1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta

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/vakwmd` xdki$ nydkw dl =544 nt woi @aca xotpd`dpw

Mkippmlg~a Vakwm uodò ump kmwi~ wa niàci

blaul yldvi~pmkkt mp .Xdki. /Iki w~d Nmwwi~t$ law

alkt cimlp xmtdle ~ipxi`w wa ml dleildayp givdì

uodò omp omg pa cmlt ~ixi~`yppdalp al wiòla#

kaet mlg al woi pa#`mkkig piàlg dlgypw~dmk ~iva#

kywdal, Woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t dp fd~pw mlg fa#

~icapw woi gdpàvi~t af m liu pay~ì af ili~et af

dlàcxm~mnki fkidndkdwt+ mk~imgt idpwilw dl lmwy#

~i nyw livi~ om~lippig nifa~i+ mlg n~ayeow dlwa

woi omlgp af cml mp m xaui~fyk mlg X~aciwoiml

dlpw~ycilw af gacdlmwdal avi~ Lmwy~i dwpikf: iki #

w~d`dwt+ dl woi fa~c af àlwdlyayp fkau af `y~~ilw,

Lmxakial dccigdmwikt ylgi~pwaag wodp mlg dl

=?8=+ àlfi~~ig al Vakwm woi oalay~ af e~imwipw

Iy~aximl p dilwdpw,

.Oi~i ui omvi ml mòdivicilw af p`dilì+ woi nmw#

wi~t. i`kmdcig udwo anvdayp ~oiwa~d`+ woi e~imw

iki w~awi`ld dml Myeypwa ^deod dl =?44+ mw woi Vak#

wm Ixapdwdal dl @aca+ mlg uilw al: .Wo~ayeo dwp`dilì `ml ~ivimk mlg affi~ wa cml m cykwdfmìwig

ili~et+ uodò mk~imgt piicp gipwdlig wa n~dle py#

ò giix òmleip wa `dvdkdpmwdal uodò `ml alktxi~omxp ni àcxm~ig wa woapi uodò woi ypi af

fd~i n~ayeow dl ml`dilw wdcip,.

Wagmt+ woi dccdlilw dcxm`w af woi cdkkilldyc+

wilgp wa cmbi yp pii .x~afaylg òmleip. mlg

.ixaò cmbdle òmkkileip. dl ivi~twodle2 ~icdl#

gdle ay~pikvip af woi e~imw dlvilwdal!gdpàvi~t af

Vakwm cimlp mnavi mkk e~mpxdle mlg mxx~i dmwdle

woi àlwdlydwt af AYk% odpwa~t, Odpwa~t uodò+ >88

tim~p kmwi~+ ilày~meip yp wa `ykwdvmwi woi eildyp

mlg woi iffa~w af p`dilwdfd` ~ipim~ò mlg wa omyi

àlfdgilì dl woi àlpw~y`wdvi mndkdwt af dlwikkd#

eilì mlg dleildayplipp+ uodò `ml w~mlpfa~c

dgimp dlwa woi àl`~iwi fa~c af wiòlakaed`mk dl#

lavmwdal mlg x~m wd mk mxxkd`mwdal,

Kacnm~gt, dl woi oim~w af Iy~axi+ # waoi~i woi oy#

cml mlg p dilwdfd` vd dppdwygip af Mkippmlg~a Vak#

wm ylfakgig+ mlg f~ac uoilì woi~i omp mkumtp

niil vdwmkdwt mlg axillipp waum~gp dlwi~lmwdalmk

i ` om le ip # omp wmbil mgvmlwmei af woi Nd ilwil#

ldmk af woi Nmwwi~t wa x~acawi dldwdmwdvip uodò

m~i law alkt m oacmei wa mlg ìkin~mwdal af woi

e~imw xotpd`dml+ nyw mnavi mkk .pdelp af àlwdlydwt.

dl mxxkdig ~ipim~ omlg wiòlakaed mk dllavmwdal mp

uikk mp woi pyxxa~w mlg x~acawdal af m p`dilwdfd`

`ykwy~i wa ~imò xiaxki dl mkk umkbp af kdfi,

Woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm+ dl m `dwt udwo m ~dò od#pwa~d`mk+ m~wdpw d mlg `ykwy~mk nm be~aylg+ wo~ay#

eo dlwilpi ~ipim~ o m wdvdwt+ wimòdle+ mlg xaxykm#

6



X ^ I P I L W M Z DA L I ! XÎPILWMWDAL

i gd gdvykemzdali ylm gikki pyi cmeeda~d eka~di

p dilwdfd oi, Ippm wipwdcaldm dk`m~lcdla dldlwi~#

~awwa gd yl%dpwdwyzdali gmkki a~dedld kalwmli i x~i#

pwdedapi mkdm agdi~lm vmkilzm iy~axim+ àkwdvmlga

ki e~mlgd ~~mgdzdald g%dlwi~lmzdalmkdwm gik pmxi~i

òi wa ìa yla gik pyad xylwd xdkd mkwd àl km ~dfa~#

~lm wi~ipdmlm gikk% Mwilia i àl dk cmedpwi~a gdVakwm,

@aca dlfdli+ òi xi~ x~dcm vdgi pvdkyxxm~pd Dm

x~ixawilwi va`mzdali p`dilwdfd`m gik pya e~mlgi

`dwwmgdla+ pilwi aeed fa~wi dw ~dòdmca gd mk~~i gyi

ci~la~mndkd a``mpdald ìkin~mwdvi dl pya ala~i:

}yikkm gik x~d~la ìlwilm~da gikkm Xdkm /=?44$ i

}yikkm gik ìlwilm~da gikkm ca~wi /=4>5$+ òi ip#

pm a~emldzza àl eili~apa i kyled~ld~mlwi pfa~#

za i xm~wi`dxmzdali, K%mwwymki gdpdl`mlwa xi~ Di

.e~mlgd ìkin~mzdald. lal om pxil~a k%ilwypdm#

pca gikkm `dw~m xi~ ~dà~gm~i gielmcilwi yl kkm#

cm òi+ dlpdi~li md gyi Xkdld dkk ixa m ~acmlm+

xa~wa mkwa dk pya laci liJ ~lalga+ Mwwdvdwm dkkgd#

vykemzdali+ dlàlw~d gd ~dfkippdali pyd fywy~a gik#

km p`dilzm i gikkm wi`lakaedm+ dlwi~vilwd dkk vmka#

~dzzmzdali gid .kyaeod gd Vakwm. # i dl x~dca kya#

ea gik eka~dapa .Wi~lxda Vakwdmla. #+ lik àlwipwa

gd ~lapw~i i pxi~wmàkd+ pd x~axaleala gd ~imkdz#

zm~i }yikkm fypdali m~~laldapm dkk wi`~y`m+ m~wi i

lmwy~m+ òi Dm xmw~dm gid .cmedpw~d `ycm`dld. i

gik ~mzdalmkdpca dl m~òdwiwwy~m om pmxywa fal#gm~i lik wicxa,

~dpmwda l+ o al ay ~p a li af dwp c apw dc xa~wm lw p`dil #wdfd` e ka ~di p, D w dp u dwlipp wa woi àlwdlyayp x~a#e~ipp af ml dlpwdwy wdal f~ac gdpwmlw a~dedlp wa dwp`y~~ilw x~ipwdei dl I y~a xi + l y~wy ~dl e wo i e~imw w~m#g dwda lp a f dl wi~l mwda lm kdpm wda l a f bl au kig ei u od#ò ~imòig dwp zildwo u dwo woi ~ifallp af woi Y l d#v i ~pd wt x~acawig n t C m ~dm W oi ~i pm a f Mypw~dm+ mlgu dwo wo i wim ò dl ep a f V akwm ,

Fdlmkkt+ @ ac a+ u odò u mp fd~pw wa p ii wo i x au i~ fy kp`dil wdfd` va `mwda l af dwp e ~imw `dwdzil + wa gm t ~i #

c ic ni~p vdvdgkt wu a awoi~ c ic a~mn ki a ``m pdal pa f ì kin ~m wda l dl o dp o al ay ~: wo i fd~pw ìl wil m~t a fw oi N m ww i~ t /=?44$ m lg wo i o yl g~ ig wo m ll dv i~p m~ ta f o dp g im wo /=4>5$+ u odò dw a ~e ml dpig u dwo e il i#=%YYP m lg fa ~u m~g ka abdl e iffa ~w m lg xm~wd`dxmwdal,W oi `y ~~ilw km`b af ilwoy pdm pc fa ~ .e ~ml gda pi ì#kin~mwdalp. omp law gmc xilig woi ilwoypdmpc afwo i `dwt dl ~ic ic ni~dl e fdwwdl ekt m c ml u oa + m ka leu dwo woi wu a X kdl dp f~ac ^ ac ml wdc ip `m~~dig dwpl m c i wo ~a y eo a yw wo i u a ~kg , N ~ am g `m pw dl e x ~a ji `wp +pic dl m~p a l wo i fy wy ~i a f p` dil ì m lg wiò la ka et+m x x~ i` dm wda l a f ¢ V akwm %p Ilyw~alcilw. # mlg ca#

pw af mkk af woi u al gi~fyk .Wicxda V a !wdm la . /V a k#wm Wic xki$ # wo~ayeo i odn dwda lp m lg po au p+ wo it

oaxi wa n~dle mnayw womw om~c aldayp fypdal af wi#òl aka et+ m~w m lg p`dilì+ u odò woi o ac ikm lg a fwo i . cm ed pw ~d `y cm `d ld . m lg woi ~mwdalmkdpc dl m~#

