%ikiww~d`dwm+ m xm~wd~i gmkki pyi a~dedld piwwi`ilwip`oi i gmd pyad
x~dcd x~awmealdpwd Emkvmld+ Vakwm i @aykacn, Km capw~m vi~~m x~ipilwmwm m Xm~ded vi~pa km fdli gik#
k%mlla x~ippa dw @alpi~vmwad~i Lmwdalmk gip M~wp i Ciwdi~p+ i pd w~mpfi~d~m py``ippdvm~lilwi dl Dwmkdm lik#
km x~dcmvi~m gik >888,
Woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm mlg woi @ilw~i af P`dilwdfd` @ykwy~i M Vakwm, @aca m~i wmbdle xm~w dl woi piw#
wdle yx af ml iodndwdal al woi givikaxcilwp af iki`w~d dwt+ pwm~wdle f~ac dwp a~dedlp dl woi ideowiilwo
`ilwy~t mlg f~ac dwp xdalii~p Emkymld+ Vakwm mlg @aykacn, Woi Iodndwdal udkk ni x~ipilwig dl Xm#
~dp waum~gp woi ilg af woi tim~ mw woi @alpi~ymwad~i Lmwdalmk gip M~wp iw Ciwdi~p+ mlg udkk woil ni
w~mlpfi~~ig wa Dwmkt dl Px~dle >888,
• %WDm Vakwm m Pmlw%Ikdm: Km `dw~m ikiww~d`m., X~aeiwwa+ @aca+ P, F~ml`ip`a+ lavicn~i =444 # eillmda
>888! .F~ac Vakwm wa Pmlw%Ikdm: woi iki`w~d` `dwt%, X~adim, @aca+ P, F~ml`ip`a+ Lavicni~ =444 # Jm#
lym~t >888
K%m~ odwi~wa `a~lmp a fywy~dpwm Mlwalda Pmlw%Ikdm /=???#=4=6$ mvivm x~aeiwwmwa lid=4=7+ gaxi yl ml#
la gd pxi~dcilwmzdali gigd`mwa pax~mwwywwa m=~ dgdpiela gikki `ilw~mkd ikiww~d`oi i gikki dlf~mpw~ywwy#
~i y~nmli dli~ilwd mkkm x~agyzdali i mkkm gdpw~dnyzdali gd ili~edm+ ylm ciemkaxakd mvvild~dpwd`m dlwi#
~m~lilwi mldcmwm gmkk%ikiww~d`dwm, Km pym .@dw~m lyavm. i gdvilwmwm fmcapm dl wywwa dk calga w~mcd~i dk
.Cmldfipwa gikk%M~`odwiw~y~m Fywy~dp~m. kml`dmwa lik kyekda =4=7, Km capw~m ~mxx~ipilwm pxiwwm`akm~#
cilwi+ `al k%mypdkda gd dc~lmedld m e~mlgd gdcilpdald x~adi~wmwi 8~dx~agawwi+ = 8 p`ilm~da y~nmla ~im#
ki gikk%ixa`m+ `al ki x~dci `ilw~mkd ikiww~d`oi dl Kacnm~gdm i d~lizzd gd ka`a~lazdali m ippi `akkiem#
wd+ dx~a`kmcd fywy~dpwd pykk%mvvilwa gikkm cagi~ldwm i k%dlwi~x~iwmzdali `oi li gdigi Pmlw%Ikdm+ x~afi#
~d`m i pa~x~ilgilwicilwi mwwymki,
Woi Fywy~dpw @aca m~`odwi`w Mlwalda Pmlw%Ikdm /=???#=4=6$ omg g~mul yx m x~aji`w fa~ m Rywy~dpw
ciemkaxakdp `acxkiwikt xaui~ig nt iki`w~d`dwt dl =4=7, Udwo woi oikx af woi km~ei xd`wy~ip+ idwoi~
x~aji`wig a~ ~ix~agy`ig+ woi iodndwdal affi~p m pxi`wm`ykm~ kmtayw af woi w~yi y~nml p`ili mw womw wd#
ci+ udwo woi fd~pw iki`w~d`mk xay~i~ xkmlwp dl Kacnm~gt mlg woi cimlp af DA@AD==,awdalalli`wig wa
woic+ woi Rywy~dpwd` x~a`kmcmwdalp al woi mgvilw af cagi~ldwt mlg woi x~axoiwd` mlg pu#x~dpdlekt wa#
xd`mk dlwi~x~iwmwdal edvil wa dw nt Pmlw Ikdm,
• .Vakwm+ Emkvmld+ @aykacn., @aca$ P, F~ml`ip`a+ Rinn~mda # mx~dki >888! Fin~ym~t # Mx~dk >888
/@acdwmwi X~aca wa~i @acmp`a$
Igdzdali `acmp`m gikkm Capw~m gd Xm~ded .K%iki`w~d`dwi gmlp pip x~icdi~p e~mlgiy~p2 Vakwm+ Emkvmld+
@aykacn. /if~, pax~m$+ ! @aca igdwdal af woi Xm~dpIodndwdal ¢K%iki`w~dmw¢ gmlp pi p x~icdi~p e~mlgiy~p:
Vakwm+ Emkymld+ @aykacn. /pii mnavi$
CAPW^I DWkLI^MLWD!DWDLI^MLW I_ODNDWDALP
• Capw~m dwdli~mlwi .Km Xdkm gd Vakwm: yl nd`ilwilm~da xi~ dk fywy~a., M xm~wdwi gm kyekda =444! Dwdli#
~mlw Iodndwdal %Vakwm mlg woi Nmwwi~t., F~ac Jykt =444
/@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m .M, Vakwm.+ `al Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki
i Falgmzdali Nml`m gik Calwi, @acdwmwi p dilwdfd`a D P dilwdfd` @accdwwii: EDMLLD NALI^M+EDYYA
@MPMW=|KNI^WA @DEKkNI^ZAKM^=+ CM^@A PACMKVk@A, @aa~gdlmcilwa ! @a#a~gdlmwa~p: FIGI^d@A @ M #
LANNfA#@AGIKKk+KI=[JM CM^WDLIKY,@~yxxa gd kmya~a ! Ua~bdle e~ayx: VMKIdUDLM @MKKk+ N ^ Y L A CM#
EMDW-+ PM^M XIKAPA+ XDIW^A WAGIP@ODLD$
DD x~aeiw~a x~ivigi km ~imkdzzmzdali gd yl x~dca ipi~lxkm~i gikkm capw~m+ `oi pd x~ivigi gd xa~wm~i m
Xm~ded+ Kalg~m+ Ni~kdla+ lal`oi m Cmkwm i m ^acm+ `al km `adkmna~mzdali gik Cdldpwi~a giekd Ipwi~d,
Pala dl `a~pa mkw~ipd `alwmwwd `al dk Cdldpwi~a gikkm Cm~dlm xi~ wmxxi akw~icm~i,
Km ~imkdzzmzdali gd yl pi`alga ipi~lxkm~i i k%ipwilpdali gik `d~`ydwa gikdm ~lapw~m lik `a~pa gikk%mlla
>888 pala dl fylzdali gikkm gdpxaldndkd~m i kd yk~i~da~d falgd+ km `yd ~d`i~`m i dl `a~pa+
Km capw~m pm~m `apwdwydwm gm ylm pi~di x~dl`dxmki gd 5 yldwm+ gd `yd > .wawic. dlwi~imwwdvd+ apxdwmlwd mw#
w~izzmwy~i cykwdcigdmkd /wipwd i mygda x~igdpxapwd dl 7 kdleyi$+ i 9 xmllikkd pdlawwd`d gd e~mlgi fa~cm#
wa `apwdwydwd gm wipwd i dccmedld+ Km Capw~m xaw~m ippi~i dlwie~mwm gm ~dx~agyzdald gd pw~ycilwd i d = = = #
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X^AE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! X^ AE ^M CC I A F @ IKIN ^M WDA LP
cmedld gd kyaeod vakwdmld+ lal`oi d`alae~mfdm gd p`dilzdmwd i xi~palmeed pwa~d`d gikk%ixa`m,
D wi~ld wa``mwd `acx~ilgala: dk `al~ipwa pwa~d`a+ xakdwd`a+ `ykwy~mki+ p`dilwdfd`a i eiae~mfd`a dl `yd
Vakwm vdppi i axil%< =mx~ax~dm ~d`i~ m2 =8 pvdkyxxa lik wicxa giekd pwygd pykk%ikiww~d`dwm gmkk%mlwd`odwm md
wicxd gd Vakwm2 k%axi~m gd Vakwm+ ki pyi dlvilzdald i p`axi~wi+ ki gdpxywi p`dilwdfd`oi `ml p`dilzdmwd`alwicxa~mlid2 ekd pvdkyxxd gikki `alap ilzi i!a gikki wi`lakaedi m xm~wd~i+ gm yl kmwa+ gm Vakwm+ i gmk#
D%mkw~a gm Emkvmld2 k.%mkni~a eilimkaed a%% gikki cagi~li wi lakaedi `oi gi~dvmla /gd~iwwmcilwi 8 dl#
gd~iwwm~lilwi$ gmkk%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm: m$ eili~mwa~d i cawa~d ikiww~d`d+ gdpxapdwdvd i dcxdmlwd xi~ km
x~agyzdali gd ili~edm ikiww~d`m+ n$ wi`lakaedi gd wiki`a~lyld mzdali i dlfa~cmwd m2 `$ k%ypa gikk%ikiww~d dwm
likk%dlgypw~dm /pi`algm ~dvakyzdali dlgypw~dmki2 g$ k%ivakyzdali i =mwdxakaedm gikki xdki cag i~li m xm~#
wd~i gmk x~aeild~a~i vakwdmla,
Woi iodndwdal udkk `alpdpw af m x~dl`dxmk pi~dip af 5 yldwp+ > af uod`o m~i dlwi~m`wdvi .wawicp.+ x~avd#
gdle cykwdcigdm i}ydxcilw /wiw mlg paylg dl 7 kmleymeip$ mlg 9 km~ei fa~cmw ptlaxwd` xmlikp `ac#
xkiwi udwo wiwp mlg dkkypw~mwdalp, Woi pynji wp `avi~ig dl`kygi: woi odpwa~d`mk+ xakdwd`mk+ `ykwy~mk+ p`dil#
wdfd` mlg eiae~mxod`mk `alwiw dl uod`o Vakwm kdvig mlg `m~~dig ayw odp ~ipim~`o ua~b2 woi givikax#
cilwp wo~ayeo woi meip f~ac ml`dilw wdcip wa Vakwm%p wdcip2 Vakwm%p ua~b+ odp dlvilwdalp mlg gdp`avi#
~dip+ woi p dilwdfd `alw~avi~pt udwo `alwicxa~m~t p`dilwdpwp2 woi givikaxcilwp af blaukigei mlg!a~ af
wi`olakaet pwm~wdle f~ac+ 8 = = , woi ali omlg Vakwm mlg al woi awoi~ omlg Emkymld2 woi .fmcdkt w~ii. af
cagi~l wi`olakaet uod`o gi~dvip /gd~i`wkt a~ dlgd~i`wkt$ f~ac woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t,
• .Ki~igd~m gd Emkvmld i Vakwm likkm p`dilzm `alwicxa~mlim%%+ Dpwdwywd gd @ykwy~m Dwmkdmld mkk%ipwi~a+
=444#>888! %Woi oi~dwmei af Emkvmld mlg Vakwm dl `alwicxa~m~t p`dil`i., Dwmkdml @ykwy~mk Dlpwdwy#
wip Mn~amg+ =444#>888
/@acdwmwi Lmzdalmki Emkvmad, @al km `akkmna~mzdali gik @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki Vakwm$
K%Yldvi~pdwm gd Nakaelm+ `al km `akkmna~mzdali gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm i gik @ilw~a gd @yk~y~m P`dil#
wdfd`m .M , Vakwm.+ i `al dkxm~~a`dlda gik Cdldpwi~a giekd Mffm~d Ipwi~d+ a~emldzzm ylm capw~m dwdli~ml#
wi gigd mwm mkk%mwwdvdwm p dilwdfd`m dkkEmkvmld i gd Vakwm i mkk%dlfkyilzm gm ippd ipi~`dwmwm pykka pvdkyxxa
gikkm fdpdakaedm+ gikkm fdpd`m i gikkm cigd`dlm,
Woi Yldvi~pdwt af Nakaelm+ udwo woi `akkmna~mwdal af woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm mlg af woi @ilw~i af P`dil#wdfd @ykwy~i % : 7 , , Vakwm.+ mlg udwo woi pxalpa~podx af woi Fa~idel Mffmd~p Cdldpw~t+ dp a~emldpdle ml dwd#
li~mlw iodndwdal gigd`mwig wa woi p`dilwdfd` m`wdvdwt af nawo Emkymld mlg Vakwm mlg wa woi dlfkyil`i woit
ii~wig al woi givikaxcilw af xotpdakaet+ xotpd`p mlg cigd`dli,
M K W ^ k IVILWD IPXAPDWDVD @AKKIEMWD
AWOI^ ^IKMWIG IVILWP MLG I_ODNcAL
Dl `akkmna~mzdali `al d J @a~ldwmwa A~emldzzm~a~i giJ Pmkali gik Candki Dwmkdmla /@apcd~$ i dk @KM@/@ilw~a Kiela M~~iga @mlwy$+ pala x~ivdpwi mk`yli dldzdmwdvi lik piwwa~i gik gipdel+ `oi pd ~d`akkiem#
la m Vakwm mww~mvi~pa dk wi~lm gikk%dkkycdlmzdali m~wdfd`dmki:
• Gigd`mzdali mg Mkippmlg~a Vakwm Gikk%igdzdali >888 gd IY^AKY@I /Dm xdy dcxa~wmlwi cmldfi#
pwmzdali fdi~dpwd m mk calga lik `mcxa gikk%dkkycdlmzdali$+ Fdi~m Cdkmla
• .DD x ~aeiwwa gikkm ky`i kylea dxi~`a~pd gik @acxmppa g%A~a MGD., A~emldzzmzdali: @KM@ i Emkki#
~dm gik Gipdel i gikk%M~~igmcilwa @mlwy, P, F~ml`ip`a+ @aca+ layicn~i =444
Dl `akkmna~mwdal udwo @apcm mlg woi @ilw~a Kiela M:~~iga @mlwy+ paci iodndwdalp m~i x~ae~mccig
mkpa dl woi Gipdel pi`wa~, Woit m~i mppa`dmwig udwo Vakwm wo~ayeo woi woici af m~wdfd`dmk dkkycdlmwdal
* Gigd`mwdal wa Mkippmlg~a Vakwm af IY^AKY@I >888, W~mgi Fmd~ 8=emldpmwdal Nagt+ Cdkml
+|Iodndwdal af dkkycdlmwdal i}ydxcilw, P, F~ml`ip`a+ @aca+ Lavicni~ =444
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WI@LAKAEDI
WI@OLAKAEDIP
" Pi~vdzd gd wiki`acyld`mzdali dllavmwdvd xi~ dk wi~~d~a~da km~dmla, X~aeiwwa i pxi~d~lilwmzdali gd Wiki`il#
w~a ! Dl la vm wdv i wi ki `a c cy ld` mwda l fm `dkdwdi p fa ~ wo i @ a ca wi ~~dwa ~t , .Diki`ild~a. x ~a ji `w m lg i xi ~dc i lw/@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m .M, Vakwm., @alw~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka, X~aeiw#
wmzdali i ~imkdzzmzdali m `y~m gd Wiki ac Dwmkdm, ^ i px a lp mn dk i ! P y xi ~v dp a~ : ^ANI^WA LIE^DLk+ Xakdwi`ld`a
g d C dkm la , @ aa ~g dl mc i lwa ! @ a #a ~g dl mwa ~: F U ^kM LM N I^ IDW M+ @ilw~a M, Vakwm$
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gikki pyi mxxkd`mzdald kiemwi mkki wi`lakaedi gikki `a~lyld`mz dald i gikk%dl fa~c mz dal i, M wmki p` axi+ dk @ il #
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mvvdmwa = 8 pwygda i km ~imkdzzmzdali gd pi~vdzd gd wiki`acyld`mzdali dllavmwdvd lik wi~~dwa~da `a~lmp`a, lx~aeiwwa om mwwymwa ylm x~dcm fmpi gd cippm m xylwa lik `a~pa gikkm eymki pmlm pwmwi ipmcdlmwi ki x~dl`d#
xmkd x~anki~lmwd oi yp`iwwdndkd gd pakyzdali mww~mvi~pa mxxkd`mzdald gd wi`lakaedi gd wiki`a~lyld`mzdali dl#
lavmwdvi, Likkm pi` al gm fmpi /= 4 44 #>888$ dk x~aeiwwa i xmppmwa mkdm ~imkdzzmzdali gd yl @ilw~a xi~ dk wiki#
kmva~a i di ki pi ~v dz d+ e ip wd wa gmJ @ilw~a Vakwm `al =m ` akkmna~mzdali gik Xakdwi`ld`a gd Cdkmla+ Pigi gd @ a#
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`ml dk calga gikkm ~d`i~`m, DD Wiki`ilw~a+ `oi pd mvvmki ml`oi gikk%mxxa~wa gd Mk`mwik+ pd x~axali gd: fmva#
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x~afippdalmki2 `alw~dnyd~i m kk%dl p i~ dc i lwa km va ~m ~dv a gid edavmld+
W oi x ~a ji `w o mp `a cx ki wi g wo i fd~pw x ~ix m~m wda l x om pi dl wo i `a y~pi a f u od` o wo i c mdl x ~a nki cp+ py p`i xwd#n ki a f p a ky wd al nt c i ml p a f m xx kd` mw da lp a f dl la vm wd vi wi ki `a c c yl d` mwda l wi `o la ka et + o mv i n ii l i mc dl ig ,= = = wo i p i` al g x om pi /=444#>888$ wo i x ~a ji `w u dkk ` al pwdwy wi m @ il w~ i fa ~ wi ki #u a ~b dl e m lg wi wi #pi ~v d` ip ~y lnt @ ilw~a V akwm dl `akkmna~mwdal u dwo W iki`ac Dwmkdm mlg woi @ ac a pi`wdal af X akdwi`ld`a gd C dkmla+ wax~avdgi dllavmwdvi pi~vd`ip wa `ac xmldip mlg x~dvmwi `dwdzilp+ mlg wa xyw woi kmwwi~ dl `alwm`w u dwo woiu a~kg a f ~ipim ~` o, W oi py xx a~w a f M k`m wi k u dkk n i m kpa m ppy ~i g,
" X ~ae iwwa . VI K. /vid`akd i ki ww ~d ` d k ie e i ~d $+ @a ca + 5#4 cmeeda = 4 4 4 ! . V I K% X ~ aj i` w / K de o w I k i` w~ d` V i o d` ki p$/M~lcdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki gd @aca, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm, ^ i px a lp m nd ki ! P y xi ~v dp a ~: XDI#
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mk xynnkd`a+ pm~m mffdml`mwm gm yl @alviela ~ikmwdvi mkki mxxkd`mzdali gid VIK @alviela+ `al km x~ipil#
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c ag ikp a f i ki m~d` y io d` ki p fa ~ x ~dv mwi y pi /` m~p + n yp ip + n d` t` ki p+ c a xi gp + i w` $+ m lg wo i pi wwdl e y x a f m l i o d#ndwda l g ig d` mwig wa wo i odpwa ~t a f i ki` w~d` v io d` ki p+ f~a c wo i fd~pw x ~a wa wt xip wa wo i c apw c ag i~l ` m~p l aud l ` d~ `y km wd al ,
• X~ae iwwa .I Y ^ I@ A . ! . IY ^ I @ A . X ~a ji `w/Xakdwi`ld`a gd Cdkmla+ @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m .M,Vakwm.+ Pi~vdzd Wi~~dwa~da P~D, @`lw~dnywa @acd#
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wa dl ci~dwa mdki xakdwd`oi gd %dl`ilwdvmzdali mkk%y 8 ~mzdalmki gikk%ili~edm, Dkx~ipilwi x~aeiwwa mffdml`m dk
xdkk mcxda X~aeiwwa IY^I@A # yl%mzdali gd ~d`i~`m iy~axim `oi `adlvakei F~ml`dm+ E~i`dm+ Xa~waemkka+ Gm#
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wa~i gacipwd`a+ gm Da`mkdzzm~pd likkm ^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ i `algy~~i ylm pxi~dcilwmzdali!pvdkyxxa gd lya#
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MKW^I DLDZDMWkVI: M^WI+ PXA^W+ PXIWWM@AKA+ VM^DIAWOI^ DLDWDM,WLIP: M^D2, PXA^W+ ILWI^WMDLCILW+ VM^DAYP
• Capw~m#@al`a~pa xi~ yl F~ml`anakka P= = .Vakwm i km Xdkm%% ! Iodndwdal#@acxiwdwdal fa~ m pwmcx alwoi woici %Vakwm mlg woi Nmwwi~t.