ò dwi`wy ~i om p niil m nki wa àl pw~y `w wo ~aye o wd#c i,

@ AC DW M WA L MZ DA LM KI XI ^ K I @ I K I N ^M Z DA LW V AK W DM LI

@ E CkW M WA ^ I E DA LI K A CN M^ G kM XI ^ K I @ IK I N ^M ZW A LD V AK W JM LI

@ AC DW MW A X^ AC AW A^ I G= X M V DM

@ A C DW M W A X ^ A C AW A ^ I G D @ A C A

@acd~mwa Lmzdalmki

Mlg~im Mkni~em~d+ Pdlgmà gd Xmvdm, Kyded M~li~da+ kpwdwywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P`dilzi i Kiwwi~i Cdkmlaµ Xdi~a

Mleikm+ Eda~lmkdpwm p`dilwdfdà • Mlwalda Myeil~d+ Gd~iwwa~i Eili~mwi P`mcnd @ykwy~mkd Cdldpwic Xynnkd`m Dpw~yzdali •F~mlà Nmppmld+ X~ i pd g il w i P a ` di w m Dwmkdmla gd F dpd`m • Kyded Ni~kdleyi~+ Cdldpw~a Xynnkd`m kpw~yzdali² Xdi~ Kyded Ni~pmld+

Cdldpw~a klgypw~dm ² âni~wa Ni~wmzzald+ X~ipdgilwi Mppa`dmzdali Lmidalmki Dlgypw~dm Ikiww~ald`m ig Ikiww~awi`ld`m •

Fmnda Nivdkm }ym+ Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ Gdxm~wdcilwa gd X dpd`m M, Vakwm, Ky`da Ndmlà+ X~ipdgilwi @L^, Edmlld Nali~m+

Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ Gdxm~wdcilwa gd Fdpd`m M, Vakwm+ X~ipdgilwi @acdwmwi A~emldzzmwa~i Xmvipi, Mkni~wa Nawwm+ Pdlgmà

gd @aca+ X~ipdgilwi @acdwmwi A~emldzzmwa~i @acmpà+ X~ipdgilwi Falgmzdali Pacmdld • Ld akm @mndnna+ X~ipdgilwi

I L I M + X ~i pdg il wi X a lw df d dm M ` `m gi c dm gikki P `di lzi • @m~ka @mkmlg~m Nyalmy~m+ X ~ipdgilwi DL FC • Mkni~wa @mkkdem~a+

Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ Xmàkwm gd ,Cigd`dlm • @m~ka @m~li~mlm+ X~ipdgilwi Cypia Lmzdalmki gikkm P`dilzm i gikkm Wi`ld`m gd

Lkdkmla • Pmkvmwa~i @m~gdlmki+ Cdldpwc Xapwi i Wiki acyld mzdald ² Edykda @mpmwd+ @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P dilwdf d m M, Vakwm

/Pie~i~m~da Wipa~di~i$ • Edm aca @mpwdekdald+ X~ipdgilwi Yldali klgypw~dmkd gd @aca, Fmypwa @i~iwd+ X~ipdgilwp MkdwmOm

• Il~d a @i~~md+ X~ipdgilwi MIC Cdkmla, Cm~à @dwwi~da+ X~ipdgilwp @mci~m @acci~`da gd @aca² Ycni~wa @akacna

• Cm~dm @a~wd+ Yldyi~pdwg gd Xmvdm+ Fmàkwm Pwa~dm Kdleym Dwmkdmla • Eda~eda @~dp d+ X~ipdgilwi F i~~aydi gikkm Pwmwa • Kyded

Gmggm+ Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla+ X~ipdgilwi @alpdekda P`dilwdfdà @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m M, Vakwm /X~ipdgilwi$ •

Ycni~wy gi Jykda+ X~ipdgilwi Mppa dmzdali Ikiww~awi ld m ig Ikiww~ald m Dwmkdmlm ² Mg~dmla Gi Cmda+ îwwa~i Xakdwi`ldà

gd Cdkmla, Cmy~dzda Gi dlm+ Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla+ Gdxm~wdcilwa Ikiww~ald`m i Dlfa~cmzdali • Cm~da Gikkm @a~wi+

X~ifiwwa gd @aca, X di~ky de d G ikkm Vdelm+ X~ipdgi Fmàkwm kleieli~dm gik Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkm!wa pigi gd @aca, Km~lni~~a

Gdld+ Cdldpw~a Mffm~d Ipwi~d² îlm~a Gykni`à+ @L^ • Edmlf~ml a Fm a Naliwwd+ Gd~iwwa~i Eili~mki îkmzdald @ykwy~mk-

5



ND@ILWILM DA GIKk,%DLVILZDALI GIKKM X~KM

gik Cdldpwic Mf/m~d Ipwi~d #âni~~a Fa~cde`ld+ X~ipdgildi îedali Kacnm~gd m • Eda~eda Fappm+ X~ipdgilwp @alfdlgypw~dm

• Empxm~i Emkm wd+ X~ipdgilwi DIII @ilw~mk mlg Paywo Dwmkt Pi`wdal² Mkni~wa Edekd Ni~zakm~d+ Yldyi~pdy: i kd Xmvdm, Edykda

Eda~ikka+ Yldyi~pdwm giedd Pwygd gd Cdkmla # F~ml a Dpixxd+ Gd~iwwa~i Eili~mki ^MJ # Pmkvmwa~i Dwmkdm+ Gd~iwwa~i Eili~mki

Yffd`da @ilw ~mki Nild M~òdvd pw d d • Vkmgdcd~ Bayz~ldlav+ Gd~iwwa~i YLIP@A Vilizdmµ ^dwm Kivd Calwm=`dld+ X~ipdgilwikpwdwywa Il d kaxigdm Dwmkdmlm ² Ni~m~gdla Kdnalmwd X~ipdgilwi Wikiàc kwmkdm • Il~d a Cmeilip+ Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm

G dxm~wdc ilwa gd Cmwicmwd`m • Ky dmla Cmdmld+ X~ipdgilwi DLFL • Ed a vmll d Cmli~m+ X~ipdgilwi Yldali Dl gypwl mkd g d

Xmvdm, îlmwa Cmlde~mppa+ Xakdwi l d a gd Cdkmla+ Gdxm~wdcilwa Ikiww~awi ld`m ² Xmaka Cmlwiemzzm+ îwwa~i Yldyi~pdwm

giek2 Pwygd gd Cdkmla% Mkni~wa Cm~wdlikkd+ Yldyi~pkwg giekd P~ygd gd Cdkmla, Pmkvmwa~i Cmpw~yzzd+ Gd~iwwa~i Eili~mkp

Yf/d da @ilw~mki Nild Mcndilwmfd i Xmipmeedpwd`d • Edavmllm Cikmlg~d+ Cd~wdpw~a N ild i Mwwdvdwm @ykwy~mkd • Eyekdikca

Cap`mwa+ X~ipdgilwi ILk • âni~wa Lie~dld+ Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla pigi gd @aca² Mcigia Awwmvdmld+ X~ipdgilwp ILDW

• Mlw alda X mgam P` odaxxm+ X~ipdgilwi Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga P`dilzi i Kiwwi~i • Xmaka Xmgadl+ X~ifiwwa gd Xmvdm, Cm~ìkka

Xi~m+ Yldvi~pdw¢ gd Xdpm • Ikpi~dla Xdak+ X~ipdgilwp Mk@M • î lm wi Mleika ^d``d+ X~ipdgilwi Ala~m~da Pa`diwg kwmkdmlm gd

Fdpd`m • Kyded âppd Ni~lm~gd+ YWM, Fmnda Mkni~wa âvi~pd Calmà+ îpwa~i Yld vi~pdwm giek- Pwygd gd Nak aelm, @m~ka

^ynnd m + @I^L, Ed a vmll d ^yeei~d+ X~ipdgilwi kpwdwywa Xakde~mfdà i Zi``m gikkm Pwmwa • Eda~eda ^y~ l d + Dkldyi~pdwm giekd

Pwygd gd Cdkmla+ Fmàkwm gd K iwwi~i i X dkapafdm • Cmy~a Pmlwa~lmy~a+ X akd wi `l d` a g d Cdkmla Gdxm~wdcilda Ikiww~ald`m i

Dlfa~cmmdali • Edml Wa~lcmpa P`m~mp`dm Cyelazzm+ X~ipdgilwi M``mgicdm Lmzdalmki gikki P`dilzi giwwm gid _K •

âni~wa Pòcdg+ îwwa~i Yldyi~pdwm giekd Pwygp gd Xmvdm /Vdìx~ipdgilwi$ • N~yla P`~a m~d X~ipdgilwi Pa`diwm @odcd`m

Dwmkdmlm • M~cmlga Pikvm+ X~ipdgilwi X~avdl`dm gd @aca • Cm~da Pi~da+ Gd~iwwa~i Eili~mki Yffd`da @ilw~mki Nild!v~òiakaed`d+ M~òdwiwwaldg+ M~wdpwd`d i Pwa~d`d • F~ml ip a Pd dkdm+ Gd~iwwa~i Eili~mki Yffd`da @ilw~mki Nild Kdn~m~d+

Dpwdwyzdal: @ykwy~mkd ig Igdwa~dm • Mlg~im Pdkvipw~d+ Xakdwimyà gd Cdkmla+ Gdxm~wdcilw` i kd Ikiww~ald`m • Cm~à

Pacmkvdà+ Xakmi`ldà gd Cdkmla+ Gdxm~wdcilwa gd Ikiww~ald`m • N~yla Pa~ipdlm+ X~ipdgilwi MWC Cdkmla, Mlwalda

Pxmkkdla+ X~ipdgilwi @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P dilwdfd`m M, vakwm² Cd oiki Wigipòd+ X~ipdgilwi D f, Il~d a Wipwm+ X~ipdgilwi

ILIK • Cm~zda W~icmekdm+ Mppippa~i mkdm @ykwy~i+ îedali Kacnm~gdm /Vdìx~ipdgilwi$ • Wdzdmli W~iy+ Cdldpw~a

,Wdcxa~wd i Lmykempdali • îlmwi Yea+ Yldyi~pdwm, giedd Pwygd gd Cdkmla+ Gdxm~wdcilwa gd @odcd`m • Vdia Vmkmppd+

X~ipdgilwp Yldal`mci~i Kacnm~gdm 8 Igam~ga Vipilwdld+ X~ipdgilwi M``mgicdm Lmzdalmki gid Kdlìd • Cm~dm Zmcnikkd

Mlfappd + Gd~iwwa~i Ndnkdawi`m Yldai~pdwm~dm gd Xmvdm # Kyded Zmlz d + Yldyi~pdwd: gd Xmvdm+ kpwdwywa Pwa~dm Cagicm i

@alwicxa~mlim • A~~ilpda Zi`òdla+ Cdldpwk%A Yldyi~pdwm i ^dì~`m P`dilwdfw`m i Wi`lakaed`m • Edypixxi Zi~nd+

Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla+ Gdxm~wdcilwa @odcd`m Dlgypw~dmki i kleieli~dm @ndcd`m • Edypixxi Zdlemkip+ X~ipdgilwp KIII

La~wo Dwmkt Pi`wdal

Edylwm Ipi`ywdvm gik @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki: âni~wa Ni~~mzzald+ X~ipdgilwi Mppagmzdali Lmzdalmki Dlgypw~dm

Ikiww~ald`m ig Ikiww~awi`ld`m8

E dm l l d N al i~m + Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ G d xm ~w dc i lw a g d F dp d` m M + Vakwm+ X~ip dgilwi @acdwmwiA~emldzzmwa~i Xmyipi ² Mkni~wa Nawwm+ Pdlgmà gd @aca+ X~ipdgilwi @acdwmwi A~emldzzmwa~i @acmpà+ X~ipdgilwi

F`cgmzdali Pacmdld • Edykda @mpmwd+ @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m M Vakwm /Pie~iwm~da Wipa~di~i$ • Kyded Gmggm+

Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla+ X~ipdgilwi @alpdekda P`dilwdfdà+ @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdf d m M, Vakw m /X~ipdgilwi$ • Edmlf~mlà

Fm à Naliwwd+ Gd~iww a~i Eili~mki îk mzdald @ykwy~mkd gik Cdldpwi~a Mf/m~d Ipwi~d • Vkmgdcd~ Bayz~ldlav+ Gd~iwwa~i YLI#

P@A Vilizdm, F~ml a Ca~pikkd+ Gdxm~wdcilwa xi~ =8 pydkyxxa i dw xawilzdmcilwa gikk%mwwdvdwg g d ~ d` i~ `m + C d ld pw i: =% A

Yldyi~pdwm ^dì~`m P`dilwdfd`m i Wi`lakaed`m • îlmwm Mleika ^d``d+ X~ipdgilwi Ala~m~da Pa`diwi Dwmkdmlm gd Fdpd`m •

âni~wa P ocdg+ îwwa~i Kkldai~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd Xmvdm /Vd ix~ipdgil~i$ • F~ml ipà Pd dkdm+ Gd~iwwa~i Eili~mkp Yffd da

@ilw~mki Nild Kdn~m~d+ kpwdwyzdald @ykwy~mkd ig Igdwa~dm 8 Il~d a Wipwm X~ipdgilwi ILIK, Cm~zda W~icmekdm+ Mppippa~i

mkwm @ykwy~m+ îedali Kacnm~gdm /Vdìx~ipdgil~i$

@a~ldwm~a îedali Kacnm~gdm+ Edypixxi Md~akgd+ Yldvi~pdwg @acci~`dmki KNa`àld • Fda~ilza Nilzald+ Wikiàc

Dwmkdm • Edmlld Nali~p+ X ~i pd gi lw i @ a c dw mwi a ~e ml dz zm w` ~i ka`mki gd Xm%kDdm 8 Mkni~wa Nawwm+ X~ipdgilwp @ ac dwmwa a~em#

ldzzmwa~i ka`mki gd @aca, @m~ka @mci~mlm+ X~ipdgilwi Cypia gikkm P`dilzm i gikkm Wi`ld`m gd Cdkmla, Mkippmlg~a

@m~yem~d+ Yldali Dlgypw~dmkd @aca • Edykda @m pmwd+ a`diwm Dwmkwmlm gd Fdpd`m • Gm ldi ki F mn~dzd + Mppa`dmzdali

Ikiww~awi c`m ig Ikiww~ald m Dwmkdmla, Il~d a Kd~ald+ Falgmzdali m~dxka ² Xdi~a Cm m~dld Yldali Dlgypw~dmkd Xmkkdm

• Mkni~wa Cm~wdlikkd+ X~ipdgi Fm akwm P`dilzi Xikdw d oi+ Yldvi~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd Cdkmlaµ Edavmlld Cali~wd+ Falgmzdali

Nml`m gik Calwi gd Kacnm~gdm • Umkwi~ Ld agicd+ X~ipdgilwi FMPW#Figi~mzdali Mppa dmzdald P dilwdfdòi # Mlwalda

Xmgam Pòdaxxm+ X~ipdgilwi Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P`dilzi i Kiwwi~i i kd Cdkmla # Eda~eda Xigi~zakd+ Kdni~m

kpwdwywa Yldvi~pdwp @m~ka @mwwmlia gd @mpwikkmlzm • îlmwm Mleika ^d` d+ X~ipdgilwi Ela~m~d a Pa`d iwm kw mkdmlm gd Fd pd m

gd Nakaelm • âni~wa Pòcdg+ îwwawi Yldvi~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd Xmydm ² Mlg~im Pdkvipw~d+ Xakddi`ldà gd Cdkmlaµ Ikda

Pdlgald+ X~ipdgilwi Dlwi~lmwdalmk Pòaak af Xkmpcm Xotpd`p .Xdi~a @mkgd~akm. • Mlwalda Pxmkkdla+ X~ipdgilwi @ilw~a gd

@ykwy~i P dilwdfd m M Vakwm, Mlg~im Wm~ald+ X~ipdgi Fmàkwm gd kleieli~dm+ Yldyi~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd N~ip`dm ² Cm~zda

W~icmekdm+ Mppippa~i îedali Kacnm~gdm+ /X~ipdgilwp$

@acdwmwi X~aca wa~i gd Xmvdm+ Mlg~im Mkni~em~d+ Pdlgmà @acyli i kd Xmvdm² Pdkvda Ni~iwwm+ X~ipdgilwi Mccd=%kdpw~mzdali

X~aydl dmki gd Xmvdm, Edmlld Nali~m+ Yldyi~pdwm giekd Pwygd gd Xmvdm /X~i pd gi l~i$ • k %di~a Cmppd+ X=%ipdgilwi @mci~m gd

@accilda gd Xmvdm, âni~wa Pòcdg, îwwa~i Yldvi~pdwg giekd Pwygd gd Xmvdm

@acdwmwa X~aca wa~i gd @aca, Mkni~à Nm~~m+ Pdlgmà @acyli gd @aca /x~ipdg`Gwi $ • Cm~à @dwwi~da+ k%~ipdgilwi@mci~m i kd @acci~`da gd @aca, M~cmlga Pik vm + X~ipdgilwi MccdldpwczdaliXk%avdl`dmki gd @aca a Mlwal,da Pxmkkdla

X~ipdgilwi @ilwc gd @ykwy#~m P dilwdfdim M, Vakwm /@aa~gdamwa~i$ • MlwAlda Wmekdmfi~~d /Pie~iwm~da$

?