/Fdlmlzdm~lilwa x~ax~da, ! Pikf#fdlml`ig, ^ ipx al pm ndki ! Pyxi~vdpa~2% EDMLLD NALI^M$
Likk%mcndwa gikkm 0m ^mppielm Fdkmwik d m X~avdl`dmki /Xmvdm 08 mx~dki#k+> Cmeeda$ dl `akkmna~mzdali`al ki Xapwi Dwmkdmli+ dkwicm gik `al`a~pa xi~ yl f~ml`anakka ~deym~gi~m .Vakwm+ k%dlvilzdali gikkm Xd#
km i e kd pvdkyxxd gikk%ikiww~d dwm., DD `al`a~pa i ~dpi~vmwa mekd pwygilwd gikkm V `kmppi iki~lilwm~i i gik#
km DDDgmppi cigdm,! Al woi a``mpdal af woi 0=./=~ayc`dmk Xodkmwikd` Iodndwdal /Xmvdm+ 08 Mx~dk#k+> Cmt$
dl `akkmna~mwdal udwo woi Xapwi Dwmkdmli+ woi woici af woi `acxiwdwdal fa~ m pbiw`o Ra~ m `accica~m#
wdvi pwmcx 8== %Vakwm+ woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t mlg woi givikaxcilw af iki`w~d`dwt.,
• Iy~a Vakwm /mx~dki =444$,/M~wy~a M~`ikkmp`od+ Emkki~dm gik F~ml`anakka+ @aca, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, ! Pikk,,dlml`ig,$
P wmcxp caliwm dl I y ~a /wme kda = i > I y ~a$ `ml iffde di gi kkm Xdkm gd Vakwm, ! I y= .A `y ~~ il `t u dwo woi xd`#
wy~ip akVakwm%p Nmwwi~t,
• C m ldfipwm zda li fdkm wikd` m /mx~dki = 4 4 4 $/M~wy~a M ~ ` iY m p` o d+ E m kk i~ dm gik F~ml`anakka+ @aca, F dlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! Pikw|fdlml`ig,$
Mllykka pxi`dmki gikki Xapwi dwmkdmli xi~ dk Nd`ilwilm~da gikk % dlvilzdaligik km Xdkm+ ! Pxi`dmk!~mlbdle
nt Dwmkdml Xapw Affd`i fa~ woi nd`ilwilm~t af woi dlvilwdal af Nmwwi~t,
• X~axapwm gd gigd`mzdali mg M kippm lg ~a V akwm gikk%Mi~axa~wa Cmkxilpm >888
/@acdwmwa Lmzdalmki+ @acdwmwi X~acawa~i gd @aca+ @mci~m gd @a~lci~`da gd @aca$
M `y~m gid x~axalilwd pmlm pwmwi dlgd~dzzm~i md paeeiwwd dpwdwyzdalmkd `a~lxiwilwd ~d`odipwi fa~cmkd cd,,
~mwi m awwili~i k%dlwd~akmzdali gd Cmkxilpm >888 m= e~mlgi fdpd`a dwmkdmla ,,D X~axapmk wa gigd`mwi wa
Mkippmlg~a Vakwm woi Cmkxilpm Md~xa=%w >888,
• @al`i~wd Fdkm~~lald i `dwwmgdlm /@aca+ Xmvdm+ F ykg m+ ^ ac m =445#>888$
/Fdkm~cald m @dwwmgdlm .M, Vakwm., Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! Pikf#fdlml`ig,$
@al`i~wd xynnkd`d xi~ `ikin~mwi km fdey~m gd M , Vakwm, ! Xynkd` `al`i~wp,
• @al`i~wa gd @mxagmlla /~imwc Pa`dmki+ @aca+ eillmda =444$
/Fmcdekdm @acmp`m, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, ! Pikf#fdlml`ig,$
@al`i~wa `al cypd oi dl ali~i gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm,! @al`i~w fa~ woi Liu Tim~,
• Vakwm Dlwi~lmwdalmk Cica~dmk Gmt /=? Rinn~mda =444$
/Mppa dmzdald ^mgdamcmwa~d Dwmkdmld+ Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! Pikf#fdlml`ig,$
Cmldfipwmzdald mww~mvi~pa pwmzdald ~mgda mcmwa~dmkd xi~ `akkiemcilwd `al wywwa ,dk calga mk fdli gd
iaccica~m~i = 8 p`dilzdmwa `acmp`a, ! Ua~kgudgi mcmwiy~ ~mgda kdlop,
• ^mxx~ipilwmzdali Wimw~mki .Km Xdkm. Vakwm ya~la i p`dilzdmwa /@mclmea Vakwm+ 9 cm=%ZA =444$
/@acxmeldm Wimw~mki .Ewwkk, gd @aca., Fdlmlzdm~lilwa x~ax~da,! Pikf#fdlml`ig,$
Pxi~wm aka ~imw~mki ndae~mfd`a+ dlgd~dzzmwa mekd pwygil~d gikki p`yaki ~ligdi ig iki~li~~~m~d+ xi~ cdekda#
~m~i lid edavmld =m`alap ilzm p~a~d`a#p`dilwdfd`m gikk%dkkypw~i p`dilzdmwa,! Ndae~mxod`mkk%kmt al Vakwm+
dlwilgig f a ~ woi tayle xiaxki,
• V akwm = 4 4 4/@acxmeldm Wimw~mkiw%@dwwm gd @aca., Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! Pikf#fdlml`ig,$
A~emldzzmzdali g d vdpdwi m kyaeod vakwdmld xi~ Ji p`yaki ~ligdi ig ikicilwm~d,! Vakwm piieowpiidle fA W
p`oaaknatp,
• @alfi~ilzm pykki @ikin~mzdald dl ala~i gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /Ndnkdawi`m @acylmki+ == cm~za =444$
/Fmcdekdm @acmp`m, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, ! Pikf#fdlml`ig,$
@aci km `dw~m gd @aca om fip~ieedmwa dk .pya. Mkippmlg~a Vakwm,! Xynkd` `alfi~il`i .Oau gdg @aca
`ikin~mwi ;dwpaul% TakwmS.,
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MKW^I DLDZDMWDVI ! AWOI^ dLkWDMWDVIP
• Mkkipwdcilwa gd ylm viw~dlm dlXdmzzm @mvay~ m @aca /mx~d ki =444#mx~ dki >888$ i x~agyzdali fay#
km~g gd piwm /mx~dki =444$ py wicd vakwdmld,2 G~ippdle af m udlgau dl Xdmzzm @mvay~2 @aca mlg pdkb p`m~#
vip al Vakwm,
/^imkdzzmzdald i kd Emn~diki A~pildea+ @aca, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, 2 Pikf#fdlml`ig,$• X~agyzdali gd p`dm~xi i `~mvmwwi dl piwm `ml cawdvd `ni ~dx~agy`ala wicd vakwdmld /x~dcmyi~m =444$
/Mppa`dmzdali I Mkkdivd gik Piwdfd`da+ Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, 2 Pikf#fdlml`ig,$ 2 Pdkb p`m~fp mlg wdip,
• Vakwm Dlwi~lmwdalmk Mum~gp %44 /Pxmzd mkk%mxi~wa # Vdkkm mkcm kyekda =444$/Pwdkk X~agy`wdalp+ @aca$
X~icda dl~i~lmzdalmki mllymki .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm.+ gm mppielm~i m axi~mwa~d gik pi~wa~i m~wdpwd`a+ ! Dl #wi~lmwdalmk .Vakwm. Mum~g fa~ axi~mwa~p dl woi M~wdpwd` pi`wa~,
• Pielmkiwd`m wy~dpwd`m xigalmki pyd kyaeod vakwdmld m N~ylmwi /ipwmwi =444$/Mxxylwmcilwd Cypd`mkd N~ylmwi+ @acyli gd N~ylmwi+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki gd @aca$
@m~wikkaldpwd`m xi~ ivdgilzdm~i dyaeod `oi wipwdcaldmla i ~d`a~gmla km x~ipilzm i kd M, VaKwmm N~y#
lmwi, 2 Xigipw~dml way~dpw pdelxapwp al woi Vakwm pxawp dl N~ylmwi,
• ^mkkt mywacandkdpwd`a /awwan~i =444$/Mywacandki @kyn Dwmkdmla # Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki$
• Appi~vmwa~da .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm. py Calwi Emkndem /@aca$ /mywylla =444$
/Fmcdekdm @acmp`m i E~yxxd ~iedalmkd ipdpwilwd pyk wi~~dwa~da gd @aca+ @acyli gd Killa+ Fdlmlzdm#
cilwi x~ax~da,v Pikf#fdlml`ig,$
Mkkipwdcilwa gd yl Appi~vmwa~da mpw~ala~ld`a py Calwi Emkndem /@acyli gd Killa$+ dlwdwakmwa mg Mkip#
pmlg~a Vakwm2 `apw~yzdali gikkm `yxakm i m`}ydpwa gik wikip`axd`, ! % = = , , , Vakwm Anpi~vmwa~t. 8== Caylw
Emkndem,
• @al`i~wa .Lmwmki gd Xi~apd. /@mwwig~mki gd @aca+ Lmwmki =444$/@acd~mwa Ka`mki @a~lmp`a i @mwwig~mki gd @aca, Fdlmlzdmcilwa Falgmzdali @m~dxka,$
Ipi`yzdali gikk%a~mwa~da .==Lmwmki. i kd Ka~ilza Xi~apd+ km `yd x~dcm ipi`yzdali f k k iffiwwymwm likkm@mwwig~mki gd @aca gy~mlwi ki @ikin~mzdald gik x~dca `ilwilm~da gikkm Xdkm /piw~i~ln~i =?44$+ ! Liu
xi~fa~cml`i af woi .@o~dpwcmp A~mwa~da. nt K, Xi~apd /fd~pw xi~fa~cig al Pixwicni~ =?44$,
• Mxxylwm~lilwd ~lypd`mkd m N~ylmwi i `al`i~wd dwdli~mlwd vakwdmld /=444#>888$
/Mxxylwmcilwd Cypd`mkd N~ylmwi+ @acyli gd N~ylmwi+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki gd @aca$
@al`i~wd `al ~lypd`oi g%ixa`m,2 Cypd mk xi~fa~cml`ip dl N~ylmwi,
• Em~m gd @mlawwmeeda .@axxm Vakwm. /x~dcmyi~mkipwmwi >888$
/@alpa~zda @aca Wy~dpwd m+ Pa`diwm @mlawwdi~d Km~da+ Pa`diwm Mwkiw d m @acilpi$
^digdzdali gikkm pwa~d`m `acxiwdzdali i k d `mlawwmeeda,2 .Vakwm @yx. ~audle ~m`i+
• Cm~mwalm Vakwdmlm /9 cm~za >888$
/@alpa~zda @aca %Dy~dpwd`m+ Pa`diwm @mlawwdi~d Km~da+ Pa`diwm M~kiwd`m @acilpi$X~dcm cm~mwalm dlwi~lmzdalmki gid gyi kmeod dl ala~i gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm,2 M kale#u mkb al @ ac a mlg
Kyemla Kmbip gigd`mwig wa M, Vakwm+
• @al`i~wd, @MA+ @kyn Mkxdla Axi~mda
Dlw~mwwildcilwd cypd`mkd ipieydwd gmk `a~a mkxdli, D Xi~fa~cml`ip nt woi @MA Mkxdli @omlwp,
• Fyldvdm gd N~ylmwi/Eipwdali Pi~vdzd W~mpxa~wd 2 Mzdilgm @acmp`m Pi~vdzd Cyld`dxmkd ~ Pa`diwm Xynnkd m W~mpxa~wd$
X~aeiwwmzdali gd yl dcxdmlwa gmkkm fyld`akm~i gd N~ylmwi m w Fm~a Vakwdmla,! Gipdel af m `mnkiumt f~acN~ylmwi wa Vakwm Kdeowoaypi, ,
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XI^@A^ PD VAKWDMLD ! VAKWM OI^DWMEI W^MDK
KM V MKADYZZMZDALI G D NIw|J PWAkY] CAL C I LW MK - L IK KI @DW~M G D VAKWM
WO I Mk%X^I@=MWfAL AF WOI O=PWA k@MK MLG M ^ @ O D W I @ W Y ^ M K UIMKWO AF VAKWM%P @J W r IP
DD X~ae~mccm gikki @ikin~mzdald om dlgdvdgymwi ylm pi~di gd dldzdmwdvi `oi+ pdm `al dk`alw~dnywa gik#
=m ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i gikkm Falgmzdali @m~dxka pdm `ml mkw~d pxalpa~ xynnkd`d i x~dvmwd+ P = pala
x~axapwd gd vmka~dzzm~i `al dl~i~vil~d gd ~ipwmy~a i ~dpw~ywwy~mzdali lal`oi gd `m~mwwi~i ipxapd~dva i
gd gdvykemzdali dx~dl`dxmkd kyaeod ini omllm vdpwa mkk%axi~m dk e~mlgi fdpd`a avvi~a `oi pmlm kiemwd mk#
Di pyi cica~di,
Likki xmedli `oi pieyala # gigd`mwi ~dpxiwwdvmcilwi mkkm pym wi~~m lmwmki+ @aca+ mkkm pigi gikki pyi
cmeeda~d mwwdvdwm p`dilwdfd`oi i gdgmwwd`oi+ k%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ i mkk%dpwdwyzdali cdkmlipi `oi li `aa#
i~vm ki x~dl`dxmkd cica~di ~lmlap`~dwwi D%Dpwd~ywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P`dilzi i Kiwwi~i # }yi#
wd kyaeod pala gip`~dwwd+ `al ~dfi~d~lilwa pax~mwwywwa mekd dlwi~vilwd x~acappd likk%mcndwa gikki @iki#
n~mzdald,
Woi x~ae~mcci afwoi `ikin~mwdalp ompaywkdlig m pi~dip afdldwdmwdvip uod`o+womlbp wa woi `alw~d#
nywdal af woi Kac#nm~gt ^iedal mlg afwoi @m~dxka Faylgm#wdal mlg wa awoi~ xy#nkd` mlg x~dvmwi pi`#wmk%p+ m~i gipdelig wailoml`i woi x~dl`dxmkxkm`ip uoi~i woi e~imwxotpd`dpw ua~big a~uod`o m~i kdlbig waodp cica~dip+ nt ~i#pwa~dle mlg ~ipw~y`wy#
~dle woic mp uikk mpxaxykm~dpdle woicudwo iodndwdalp mlgawoi~ ivilwp,
Dl woi fakkaudle xm#eip # gigd`mwig ~i#pxi wdvikt wa odp lmwd#vi waul+ @aca+ waXmvdm Yldvi~pdwt+
y!oi~i oi `m~~dig aywodp cmdl p`dilwdfd`mlg gdgm`wd` m`wdvd#wdip+ mlg wa woi Cdkm#lipi Dlpwdwywdal uod#`o x~ipi~vip woi x~dl#`dxmk omlg#u~dwwil+cica~dip+ Woi Dpwdwy#wa Kacnm~ga M``mgi#cdm gd P`dilzi i Kiw#wi~i # woipi xkm`ip m~i
gip`~dnig+ udwo pxi`d#
fd` ~ifi~il`i wa woiivilwp x~acawig dlwoi `ay~pi af woi @i#kin~mwdalp,
Likkm `m~wdlm pmlm ~lippd dl ivdgilzm d ilw~d giY%Mkwm
Dwmkdm i gik @acmp`a+ kiemwd mkdm ndae~mfdm i mkk%mw~dvd~m
p`dilwdfd`m gd Vakwm+ lal`oi ki pigd gd caly~lilwd 8ci#
ca~dmkd m kyd gigd`mwd, M``mlwa m @aca+ Xmvdm i Cdkm#
la+ pala ivdgilzdmwd: Mlei~m i Vikkidm+ gavi pwygda D%%%m~dm
dlfdmccmndki gikki xmkygd. /dk ciwmlm$+ dyaeod gd ~ipy#
gilzm /km `mpm lmwmki gd @aca+ Kmzzmea+ ki vdkki gd @mc#xa~m i Efmvigalm$+ }yikkd kiem~d mkdm pym mwwdvdwm p`dil~d#
fd m /k%mwwymki Kd im+ km Wa~~i Emwwald$+ dlica~dmkd /Wi~l#
xda Vak wdmla+ Fm~a gd Pml Cmy~dzda+ Wa~lnm m @mclmea
Vakwm$,
Woi `ilw~ip dl La~wo Dwmkt mlg wni @aca m~im +kdlbig wa woi
ndae~mxot mlg p dilwdf d m w dvdwt af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ m~i od#
eokdeowig al woi cmx mp uikk mp calycilwp mlg cica~dmk
pdwip gigd`mwig wa odc, N ipdgip @aca+ X mv dm m lg C dk ml + woi
cm x dl`kygip: M lei ~m mlg Vikkidm+ uoi~i Vakwm pwygdig .woi
dlfkmccmnki mdk+af woi cm~poip. /ciwomli$+ od p xkm`ip af ~i#
pdgil`i /odp nd~woxkm`i dkk @aca Kmzzmea+ woi vdkkmp mw @mc#
xa~m mlg E~myigalm$+ woapi `alli wig udwo odp p`dilwdf d m`#
wdvdwdip /woi x~ipilw#gmt E~mccm~ p`oaak+ Kd`ia Vakwm+ woi
Emwwald Waui~$+ woi cica~dmk nydkgdkkeP /Wicxda Vakwdmkka+
Pm l Cmy~dpda Kdeowoaypi+ Wacn dl @mkk=kkmea Vakwm$,
LAWM: Xi~ }ymlwm ~deym~gm dx~aeiwwd `oi fmlla xm~wi gik X~ae~mccm .Xi~`a~pd vakwdmld dlKacom~gdm%%+ pd ~dcmlgm mkki ~d#
pxiwwdvi pi zdald gik x~ipil`i vakyci+ gavi ippd pa l a w~mwwm~d dl nmpi mkdm ka~a wdxakaedm a% LAWI: Mp ~iem~gp woi x~aji`wp dl#
`kygig dl woi X~ae~mcci ilwdwkig .Vakwm%p oi~dwmei dl Kacnm~gt .+ xkimpi ~ifi~ wa woi `a~~ipxalgdle pi wdalp af wodp vakyci+
uoi~i woit m~i gimkw udwo 8== woi nmpdp af woid~ wtxakaet:
# @G#^AC py Vakwm i km Xdkm+ @aca i Xmvdm D Cykwdcigdm al Vakwm mlg woi Nmwwi~t+ @aca m lg X mv dm /i~~, xx, 05#0?$,
# @akkizdald p`dil~dfd`oi m @aca ! P`dilwdfd `akki wdalp dl @aca / f~, X: >4$,
# ^d`apw~yzdali gik Kmna~mwa~da Emwwald+ @aca ! ^ i alpw~y` wdal af woi Emwwald Kmna~mwa~t+ @aca /gi x, 78$,
# l Emndli~~a Fdpd`a gd Vakwm+ m Xmvdm ! Vakwm p Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t dk k Xmvdm /gi xx+ 04#78$
3 Cap~~m .Km pw~ycilwmzdali ikiww~d m gikk%Awwa`il~a% %+ m Xmvdm ! Iodndwdal .Ideowiilwo `ilwy~t iki`w~d`mk Dlpw~ycilwp. dkk Xm#
vdm / f~+ x, 7=$
# Capw~m .Km Xdkm gd Vakwm+ ylm p`dlwdkkm kylem gyi pi`akd%%+ m Cdkmla ! Iodndwdal .Woi Vakwm Xdki # m pxm~b dldwdle wu a `il#wy~dip . dl Cdkml /`f~+ x, 7=$,
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@ACA
@DWW M LMWMK I G~ VAKWM! VAKWM|PLMWDVI WAUL
@aca fy yl xylwm gd ~dfi~dcilwa `apwmlwi likkm
vdwm i likk%axi~m i kd Vakwm, Dkkiemci w~m km fdey~m
gik e~mlgi p`dilzdmwa i km `dw~m km~dmlm+ xy~ pi `al
mkwi~li vd`ilgi+ lal `alap`i padyzdali gd `alwd#
lydwm liekd ykwd~ld gyi pi`akd i cizza, Ki x~i#
elmlwd wipwdcaldmlzi gd }yipwm ~mxxa~wa @AkWD#
xaleala yl dwdli~m~da `ai~ilwi `oi mnn~m``dm dw`ya~i gikkm `dw~m,
Likkm `ilw~mkdppdcm vdm m kyd dlwdwakmwm+ dlfmwwd+ pd
@aca ump m `alpwmlw xadlw af ~ifi~il`i dl woikdfi mlg daa~op af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Wodp nalgniwuiil woi fdey~i af woi e~imw p dilwdpw mlg @a#ca omp livi~ uimbilig avi~ woi xmpw wua mlg momkf `ilwy~dip, Woi w~m`ipaf wodp ~ikmwdalpodxx~a#vdgi m cimldlefyk dwdli~m~t uod`o icn~m`ip woioim~w af woi `dwt,
Dlgiig+ dl woi pw~iiw lmcig mfwi~ Vakwm+ ~deow dlwoi `ilw~i af waul+ woi oaypi uoi~i woi dlyil#
=, Vigywm gd @aca i gi kk%m~#
`a mkxdli+ `aa dj Calwi ^apm+
g mkkm ` akkdl m g d N~ylmwi+
iaYaim Dm `mpm lmwmki gikk%dlvil~a~i gikkm xdkm+
pawwaxapwm likk%Awwa`ilwa m pdeldfd`mwdvi cagdfd#`oi gm xm~wi giekd i~igd+ X~apieyilga vi~pa Pyg+
x~ippa k%mleaka dlwi~li gikki cy~m `dwwmgdli+ i vd#
pdndki km Wa~~i Emwwald+ lik `yd emndliwwa fdpd`a dk
Vakwm pd gigd a mkk%ikiww~akaedm i+ dlwa~la mk=5 69+`algyppi x~dcd ipxi~d~lilwd p`dilwdfd`d+ Vd`dla m
Xa~wm Wa~~i pd w~avm dk Xmkmzza giekd Pwygd+ pigi
gik Dd`ia gmppd`a .M,Vakwm., Dl }yipwm x~ieivaki
igdfd`da+ gmk =559 mk =55?+ = 8 pwygdapa pvakpi mw#wdvdwm gd ~d`i~`m i fy ga`ilwi gd Fdpd`m Pxi~dcil#
wmki ,,Mkk%dlwi~la gik Kd ia i wywwa~m `ypwagdwm ylm
`akkizdali gd pw~y~lilwd p dilwdfd d gd dlipwd~lmndki
vmka~i+ dk `yd dcxdmlwa eili~mki ~dpxi``odm k%d~l#
xapwmzdali gdgm~wd`m vakwdmlm+ Mbyld mxxm~i``odi kd fdpd`m+ dlakw~i+ fy~ala ywdkdzzmwd xi~palmkcilwi
gmkk%dlvilwa~i gikkm xdkm,
@aca+ w~mgdzdalmkcil~i dlwi~ippmwm mDki x~a#
pxiwwdvi affi~ii gmkkm ~d`i~`m mxxkd`mwm+ ~dnmgk dkx~ax~da kiemci `al km fdey~m i k%axi~m gik Vakwm
=, Vdiu af @aca mlg af woi
Mkxp udwo wom CAkkwi ^apm+ mp
wmbil f~ac woi N~ylmwi odkk+
wa~ af woi .Xdki.ump na~l `ml pwdkk ni ~i aeldpiggipxdwi woi ideowiilwo `ilwy~t cagdfd mwdalp,@alwdlydle paywoum~gp+ lim~ woi dlpdgi `a~li~af woi `dwt umkkp pwmlgp Wa~~i Emwwald, Dw umpdl woi Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t woi~i womw Vakwm gi#vawig odp wdci wa iki w~akaet+ mlg uoi~i caylg
woi tim~ =569 oi `m~~dig ayw odp fd~pw p dilwdfdixi~dcilwp, Lim~ Xdmzzm Wa~~i dp Xmkmzza giekdPwygd+ oaci wa woi %Dw Vakwm. E~mccm~ P`oaak,Dl wodp pxkilgdg nyggdle+ woi p`oakm~ `m~~dig ayw~ipim~`oua~b mlg wmyeow Ixi~dcilwmk Xotpd`pf~ac =559 wa =55?,, M `akki`wdal af p dilwdfd`dlpw~ycilwp af dlipwdcmnki vmkyi+ uoapi eili#~mk piw#yx ~ifki wp Vakwm%p gdgm`wd` mxx~am`o+ dppwdkk bixw dlpdgi woi Kd`im /E~mccm~ P`oaak$,Awoi~ xotpd`p dlpw~ycilwp ui~i ypig xi~palmk#kt nt woi dlvilwa~ af woi Xdki,
@aca `alfd~cig dwp nalg udwo woi fdey~i mlg
ua~b af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm ivil mfwi~ odp gimwo,Dl fm`w+ dl =?0?+ woi calycilw uod`o pwdkk
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XI^@8^9=VAKWDMLD ! VAKWM OI^DWMEI W^MdK
ml`oi gaxa km ca~wi gik fdpd`a+ I% gik =?0?+ dl#
fmwwd+ dk calycilwa+ wywwa~m vdpdndki lik k %a~laldcmxdmzzm+ `oi =8 p`ykwa~i Xacxia Cm~`oipd gigd`a
mkk%dkkypw~i `acmp`a,
Likkm pi`algm ciwm gikk% %?88+ ki `ikin~mzdald gik#
k%dlvilwa~i gikkm xdkm mppy~pi~a m pdcnaka gikkm ~d#
lmp`d~m gikkm `ykwy~m p`dilwdfd m likD%Dwmkdm xapwy#
ldwm~dm+ Dl}yipwm `kdcm `ykwy~mki fy~ala dlgiwwi
km ~lapw~m gid `dcikd gik Vakwm i k%Ipxapdzdali Dl#
wi~lmzdalmki gd Ikiww~d`dwm gik =?44+ gy~mlwi ki
}ymkd d w fya`a gdpw~yppi lyci~apd pw~ycilwd mx#
xm~wil ywd md fdpd`a+
Gikki `ikin~mzdald gik =4>5+ likki }ymkd pd dcxi#
ela dl x~dcm xi~palm Eyekdikca Cm~`ald+ ~d#
cmleala gyi wipwd~laldmlzi m~`odwiwwald`oi pd#
eldfd`mwdvi,Km x~dcm gd ippi i `apwdwydwm gmk Wicxda Vakwdmla+
igdfd da dl pwdki lia kmppd a i~iwwa pyk Kyleakmea+
dk}ymki ml`a~ aeed apxdwm ekd mxxm~i``od p`dilwd#
fdid gik Vakwm,
Km pi`algm wipwdcaldmlzm i ~mxx~ipilwmwm gmk#
k%mykm cmelm gikk%kpwdwywa @m~gy``d+ `oi om pigi
py ylm gikki vdi `oi gmkkmea xa~wmla mkkm `dw~m
cy~mwm, ]yd inni kyaea dk @ale~ippa Dl~i~lm#
zdalmki gid Fdpdid gik =4>5: fmwwa gik wywwa pdlea#
km~i+ D%ivilwa p`dilwdfd`a kmp`da w~m`idm gd pi pyk
xapwa cigdmlwi mk`yld mff~ip`od `accica~mwdvd+
`oi ~dxa~wmla dlacd giekd dkkypw~d xm~wi dxmlwd,
pwmlgp dl woi p}ym~i lmcig mfwi~ odc ump gigd#
`mwig wa woi dkkypw~dayp @aca `dwdzil+ nt woi
p ykxwa~ Xacxia Cc% oipd,
Dl woi pi`alg omkf af woi =4wo @ilwy~t+ woi `i#kin~mwdalp µaf woi dlvilwa~ af woi Xdki ni`mci m
ptcnak af woi ~ind~wo af p`dilwdfd` `ykwy~i dl woi
liukt yldwig Dwmkt, Dw ump dl wodp `ykwy~mk `kd#cmwi womw woi iodndwdal af Vakwm%p dlpw~ycilwp
mlg woi Dlwi~lmwdalmk Iki`w~d`dwt Iodndwdal af
=?44 ui~i oikg, Dl woi `ay~pi af woipi ivilwp mfd~i gipw~atig m e~imw lycni~ af dlpw~ycilwp
uod`o nikaleig wa woi xotpd`dpw,
Woi pdeldfd`mlw m~`odwi`wy~mk ptcnakp af woi
=4>5 `ikin~mwdalp+ x~ipdgig nt Eyekdikca Cm~#
`ald dl xi~pal+ ~icmdl,
Woi fd~pw dp m lia#`kmppd`mk `alpw~y wdal pwmlgdleal woi Kmbi X~acilmgi+ woi Wicxda Vakwdmla
/Vakwm Wicxki$ uod`o pwdkk oaypip Vakwm%p p`dil#
wdfd` mX=Jm~mwyp,
Woi pi`alg dp woi Omkk af Lmwy~mk P`dil`ip af
woi @, @m~gy``d Dlpwdwywi+ uod`o dp pdwymwig dl
ali af woi pw~iiwp kimgdle f~ac woi Kmbi wa woi
umkkig `dwt+ Oi~i+ woi Dlwi~lmwdalmk `ale~ipp af
Xotpd`p waab xkm`i dl =4>5: ml ylypymk fimwy#
~i dp womw woi p`dilwdfd` ivilw omp niil dcca~#
wmkdzig nt pivi~mk `accica~mwdvi f~ip`aip dl
woi omkk nim~dle woi lmcip af woi dkkypw~dayp xm~#
wd`dxmlwp,
@ MP M L MW MK I G k V AK WM ! V A K W M p N D ^ W O X K M @ I
Pd x~ipilwm `aciyl dcxalilwi x mkm zz a ~dpy kwm lwi g mkk%dl ` a~x a~m zda li i fypdali g d g dv i~ pd f mn n~ d` mwd+ ` a~ lx dy wi
gaxa km ciwm gikk%Awwa`ilwa+ Pykkm g ipw~m g ik xa~wali gikly~li~a ` dvd`a 6> vigdmc a km kmxdgi `al km p`~dwwm
. Fy }y ipwm k%mvdwm `mpm gd M kippml g~a V akwm. , Dl }y ipwm `mp m cag lik =?>5, ! Wodp dp m l d cx ~ippd vi nydkgdle+ dl#
`a~xa~mwdle pivi~mk awoi~ nyd kgdlep+ nyd kw mfwi~ woi cdggki af woi ldliwiilwo `ilwy~t, Al woi ~deow af woi cmdl il#
w~ ml `i m w l yc n i~ 6> u i `ml pii woi x km}y i u dwo woi u a~gp .W odp u mp wo i ml `ipw~mk o ac i af Mk ippm l g ~a Va kw m.8== dw+ Oi gdig dl wodp oaypi dl =?>5,
>, @mpm lmwmki gd Vakwm- Vakwm%p Ndlnxkm`i 0, P, Gallca ! P, Galldla @oy~ o 7, Wa~~i Emwwald D Emwwald Waui~
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@ A C A
@ ODI PM G D PM L G AL LDL A! PM L G AL L DL A @ O Y Dr@ O
Dl }y ipwm ` odipm+ m~~d`` odwm gm dc xa~wml wd g ikd gd gi`a~mz da ld i mff~ip`od gik _ V J#_ V kD pi`a ka+ M kippml g~a E dy #
pixxi M lmpwmpda V akwm vil li nmwwizzmwa dk e da~l a gaxa km l mp` dwm2 l ikk%dl e~ippa pd w~avm y lm kmxdgi woi ~d`a~gm
k%ivil wa, V akwm f~i}y il wmvm c mkwm pxippa }y ipwm `o dipm+ g avi dl pie la ` mwi`odpc a md Dml `dy kkd, ! M ki pp ml g~ a E dy #
pixxi Mlmpwmpda Vakwm ump nmxwdpig dl wodp `oy~`o woi gmt mfwi~ oi ump na~l, Woi~i dp m x km }y i ` ac c i ca ~m wd le
woi ivilw mw woi ilw~ml`i, Vakwm uilw ~ieykm~-$= wa wodp `oy~`o mlg oi wmyeow `mwi`odpc wa `odkg~il oi~i ,
• ^ipwmy~a gikki `mxxikki gik @m~ipmlm i gik Fdmccdleodla! ^ipwmy~mwdal af woi @m~ipmlm mlg F dmcc deodla `omxikp
/M` mgicdm Mkga Emkkd$
KD@Im EkLLMPDA V A K W M
I y l xmkmz za km `y d fm `` dmwm l ia `kmppd` m+ g av ywm mkk%m~` odwi wwa wd` dl ipi P dc al i @ ml wa ld+ x ~ipil wm y l x a~wd` mwa g d