EDA^LMWI GD MXI^WY^M GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD

DLMYEY^MWDAL AF WOI @IKIN^MWDALP

X ^DC M E DA ^ L MW M !F J^ PW G MTVili~gd =4cm~za =444! F~dgmt =4wo Cm~ò =444

ala~mwm gmkkm x~ipilzm gik X~ipdgilwi gikkm îxynnkd`moalay~ig udwo woi x~ipilì af woi X~ipdgilw af woi îxynkd`

AL, AP@M^ KYDED P@MKFMÂ

pawwa ekd m ypxd` d gikk%M` mgi cdm Lmzdalmki gid Kdlìd i gi k @acdwmà Lmzdalmki xi~ Di @ iki n~mzdald Vakwdmli

ylgi~ woi mypxdìp af woi Kcìd Lmwdalmk M`mgict mlg woi Lmwdalmk @accdwwii faw woi Vakwm @ikin~mwdalp

a~i === == mc

Pmkywdk Pxiiòip

IGAM^GA VIPId[fGLk+ X~ipdgilwi gikk%M` mgi~ldm Lmzdalmki gid Kdl id

K Y DE D G MG GM X~ipdgilwi gik @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki xi~ ki @ikin~mzdald Vakwdmli

MKNI^WA EDEKk NI^ZAKM^D + Mkippmlg~a Vakwm =544,

.,,, }yikkm vdcs òi mi`m D xmppm xi~ dlwi~xapwd ycdgd w~mwwd !

gmk vdki pwmelm mk l`à m~eilwm i wa~lm ! gm }yipwm m }yikka àl xi~illi ed~a.

.,, , Woi nkdlgdle vd~wyi xmppip wo~ayeo cadpw dlwi~xapig kmti~p!

f~ac oycnki wdl wa ~dò pdkvi~ mlg nm`b- f~ac wodp wa womw dl livi~ ilgdle `d~`kip ,,, .

/KAÎLZA CMp@OIÂLD$

PDÂ KACNM^GfLD+ Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Gm ylm gdpxywm m` mgicd`m

m ylm e~mlgi w~mpfa~cmzdali gikk%iàlacdm i gikkm pa`diwi

Mkippmk=g~m Vakwm, F~ac ml m`mgicd àlw~avi~pt

wa m e~imw w~mlpfa~cmwdal af woi iàlact mlg af pa`diwt

a~i =>,=9!=>,=9 xc

@alfi~ilzm pwmcxm! X~ipp @alfi~ilì

/Pmkm gd P`dilzi Xdpdòi$

X~ipilwmzdali gik X~ae~mccm giYi Cmldfipwmzdald

X~ipilwmwdal af woi x~ae~mcci af woi @ikin~mwdalp

Xm~~i`dxmla! Xm~wd`dxmlwp

EDMLLD N/JL M+ X~ipdgil~i gik @acdwmwa X~a~lawa~i gd Xmvdm% MKNI^J%A NAWfM+ X~ipdgil~i gik @acdwmwi X~acawa~i gd @aca2

K Y DE D G MG GM + X~ipdgil~i gik @a~ldwmwa Lmzdalmki2 ^ , A NI ^ %D %A P @ O C DG + Vd ix~ipdgilwi gik @a~ld~mwa Lmzdalmki2

C M^ Z D A W ^ I C M E Y M + X~ipdgilwi gi k @acdwmwi îedalmki i Vd ix~ipdgilwi gik @acdwmwi Lm zdalmki

I x~ivdpwm dlakw~i km x~ipilzm gd ~mxx~ipilwmlwd gd Ilwd i Dpwdwyzdald òi omlla àlw~dnyd~a mkdm ~imkdzzmzdali

gik X~ae~mccm gd ìkin~mzdali! ^ ix ~i pi lw mw dy ip a f A ~e ml dp mw da lp m lg D lp wdw yw da lp u od` o o mv i ` al w~d ny wi g w a w oi @ ik in ~m wda l X ~a e~ mc c i

M``mgicdm gid Kdlìd+ Xmkmzza @a~pdld+ vdm gikkm Kylem~m+ =8+ âcm

4



EDA^LMWI GD MXI^WY^M GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD

DLM Y EY ^ M W DAL AF wlw: @IKIN^MWDALP

PI@ALGM EJA^LMWL PI@ALG GMT

pawwa e kd mypxd`d gik @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki i gik @acdwmwi X~acawa~i Ka mki gd Xmvdm

ylgi~ woi mypxd ip af woi Lmwdalmk @accdwwii mlg a~ Ka`mk @accdwwii af Xmvdm

>8 cm~za =444!>8wo Cm~ò =444

Mykm Vakwm+ Yldvi~pdwm giekd Pcgd gd Xmvdm

@akkiemcil~d dlvdgiaàlfi~ilzm Wikiàc Dwmkdm! n ~a mg `m pw kdl bp W iki à c kwm kdm dl y dg ia à lfi ~i l` i

a~i 4,79! 4,79 mc

m~i =8,08!=8,08 mc

a~i ==,=9===,=9 mc

a~i =>!=> m===

A~i =0!= xc

Pmkywi gik îwwa~i i gikki Mywa~dwm ! U i!àc i nt woi ^ i`wa~ mlg M ywoa~dwdip

P`mcnda i kd pmky~d àl @aca i àl k%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga!Iòmlei af e~iiwdlep u dwo @ ac a

mlg woi K ac nm~g Dlpwdwywi /vdgiaàlf`~`lzm! vdgiaàlfi~ilì$

Pmky wi gid ~mxx~ipilwmlwd g ik ki P a `d iw m P ` di l ~d fd ò i L mz da lm kd ! E k %i i wd le p f ~a c ~ ix ~ ip il wm wd #

tip f~a c woi L mwda lmk P` dil wdfd` P a`diwdi p

Cippmee d gd pmky ~a gik X~ipdgil wi gikk%Dl pwdwy w gi F ~ml ì /X m~de d$ i gik X ~ipdgil wi gikkm ^ atmk

Pa`diwt /Kalg~m$ ! C ippmei af e~iiwdle f~ac woi X ~ipdgilw af woi Dlpwdwy w gi F ~mlì mlg w k . 8 = = =

woi X ~ipdgi lw a f wo i ^ atm k P a`di wt

^d apw~yzdali gik Emndli~wa Fdpd a i kd Vakwm: x~ipilwmzdali ! 5 = 5 i Vakwm Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t:

x~ipilwmwdal /` akkie mc il wa ` al dkCypà gikk%Yldvi~pdwm ! dkk g d~ i` w D dk b udwo wo i Y l d vi ~p dw t

Cypiyc$

FMNDA NIVDKM@]YM Gdx, gd Fdpd m %=[,Vakwm.+ Yldv`~pdwm gd Xmvdm: .Kdlvilzdali gikkm xdkm. D.W oi dlvilwdal af woi N mwwi~t.

âtmk Pa`diwt+ Kalg~m: .=?88+ ~diva`mzdali gikkm à~lyld`mzdali gikk%dlvilzdali gikkm xd#

km. = . =? 8 8 àccica~mwdal af woi àccyld`mwdal af woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t.

Dlpwdwyw gi F~mlì+ Xm~ded: .=?8=+ ~diva`mzdali gikdm x~ipi~ymzda~di gikkm xdkm m Lmxakiali. k

.=? 8=+ àc cic a~mwdal af woi x~ipilwmwdal af woi Nmwwi~t wa Lmxakial.

@M^KA^YNNDM+ X~i~lda L anik xi~ k m F d pd ` m+ Gdxm~wdcilwa gd F dp d` m L y ` ki m~ i i Wia~d`m+ Y l d#

vi~pd~m gd Xmvdm: .Ki D~alwdi~i gikkm fdpd m mdki pae=, di gik >888. ! .Woi f~alwdi~p a f Xotpd`p 8=#=

woi wo ~ipo akg a f woi $Dim ~ > 88 8.