`a kal l i gd ~l m~~l a ` dxakkdl a `o i mxxm~wil li~a m y lm ` apw~y zdal i gikk%ixa`m ~a~lmlm, L ikk%m w~da pd xY E m~lcd~m#
~i dk ny pwa gd V akwm p` akxdwa l ik c m~~l a gmk ~mvil lmwi E miwml a C al wd i g al mwi l i= = ? 0 > gm y l ga `il wi `oi fy
gdp`ix aka i mc d`a gik l apw~a p` dil zdmwa+ Dk K d`ia ` kmppd`a V akwm+ `oi ae ed v d o m pig i+ apxdwm y l d~l xa~wml wi C y#
pim gd p`dilzi l mwy ~m kd+ m~wd` akmwa dl } ymww~a piz da ld: na wml d` m+ z aa ka edm+ x mki al wa ka edm+ e ia ka edm, M l `o i ` da ` oi
wipwm gi k emndliwwa gd fdpd`m /x~iipdp~il wi m= =? 0? # mllm g ikk%dp wdwy z da l i y ff d` dm ki g d y l E m nd l iw wa wi`lakaed`a `D j
F dpd` m px i~dc il wmki i P wa ~dm l mwy ~m ki ml l ippa m k K d` ia $ x ~i pi l~ m l a wi va ki dlwi~ippi+ V d fml la x m~wi dlfmwwd m k`y#l j pw~y~lilwd g ikk%i xa `m v akwdm l m+ g d `y d pd i m``yxmwa = 8 P wy gda py kki ` akki zda ld p` dil wdfd` oi+ g d, ` yd m x, >4 , X yw#
w~a xxa e ~ml x m~wi gie kd pw~y cil wd+ x~ipwmwd xi~ km E ~ml gi I pxapdz dal i gik = ?4 4+ ml gm~al a gdpxik%PS i g dp w~ ywwd l i k#
k%dl `il gda `oi km fylipwa,! Wodp dp m nydkgdle gipdelig nt woi m~`odwi`w f~ac @mlwal Wdmla Pdcali @mlwal mlg
dw omp m lia#`kmppd`mk fm`mgi u dwo ml m~`mgi af `dxakkdl c m~nki `akyc lp nikaledle wa m ^ ac ml `alpw~y`wdal, Dl, w oi
ilw~ml`i omw- u i `ml mgcd~i woi nypw af Vakwm p`ykxwig dl cm~nki nt Emiwmla C alwd f~ac ^mvillm mlg galm#
wig ns+ m wim`oi~ u oa ump nawo m fakkau i~ mlg m f~dilg af ay~ p`dilwdpw, Woi Vakwm e~mccm~ p`oaak+ u od`o lau
a``yxdip wodp nydkgdle+ oaypip ml dc xa~wmlw L mwy~mk P`dil`i C ypiyc + gdvdgig dlwa 7 p i` wda lp : n awm lt + z aa ka et +
xmkmialwakaet+ eiakaet, Mkpa u omw ~ic mc p af woi xotpd`p kmna~mwa~t /u od`o x~#igmwip =?0? # wo i t im ~ a f woi af#
fd`dmk fay=5gdle af m Wi`olakaed`mk Kmna~mwa~t af Ixi~dcilwmk Xotpd`p mlg Lmwy~mk Odpwa~t mgjm`ilw wa woi
p`oaak$ dp afe~imw dlwi~ipw, Dlgiig woit dl`kygi `i~wmdl dlpw~yc ilwp f~ac woi V akwm i~m+ u od`o woi Pwyg$= al p`dil#
wdfd` `akki`wdalp gimkw u dwo+ mp xi~ x, >4, Y lfa~wylmwikt capw af woi dlpw~ycilwp kamlig ayw fa~ woi E~imw Iod#
ndwdal af =?44 u i~i kapw mlg gipw~atig nt woi fdwi uod`o givmpwmwig dw ,
• /^iedali Kacnm~gdm+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl` dmkp i kd @aca+ @acylp gd @aca$
Dk Kd`im Vakwm + `ml dkpyxxa~wa giekd Ilwd wi~~dwa~dmkd+ om mvvdm~a km ~imkdzzmzdali gd KDG Cypia p`dilwdf d a#lmwy~mkdpw d a dl `yd
mv~m DDldk xm~wi g d ~ dk di v a km ` akkizdali gd p~~ycilwd gd Rdpdim `a~lx~ilgilwi mk`yli mxxm~i `odm~y~i y~dkdzzm~i gm Vakwm, Pmlm
dlakw~i x~ivdpwd ~ipwmy~d mkkm f m dm~m+ dl xm~wd`akm~i mkki `ak`lli ~acmli gd cm~~la `dxakkdla, 'd x~ivigi ml`oi km ~i mkdzzm#
zdali gd ylm xm~wd`akm~i dkkycdlmzdali gikk%igdfd`da+ `oi fm xm~wi gd yl x~aeiwwa `oi x~iv`gi dl~i~vilwd dl mlmkaeod igdfd`d+
gik cigipd~la m ~ odwiwwa+ gdpka`m~d w~m vdm Vakwm + vdm Xm~dld i vdm @mlwy, D Woi Kd`im Vakwm udwo woi pyxxa~: af woi fa`mk mywoa#
~dwdip+ omp pwm~wig wa nydkg m p`dilwdfd` mlg lmwy~mkdpwd` Cypiyc uoi~i woi `akki`wdal af X otpd`p dlpw~ycilwp+ dl`kygdle pac i
mxxm~mwyp ypig nt V akwm+ udkk omvi m xkm` i af oalay~, DDD mggdwdal woi~i dp m x~aji` w wa ~ipwal2 woi fc2 mgi, ipxi` dmkkt woi ~acml
` aky cl p dl `dxakd² cm~nki, Woi nydkgdle udkk mkpa ni dkkycdlmwig d l m p xi `d mk umt mp xm~w akm x~aji w uod o mkpa il`acxmp#pip ua~bp 8== pdcdkm~ nydkgdlep & $ = wo i pmci m~ odwi w pdwymwig niwu iil Vdm Vakwm+ Vdm Xm~dld mlg Vdm @mlwy,
P , K d` ia E d ll m pd a V a k wm : f m` ` dm wm J Rm`mgi 6, Kmna~m~a~da gd Fdpd m gik Kd ia Vakwm D Xotpd p Kmna~mwa~t dl woi Kd`im Vakwm
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5, Wacnm gd Vakwm- Vvkwm%p Wacn ?, Vigywm gikk%Ipxapdzdayi Vakwdmlm gi k =?44! Vdiu af wni V akwm Iklndwdal / =?44$,
WA^^I EMDWALD EMDWALD WAUI^
Km fmc de kdm x mw~dzdm g ik E m~wa ld+ l ikk%ml ea ka dl wi~l i g ikki c y ~m+ x appig iv m km x ~a x~dm ` mpm+ K m wa ~~i il w~i dl xa p|
pippa g ik E mwwa ld+ g ipwdl m wa mkdm vdwm i``kipdmpwd`p+ dl wa~l amk = 5? 7 i dlippm fy gm ky d ~d`mvmwa y l kmna~mwa~da y wd |
Ddzzmwa xi~ d x~ax~d ipxi~d~lilwd+ DD wd~a`dlda p` dil wdfd` a px i~dc il ~mki g d V akwm pd ` ac xd l ik e mndl iwwa g d fdpd` m g ik
E mwwal d, F y py k wiwwa gikkm x~ax~dm `mpm `oi E dy kda @ ipm~i @ mw~al d+ mc d`a i kd V akwm+ dl mkni~a dk x~dci xm~mfyk#
c d li gd @ ac a i Da~pi g %Dwmkdm+ appdm }y ikkm . pwml em f~ml `bkdl dml m%% `oi ml ld gaxa+ gd `al `i~wa `ml V akwm+ ieJ d w~m#
xdml wa dl ` dc m mkdm wa~wi m`}y dpwmwm+ xi~ awwil i~l i c mee da~ iffiwwa , DD ny al mc d ` a xa~ivm xi~~l iwwi~pd+ `al Di py i
~dpa~pi i k d x~a`y ~m~pd e kd me eiwwd i Di `api l i`ippm~di+ ] y ml ga ie kd villi dl x appippa g ikkm wa~~i+ v d w~mpfi~k mk#
S%dlwi~l 8 dkpy a m~w~izzmwa emndliwwa gd fdp~` m i v d `~ia xy~i y l c y p i a gd p wa~dm lmwy~mki: fm~wd mxx~izzmwdppd~ld+ pxi#
`dmkc il wi g me kd pw~ml di~d w~ml pdwml wd # da kwd wy ~dpwd g d mkka ~m+ pic x~i mw~il wd ` i~` mwa ~d g d ` mpi pdl ea km~d+
Wo i xm w~d`dml fm cdkt E mwwa ld%p o ac i u mp pdwym wig dl wo i dl pdg i `a ~l i~ a f wo i `dwt u mkkp, W oi wa ui~ `mc i dl wa woix ap pi pp da l a f @ m ww ml d+ g ip wdl ig wa m l i `` ki pdm pwd ` kdf i+ m ~a yl g w oi t im ~ = 5 ? 7 m lg oi `a lvi~wig xm ~w a f dw dl wa m km #n a~m wa ~t u od`o o i y pi g fa ~ o dp a ul i x i~ dc il wp , V akwm n ie ml o dp p` dil wdfd` i xi ~dc il wp dl @ mwwm ld%p x ot pd`p km #na~mwa~t, J w u mp al wo i ~aa f af wodp o ay pi wo mw wo i m nn aw+ m f~dil g af V akwm%p+ i~i`wig wo i fd~pw kdeo wl dl e `a lg y`#wa ~ dkk@ ac a+ df l aw dl Dwm kt+ a~ ~mwoi~ wo i .F ~m lo kdl N m~.+ u od`o tim~p kmwi~2 wa eiwo i~ u dwo V akwm + o i ~i ca vi g wawoi wa x af wo i l iu kt m`}y d~ig wau i~+ fa ~ n iwwi~ iffi`w, W oi e aa g f~dil g woc yeo od p u im kwo + `a ykg m ffa ~g wa x y~#`o mp i wo i l i` ip pm ~t a nji `wp m lg a wo i~ dwic p, U oil o i `m ~l i dl wa x ap pi pp da l a f wo i wa ui~ + o i w~m lp fi ~~ ig o dp fy kkti }y dx xi g X ot pd `p km na ~m wa ~t wo i~ i m lg m kp a ` ~i mwi g m l mwy ~m k o dp wa ~t c y pi yc 2 c y `o m xx ~i `d mw ig d ldw dm wdv ip + i px i#` dmkkt nt fa ~ide l vdpdwa ~p | wo i `y kwy ~ig way ~dpwp af wo i wdc i+ m ku mtp al woi ka ab ay w fa~ a ~dedlm kdwt ,
• /@ilw~a i kd @ykwy~m P dilwdfd m M, Vakwm, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm ~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka$
Xi~ ylm gip ~dzdali gik X~aeiw~a gd ~d ap~~lzdali gik Kmna~m~a~da Emwwald+ pdvigm m x, 78,
WACNM GD VAKWM- VAKWM%P WACN
DD xmipdl a dl a~de dl i pd `odmc mvm @ mc lme a+ i mppy lpi dk l ac i gd @ mc lmea V akwm l ik= ? 60, = =c my pakia+ y l wi~l #
xdiwwa gd pwdki l ia `kmppd` a+ fy ` a~l xdy wa l i= =? 0= + a~lmwi i kd pwmwy i i gd ~dkdivd, Md km wd g ik ` ml ` ikki wwa g %dl e ~i pp a
vd pml m gy i pwmwy i gd K yded M ~e il wd ~mxx~ipil wml wd km P` dil zm i km ^ ikde dal i+ i py kk%m~`odw~mvi km p`~dwwm .M g M kip#
pml g~a V akwm # K m V igavm i d F de kd. , P ykkm xm~iwi gd fal ga pd dl w~mvigi j J pm~`afme a Dmva~mwa dl c m~c a gmkka p`y k#
wa~i N mti~+ `y d pav~mpwm y l ny pwa p`akxdwa gm E davml N mwwdpwm @ ac akkd+ m~wdpwm gd vmka~i, M ffdml `ml a dk ny pwa gy i
eil d mkmwd+ y la gid }y mkdi dl mwwa gd `a~al mwi V akwm, L ik ~d}y mg~a pav~mpwml wi pxd``m d= ~ dkdi va ~ mf fd ey ~m l wi k %i xd#
pag da xdy ` ikin~mwi g ikkm vdwm g d V akwm: } yikk 8gikkm x~ipil wmz dal i gikkm xdkm m L mxakial i N al mxm~wi dl X m~de d l ik
= ? 8= , ! A ~de dl mkkt wo i kdwwki v dkkm ei u mp `m kki g @ mc lm ea m lg dw n i`m ci @ mc lm ea V akwm dl = ? 60 , W o i c m y pa ki ycpwml gp ay w # m pc mk D l ia #` km pp d` mk w ic x ki u dw o p wm wy ip m l g c k di fP ` ac x ki wi g d l = ? 0 = , A l i dwo i~ p dg i a f w oi i lw ~m l` ie mwip wo ic m ~i wu a pwm wy ip n t K yde d M ke il wd ~i x~ ip il wdl e P `di l` i m lg ^ ikde da l+ m lg wo i dl p` ~dx wda l a l wo i m ~` od#w~m vi dp .W a M kippml g~a V akwm # odp u dga u ml g pal p., A l woi fm ~ u mkk wo i~i dp m:pm ~`a xom ey p p`y kx wig dl c m~n ki
nt N mti~ mlg al wax woic dp m nypw p`ykxwig nt E da vm l N mwwdp wm @ ac akkd+ m u a~ wo t m ~wdpw, W wy a u dl ei g e il dd m ~i
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4, Cmldfipwa gikk%Ipxapdzdali Vakwdmlm gik =?44! Xapwi~ a~woi V akwm I n dn dwda l dkk =?44 =8+ Fm~a Vabdmla- V ak wm K deowoaypi ,
xkm`ig al idwoi~ pdgi af woi nypw mlg ali a f wo ic ,DP dl woi m`w aj`~aulce V a kwm , W o i a vi ~o ml edl e x ml ik fi mwy #~ ip m ~i kdi f x a~ w~ mt dl e wo i c ap w ` iki n~ mwi g i xdp ag i dl V akwm %p kdfi # wo i x ~i pi lwm wda l a f wo i X dki wa L mx aki al Na #
lmxm~wi dkk Xm~dpdl =?8=,
• /@acyli gd @aca+ Kdalp @kyn @aca Oapw+ Kdalp @kyn Calwd`ikka+ M@PC$
Cmly~ilzdali pw~ma~gdlm~dm i ~imkdzzmzdali gd ylm lyivm dkkycdlmzdali mxxapdwmcilwi x~aeilmwmJ Iw~ma~gdlm~t cmdlwi#
lml i mlg dlpwmkkmwdal af pxi dmkkt gipdelig kdeowdle,
CALkJC`LWA M VAKWM I XkMZZM VAKWM! CALYCILW WA VAKWM DL XDMZZM VAKWM
K m pwmwy m ~l m~c a~im+ dl my ey ~mwm l i= = ? 0? +i axi~m gd Xac xia C m~` oipd+ p` y kwa~i w~m d xdl ` ikin~d gik wic xa, l~ l m pp d` ` da n m pm ~l i l wa i axi~m gd F~ml`ip`a G y~ikkd i vd i dl`dpm y l m pi~lxkd`i gigd`m: .M V akwm # K m X mw~dm ., ^ i#
p~my ~a gik ~l al yc il ~a ` al km v mka~dz zmz dal i gikk%mppi gd ~~mey m~ga `ml Xdmzz m @ mvay ~ i v dm F a l wm l m %- Woi cm~#
n ki pwm wy i+ y lv idki g dl =?0=+ dp nt X ac xia C m~` oipd+ al i a f woi c apw `i kin ~m wi g p`y kx wa ~p af o dp wdc i, W oi pa #k dg n mp i dp wo i u a~b a f F ~m l` ip` a G y~ ikk: m lg wo i dl p` ~dx wda l dp m pdc xki g ig d` mwda l % : 7 , V akwm # O dp N d~wo xkm `i .
• /^awm~t @kyn @aca+ ^awm~t @kyn @aca Nm~mgiDka+ Dlli~ Uoiik @aca$
^ipwmy~a gik calycilwa m Vakwm likkm xdmzzm acaldcm, ! ^ ipwmy~mwday arwoi calycilw wa Vakw#m d l Xdmzzm Vakwm,
• /@acyli gd @aca+ Ilg+ Dlli~ Uoiik @aca$
%vmkalzzmzdali gikkm xdmzzm mww~mvi~pa dk~dfm dcilwa gikkm xmvd~lilwmzdali+ ,,dk ~dgdpiela gikk%m~~iga y~nmla i gik vi~gi i km
~imkdzzmzdali gd ylm xm~wd`akm~i dkky~ldlmzdali,% Dcx~avicilwp wa wo i P}ym~i wo~akkeo m li u xmvdle+ woi ~igipdeldle af y~nml
fdwwdlep mlg e~iil+ mlg dlpwmkkmwdal af p!Ji`dmkk$= gipdelig kdeowdkke,
WICXDA VAK WDMLA- VAKWM WICXKI
Igdfd`mwa l ik `ilwilm~da gikkm ~la~wi /=4>5$ + fy dlmyey~mwi li k=4>? i galmwa gmkk%dlgypw~dmki `a~lmp`a+ F~ml.` ip`a Pa~l mdl d+ m kdm `dwwm gd @ ac a, I y l m `apw~yzdali g d p wdki l ia `km pp d` a+ a xi~m g ikk%m ~` odwiwwa F ig i~d` a F ~de i#
~da, Dl }y ipwm ~l ypia Di p` axi~wi i Di dl vil zdal d g d V akwm w~avml a km ka~a pwa~dm+ ~mxx~ipil wmwm xi~ c iz za giekd
mxxm~i``od gm k y d d l vi l wm wd 8 ` al eie lm wd+ i gie kd pw~y c il wd gm ky d y pmwd+ K m e mkki~dm gikka ee dm wa i ~ dp i~ vm wm m kdm
ga `y ~l il wm zdal i g ikk%a xi~m p` dil wdfd` m+ gikkm v dwm i gikkm fmc m gik fdpd` a ` ac mp` a,V d pd x appa la mc ~l d~m ~i ~dw~m w#
wd+ p `l kwy ~i+ ~l ig me kdi+ a ee iwwd x i~pa lm kd+ g a` yc il wd+ kdn ~d+ ~dx ~a gy z da ld fa wa e~m fd` oi +
K %igdfd` da # l ikki x m~aki gik py a x ~ae iwwdpwm+ k%m ~` odwiwwa F ~de i~da # . `al pwm ippil zdmkc il wi g d y l pm kal i ` d~` akm~i
gd }y mpd = > c iw~d gd gdmciw~a l iwwd+ ` a~al mwi gm y l m ` y xakm m ky `i ` il w~mki+ m ey dpm gd Xml woial 2 dk }y mki+ `a k
` akal l mwa ` oi = 8 ~i` dl ei+ a` `y xm ` d~` m y l wi~z a gikk%m~im wawmki / ,,, $ : m~im } ymg~m wp+ py kki ` yd fm` `i pd g ikdl im pi~l #
x~i = 8 pwippa c awdvi+ pdm `oi k%a ~g dl i m~`od~i~wal d` a vil em ` apwdwy dwa gm xm~mp~i # ` ac i l id fdml `od+ ig m wi~ea #
p dm ` oi p d x ~a wil gm dl y l x~al ma m `akal li ` a~al mwi gm wdc xml a+ ` ac i l ikkm fm`` dmwm vakwm m c iz zagd+ e ym~gml ga
` od m~~dvm gmkkm ` dw~m + i gai l ikkm py m xdkd kae d`m i l mwy ~mki xapwy ~i, Y lm nmpi mkwdppdc m # dkkxdy gd ~l >,08 # w~mw#
~mwm m fa~wd ny el mwy ~i xa~wm dk xdml a x~dl `dxmki m wmkkdvikka gm e m~ml wd~i k%dl `aky cdwm gikki ~m``akwi i gikkm xm~wi
mndwmwm gmk ` ypwagi gm ael d x dil m gikkmea / ,,,,$ gy i p`mki mc xdi i ` ac agi md kmwd gik x a~wd`a f~al wmki `al gy ~~ml la
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==, .Pmkm gid Lanik. ! . L an ik ^ a ac . =>, @alviela Dlwicmzdalmki gd Fdpd m /=4>5$ R Dl wi ~l m wd al m k X o tp d` p @/Jlfi~ic2i /=4>5$,
d vdpdwmwa~d m kdvikka gik pmkali+ K%a~gdli `a~dlzda gikki `akalli gikkm fm``dmwm i gikki xm~mpwi gid fdml`od i gik
wi~ea i dlwi~~awwa lid Dalgd+ a~dzzal~mkcilwi+ gm ylm fmp`dm gi`a~mwdvm `oi pielm }ympd dkxdmla mccizzmwa `oi
gdvdgi dl gyi xm~~d+ vi~wd mkcilwi+ k%m~lndilwi, Gmkk%mkwa mwwd a 8xm~mxiwwmwm `oi `a~alm wyww %mwwa~la k%a~gdli yld#
`a gikkm pw~yw~y~m pd ikivm Jm `yxakm `ilw~mki `axi~~m m p}ymci kml`iakmwi gd ky`dgm m~gipdm.,
Nydkw mkk woi a``mpdal af woi `ilwilm~t af odp gimwo /=4>5$ dw u mp dl my ey~m wig dl =4>? m lg g al mwi g nt woi @ a#
c a dl gypw~dm kdpw+ F ~m l`ip`a P ac mdl d+ wa wo i `dwt a f @ ac a, Dw dp m `al pw~y`wdal dkk l ia #` km ppd` mk pwt ki + u a~w+ a f wo im ~` o dw i` w F i gi ~d `a F~dei~da, W oi c ypiyc w~m`ip woi odpwa~t af Vakwm %p gdp`avi~dip mlg dlvilwdalp wo~ayeo woi gd#
pxkmt af woi dlpw~yc ilwp oi dlvilwig a~ mppic nkig mlg woi dlpw~yc ilwp oi ypig, W oi Kaeedm omkk `alwmdlp woi ga#
`yc il wm wdal a f wo i @ ac a p`dil wdpw%p u a~b+ o dp kdfi m lg odp fm ci, O i~i taw!+ `m l mg cd~i x a~w~m dwp+ p`ykxwy~ip+ c i#
g mkp+ x i~pa lm k a nji `wp+ g a` yc il wp+ n aa bp m lg x oa wa e~m xo d` ~i x~a gy `wda lp,
Woi ny w Rgdle # dl woi u a~gp af dwp gipdeli~2 m ~`o dwi`w F ~de i~da # n mpd`m kkt `a lpdpwp af m `d~`ykm~ n m DD a f mkc apw = >
c iw~ip dl gdmciwi~2 `~au lig nt m `yxakm axil dkk wo i `ilw~i kdkwi woi X ml wo ia l+ u od`o wa eiwo i~ u dwo wo i `akal m#
g ip m ~a y lg dw `avi~p mnayw ali wod~g af woi u oaki m~im / ,,, $ p}ym~i m~im mkk af u oapi pdgip nim~ woi pmc i c awdf+
u oiwoi~ woi m~`odwi`wy~mk a~gi~ dp c mgi yx af xdkmpwi~ pw~dxp # mp al woi pdgip mlg nm`b # AJ % u o iwo i~ dw p w~ iw` oi p
ayw dlwa m x~almyp af `akyc lp `yi~omleig nt m emnki+ mp dl woi paywo fm`dle pdgi+ kaabdle wau m~gp woi `dwt+ mlg
wni~ida~i dl dwp c apw kaed`mk mlg lmwy~mk pwml`i, M vi~t odeo nmpi+ # ===8~i oml Dc 08 # u dwo oimvt mpokm~ u a~b
n~dlep woi c mdl fkaa~ wa py`o m kivik mp wa eym~mlwii woi pmfiwt af woi `akki`wdalp mlg woi x@ C a f wo i n ydkg dl e u oi#
~i wo i `m~iwmbi~ kdvip+ f~ac woi km bi%p xim k: kivikp, /,,, $, W y!a u dg i m lg `a cfa~wmn ki pwm d~u mtp mkk im`o pdgi af woi
Falw xa~wd`a+ kimg woi vdpdwa~ wa woi kivik af woi omkk, Woi @ a~dlwodml a~gi~ af woi `akyc lp af woi Rm`mgi mlg woipdg i x dkm pwi~ pkdx p+ m lg mw wo i ~im~2 dp dlwi~~yxwig mw woi nawwac xm~w oa~dzalwmkkt nt m gi`a~mwdvi pw~dx u od`o mk#
c apw c m~bp woi c izzmldli fkaa~ u od`o vi~wd`mkkt gdvdgip woi m~im dlwa wu a xm~wp, Woi `ilw~mk gac i+ `ayi~ig dlkm l`ia km wi p`m kip a f podlt pkm wi+ ~dpip f~a c woi mwwd` u od`o `~a ydl p wo i pdle ki a ~g i~ a f wo i pw~y`wy ~i m kk m ~ay lg ,
• /@acyli gd @aca, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Kacnm~gdm,$
X~aei~wa i kd ~dmgieym~lilwa `a~lxkippdva gikkm p~~ywwy~m pdm gmk xylwm gd vdpwm fylzdalmki # `ml dlwi~vilwd dlf~mpw~ywwy~mkd+ dl
xm~wd`akm~i km `~imzdali gd m``ippd fm`dkd~mwd # pdm xi~ }ymlwa ~deym~gm k%ipxapdzdali # ~ipwmy~a gikki `akkizdald p`dilwdfd`oi i
gid ~ixi~~d+ lyavm dkkycdlmzdali gikki viw~dli,! @ ac xkiwi y !J gm wdle af wo i pw~y` wy ~i na wo f~a c wo i fyl `wda lm k xa dl w a f vdiu
# u dw o d lj~ mp w~ y` wy ~m k waa~kip+ dww xm~wd`ykm~ woi `~imwdal af impt m``ipp # mlg mp ~iem~gp woi iodndwdal # ~ipwa~mwdal af woi
p `di lwd fd` ` akk i` wd al p m lg i o dn dw p+ y iw y p oa u `m pi kd eo wdk ke ,
=0, Wi~lxda Vaodmla ! V a kw m W ic x ki =7, Viw~dlm gikki xdki lik Wi~lxda Vakwdmla$ D P oa u#` mp i u dwo N mwwi ~di p dl wo i V akwm W ic xki ,
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=9,#=6,#=5, M , Zmcnikkd: cigmekdald gikkm .Pmkm gid Lanik. ! M , Z mc ni kkd: c igm kkda lp a f wo i .L an ik ^ aac .,
• /@ilw~a gd @yk~y~m P`dil~dfd`m M, Vakwm, @alw~dnywi ^iedali Ka~lnm~gdm i @m~dxka$
9dvigm: .@akkizdald p`dilwdfd`oi m @aca. /x, >4$ ! Pii: .P`dilwdfd `akki wdalp dl @aca%< /x , >4$,
• /@acyli gd @aca+ Kdalp @kyn @aca Oapw+ Kdalp @kyn @aca Km~dmla+ Kdalp @kyn Xkdlda dDEdavmli$
^ipwmy~d gik=m fm``dmwm gik Wicxda Vakwdmla+ ! ^ ip wa ~m wda l u a~ b 8= = wo i fm w2mg i af woi W ic xda V akwdm la
• /AP^MC$kkkycdlmzdali gik Wi~lxda Vakwdmla i gikk%mgdm ilwi Caly~lilwa md @mgywd, ! Dkkycdlmwdal a f wo i V akwm W ic xki mlg woi mgjm#
`ilw CAkkycikkw wa woi Fmkkil Pakgdi~p
• /@acyli gd @aca+ @alpa~zda @aca %Dy~dpwd`m+ pxalpa~ x~dvmwd, @al~~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm$
Lyava mppi~wa pm~m `alfi~dwa m vdmki Cm~`ald+ gd m``ippa mk Wicxda+ i mkki zali mgdm`ilwd+ dlwi~ippmwi gm ylm lyivm xmvd#
~lilwmzdali+ gm yl l Y] VAm~~iga vi~gi i gm GYAtm dkkycdlmz dali ,! L iu kmtayw a~V dm!i C m~`ald mlg mgjm`ilw m~imp + dl`ky#
gdle ~ipy~fm dle+ liu e~iili~t mlg liy! fdeowdle,
.PM KM G ID L A N IK. ! . L A N I K ^aaC.DP WD==JWA @M^GY@A /VDMKI @MVMKKADWD$
E dm M ykm gd P `dil zi l mwy ~mkd gikk%Dpwdwy wa @ m~gy `` d+ gavi l ik piwwi~l n~i = 4>5 pd wil li+ l ikk% m cndwa gikki @ iki#
n ~m zda l d x i~ dk x~dc a @ il wil m~da gikkm c a~wi gd M kippml g~a V akwm+ y la pwa~dia @ al vie la dl wi~l mz dal mki gd fd #pd`m,
L i= =4 80 l mp` iv m m @ ac a k%I lwi . X~a ` ykwy ~m x axa km~i. + x i~ dl dz dmwdvm g d ipxa lil wd g ikk%mc ndil wi g ic a` ~mwd` a#
~mgd`mki km~dml a e ydgmwd gmk l awm dl gy pw~dmki pi~d`a I l~d`a C ypm, K %dl dz dmwdvm dl `al w~a py ndwa dk fmva~i gikkm xa#
x akmz da li+ ` oi x m~wi` dx a pic x~i x dy l y ci~a pm md ` a~pd i mdki v m~di mwwdv dwm `ykwy~mkd+ L ik = 48? km .X ~a `y kwy ~m xa#
xakm~i. fy i~iwwm dl il wi c a~mki i l ik= 4= 8 w~ava pigi gifdl dwdvm l ikk%igdfd` da dl wdwakmwa m @ dapy i @ m~gy `` d /x~a#
e iwwa dl e, @ ipm~i C mzz a``od$ pdwa m @ ac a dl vdmki @ mvmkkawwd, L ikkm l yavm mkm+ dl my ey ~mwm l ik= 4>= + w~avm~al a
py `` ipp dv mc il wi p ig i l y c i~ api G Y ] Vil dz dm wdv i g ikk%M ppa `dm zda l i+ w~m ` yd dk . C y p i a P `a km pwd` a @ d~` akm lwi E y d#
g a @ mpm~wikkd. , K %dg im g d ` apw~y d~i y l . cy pia ` d~` akml wi. + g ig d` mwa m y l a g id fa lg mwa~d i v d` ix~ipdg il ~i g ikk%M p#
pa `dmz da li+ i~m pa ~wm l ikkm c il wi g d C y pm e dm g y~ml wi dk x i~ da ga n ikkd `a + d px d~ ml g ap d m kk %a ~e ml dz zm zda l i g ik p dp wi c m
g d dpw~ yz da l i i kv iwd` a dl @ Y k c adwd `ml wal d pd i~ml a gawmwd gd c ypid p`akmpwd` d, K a p`axa l al i~m paka }y ikka gd fa~#
l d~i y l iffd` m` i py xx a~wa g dgmwwd` a mDki kiz da ld g ie kd dl pie lml wd+ ~l m g d ` ~im~i y l m . `d~` akmz da li. g ik c mwi~dmki gd #gmwwd`a w~m Di gdvi~pi p`y aki gikkm ` dw~m i x~avdl `dm al gi awwdc dzzm~i km f~y dz dal i gikkm `akkiz dal i gik C ypia,
=?, Dlwi~li gik %Di~lxda Vakwdmla ! V a kw m W i c xk i: d lw i~ da ~ ,
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D D C y p ia i mkkaeedmwa
dl y l mc xda pmka l i
gi`a~m wa `a l ~l awdv d
l m wy ~m kdp wd` d g m M ` odk#k i Z m c n ik kd + = 8 pwippa
mc ndil wi `oi l ik
= 4>5 vdgi pvakei~pd dk
@ a lv i e la Dl~i~lmzda#
Gmki gid Fdpd d+ m ` y d xm~wi dxm~ala => X ~i ~l d L a ni k
xi~ km Fdpd`m /`dm C m X kml `b m L dikp N ao~$, X i~ ~d`a~#
g m~i k%iv il wa pw~m a~g dl m~da + k%ml l a py `` ippdva Di gi`a #
~mz da ld x m~di wmkd y ~a la m~~d` `o dwi ` dm } ymww~a lyavd
c i gm ekda l d ~i `m lwd dl ac d gd wywwd d xm~wi`dxmlwd gi k
@ al v ie l a+ ` d~` apwm lz m y l d` m l i kkm p wa ~dm g ikkm p `di l zm +
K%mcndilwi i ` odmc mwa ae ed . P mkm gid L anik. , ! Fa~#
ci~kt woi Omkk afLmwyck P`dil`ip af woi @m~gy``d Dl#
pwdwywi+ uoi~i+ dl Pixwicni~ =4>5+ gy~dle woi @iki#n~mwdalp fa ~ woi Fd~pw @ilwilm~t af wo i gimwo af Mkip#
pmlg~m Vakwm+ m odpwa~d`mk Dlwi~lmwdalmk @ale~ipp af
Xotpd`p wamp oikg,
Dl =480 w oi m p pa ` dm wd al . X ~a @ y kw y~ m Xaxakm~i. /Fa~
X ax yk m~ @ ykw y~ i$ y!mp faylgig dl @ ac a+ wo~ayeo woi
dldwdmwdvi af fa kka ui ~p af woi Kmlml g ic a `~ mw d ~ mg d` mk
c avic ilw+ kig nt woi u ikk blayc pdkb dlgypw~dmkdpw Il#
~d`a C ypwk, Wodp dldwdmwdvi }yd`bkt Rayyg fmvay~ udwo
wo i xiaxki+ u oa xm~wd`dxmwig dl e~imw lyc ni~p dl woi
`ay~pip mlg vm~dayp `ykwy~mk m`wdvdwdip, Dl =48? woi
.X~a @Y!wDk=%m Xaxakm~i% ni`mc i m k=al#x~afdw `a~xa~m#
wdal m kdg dl =4=/$faylg m xi~cmlilw oac i dl woi nydk#
gdle lmcig mfwi~ Edapyi @ m~gy``d /gipdelig nt Dle,
@ipm~i C mzza``od$ pdwymwig dl T dmki @mymkkawwd dl @a#
ca,P iyi ~m k lida dl dwdm wdv ip af wo i M ppa`dmwdal u i~i oaypig
dkk woi l iu u dle+ dlmyey~mwig dl =4>=+ mc ale uod`o
wai~i .woi E ydga @ mpm~wikkd c andki P`oaaf Cypiyc.,
Woi dgim af `alpw~y`wdle m . ca ndki c ypiyc . gigd`m#
wig wa ali af woi faylgi~p mcd Vd`i x~ipdgilw af woi Mp#
pigmwdal+ `mc i wa C ypm gy~dle woi dam~2 wmbdle dlpxd#
~mwdal f~ac woi Pudpp igy`mwdal ptpwic uoi~i cmlt
@ mlwalp omg p`oaak cypiyc p, Woi md c ump law a lkt
wa x~avdgi +=== ifri`wdvi mggdwdalmk wim`odle pyxxa~w wa
woi kippalp+ nyw mkpa wa `~imwi m `d~`ykmwdal af gdgm`wd`
c mw i~d mk m ca le w oi p `o aa kp af wo i ` dwt m lg x ~a vdl `i + pamp wa c mdc dpi woi nilifdwp af woi Cypiyc%p `akki`#
wdalp,Woi C ypiyc dp pdwymwig dl m km~e¢ ~aac gi`a~mwig u dwo
lm wy ~mkdpwd` c awdfp nt M `odkki Z mc ni kkd, W odp dp woi V&DT
xkm`i u oi~i Dlwi~lmwdalmk X ot pd`p @ ale~i pp waab xkm` i
dk k = 4 > 5+ m wwilg ig nt => L anik x~dzi u dlli ~p fa ~ Xot#
pd`p /f~ac C m Xkml`b wa L dkp Nao~$+ Wa `ac cic a~m#
wi wodp iw~ma~gdlm~t ivilw+ woi fakkau dle tim~ woi u mkk
g i` a~ mwda lp u oi ~i i lo ml `i g nt fay~ l iu c i gm kk da lp
ni m~dle wo i lmlwip af mkk woi xm~wd`dxmlwp af woi @al#
e~ipp+ m yld}yi ivilw dl woi odpwa~t af P`dil`i,
• @acyli+ Mppa`dmzdayi Km
Pwi``m M``mgicdm M K ga E m kk d
^ipwmy~d gikki gi a~mzdald xdwwa#
~d`oi i mkw~d dl wi~vil wd ikd ~i`yxi#
~a igdkdzda, Xm~wd`akm~i m~wilzdali
i gmwm mk ~da~gdla # `al km pyxi~#
v dpda~di g d K ml f~i ga @ mpwikkiw~d+
Gd~i~wa~i gid Cypid @ dvd` d gd @ a#
c a # g ikki ` akki zda ld g dg mwwd` oi dvd
`yp~agdwi+ `oi `acx~ilgala al ~m~a ipi~lxda gd .Cypia
`d~`akml~i. gid x~d~ld gik Lavi il~a+ Pd vigm ml oi = 8 Pwygda
gik @ il w~a V akwm py kki `akkiz dal d p` dil wdfd`oi m @ ac a /x, >4 $ , !