@od ypy~m gid Kmva~d D il g af m`wdvdwdip

Mykm Vakwm

Vakwm aeed: p~~ycilwd+ cmlap ~dwwd i p ~d~wd! V akwm wagmt: dlpw~yc ilwp+ c mlyp`~dxwp mlg u ~dwdlep

m~i =9!0xc

a~i=5 =9 xc

P mkc d g ikki Mca~dwm+ g i d ~ mx x ~i p il w ml w d gik C Y^ PW + gik iL^ i g ikk i P a` di ~m P `d il wd fd ò i

Lmzdalmkd = Dlw~agy`wdalp f~a c wo i M ywo a~dwdip+ f~a c wo i ~ix ~ipil wm wdv ip a f C Y^ PW + @ L^ ,+ ml g

wo i L m wda lm k P `di lwdfd` P a` di wdi p

EDMLLD NALI^M: Dlw~agyzdali = Dlw~agy`wdalp

EDYKDMLA NIKKAGD+ Gdx, gd Fdpd m .M,Vakwm.+ Y l dv , gd Xmvdm+ i XMAKA NÎLLD Dpwd~ywa i Cy#

pim i kd P wa ~dm g ikkm P dilzm+ Fd~ilzi: .Dk ~ipwmy~a i k%mlmkdpd giekd pw~y~lilwd gik Emndliwwa gd

V akwm. ! %W oi ~ipwa~mwdal mlg mlmktpdp af woi dlpw~yc ilwp mkk V a kw m% p K m na ~ mw a~ t.

K~GDM FMKACA+ Gdx, g d X dp d` m .M,Vakwm.+ Y l dv i kd X mv dm : . Wi `l aka edi g de d~m kd xi~ km vdpd~m mk E m#

ndliwwa gd Vakwm. !%W Dde dwm k wi` ol akae dip fa ~ woi v dpdw wa V akwm %p K mn a~mwa ~t .

F^ML@A EKYGD@I+ Gdx, gd Fdpd m %=[,Vakwm.+ Yldv, gd Xmvdm: kd l cmlap ~dwwa gd Vakwm pykki m~di:

dlw~`gyzdali mg yl dligd~a. D .Vakwm%p cmlyp`~dxw 8== mwcapxoi~i: dlw~agy wdal wa mkk yl#

x yn kdp oi g u a~b .

FMNDA NIVDKM@]YM+ Gdx, i kd Fd pd` m .M,Vakwm.+ Y l dv , gd Xmvdm: .K m gdedwmkdzzmzdali gikki A x i#

~i+ gikk%Ixdpwakm~da i giekd klgd d vak~dmld: x~dcd ~ dp yk ~m ~d%% ! .Woi g dedwmkdzm wda l a f wo i Ua~bp+w oi K i ww i~ p mlg wo i Dl gdìp a f V akwm : fd~pw ~ipy kwp.

ÎLMWA PA^ÎLWDLD+ Gdv, Igdkdzdm+ Yldv+ gd Xmvdm+ ii k IL^D@A VMKI^DMLD+ Gdx, gd Dleieli~dm

Igdki i Wi~~dwa~da+ Y l dv + i kd Xmvdm: .Km ~d apw~yzdali gik Emndliwwa Fdpdà i kd Vakwm: pìkwi

ipxapd~dvi. D %W oi ~ià lpw~y `wda l a f V akwm %p X otpd`p K mn a~m wa~t: i xa pdwa~t ò ad` ip.

Cypiaxi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm! O dpwa~t af woi Y ldvi~pdwt Cypiyc

ÂNI^WA P@OCDG+ îwwa~i gikk%Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm+ i M,KDDIDYA @MKYEMÂ+ Gd~i~~a~i gik C y#pim xi~ km Pwa~dm gi Dw %Yljvi~p~wm i kd Xmvdm: Dlmyey~mzdali gik Emndliwwa Fdpd a gd Vakwm ! Dlmy#e y~m wda l af V akwm %p X ot pd`p K mn a~m wa ~t

=8



E DA^LMWI GD M XI^WY^M GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD

DL MY E Y ^ MW DA L A F W OI @ IK IN ^M WDA LP

PI@ALGM EDA^LMWMs PI@ALG GMT

pawwa ekd mypxd`d gi k @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki i gik @acdwmwi X~acawa~i Ka`mki g d @aca

ylgi~ woi mypxdìp af woi Lmwdalmk @accdwwii mlg af Ka`mf @accdwwii af @aca

>8 ~lm~za =444!>8wo Cm~ò =444

Wimw~a Pa`dmki+ Xdmzzm Vi~gd+ @aca

@akkiemcilwd dl vdgiaàlfi~ilzm Wikiàc Dwmkdm! n~amg`mpw fdlbp Wikiàc Ddmkdm dl vdgiaàlfi~ilì

a~i 4,=9!4,=9 mc

a~i 4,79!4,79 mc

a~i =8,08/=8,08 mc

a~i ==!== mc

a~i ==,08!==,08 mc

a~i ==,98===,98 mc

a~i =>!=> mc

a~i =0!= xdl

a~i =9,08=0,08 XDWD

m~i =6,08=7,08 xc

a~i =5,08!9,08 xc

a~i =?! 6 xc

M~~dvi gid xm~wi dxmlwd! M~~dvmk af xm~wd`dxmlwp

/dl~i~vilwd cypd`mkd m `y~m gd gaìlwd i mkkdivd gik @alpi~vmwa~da gd @aca!ly!pd`mk xdiìp

xkmtig nt wimòi~p mlg pwygilwp f~ac woi @aca àlpi~vmwa~t$

Pmkywd gikki Mywa~d~m% Uik aci pxiiòip

P mcnda gd pmkywd àl Xmvdm i àl k%Dpwd~ywa K acnm~ga !I ò u =ei af e~iiwdlep udwo Xmvdm mlg

woi Kacnm~g Dlpwdwywi /vdgiaàlfi~ilzm! vdgiaàlfi~ilìp

Cippmeed gd pmkywa gik X~i dgilwi g ikk %D lp wdwy w g i F ~m l` i /Xm~ded$ i g ik X~ipdgilwi gikkm âtmk

Pa`di~t /Kalg~mk! Cippmei af e~iiwdle f~ac woi X~ipdgilw af woi klpwdwyw gi F~mlì mlg f~acwoi X~ipdgilw af woi âtmk Pa`diwt

X~ipil wmz dal i gikkm . K i~wi~m gd M kippml g~a V akwm m Pd~ Japixo N ml bp py kk%dl vil zdal i gikkm Xd#

km. + igdzdal i @ mc i~m g d @ a~l ci~`da gd @aca!X~ipilwmwdal af woi .Mkippmlg~aVakwm%p fiwwi~ wa

Pd~Japixo Nmlbp al woi dlvilwdal af woi Xdki.+xynkdpoig nt @aca @omcni~ af @acci~ i

EDYKDMLA X M L @ M K G D + Gd~i~wa~i Gdx, i kd Fdkapafdm+ Yldvi~pdwm gd Nakaelm+ . Mk ip pm lg ~a V akw m+

gm .fdkapafa lmwy~mki. m p dilzdmwa%vM+ Vakwm f~ac %lmwy~mk xodkapaxoi~% wa p dilwdpw

Mlwix~dcm gi .K m p`dlwdkkm g d V a kwm . / d`ka gj w~mpcdppdald gdvykemwdvij! X~ivdiu af .Vakwm%p

pxcµb. /`t ki afWT x~ae~mccip$ /Xakdwi`ld a gd Cdkmla!Mlwillm 0$

@alpielm mwwipwmwd mg Mppa`dmzdald xi~ mwwdvdwm vakwdmli! Gdpw~dnywdal af Mum~g @i~wdfd`mwip

wa Mppa`dmwdalp fa~ woid~ m wdvdwdip dkk àlli`wdal udwo Vakwm

V dgia` al fi~il zm gm X mvdm: @ M^ KA ^ YN NkM $ X~icdm Lanik xi~ km F dp d` m+ Y l dv i~ pdw m gd Xmvdm+

.Ki f~alwdi~i gikkm f dp d` m m kki p ae kdi gi=>888.j Vdgiaàlfi~ilì f~ac Xmvdm: %Woi R~alwdi~p afXotpd`p al woi wo~ipoakg af woi tic% >888.

@odypy~m gid kmva~d! ilg af m wdvdwdip

A cmeeda mkdm Wa~lnm gd Vakwm dk k @m~llmea Vakwms Vdpdw af ~ipxi`w wa woi Wacn af Vakwm dl

@mclmea Vakwm

Vdpdwm mk W ic x da V ak ~d ml a ! Vdpdw wa woi Wicxda Vakwdmla /Vakwm Wicxki$

.Pmkm gid Lanik.+ Vdmki @mvmkkawwd+ @aca.