^ipwa~mwdal af wo i umkk xmdkkwdlep+ ~ i# m~ ~m l ei c i lw a f w oi g dg m `#
wdm `akki wdalp, Pii x, >4,
= 4, N ~a ki ~wa ! Cigdivmk @dw$+ Omkf /N~akiwwa$
N ^ YL MW I I P, C MY ^ DZ DA # F M ^ A V A K W DM L A ! N^Y#
LMWI MLG P , CMY kZDA # VAKWM KDEf~fOAYPI
Pd ~me edy l ei c ig dm lwi km fyld`akm~i+ M Y m n mpi gik ` mc #x ml dki gikkm `odipm xm~~a`odmki vd pml m gy i kmxdgd `oi
~d`a~g ml a km x~dc m dl ml zdm gikkm p` dil zdm wa+ v dppy wm
dl }y ipwm ky ae a, Dk Fm~a V akwdml a vil li i~iwwa l ik
= 4>5 xi~ al a~m~i V akwm l ik `il wil m~da gikkm ca~wi ,
Dl ` dc m i `akka`mwi yl fm~a ikiww~d`a ` oi kml `dm likkm
l a wwi km py m ky `i w~d` aka ~i + m kwi ~l m lg a d= v i~g i+ dk n dm l#
`a + dw =.8998: i v dpdndki m 9 8 ` odka ~l iw~d g d g dpwml zm , ! Tay
`ml ~im` o dw V$D woi fyld`ykm~ ~mdku mt, Woi~i m~i wu a
cica~dmk pwalip mw woi nawwac af woi xm~dpo `oy~`o
nikk#waui~ u od`o ~i`mkk woi `odkgoaag af woi p`dilwdpw
u oa kdvig dl wo dp xkm`i, W oi V akwm K deo wo ay pi u mp i~i`#
wi g dkk =4>5 dl oalay~ af Vakwm 8== wo i a` `m pda l af wo i
`ilwilm~t ar odp gimwo,
• /Dlwi~vilwd gd x~dvmwd$
^dx~dpwdla dcxdml~a gd dkkycdlmzdali, ! ^i#ipwmnkdpocilw af
wo i Deowd kke x kml w ,
N ^ A K I W W A ! CIGDIVMK @DWT OMKK
• /@acyli gd @aca+ Pax~dlwilgilzm md Nild M~lndilw mkd i
M~ od~iyald d gd Cdkmla$
Likk%mcndwa gikki @ikin~mzdald Vakwdmli+ `aci edm mvvilli
~dikki x~i igilwd @ikin~mzdald /=?44 i =4>5$+ km `d~wm om `ak#
~ a k %a ` `m pd al i xi~ dlwi~vilwd dcxa~wml~d py k xmw~d~lalda iikd#
kdzda+ Dl xm~wd`akm~i+ pd pwm aeed x~a`igilga m gm~i ~dpmkwa mk#
Dm fm``dmwm gik N~akiwwa+ ~dpmkilwi mk =>88+ i m ~dx~dp~dlm~i
k%ypa gik e~mlgi Pmkali dlwi~li+ lik }ymg~a gd yl ~i`yxi~a
` a~l xki pp dv a i kd } yi pwa dcxa~wml~i ~ la ly cilwa ,
Jypw kdbi gy~dle woi x~ivdayp Vakwm @ikin~mwdalp af J ?44 mlg
=4>5+ PA~kdi dcxa~wmlw ~ipwa~mwdal Adk ml`dilw nydkgdlep dkk
@aca omp niil dldwdmwig, Akki af woipi dlwi~vilwdalp `al#
`i~lp woi cigdivmk @dwt Omkk+ `mkkig .N~akiwwa .+ lim~ woi
@mwoig~mk,
Wa~yy GIKKM @~~~M C Y^ M W M !@ dW T U MK K WAUI^P
• /Kdalp @kyn @aca Km~dmla$
D kk y ~l d lm z da l i g d X a ~w m Wa~~i+ Wa~~i Em~wald i Wa~~i P, Vdwmki+
`oi fmlla xm~wi gik pdpwicm gdfilpdva cigdai vmki gikkm `dw~m
c y ~mwm, ! Kdeowdkke af woi cigdivmk Waui~p af woi @dwt y!mkk+
96
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XMVDM
PIGI GIK CMEDPWI^A P@DILWDFD@ m I M@@MGICD@A GD VAKWM
PIMW AF VAKWM%P WIM@ODLEP MLG P@DILWDFD@ UA^B
Lik lavicn~i gik =55?+ @m~ka Edypixxi `alwi gd Fd~cdml+ cdldpw~a xkildxawilzdm~a gikk%kcxi~a My#pw~dm`a xi~ km Kacnm~gdm+ ialfi~dp`i mg Mkippmlg~a Vakwm =m`mwwig~m gd Fdpd m Pxi~d~lilwmki mkk%Yldvi~pdwm
gd Xmvdm,
X~ippa k%Mwilia xmvipi i~mla edm pwmwd `odmcmwd+ e~mzdi mkwm kyledcd~mlzm gikk%Dcxi~mw~d`i Cm~dm Wi~ipm+ mk#w~d dkkypw~d p`dilzdmwd+ }ymkd Kmzzm~a Pxmkkmlzmld i Mlwalda P axakd ig mkw~d ml`a~m villi~a `odm~lmwd dl pi#
eydwa w~m `yd Mlwalda P`m~xm i Kyded N~yelmwikkd,
Mxxilm m~~dvmwa m Xmvdm Vakwm pd gigd `a+ akw~i `oi mkk dlpielmcilwa+ m ~dpw~ywwy~m~i dk Emndliwwa gd Fdpd`m+m~~d``oilgaka gd cakwd pw~ycill pdm gd ~d`i~`m `oi i k d gdgmwwd m+ x~aeiwwmwd gd~iwwmcilwi gmkka pwippa+ ax#
xy~i dl mkw~d `mpd `acx~mwd gy~mlwi dpyad vdmeed dl Iy~axm, Dl }yipwm xi~daga+ dlfmwwd+ gmk =5?8 mk =5?7+iekd `acxd lyci~apd vdmeed gd pwygda dl Pmvadm+ Pvdzzi~m+ Ei~cmldm+ Akmlgm+ F~ml`dm+ Dleodkwi~~m ig My#pcm+
Ki kizdald gd Vakwm i~mla wmkcilwi mffakkmwi `oi villi mxxapdwmcilwi `apw~ydwa likk%Mwilia xmvipi yl lya#v` i xdy mcxda Wimw~a Fdpd`a+ D%agdi~lm Mykm Vakwm,
>8 , F M@ @D MW M G IK K% YL k#
VI^p~~M+ pykk%mwwymki Pw~m#
gm Lyavm i gikkm `odipm gik
calmpwi~a gik Kiml a l ik
=547, Gdxdlwa gd Zm``m~dm
^i+ Cyp`a xi~ km Pwa~ dm
gifk%Yldvi~pdwm, Pd w~mwwm
gikkm xm~wi piwwilw~dalmki+
}yikkm xdy mlwd`m+ `oi givi
k%mpxiwwa mwwymki mkk%axi~m
gik Xd`~cm~dld /=559$, Ip#
pm gavivm ~dpxalgi~i mk ~i #}ydpdwa gd .mllylzdm~i m
fa~ipwdi~d `al lyava gi`a#
~apa mxxm~mwa ipwi~la km
~dfa~cm Dmwwm mkk %dlwi~la.,
>8, WOI YLDVI^PDWT FM#
@MGI+ al uomw dp lauPw~mgm Lyaym /Liu^amg$ mlg af woi Calm#pwi~t af Kimlm+ f~ac mxmdlwdle nt Zm``m~dm ^if-%Ac=547+ oikg dl woiOd#
pwa~t af woi Yldvi~pdwt
Cypiyc af Xmvdm, Wodp dp
woi la~woi~l xm~w+ woi ak#
gipw pi`wdal+ uod`o auipdwp `y~~ilw gipdel wa woiua~bp af Xdi~cm~dld/=559$, Woi ~i}yd~icilw
af woi nydkgdle ump wa .ml#l al `i wa v d pdwm ~p wo~ayeo mfkiu mlg gi`a~ayp iwi~da~fa~c woi ~ifa~cp `m~~digayw udwodl.,
D l L a vi c ni ~ =55?+ @ aylw Fd~c dml+ mkk#xau i~fyk c dldpwi~ af woi M ypw~dml Ic xd~i dl K ac nm~gt+ mxxadlwig
M kippmlg~a V akwm mp X ~afippa~ af I xi~dc ilwmk X otpd`p mw woi Y l dvi~pdwt af Xmvdm,
Womlbp wa woi fa~ipdeowiglipp af woi I cx~ipp C m~dm Woi~ipm awoi~ Rmcayp p`dilwdpwp omg niil `mkkig wa woi
Y ldvi~pdwt+ c il py`o mp Kmzzm~a Pxmkkmlzmld mlg M lwalda P`axakd+ mlg c mlt c a~i u aykg ni `mkkig dl woi
fywy~i py`o mp Mlwalda P`m~xm mlg Kyded N~yelmwikkd ,
M p paal mp oi m~~dvig dl X mvdm+ V akwm nipdgip wim`odle+ piw mnayw ~ipw~y`wy~dle woi Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t+ il#
~d`odle dw udwo cmlt dlpw~ycilwp+ n awo fa ~ ~ipim ~`o m lg fa ~ wim `o dl e+ idwo i~ g ipde lig g d~i`wkt nt o dc pikf+ 8= .
dl awoi~ `mpip xy~`ompig gy~dle odp jay~litp dl Iy~axi, G y~dle wodp xi~dag+ R~ac =5?8 wa =5?7+ o i y lg i~#
waab lyci~ayp pwygt w~dxp wa P mva di+ P udwzi~km lg + E i~c ml t+ Oakkmlg+ F ~m l`i+ I le km lg m lg M ypw~dm ,
V akwm %p ki`wy~ip u i~i pa u ikk mwwilgig womw m liu mlg ndeei~ X otpd`p Ki`wy~i Woimw~i+ u od`o dp lau blau l
mp woi Vakwm W oimw~i+ u mp pxi`dmkkt nydkw
>=, DXA^WD@MWD DLW ^LD
G I K K% YL f VI ^ P~ ~M , , D xa~wd`d
a `` dg il wm kd i dk @a~~dki Cigd#
` a+ a ee d ` a~ wdki g id @ mg ywd+ li k
= 54 7, G dx dl wa g d Z m` `m ~dm ^ i+
C ypia xi~ km P~a~dm gikk%Y ld#
vi~pdwm+ DD @ a~wdki C igd` a ` al
} yikka K ie mki / xa d @ a~wdki gd
Vakwm$ ` a pw dw y d vm l a dJ yygia
}ymww~a`il~ip`a gikk%Yldvi~#
pd`m% k%mpxiwwa mwwymki pd givi
m k X ip pd l m / =6 6= #5 =$, = W OI
DL WI ^L Mk, @ AKA LL MG IP A F
WO I YLDVI^PDWT, Woi ui#
p wi c ` ak al lm gi p m lg w oi C i#
gd`m- ] y mg =. mk ke ki + w ag mt
DcaYkDJ m p wo iU m~
Cica~dmk
]kwm d~myeki+ f ~ac =547,
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XI^@A^PD VAKWkMLD! VAKWM OI^kWMEI W^MdK
|| ,,[
| , ,, Q ,, %
• /Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dny~a ^iedali Kacnm~gdm$
Dl a``m pd ali gi kki `i kin~mzd ald xi~ dk nd`ilwilm~da gikk%dl#
vilzdali gikkm xdkm+ k %Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm om x~avvigywa m
~dpw~ywwy~m~i mk yld gid kyaeod kiemwd mkkm vdwm p`dilwdfd m ig m #
`m gi ~ld`m gi kk%dkkypw ~i p` dilz dmwa+ dl xm ~~ d akm~i dk Wi mw~a Fd#
pd`a+ dk@a~wdki gd Vakwm i km p~m~ym gikkm p`dilzdmwa lik `a~l#
ki a~laldca+ Dladw~i dkk yl%mykm gik Cypia xiw km p~a~dm gik#
D%Yldvi~pdwm om ~d`ap~~yd~a dJ Emndli~~a Fdpd a gavi PAkkA pwm#
wd pdpwi~lmwd wywwd d d~likd vakwdmld x~ipilwd lik ~lypia,
DK X MK MZ ZA G IK K. YL DV I^ p~~M
Lik=06= @m~ka ~ v + py ~d odipwm gd Emkimzza DWVd#p`alwd+ vd m~da dcxi~dmki+ falgm m Xmvdm yla .Pwy#
gdyc eili~mki.+ `al x~dvdkied mlmkaend m }likkd gik#
ki p`yaki gd Nakaelm+ Xm~ded i Calwxikkdi~,
Dl pieydwa Edml Emkimzza kmva~a dlpwml`mndkcil~i
xi~ `alpakdgm~i k%dpwd~yzdali i lik=0?4 awwilivm gm
Xmxm Naldfm`da D_ yl ~d`alap`d~lilwa `al k%ykwi#~da~i x~dvdkieda gd ipi~`dwm~vd ml`oi k%dlpielmcilwa
wiakaed`a,
Mkdm fdli gik piiaka D%Yldvi~pdwm i~m a~~lmd fda~ilwi:
e kd pwygilwd i~mla lyci~apd i x~avildvmla ml`oig%akw~mkxi+
Ka Pwygda iDm `apwdwydwa gm gyi Yldvi~pdwm gdpwdlwi:
gid edy~dpwd /Gd~dwwa @dvdki i @mlald`a$ i giekd m~wd#
Mp xm~w a~#woi `ikin~mwdalp fa~ wo i nd ilwilm~t af woi dlyil#
wdalµaf wo i Nmwwi~t, w oi Yk k dv i ~p dw t af Xmvdm o m p a ~ em l dp ig woi
~ilavmwdal af pac i af woi m~imp u od`o m~i `kapikt kdlbig wa
wo i p`dikkwdfd` mlgm`mgicd` kd fi af wo i fm ca yp p` di lwdpw+ m lg
i px i` dm kkt wo i X ot pd` p W oi mw~i + wo i V akwm ] ym g~m le ki /c g wo ipwmwyi a f wo i p` di lwdp w dl wo i pm ci } ym g~m le ki, Mkpa+ 2 = = al i
af woi ~aac p af woi O dpwa~t af woi Y ldyi~pdwt C ypiyc + woit
omvi ~inkkdkw wo i X k~tpd`p K mna~mwa~t u i~i m kk woi c ic a~m #
n dk dm a f Vakwm+ x~ipilw 2 = = wo i cypiyc+ o mv i n ii l x km `i g,
WO I Y LdVI^PDWT NY kKA fL E
@ m~ka DV + n t ~i }y ipw af woi dc x i~ dm k v d` m~ E m ki mz za==Vdp alwd+ Raylgig dl =06= dl Xmvdm m .Pwygdyc
e il i ~m wi . u d wo x ~d vd ki e ip p dc d km ~ wa woapi af p`oaakpdl Nakaelm+ Xm~dp mlg Calwxikkdik:
Edm=5 Emkimzza `alwdlyig wa ua~b wd~ikippkt wa `al#
p akdg mwi wo i dlpwdwywdal ml g dl =0?4 oi py``iigig
dl anwmdldle ~i`aeldwdal f~ac X axi N al dfm` da D_ + m puikk m p wo i ~deo w wa dl w~ag y` i woi wim` odl e af wo ia #kaet,
Nt woi ilg af woi `ilwy~t woi Yldvi~pdwt ump fkay#~dpodle2 woi~i ydi~i lyci~ayp pwygilwp+ paci afuoac `mci f~ac mp fm~ mu mt mp woi awoi~ pdgi afw oi M kx p,
Woi Pwygdyc ump `acx~dpig af wua pixm~mwi yld#
>>, PWMWYMI @A^WDKI AJ VAKWM, Dk `a~wdki+ gilacdlmwi Xa~wd`a Kiemki xi~`oi m~w~ala mg ippa i~mla pdwymwi Di myki gik#
km Fm`akpm gd Kieei+ om xi~d~li~~a ~i~wmleakm~i `al yl gyxkd`i xa~wd`a gd `akalli ga~d`oi gd e~mldwi ndlmwi+ `ml omkmypw~m
m xdkmpw~dld, Lik=?5?+ dl a``mpdali gik `ilwilm~da gikkm lacdlm gd Vakwm m x~afippa~i gd Fdpd`m pxi~dcilwmki m Xmvdm+ fyi~iwwa yl calycilwa m pxipi gd @m~ka F~ml`ip`a La``m dl `yd = 8 p`dilzdmwa i ~mxx~ipilwm~a dl waem x~afippa~mwi+ `al km xd#
km likkm cmla pdldpw~m+ Gm mkka~m dkXa~wd`a Kiemki gdvilli dk@a~wdki gd Vakwm, ! VAKWM%P PWMWYI MLG ]YMG^MLEKI, Woi]ymg-%mleki+ blaul mp woi Kiemk @akallmgi ni`mypi mkk m~aylg dw uiki% woi ki`wy~i woimw~ip af woi fm`ykwt af kmu+ nmp m ~i`#
wmleykm~ xi~dciwi~ udwo m gaynki `akallmgi af wudl Ga~d `akyclp dl e~mldwi+ udwo m nmkypw~mgi af pcmkk xapwp, Dl2 =?5?+
al wni a``mpdal af woi `ilwilm~t af Vakwm%p lacdlmwdal wa x~afippa~ af Ixi~dcilwmk Xk~tpd`p mw Xmvdm+ m calycilw ump
₫=%i`wig+md g fa~ nt @m~ka F~ml`ip`a La``m2 uoi~i wni p dilwdpw dp ~ix~ipilwig d= 5 odp xcfippa~dmk waem+ udwo w oi n m ww i~ t
dl od p kifw omlg, F~ac womw gmwi woi Kiemk @akallmgi ni`mci blaul mp woi Vakwm ]ymg~mleki ,
>0, NYPWA G= V AKWM, Axi~m gikki p`ykwa~i Edypixxi @acakkd /_D_ pi`,$, @mdwa xdigdpwmkka ~i`mk%ixde~mfi giwwmwm gmY+%m#
nmwi Xdiw~a @alfdekdm od, Pykkm xm~iwi pax~m Dm p`ykc~m pala ~mffdey~mwd d dy dcxa~wmlwd pw~ycil~d p dilwdfd d dlvilwmwd gm Vak#
wm, Dl xm~wd`akm~i+ pyk Dmwa pdldpw~a+ pd vigala yl ikiww~afa~a+ ylm xdpwakm m emp dlfdmccmndki+ yl iygdaciw~a i yl mxxm~mwa
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XMVDM
pwd /Cigd`dlm+ Fdkapafdm i Mld Kdni~mkd$, M `mxa gd
aeld Yldvi~pdwm vildvm ikiwwa mllymkcilwi yl ~iw#
wa~i `oi i~m dl eili~i yla pwygilwi woi mvippi py#
xi~mwa j vilwd mlld,
Pd `alfi~dvmla e~mgd m``mgicd`d m w~i kdvikkd: dk nm`#
`ikkdi~mwa+ km k d`ilzm i dk gawwa~mwa, Cmke~mga ki g df #
fd`ak`m xakdwd`oi i ekd dlivdwmndkd gdpmed gavywd mkki
eyi~~i i mkJi xipwdkilzi+ k%Yldvi~pdwm `alanni lik
]ymww~a`ilwa yl xi~daga dkk e~mlgi fda~dwy~m,
Lik =7=> Fdkdxxa Cm~dm Vdp`alwd `alpakdgmvm = 8
Pwygda xmvipi `odmcmlgavd cmipw~d dkkypw~d i `aa#
fi~cmlga e~mvd xili vak~i m dcxigd~i `oi ekd pwy#
gilwd mlgmppi~a m pwygdm~i mkw~avi,
Dl a~dedli lal ipdpwivm yl yld`a igdfd`da gipwdlmwi
mekd pwygd: ki kizdald pd wilivmla likki `mpi x~dvmwi i
lid `alvilwd `oi aff~dppi~a ka mkd mgm~wd+ 8likka p~ip#
pa xmkmzza gik @a~lyli, Paka pyd fdldwi gik ]ymw#
w~a`ilwa Kygavd`a dk Ca~m gipwdli mkka Pwygdyc
yl xmkmz za dl Pw~mgm L y i v m mxxm~wilywa mg M Kz a #
l i V dp` al wd, K :i gdf d` da + `oi `alfdlmvm `al k%apxigm#
D i P, Cmwwia+ m pieydwa gikkm ~dpw~ywwy~mzdali `dl#
}yi`il~ip`m /=907$ x~ipilwmvm edm gyi `a~wdkd m kae#
edmwd pav~mxxap`d+ `a~~dpxalgilwd dl caga mxx~ap#
pdcmwdva m }yikkd mwwymkd gd Vakwm i gid @mgywd ,,
yi~pdwdip+ woi,Jy~dpwp /@dvdk mlg @mlald` kmu$+ mlg
woi M~wdpwp /Cigd dli+ Xodkapaxot mlg Kdni~mk M~wp$,
Im`o tim~ woi Yldvi~pdwt iki`wig m ~i`wa~ f~alwmc ale woi pwygilwp avi~ >8 tim ~p a f me i,
M`mgicd` gie~iip ui~i mu m~gig mw wo~ii kivikp:.nm``ikkdi~mwa. /nm`oika~$+ .kd`ilzm. /cmpwi~p$+ mlg
.gawwa~mwa. /ga`wa~mwi$,
Dl px dwi a f x akdwd`m k gdffd`y kwdip m lg wo i dl ivdwm nkiw~a ynki `m ypig n t um~ mlg xipwdkil`i+ wo i Yldvi~#
pdwt ixi~dil`ig ,= c ac ilw af eka~t dl woi f df wi i lwo`ilwy~t,
Dl =7=>+ F dkdx xa C m~dm V dp`a lwd `a lpa kdg mwig woiXmydml Pwygdyc ` mkkdl e fa ~ wo i o d~ dl e a f dkky pw~ da ypx~afippa~p mlg ipwmnkdpodle liu x il mkwdi p m dc ig m wx~ivilwdle pwygilwp f~ac pwygtdle m w a wo i~ y ldy i~#pdwdip,
A~dedlmk kt + woi Yldvi~pdwt u mp law oaypig dl ali pa#ki nydkgdle a~ m~im, @ kmppip waab xkm`i dl x~dvmwioaypip mlg dl c a lm pwi~ dip u od`o `a ykg a ffi ~ p ydwm #n ki ~a ac p2 m w wdc ip+ `km ppi p u i~ i i vil `algy`wig dlwoi Wayc O mkk nydkgdle, M w woi ilg af woi fdfwiilwo` i lwy~t + Kygayd`a df C a~a galmwig m xmkm`i dl Pw~m#
gm L yavm u od`o al`i nikaleig wa M zzakki V dp`alwdwa wo i P wy gdy c, W oi n ydkgdl e+ u od`o u mp m gjm `il w wa
xi~ Rm ~ldpy~mzdali gikkm gdkmwmzdali dpanm~m gid emp2 pyk km~a gipw~a+ dlvi`i+ ylm x~ipilwmzdali gd mk`yld ipxi~dcilwd `al ki
~mli i ylm xdkm `akkiemwm ` al yl ikiww~ap`axda `algilpm wa~i, J NYPW AF VAwWM, Wodp dp woi ua~b af woi p pgxwa~ Edypiksk$i
@ ac akkd /= 4wo `i lwc $%$, Woi w mkk x ig ip wm k ` m~ ~d ip wo i i xde ~m xo g d` wm wi g nt wo i Mnnaw Xdiw~a @ al fde kdm `n K A l woi u mkk m na #yi woi p`ykxwy~i, woi capw dcxa~wmlw p`dilwdfd` dlpw~yc ilwp dlvilwi g nt Va!wmm~i ~ix~ipilwig, ,
>7, @MYKM VAKWM, Lik=5?9 Edypixxi DD a~gdlmvm km `apw~yzdali gd ylm lyavm mykm xi~ km Fdpd`m lik kmwa ipw gik Xa~wd`a
Wiakaed`a ,,D kmva~d villi~a mffdgmwd m Kiaxakga Xakkm`b+ `oi kd `al`kypi lik =5?5 ,,~myn ~dxiwi =8 p`oicm gik Wimw~a Akdc#
xd`a gik Xmkkmgdm m Vd`ilzm+ `al `yd x~ipilwm mlmkaedi pdm pw~ywwl~mkd pdm gi`a~mwdvi ,,Ml`oi dk cawdvi gikki ld``odi `al pwm#
wyi `apwdwydp i ylm `odm~m `dwmzdami gd Xmkkmgda+ Ippilgapd gmllieedmwa k%a~dedlmki paffdz~a xdmla+ D%m~`odwiwwa Cm~`oipd =898#
pwdwyd+ gaxa dk =?>?+ `al D%m~iymki `axi~wy~m m `al` odekdm,Z WOI VAKWM KI@WY^I OMJk,,, Dl =5?9 Japixo =D a~gi~ig woi
`alpw~y`wdal af%m liy~ Xk~tpd`p woimw~i wa ni nydkw mw woi impwi~l pdgi af woi WfJi)et @akallmgi, Woi y!a~kip ump ilw~ypwig
wv woi m~`odwi`w Kiaxakg Xakkm`b+ uoa `acxkiwig dw dl =5?5, Woi Woimw~i ~i`mkkp woi A ktcxd` Woimw~i af X mkkmgdm dl V;`icm
nawo dl pw~y`wy~i mlg gi`a~mwdal, Ivil woi giwmdk af,ld`oip udwo pwmwyip dp m `kim~ ~idi~il`i wa Xmkkmgda, MfwD-Jµ woi a~dedlm-
fkmw `idkdle ydmp gmcmeig+ woi m~`odwi`w Cm~gJi,pd pynpwdwywi g dw+ mfwi~ =?>?+ udwo woi x~ipilw poikk pomxig `avi ~dle,
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XI^@A^PJ VAKWkMLD ! VAKWM OI DWMEI W^MDK
D,:=lwi~vilwa xdl ~dkivml~i+ `oi gdigi md `a~wdkd ylm fd #pdalacdm pdcdki m }yikkm mwwymki+ fy `algawwa w~m dk
=66= i dk =65= mg axi~m gikk%m~`od~iwwa Mcn~aedaXippdlm dk }ymki ~da~emldzza dgaxxd xa~wd`d `al `a#
kalli ga~d`oi ndlmwi+ x~aei~wa Di nmkmypw~i m xdkm#pw~dld xi~ dxdmld pyxi~da~d i gdigi mekd m~`od yl dl#
`alpyiwa x~afdka xakdealmki,
Lik Piwwi`ilwa mJ.lyava xdmla. xi~ km cdeJda~i ` k d #
~izdali i ~da~gdlmcilwa gikk%Yldvi~pdwm+ k%dcxi~m#
w~d`i Cm~dm Wi~ipm g%Mypw~dm vakki mffdml`m~i ml`oi
Ykk x~ae~mccm gd kmva~d gd mc~lagi~lm~lilwa gik
vi``oda igdfd da,
K%dl`m~d`a villi mffdgmwa mkk%m~ odwiwwa Edypixxi
Xdi~cm~dld `oi pd x~ia``yxa dl x~dci kyaea gikkm
fm``dmwm i xad ml`oi gid `a~wdkd gavi m~~awalga ekdm~`od i papwdwyk km `axi~wy~m m `mppiwwald gid kaeedm#
wd `ml paffdwwd m vakwm,
Likki pwippa xi~daga villi ~imkdzzm~m k%mykm Fap`a#
kdmlm+ `oi y py``ippdvmcilwi gi`a~mwm gm Xmaka
Cip`akd /=5?>$,]ymlga lik =5?0 k%dcxi~mwa~i Edypixxi == `al#
`ippimkk%Yldvi~pdwm k%i#calmpwi~a gik Kimla+ xm~#
>9, @MPM Gk VAKWM M XMVDM, Ykwdcm mndwmzdali gd Vakwm m
Xmvdm, K`gdfd da i ynd mwa likk%agdi~lm vdm acaldcm+ gd fdml#
`a m J x~ip~dedapa @akkieda Eodpkdi~d+ i m n~ivi gdpwmlzm gmk
xmkmzza `ilw~mki giY Yldvi~pdwm, ! VAK=![ %p OAYPI DL XMVDM
Vakwm%p kmpw oaypi dkk Xmvdm, Woi nydkgdle dp pdwymwig dl uomw
dp lau kcayc mp Vdm Vakwm+ liw wa woi x~ipwdedayp Eod#
pkdi~d @akkiei+ mlg m poa~w gdpwml`i f~ac woi @ilw~mk, nydk#
gdle af woi Yldvi~pdwt,
>5, MYKM CMELM, D x~dcd gdpield i k d }yip~a igdfd da fy~a#
la cippd m xylwa fdl gmk =?05 gmkk%m~`odwiwwa Cm~`oipd i dkmval fy~ala ykwdcm~d lik=?98, Dk nmppa~dkdiva gik wdcxmla+
ipieydwa gmkka p`ykwa~i Mlwalda Emkkd+ ~mxx~ipilwm Mkip#
pmlg~a Vakwm+ dl vipwi i k d ^iwwa~i+ likd%mwwa gd `alfi~d~i YG gd#
xkacm gd kmy~im, Likka Wippm igdfd`da pd Dalgala gyi 88#
woi Ra~ci~ Pml Cmwwia Oapxdwmk+ ump ~ilavmwig dl=907 dlwa dwp x~ipilw gmt `alfdey~mwdal af wua`ay~wtm~gp /`a~~ipxalgdle wa woi Vakwm mlg @mgywd
@ay~wtm~gp$ udwo ayi~kmxdle xa~wd`ap,
Dcxa~wmlw dcx~avicilwp ui~i ii`ywig nt woi m~#
`odwi`w Mcn~aeda Xippdlm niwuiil =66= mlg =65=2
oi ~ia~emldzig woi gaynki xa~wd`ap mggdle xmd~ig
G85%d` `akyclp+ gipdelig nmkypw~mgip udwo xdkkm~p fa~
woi yxxi~ fkaa~p mlg ilgauig woi m~`oip udwo ml
ylypymk xaktealmk x~afdki,
Dl woi ideowiilwo `ilwy~t+ Cm~dm Wi~ipm af Mypw~dm+
fy~woi~dle oi~ .liu xkml fa~ m niwwi~ gd~i`wdal mlg~ia~gi~dle af woi Yldvi~pdwt.+ x~axapig cagi~ldzm#wdal af woi akg nydkgdle, Woi m~ odwi w Edypixxi Xdi~#
cm~dld ump `oapil wa way`o yx woi fm`mgi mlg woil
dcx~avi woi `ay~wtm~gp ydoi~i oi ~aylgig woi m~#
`oip mlg ~ixkm`ig woi km`ylmk% `idkdlep udwo m~ oig
`idkdlep, Dw ump gy~dle wodp i~mwomw Fap aka Omkk umpnydkw+ kmwi~ wa ni gi`a~mwig nt Xmaka Cip`akd dl
=5?>,Dl =5?0$ woi Icxi~a~ Edypixxi DW galmwig wa woi
Yldvi~pdwt woi i#Ldalmpwi~t af Kimlm+ m xm~w af
>6, i >?+ CYPIA XI^ KM PWA^kM GIK#
K%YLkVI^PDWM, Dl }yipwm pw~ywwy~m pala
`alpi~vmwd `d~ m `ilwa`dl}ymlwm `dcikd vak#
wdmld+ `oi w~avi~mlla ylm xdkd mxx~ax~dmwm
pdpwicmzdali lik Emndliwwa Fdp d a+ mwwymk#
cilwi dl Dmpi gd ~imkdzzmzdali+ Likki gai
fawa pala ~mxx~ipilwmwd mk yld pw~ycilwd
iki~~~d`d i xliycmwd`S ~imkdzzmwd gm Vakwm igdpxapwd pyd pya ~mvaka gd kmva~a,
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XMVDM
gm~lilwmkd ~dxakaedi gik calga `kmppd a: }yikdm gik wicxda+
xi~ k%ip~i~la+ `al wmlwa gd x~alma m `akalli `a~dlzdi i gd
wdcxmla `acxkiwmwa gm p`yk~y~i+ m dlgd m~i km pm ~mkdwm gik
kyaea i+ xi~ k%dlwi~la+ }yikka gikkm nmpdkd m+ m dlgd m~li . 8 #wdkdzza `dvdki i xynnkd`a, ! E^IMW OMKK, Woi fd~pw g~mudle
fa~ wodp nydkgdle ui~i `acxki wig dl =?05 nt woi m~ odwi w
Cm~g=ipd mlg woi ua~kkp `acxkiwig dl =?98, WDki nmp#~i#
kdif af woi emnkip nt woi p`ykxwa~ Mlwalda Emkkd+ ~ix~ipilwp
M kippmlg~a V akwm+ g~ippig mp woi ^ i wa~2 uodki omlgdle ayw
gdxkacmp, Dl woi pmci nydkgdle woi~i dp m cdwy~i af wua
nmpd` wtxip af `kmppd`mk m~`odwi`wy~i: womw af woi wicxki+ al
woi aywpdgi, udwo woi x~almap mlg @a~dlwodml `akyclp mlg
emnkip ` acxkiwi udwo p`ykxwy~ip wa dlgd`mwi woi pm`~iglipp
af woi xkm`i+ mlg Adk woi dlpdgi+ womw af woi nmpdkd`m+ wa dlgd#
`mwi dwp `dvdk mlg xynkd` kdpi,
wi gikk%m~im fy gipwdlmwm mkkm fm`akwm g ,d Wiakaedm xi~
km }ymki Kiaxakga Xakkm`b ~imkdzza yl mywalaca
`a~xa gd fmnn~d`m m~wd`akmwm dlwa~la m yl wi~za @8=.#
wdki+ dl mppi `al d gyi xdkk mlwd` od+ gd `yd ,~dx~ipi dk
cawdvi gik gaxxda kaeedmwa `al `akalli ga~d`oi
ndlmwi,
Mk xdmla pyxi~da~i dkXakkm`b `akka`a k%icd`d`ka gik
wimw~a xi~ km Fdpd`m /a~m dlwdwakmwa mg Mkippmlg~aVakwm$+ pdcdki m }yikka gik `a~wdki Cigd`a ~dpi~vmwa
dlvi`i mkki kizdald gd mlmwacdm /mykm P`m~xm$,
Mdk%dldzda gikk%Awwa`ilwa ml`oi Jm xm~wi ci~dgdalm#
ki gik Kimla villi dlekanmwm gmkk%Yldvi~pdwm2 Edy#
pixxi Cm~`oipd `acxkiwi dkn~m``da gd fmnn~d`m fd #
la m vdm Cilwmlm,
%MOa pwippa m~`odwi~wa pd givi km lyavm Mykm Cmelm
/~imkdzzmwm w~m d==?79 i dk %98$+ `oi x~ipilwm yl x~a#
lma gd `akalli `a~dlzdi dpxd~mwa mk cagikka gik wic#
xda e~i a,
Paka gaxa dk w~mpfi~dcil~a gikki `kdld`oi likkm lya#
vm pigi g ,d vdmki Eaked /=40>$+ k%Yldvi~pdwm m`}ydpdml`oi d= vmpwa `acxkippa }ymww~a`ilwip`a mxxm~wi#
lywa mkk%apxigmki Pml Cmwwia,
u od`o u mp gipdelmwig fa~ woi ypi af woi G ixm~wc ilw
af Woiakaet, Kiaxakgm X akkm`b c mgi woi mggdwdal
af m wod~g `ay~wtm~g+ fakkau dle woi mdp af woi wu a
a~dedlmk alip dc dwm wdle woi a~dedlmk gaynki xa~wd`a
u dwo m xmd~ig G 8 = 5 @ `akyc l c awdf mp u ikk, O i `al#
pw~y`wig m oicd t`ki xotpd`p woimwi~ al woi yxxi~