F ^ M L , , iQ a ,NM,P M w 2 J k + X ~ipdg il wi P a` diwm Dwmkdmlm gd Fdpd`;k. ,.Mwwymkd| gik @alviexa Qdlwi~lmzda#

lmki gd fdpd`m gd @aca gi k =4>5.=X~ipdgilw af woi Dwmkdml Xotpd`mk PA@Diwt+ .Waxd`mk dlwi~ipwaf woi @aca Dlwi~lmwdalmk Xotpd p @alfi~ilì ,, = 4> 5.

MKOI^WAKALEMDW=+ .Km pmkm gid Lanik+ ylm pwa~dm ò i àlwdlKkm.f.Woi Lanik âac+ ml 8==#

eadle ~imkdwt.

Dlmyey~mzdali gi d ~ipwmy~: gikkm .Pmkm gid L anik .DDlmyey~mwdal af woi ~ipwa~mwdal daa~d:

/ î km zda ld dl Pmkm I, Cypm+ Dpwdcwa E, @m~gy``d- Woi iyildp udkk ni oikg dl woi I, Cypm âac+ E, @m~gy` d DlpwdwywiS

/8$ @dkk Mykm gd P`dilzi lm wy~ mkd gi kd%kplwy~ a @m~gy`` d+ gavi li k pi~~ icn~ i =4>5 pd willi+ likk%mcnd~a gikki @`kin~mz dal d xi~ dk x~ d~ la @i l~ilm~ da gi kkm ~la~~ i

gd Mki ppm lg~a Vakwm+ yla p~a~dà @alviela dlwi~ lmzdalmki gd fkPd`m,!/µ$ fa~ci~kt woi OmN af Lmwy~mk P dil ip af DDSg @m~gy``- k lpdd wywi+ u oi~i+ dkk P`w+ kicyik %

=4>5, g.~dk !,| d ni @ ik in~mwd alp ! 8=% Ddd. F2~Pk @ilwilm~t a f w oi g im wo a f M ki pp mlg ~a vao¢+ m ndpwa~d`mk Dlwicmwd lmk @ayek %i99 af Xotpd`p um p o iC

Wimw~a Pa`dmki+ Xdmzzm Vi~gd+ @aca

a~i >=!4 xc

Xiwi~ Cmme gd~dei k%A~òipw~m Pwmndki g d @aca! Xiwi~ Cmme àlgy wdle woi @aca Xi~cmlilw A~òipw~m

Kygude vml Niiwoavil+ Pdlfaldi l, > i l, 6 /+Xmpwa~mki.$

==



MK IPPMLGÂ VAK WM

VDWM I AXI^M P@DILWDFD@M D KDFI MLG P@DILWDFD@ UA^B

KMVDWM,Mkippmlg~a Vakwm lmpì m @aca dk=? fin#

n~mda gik =579 gm Fdkdxxa i gm Cm~eoi~dwm gi% àl#

wd Dlzmeod+ Km fmcdekdm Vakwm mxxm~wilivm m==%m6#

pwa`~mzdm kacnm~gm i mvivm kiemcd mppmd pw~iwwd @AG

k%mcndilwi i``kipdmpwdà+ Dlfmwwd+ d w xmg~i Fdkdxxa+

xi~ ylgd`d mlld mvivm fmwwa xm~wi gikkm @acxm#

eldm gd Eipdd, Gaxm km cawwi gik xmg~i k%igy`m#

zdali gd Mkippmlg~a i mffdgm~m mkka zda Mkippmlg~a,

Gaxm mvi~ f~i}yilwmwa # m =0 mlld # km p`yakm gid

Eipydwd m @aca+ i w~mpfi~dwa m k Picdlm~da Nilz- i kd

@aca+ mkk%iwm i kd pigd d mlld, Vmld ~dpykwmla d wil#

wmwdvd+ gm xm~wi gik xmg~i Ei~akmca Nalipd+ cmi#

pw~a i kd Mkippmlg~a+ gd mvvdm~ka mk pmì~gazda+ Mk#

w~iwwmlwa dl ywdkd d~dvikmla ekd pfa~zd gikki zda

Mkippmlg~a xi~ fm~ekd dlw~mx~ilgi~i ekd pwygd edy#

~dgd d+ Ekd dlwi~ippd `ykwy~mkd i kd Vakwm pd gikdlimla

òdm~mcilwi m gd`dawwa mlld+ mkka~òi # gaxa mvi~

pwygdmwa Di axi~i i kd vml Cyppòiln~aib+ gd Lak#

kiw i Edmcnmwwdpwm Ni``m~dm # dlpwmy~m yl%dlwilpm

à~~dpxalgilzm ixdpwakm~i àl =8 p dilzdmwa f~ml#

ìpi i àl dkpya àllmzdalmki,

Dlwa~la mk=569 Vakwm f~i}yilwm km `mpm i k d Edykda

@ipm~i Emwwald /=57=#=?84$+ gavi om k m x ap pd n d#kdwm i kd pi~vd~pd gik emndli~wa fdpdà òi dk Emwwald

mvivm àpw~ydwa f~m dk=567 i dk =569, K%dlwi~ippi

xi~ k%ikiww~akaedm vdili pwdcakmwa gmkki ~d i~ oi

gikk%mcdà Emwwald e~mzdi mk }ymki+ piàlga

Edmcnmwwdpwm Edavda+ Vakwm .m`}ydpwa e~ml xm~wi

gik pya laci iy~axia.+

Lik=564 Vakwm xynnkd`m Dm gdppi~wmzdali .Gi vd

mww~m`wdvm deldp iki`w~d`d mi xomilacildp dlgi

xilgilwdnyp%%+ i lik =55= km cica~dm ixdpwakm~i

.Lavyp m` pdcxkd dppd~lyp iki w~dà~yc wilwm~ld#

lyc mxxm~mwyp.,

Li==557+ gdiw~a dlwi~ippmcilwa gik Fd~~ldml+ ilacdlmwa ~ieeilwi /gd~iwwa~i$ gikki p`yaki xyn#

nkdòi i kd @a~la2 k%mlla py`ìppdvi+ w~m~ldwi àl#

à~pa+ gdvdili x~afippa~i gd Fdpd`m pxi~dcilwmki

lik Edllmpda gd @aca,

@al k%mxxaeeda gd Fd~cdml i gd Bmyldwz dlw~m#

x~ilgi+ lik =555+ dk pya x~dci vdmeeda p`dilwdfd#

à dl Pvdzzi~m+ Mkpmzdm i Pmvadm, Gy~mlwi }yipwa

vdmeeda `ml apii mk`yld f~m d xdkd ìkin~d lmwy~mkd#

pwd+ àci D # K N, gi Pmyppy~i i J , Pilindi~, Gdiw~ax~axa wm gik eavi~lmwa~i eili~mki gikkm Ka~l#

nm~dkkm mpny~ed`m /d k xddd vakwi `dwmwa @m~ka Edy#

pixxi àlwi gd Fd~cdml$+ vdili ialfi~dwm m Vakwm+

lik lavicn~i gik =55?+ = m `mwwig~m i k d Fdpd m pxi#

~dcilwmki gikk%Yldvi~pd~m dkk Xmvdm,

Lik =55==%dcxi~mw~dì Cm~dm Wi~ipm mvivm dlfmwwd

vm~mwa yl .Xdmla gd gd~izdali+ gdp`dxkdlm i ià#

lacdm gikk%Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm. i+ lik =550+ Yk=

.Xdmla p`dilwdfd a.,

KDFI, M kippml g~a V akwm u mp n a~l dl, @ a c a al , =?Fin~ym~t =579 wa F dkdx xa m lg C m~e oi~dwm g i% @ al #wd Dlzmeo d, W oi V akwm fmc dkt nika leig wa wo i K ac #nm ~g m~dpwa`~m`t mlg om g `ka pi wdip u dwo i``kipdm#

pwd`m k `d~`kip, Dl fm `w+ o dp fm wo i~+ F dkdx xa o mg n iil mc ic ni~ a f wo i P a`diwt a f J ipy p fa ~ ikiv il tim ~p, M f#wi ~ o dp fm wo i~% p g im wo + M ki pp ml g~ a%p y l` ki + M ki pp ml #

g =%A +u m p i lw~ ypwi g u dwo o dp i gy `m wda l,

M fwi~ mwwil gdl e woi Jipydw pòa ak dl @ ac a f~a c wo im ei af =0+ mw woi mei af pd wiil + oi dp w ~m l pf i~ ~i g w awo i Nilzd Picdlm~t dl @ a c a , M k ip pm l g ~a % p wimòi~2

F mwo i~ E i~a km ca N al ipd+ w~dip dl vm dl wa x i~py mg iodc wa fakkau woi x~dipwoaag, V mdl+ waa+ m~i odpyl`ki M kippmlg~a %p m wwic xwp wa xi~pymgi odc wapwy gt km u, V akwm %p `y kwy ~m k dl wi~ipwp m ~i `kim ~kt piw

ayw mw woi mei af ideowiil+ u oil # mfwi~ pwygtdlewoi u a~bp af vml C |wppòiln~aib+ L akkiw mlgE dm cn mwwdpwm N i``m ~dm + o i pwm ~wp y x m l dl wil pi ix d#

p wa km ~t ` a~ ~i px al gi l` i u dwo n awo wo i F ~i l` o p` di l#wd pw m l g N i `` m~ dm ,

M~aylg =569 Vakwm dp m f~i} yilw vdpdwa ~ wa woi oa#~li af E dykda @ ipm~i E mwwa ld /=57=#=?84$ uoi~ioi omp woi òmlì wa ypi woi xotpd`p kmna~mwa~tuodò Emwwald o mg n ydkw n iwu ii l =567 mlg =569,

O dp dlwi~ipw dl iki`w~a kaet dp pwdc ykmwig nt odpf~dilg Emwwald%p ~ipim~ò u a~b, Dw u mp womlbp wa

o dc + wo mw+ m `` a~g dl e wa E dm c nm wwdp wm Edayda+ Vak#

wm .m`} yd~ig c apw af odp ~ixywmwda l dl I y~a xi.,

Dl =564 V a kw m x y n kd po i p o dp g dp pi ~w mw da l ¢G i vd mw#w~m `wdvm de ldp iki`w~d`d m a x om il ac il dp dl gi x il #gilwdnyp. mlg dl =55= o dp i x dp wa km ~ t g dp pi ~w mw da l.Layyp m` pdcxkd dppdcyp iki`w~dà~yc wildmcd#

lyc mxxm~mwyp.,

Dl =557+ womlbp wa F d~c dml%p dlwi~vilwdal+ oi dpmxxadlwig G d~i`wa~ af woi pwmwi pòaak dl @ ac a,Woi fakkau dle tim~ oi u dlp m piki`wdvi i mc m lg

n ià cip X ~a fippa ~ a f I x i~dc il wm k X otpd`p m w @ a#c a E ~mc cm~ Pòaak,

U dwo woi py xxa ~w af F d~c dml ml g B myl dwz+ dl =555oi piwp ayw al odp fd~pw p`dilwdfd` jay~lit wa Pu dw#zi~kmlg+ M kpmì mlg Pmvadi, Dl woi ày~pi af wodpw~dx o i c iiwp pivi~m k a f wo i c apw ~il au lig l mwy ~m k

p`dil wdpwp a f wo i wdc ip py ò m p O ,N , g i P my ppy ~i m lgJ , Pilindi~, M w woi ~i}yipw af woi E avi~la~ E ili#~mk a f O mnpny ~e Ka cnm ~gt /wo i mfa ~ic ilwdal ig@ m~ka E dypixxi @ aylw af F d~c dml$+ V akwm dp mx#x adl wig wa wo i ò md~ a f I x i~dc il wm k X ot pd`p m w wo iY l dvi~pdwt af X mvdm dl L avic ni~ =55 ?,

Dl =55= woi I cx~ipp C m~dm Woi~ipm omg dl fm`w+kmy lòig m .X kml a f C mlm eic il w+ G dp`dxkdli ml g

I àlac t af Y ldvi~pdwt af X mvdm. mlg dl =550 m. P `d il wd fd ` X k ml . ,

W oi dc x ki c il wm wda l a f wo ip i x ~a e~ mc c ip i lwm dki g

=>



MKIPPMLGÂ VAKWM: VDWM I AXI^M P@DILWDFk@M ! KDFI MLG P@ DI LW DF D@ U A^ B

K %m~wy mzdal i gd wmkd x ~ae~mc ~l d dc xkd`mvm dk xa#wilzdmcilwa g ie kd dl p ie l mc i l wd p `di lwdfd` d g ikk%m #wilia xmvipi òi+ likki dlwilzdald gik Eavi~la

gd Vdillm+ gavivm gdvilwm~i km .P`yakm ìlw~mkigikka Pwmwa., E~mzdi mkk%mndkdwm gdxka~lmwd`m gik

àlwi Fd~cdml i mkkm àkkmna~mzdali gd Pxmkkml#

zmld+ Napàvdò i gikka pwippa Vakwm+ k%dllavmzda#

li gik pmxi~i p`dilwdfdà x~ipi mvvda dl Ka~lnm~#

gdm,

Lik =5?8+ =8 p`dilzdmwa à~lmpà pd ~i`m m Fd~il#

zi xi~ vdpdwm~i dk îedm Cypia gd fdpd`m i pwa~dm

lmwy~mki i xi~ àlgy~~i dlgmedld lmwy~mkdpwdòi+

Lik piwwicn~i gik =5?= vdpdwp km Pvdzzi~m+ k%Mkpm#

zdm+ km Ei~~lmldm ìl~~a``dgilwmki+ k%Akmlgm+ dk

Niked` i+ vi~pa km fdli gd gdìcn~i+ edylei m Xm#

~ded+ ]yd paeeda~lm xi~ }ymww~a cipd kmva~mlga

àl Kmxkmì i Kmvadpdi~, Lik=5?> e dy l ei m Kal#

g~m+ gavi pd fi~cm pdla m edyela, Py`ìppdvm#

cilwi+ liD =5?7+ pd ~i`m+ dlpdici mk àYiem Ml #walda P`m~xm+ m Vdillm i m Ni~kdla+

K% mlla gaxa pm~m lacdlmwm îwwa~i gikk %Yldvi~#

pdwm gd Xmvdm,

Ki ~dì~òi àcxdywi+ gy~mlwi ekd mlld awwmlwm+

dl iki~~~akaedm+ ciwia~akaedm i ki ww ~d ` m+ ` m ka ~ d~ l i #w~dm+ eiakaedm i òdcd`m gid emp+ ekd àlpilwala

gd mffi~cm~pd àci yla gid xdkk dkkypw~d p`dilzdmwd

gd kdvikka iy~axia,

DD >> lavicn~i=547 pxapm Cm~dm Wi~ipm Xi~i#

e~dld+ gmkkm }ymki mv~m w~i fdekd: Zmldla+ Fkmcdlda

i Kyded2 dkpiàlgaeildwa+ Fkm~ldlda+ ca~d~m m pa#

kdgd dawwa mlld+

Gaxa km xynnkd`mzdali gikka p`~dwwa i k d Emkvmld

. G i v d~ dn y p i ki `w~d` dwm wdp dl cawy cyp`ykm~ d @ac#

~lilwm~dyp. /=54=$+ Vakwm+ òi lik=547 mvivm ~d#

ìvywa gmkkm âtmk Pa`diwt km cigmekdm g%a~a gd

@axkit xi~ dyad àlw~dnywd p dilwdfd d+ xynnkd m

pyekd .Mllmkd gd òdcd`m i pwa~dm lmwy~mki. # ~dvd#

pwm falgmwm i gd~iwwm gmk òdcdà xmvipi Kyde d

N~yelmwikkd # y l m cica~dm dlwdwakmwm .Lyavm ci#ca~dm pykk%ikiww~d dwm.+ dlgd~dzzmwm mk fdpdà xdi#

calwipi Vmppmkkd, W~i mlld gaxm gm~m mkki pwmcxi

w~i pmeed gd `m~mwwi~i ixdpwakm~i+ dlgd~dzzmwd m= fd#pdà wigipà E~il+ gmk wdwaka .Pyk emkvmldpca.,

= = > 8 cm~za gi==?88+ Vakwm à~lyld`m m J x~ipd#

gilwi gikkm âtmk Pa`diwt+ Pd~ Japixo Nmlbp+ k%dl#

vilzdali gikkm xdkm+ Lik edyela gikka p~ippa mlla+

Lmxakiali # mk }ymki Vakwm mvivm ~ipa acmeeda

lik =546 # ~dàlfi~cm = 8 p dilzdmwa àcmp a x~a#

fippa~i gd Fdpd`m pxi~dcilwmki x~ippa D%mwilia xm#

vipi, Lik =?8= pd ~i`m m Xm~ded+ m`à~lxmelmwa

gmS N~yelmwikkd+ xi~ dkkypw~m~i ki ~dì~òi òi = 8mvivmla àlgawwa mkk%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm, MOm

x~ipilzm gd Lmxakiali+ x~dca àlpaki+ kieei km

ml dl`~impi dl woi lyc ni~ af p`dilwdfd` ki`wy~ip mwX m vd m Y l d vi ~p dw t u o d` o+ m `` a~ gdl e wa w oi d lwi lwd al paf woi E avi~lc ilw a/Vdillm+ u mp wa niàc i woi