fkaa~ /lau blaul mp woi Mkippmlg~a VaKwm Woimwi~$ +
u od`o u mp pdc dkm~ wa woi mlmwac t woimwi~ /P`m~xmOmkk$ ka`mwig dl woi C igd`mk @ ay~wtm~gp, Dl woi ni#
e dlldle af woi ldliwiilwo `ilwy~t+ woi paywoi~l pd#
gi af woi Kimlm C almpwi~t u mp mnpa~nig dlwa woi
Yldvi~pdwt mlg E dypixxi C m~`oipd iwilgig dwp
naylgm~t mp fm~ mp Vdm Cilwmlm,
Woi pmc i m~`odwi`w u mp ~ipxalpdnki fa~ woi liu M y#
km C melm+ `alpw~y`wig niwu iil =?79 mlg =?98+
u od`o oi ilgau ig u dwo m x ~a lm ap `acxapig af @a#
~dlwodml `akyc lp nmpig al woi c agik a f m E ~iib
wic xki, Dl =40>+ mfwi~ woi c igd`mk gixm~wc ilwp omg
ni il w~mlpfi~~ig wa woid~ liu ~ipdgil`i dl V dm ki E D#
ej+ woi Y l dvi~pdwt m` }yd~ig woi km~ei fdfwiilwo#`i l#wy~t `ac xki u od`o al`i nikaleig wa woi fa~c i~
Pml C mwwi a O apxdwmk,
>6, mlg >?, ODPWA^T AF WOI YLDVI^PDWT
CYPIYC, dl wodp nydkgdle woi~i m~i avi~
=98 cica~mndkdm af Vakwm uod`o udkk om#
vi m ca~i mxx~ax~dmwi oaci dl woi Xk~t#
pd`p Kmna~mwa~t uod`o dp `y~~ilwkt nidle
`acxkiwig, = == woi xoawa ui `ml pii paci
af woi iki`w~d`mk mlg xliycmwd` dlpw~y#
cilwp nydkw nt Vakwm cdg kmdg al odp yda~k:
nil`o,
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CDKMLA! CDKMLK%IPXI DILZM GIKK%DPWkWYWA KACNM^GA
WOI I_XI^DIL@I AF WOI DPWDWYWA KACNM^GA
>4, Pmkm gd kiwwy~m mY%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga, ! ^imgdle ~aac dkk Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga
Ykpwdwywa Kacnm~ga i pwmwa `~imwa gm LmxaDiali
Nalmxm~wi py cagikka gikk%Dlpwdwyw gi F~ml`i lik
=545 `al,dk `acxdwa gd .~m``aekdi~i. Di p`axi~wi+ i
xi~fizdalm~i Di m~wd i ki p`dilzi, Km pigi villi fdp#pmwm m Nakaelm i dk ~ieakmcilwa x~ivigivm 08 ~li~l#
n~d .xilpdalmwd. i 08 .ala~m~d.+ pyggdvdpd dl 0 pi#
zdald2 p dilzi fdpd oi i cmwicmwdioi+ p dilzi ca~m#kd i xakdwd`oi+ kiwwi~mwy~m i nikki m`wda
Dk 6 lavicn~i =?8> Nalmxm~wi lacdli dx~dcd 0=cicn~d+ gid }ymkd fm`ivm xm~wi Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, DD
>7 cmeeda =?80 k%Dpwdwywa fy `alva`mwi km x~dcm
vakwm i dkkP eillmda =?87 pd gmvm dk^ieakmcilwa
a~emld`a+ dkx~dca X~ipdgilwi lacdlmwa m x~ipdi#gi~i ki pigywi fy =8 pwippa Vakwm, PY ~d odipwm gikkm
cmeeda~ xm~wi gid cicn~d+ lik =?=8 Lmxakiali
`kmvm mkk%Dpwdwywa dk lyava laci gd Dpwdwywa gd P`dil#
zi+ Kiwwi~i ig M~wd+ i fdppmvm =m pigi m Cdkmla l ik
xmkmzza gd N~i~m,
MkDm `mgywm gd Lmxakiali+ k%kpwdwywa xmppi gmxx~dcmmk eavi~la mypw~dm`a i xad /lik =?94$ mk eavi~la
dwmkdmla+ Ykpwdwywa fylzdala+ pilzm dlwi~~yzdald+ gmk#Di a~dedld2 lik =409 inni yl lyiva pwmwywa i ylm
lyavm mccdldpw~mzdali mywala~lm `ml dk`alw~akka
gik Cdldpwi~a gikkm Xynnkd`m Dpw~yzdali /aeed+ gikCdldpwi~a xi~ dNild @ykwy~mkd$,
K%Dpwdwywa pd `acxali gd gyi `kmppd: P`dilzi cmwi#
cmwd`oi i lmwy~mkd+ P`dilzi ca~mkd, D `acxalilwd
mwwymkcilwi pmlm 087, Ippa xappdigi yl%dcxa~wml#
wi Ndnkdawi`m /akw~i 788,888 vakycd$ i yl ~d`ia m~#
`odvda gd `m~wi cmlap`~dwwi i ga`ycilwd i k d mkwa ~d#
kdiva+ ~ikmwdvd m p`dilzdmwd i ki w~i~m ~d dkky pw~d+ G d pa c#
ca x~ieda p`dilwdfd`a i pwa~d`a i km mcxkdppdcm ~mi#`akwm gd cmlap`~dwwd gd Vakwm, Gmk=494 km Ndnkdawi#
`m i ekd Yffd d pd pala w~mpfi~dwd m Xmkmzza Kmlg~dmld,
W oi . kp wd wy wa Kacnm~ga. u mp fa yl gig nt Lmxa#
kial Nalmxm~wi nmpig al woi c agik af woi Dlpwdwywi
gi F ~ml`i dl =545 u dwo woi wmpb af .`akki`wdle. gd#
p`avi~dip mlg xi~fi`wdle woi m~wp mlg p`dil`i, Woi
pimw u mp ipwmnkdpoig dl Nakaelm mlg woi ~ieykmwdalp
x ~a vdg ig fa~ 08 .xilpdalig. cicni~p mlg 08 .oa#
la~m~t. c ic ni~p+ gdvdgig dlwa 0 p i` wda lp : x ot pd `p
mlg c mwoic mwd`p+ xakdwd`mk p`dil`i mlg c a~mk p`dil#
`i+ kdwi~mwy~i mlg woi fdli m~wp,Al 6 Lavicni~+ =?8> Nalmxm~wi mxxadlwig woi fd~#pw Wk cicni~p mcale uoac u m p M k ip pm l g ~a Vakwm,
Woi Dlpwdwywi fd~pw c iw al >7 C mt =? 80, Woi Rd~pw
X~ipdgilw u mp V akwm , M w woi ~i}yipw af woi c mja~dwt
af woi c ic ni~p+ L mxakial+ u dwo woi G i`~ii af > 9
G i`ic ni~ =? =8+ emvi woi Dlpwdwywi woi liu lmc i
af kpwdwy wa gd P`dilzi+ Kiwwi~i ig M~wk+ mlg ipwmnkd#
poig dwp pimw dl C dkml dl woi N ~i~m Nydkgdle,
M w woi fmkk af L mxakial+ woi Dlpwdwywi xmppig fd~pw af
mkk wa woi Mypw~dml E avi~lc ilw mlg woil rdl =? 94$
wa woi Dwmkdml eavi~lc ilw, Woi Dlpwdwywi axi~mwig
yldlwi~~yxwigkt f~ac d w p faylgmwdal# dl =409 dw omg
m liu pwmwywi mlg m liu mywalac ayp mgc dldpw~m#
wdal ylgi~ woi `alw~ak af woi C dl dpw~t af I gy`mwdal
/lau ylgi~ wo i ` al w~ ak af woi C dldpw~t af woi M ~wp
mlg @ ykwy~mk M `wdvdwdip$, W oi Dlpwdwywi dp `ac xapig
af wua `kmppip: Cmwoicmwd`mk mlg Lmwy~mk p`dil`i+
C a~mk P`dil`i, @ y~~ilwkt woi~i m~i 087 c ic ni~p,
Woi Dlpwdwywi xynkdpoip mkk wodp dW W woi C dlywip, Dw
xappippip m pynpwmlwdmk Kdn~m~t mlg m~`odvip ~d`o dl
c mlyp`~dxwp mlg ga`ycilwp ~ikmwdle wa p`dilwdpwp
mlg ~ilau lig kdwi~m~t fdey~ip, Af dlipwdc mnki od#
pwa~d`mk mlg p`dilwdfd` vmkyi dp woi vmpw `akki`wdal af
V akwm %p c mlyp`~dxwp, Woi Kdn~m~t mlg woi Affd`ip
omvi niil dl X mkmzza Kmlg~dmld pdl`i =494,
6>
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DPWDWYWA KACNM^GA # C~yLa
• ^ipwmy~d mk `acx=ippa gikki pmki gikk%Dpwdwywa Kac#
nm~ga/@alw~dnywa ^iedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m#~dxka, ^ipxalpmndki: M~`o, MCIGIA NIKKDLd+ Xakdwi`#
ld a gd Cdkmla$
K%Dpwdwywa om x~ae~mccmwm ylm pi~di gd dlwi~vilwd
pdm m pmkvmeym~gdm gik xmw~dcalda ~lmlap`~dwwa gdVakwm pdm gd ~ipwmy~a gik xmkmzza Kmlgwdmld+ gavi
ippa om pigi dl vdm Na~ealyava,
^dilw~m lik x~dca wdxa km cippm m la~cm gikki pmki
gavi pd `alpi~vmla dcmlap`~dwwd i } y i kki gavi pm~mmkkipwdwm km capw~m .KmXdkm gd Vakwm+ ylm p dlwdkkm Dyl#
em gyi pi akd% % /`f~, x, 7=$, Pd i dlakw~i dlwi~vilywd
pyk f~ieda xdwwa~d`a gikkm Pmkm Vakwm+ gmllieedmwa gmyl%dlfdkw~mzdali, Gaxa dx~dcd pmeed gd xykdwy~m pa#la ~dici~pi xm~wd gd ylm gi`a~mzdali piwwi`ilwip`m+
Pd i ~ipa xi~wmlwa li`ippm~da yl ~ipwmy~a `acxkiwi+`oi om xa~wmwa mkDm ky`i 97 c} gd f~ieda giekd dldzdgik Piwwi`ilwa gd lawivaki dlwi~ippi: edm~gdld mkk%d#wmkdmym+ xmkmzzd+ pwiccd gikkm fmcdekdm Kmlg~dmld+x~ax~diwm~dm gik xmkmzza fdla md x~dcd gik Piw~i`il#
wa, Pd i x~avvigywa dlakw~i mk ~ipwmy~a gik paffdwwa kd#elia+ gdxdlwa m wicxi~m i mnnmpwmlzm nil `ilpi~#vmwa, K%Dpwdwywa pwm a~m x~a`igilga mk ~ipwmy~a gik#k%mw~da gik Xmkmzza /~dpmkilwi m w _V pi`aa$ i gikkm
p`mkali `oi xa~wm mkki pmki gik x~d~la xdmla+ avivi~~m mkkipwdwm km capw~m+
• ^ipwa~mwdal af woi `acxki af woi ~aacp dl kpwd#wywa Kacnm~ga
/@alw~dnywdal nt ^iedali Kacnm~gdm mlg @ml#
xka Faylgmwdal Pyxi~vdpa~: M~ o, MC IG IA N OY #
L !+ X a kd wi ` ld` a g d Cdkmla$
Woi Dlpwdwywi omp a~emldpig m pi~dip af dlwi~vilwdalp
mdcig nawo mw pmfieym~gdle Vakwm%p cmlyp ~dxw xm#wwllaw~t mlg mw ~ipwa~dle woi Kmlg~dmld nydkgdle ka#`mwig dl vdm Na~ealyaya,
Nikaledle wa woi fd~pw pi~dip dp woi ~ify~ndpodle af woi~a8==%RPuoi~i woi cmlyp ~dxwp m~i bixw mlg woapi
oaypdle woi iodndwdal %Vakwm%p Nmwwi~t+ m pxm~b deld#wdle wua `ilwy~dip. / fw x, 7=$, Dl mggdwdal+ woi xmdl#wig f~dizi aw woi Vakwm ^88===+ gmcmeig nt wymwi~2 omp
niil ~ipwa~ig, Woi fd~pw `kimldle wipwp ~ivimkig xm~waf m pivilwiilwo `ilwy~t gi`a~mwdal, M `acxkiwi ~i#
pwa~mwdal ump woi~ifa~i li`ippm~t, Wodp omp n~ayeowwa kdeow 97 p}, Cwp, af ml im~kt pivilwiilwo `ilwy~t
R~dizi af `alpdgi~mnki dlwi~ipw: Dwmkdml em~gilp+ nydk#gdlep+ woi `amwp#mw#m~cp af woi Kmlg~dmld fmcdkt
uoa aulig woi nydkgdle ylwdk woi niedlldle af woiIdeowiilwo `ilwy~t, Woi ~impalmnkt uikk#x~ipi~vig
wicxi~m#xmdlwig uaagil `idkdle omp mkpa niil ~i#pwa~ig, Woi Dlpwdwywi dp lau x~a`iigdle udwo woi ~i#
pwa~mwdal af woi fdfwiilwo `ilwy~t ilw~ml`i omkk afwoi Xmkmzza mlg af woi pwmd~p kimgdle wa woi ^aacp al
woi fd~pw fkaa~ uoi~i woi iodndwdal udkk ni pwmeig,
08, @a~wdki gd Xmkmzza Kmlg~dmld+ mllmki pigi gikk%Dpwd~ywa Kacnm~ga,
@ay~wtm~g dkk Xmkmzza Kmlg~dmld+ pimw a f woi Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga,
60
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Lyavm dkky~ldlmzdali gd Xdmzz m Vakwm
i gik Calycilwa mg Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ m @aca
Liu kdeowdle af Xdmzzm Vakwm
mlg af woi Calycilw wa Vakwm+ dl @aca
Fdldwi gd p~mcxm~i
lik ~yipi gd cmwza =444
likka pwmndkdcilwa
gikkm E~mfd m Cm~ikkd
dl @aca
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DL A@@MPDAL GIKKIEDA^LMWI G%Mk%I^WY^MGIKKICMLDFIPWMZDALJ VAKWDMLI
XI^ DK NJ@ILWILM^kA GIRQK%DLVIk%[%ZDALIGIKKMXDKM =544#=444+
DK @AC~~M%S%/$ X^ACAWA^-: GD @ACA ^DLE^MZDMWK~l#J @ AKA A @ OI #
CFDML@MLGA DK XD[AX D] @Ak%#%W^DNYWA
M ]VIKKA C,IPPAM XDPD%APDZDALI GMK@ACDWMWA LMZDALMKI+
GMKK+[ ^IEDALI KACNM^GK%[+ KJMJ,KMoJLGMZDALI @M DD%KA D%, GM WIKk%, +AC WWMYM#
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Dw + @A~vdkWMWA I DLAwW^I E^MWA MEKD ILWD I MD X^LMWD @OD%, 9= PALA
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MFFI^ILWDMK X^AE^MCCM VAKWDMLA:
NILJ @YKWY^MK- I |CcIL%fMY2 M@@MGICDM MKAA EMKKD# MPPA@DD[,ZkALw KM PWI@@M #
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dLLI^ UOIIK @ACA # KDALP @KYN @ACA OAPW # KDALP @KYN @ACA KM^kMLA #
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^A WM^ T @ k,YN @ AC A # ^ AW M T @K YN @ AC A NM ^MG IK KA,
IPD %APDZJ,ALW WLWI^J % kMZDALw kKD : @ACWWMWA LMZDALMKI EMKVMLD #
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MPpA@WMz~ALI ^MGDAMCMWA^D DW MK DM LD # M YW ACA ND KI @K YI D WMK DML A+ @A CA #
@ Lca kkELA M^^IGA @MLWkD /@KM@$ # @UN MKXDLA ==#:7KkMLA /@Mk$ #
@ KY N MK XDL A A XI ^Mk A / @M A$ # @= ,Y D| I PXI DM #
@ACXMELWM WIMW^MKI @~WWM GD @ACA # @ALPI^VMWA~yA GJ @ACA #
@ ALP A^Z DA @A CA W kJ kY PWD @M # F DKM ^CA Lf @M @ JW DM GD LM+ @A CA #
EMKKI^DM GIK GIPDEL I GIY%M kwIGMCILWA+ @MLWY #
PA @DI WM MW k,+~ ,W~ @M @ ACA # P AA yx, @ ML AW WDI D KM =Y A+ @A CA #
PAAIWM XMD,@OIDWkPWD WIMWDU PA@DMKI+ @ACA # PW~KK X^AGY@WDAL,
A@2EF:~cWD@M: MpPA@DMZDAL I M KKk IVk GI K P WD Fk @D A+ @ AC A #
EMN DIKI A^PILDEA # EMKKI DM GIK f^ML@8J08YA+ @ACA,
XYNNKD@MZDAL=: MzJILGM X^AC8Z=8LI WY^=PW=@M+ @ACA # @ACYLI a ~ WA^LA #ILZA X~FFI k IAKWA^ # FMCDEKDM @ACMPEM # Kk@IA VAKWM #
PA@D WM PWAkY@M @ACILPI # YLDVI PDWM GIKKMWI^ZM IWM+ @ACA,
@awa+ >8 ~vUkZA =444
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