. @ i lw ~m k P wm wi Pòaak., W oml bp wa wo i g dx ka cm wd`m ndkdwt af @ ay lw F d~c dm l m lg wa wo i à kkm na ~m wda laf Pxmkkmlzmpy+ N a p` av d` o m lg V a kwm o dc p ikf + k% ifa ~ca f p `di lwdfd` ki m~ ldl e n ie ml dl K ac n m~ gt ,

Dl =5?8+ woi p`dilwdpw f~ac @ ac a eaip wa F ka~il#ì wa vdpdw woi âtmk C ypiyc af Xotpd`p mlg L m#wy~mk P `di l` i m lg wa `m~~t ayw lmwy~mkdpwd` ~ipim~ò,

Dl P ix wi c ni ~ =5?= o i v dp dwp P udwz i~ km lg + M kp m` i+U i pw E i ~c m lt + Oakkmlg m lg N ike dy c m lg wadam~gp

woi ilg af G iìc ni~+ oi m~~dvip dl X m~dp , O i~i+ o i~icmdlp fa ~ fa y~ c al wo p u a~bdl e u dwo K mx km ì ml gKmvadp di~ , Dl =5?> o i dp dl K al ga l+ daoi~i o i p wm tp

y lwdk Jy li, M fwi ~u m~g p+ dl =5?7+ oi eaip u dwo odpàkkimeyi M lwa lda P `m~ xm wa V dil lm m lg N i~kdl ,

Woi fakkau dle tim~ oi dp mxxadlwig ^ i`wa~ af woi

Y l d yi ~p dw t a f X m vd m,

M pm ~ipykw af woi ~ipim~ò u a~b u odò oi `m~~dig

a yw g y~ dl e wo i i de owdi p dl i ki` w~a kaet+ m wcapxoi~dìki` wd`dwt + ` mka ~dc iw~t+ e iaka et m lg ` oic dpw~t a fempip+ Vakwm ni`mc i ali af woi c apw ~ilau ligp`dilwdpwp dl I Y = % A x i ,

Al >> Lavicni~ =547 oi c m~~dip C mlm Wi~ipmXi~ie~dld+ u oa nim~p odc wo~ii palp: Zmldla+ Fkm#

cdlda m lg K y de d, O dp pià lg pa l+ F km c dl da + g di p mwalkt =?#.+

M fwi k% wo i xy nkd` mwdal a f E mky m~y %p x mx i~ . Gi vd~d#nyp iki`w~d`dwmwdp dl c awy cyp`ykm~: @accilwm#

lyp. /=54=$+ V akwm + u oa o mg ~i ì dv ig dl =547 wo i@ ax ki t E akg C ig mk f~ ac , wo i ^ atm k P a`diwt Ra ~ odpàlw~dnywdalp wa p`dilì+ xynkdpoip dl %%M llmkd gd@ ndc d`m. # m jay~lmk faylgig mlg igdwig nt woi

` oi cdp w K yde d N ~y el mwi kkd+ f~ ac X mv dm # m g dp pi ~wm #wda l i lwdwki g . Ly ay m C i c ak% dm p ykk% iki ww~ d` dwm <. +m gg ~i pp ig wa w oi X di c al wi pi x ot pd` dp w V m pp mkk d, W o #

~ i i t i m ~p k mw i~ w o~ i i i x dp wa km ~ t i p pm t p m wi x y nk dp o ig +

mgg~ippig wa woi E ikc ml xotpd`dpw E ~il mlg ilwd#wkig . Py D E mky ml dpc a. /.A l E mkv ml dpc .$,

Al >8 C mk%ò =? 88 + V akwm dlfa~c p woi X ~ipdgilwaf woi ^ atmk Pa`diwt+ Pd~ J apixo Nmlbp+ af woi dl#

vilwdal af woi xdki, Dl Jyli af woi pmc i tim~+ L m#xakial+ wa u oac V akwm omg xmdg odp ~ipxi`wp dl=546 # ~iàlfd~c p woi p`dilwdpw f~ac @ ac a X~a#fippa~ af I xi~dc ilwmk X otpd`p mw woi Y l dyi~py²af X mvdm, Dl =?8= V akwm e ai p wa X m~ dp + m `` ac x m#

ldig nt N ~yelmwikkd wa gic alpw~mwi woi ~ipim~òu a~b womw omg kig odc wa woi dlvilwdal af woi xd#ki, Dl woi x~ipilì af L mxakial+ woi fd~pw @ alpyk+

o i ~ im gp o dp . C ic a ~dm p ykk% dg il wdwm g ik fdy dg a i ki w#w~dì àk fkydga emkvmlkà. /%G dppi~wmwdal al woidgi lwdwt a f i ki `w~d` u dwo e mkvm ld` fky dg. $+ fa ~ u od#

=0



ND@ILWILM DA GIKD:DLvILzDALI GIKKM XDKM

.Cica~dm pykk%dgilwdwm gik fkydga ikiww~dia àk fkyd#

ga e mkvml dà. + xi~ Dm }y mki e kd pm~m mppielmwm ylm

cigmekdm g%a~a+

Lalapwmlwi k%ila~ci py`ìppa+ km cagipwdm gik#

k%dkkypw~i p`dilzdmwa àcmpà lal vdili wy~nmwm, M

}yipwm x~axapdwa+ nmpwd kieei~i `da òi Vakwm p`~d#

vi mkkmcaekdi dk 5 lavicn~i gik =?8=: .kl ciz#za m wmlwi `mpi+ ò i givala ` i~ wa R m~c d x dm ì ~i + dal al c %dl ymldpà m piela gd `~igi~c d gd xdy gd }yikòi pala2 i mkkm vdwm medwmwm gm ylm ymlm eka~dmx ~ifi~dp`m km w~m l} ydkkdwd2 i g akìzzm g ikkm vdwm g a#

cipwd`m. /Ixdpw km~da+ Vak, DV+x,?6$,

Likka pwippa mlla i la~ldlmwa cicn~m gikkm

@alpykwm gd Kdmli,

L i= =?89 Lmxakiali ekd fm mppielm~i ylm xil#

Pkali mllym i = 8 fm lacdlmwi `mvmkdi~i gikkm Ki#

edali g%Ala~i ,,

Li==?86 gdvilwm @mvmkdi~i gikk%A~gdli îmki

Dwmkdmla gikkm @a~alm gd Fi~~a2 lik =?84+ pilm#

wa~i gik îela g%Dwmkdm+ i dlfdli+ lik=?k 8+ @al#

wi gik îela g%Dwmkdm+

Gmk =?8= mk =?=> Vakwm ~dvipwd~m dl`m~d od xyn#

nkd`d: X~ipdgilwi gik àlpdekda eili~mwi gik gd#

xm~wdcilwa gik Km~da2 X~ipdgilwi gik cmedpw~mwi

g%M`}yi2 îvdpa~i gikki pwm~lxi i cicn~m gik#

k%yffd`da ìlw~mki gikkm kdni~wm gd pwm~lxm2 X~ipd#

gilwi gik àlpdekda ikiwwa~mki gik gdxm~wdcil~a

gik Km~da+ gm ykwdca,

Lalapwmlwi Km`mgywm gik ~iedci lmxakialdia i km

` lpieyilwi ~ipwmy~mzdali mypw~dm`m+ dkEavi~la

gd Vdillm =8òdmcm m Xmvdm dl }ymkdwm gd gd~iwwa#

~i giekd p wy g d f dk ap af d` d gikk%mwilia xmvipi,

L ik =?=4 Vakwm pd ~dwd~m m vdwm x~dvmwm likkm pym

`dw~m lmwmki,

Gaxa ylm n~ivi cmkmwwdm+ pd xieli~m dl @ a c a

dk9 cm~za =?>5 mkk%iwm gd ?> mlld+

K%AXI^M P@DILWDFD@M, Ekd dldzd gikk%mwwdvdwm p dil#

wdfd`m pala ipw~i~lmcilwi x~ià d: xy~ dlmppilzm

gd ylm x~ixm~mzdali yldvi~pdwmwdm lik=560+ m pa#

kd =? mlld+ i edm dl à~~dpxalgilzm p`dilwdfd`m àl

ki cmppdci mywa~dwm iki~w~dòi gikk%ixa`m+ xmg~i

Ni``m~dm i k%mnmwi Lakkiw+ md }ymkd pawwaxali à#

~meedapmcilwi Di x~ax~di wia~di dlcmwi~dm, ===?

mx~dki =564+ ipa~gdp i yffd`dmkcilwi àl = m ci#

ca~dm Py kkm Ra ~zm mww~mwwdvm gik Ryaà ikiww~dà

gigd`mwm m Ni``m~dm dl fa~cm gd kiwwi~m+ x~ilgil#

ga m pakd vilwd}ymww~a mlld ki gdpwmlzi gmk ~lmppd#

ca ipxi~wa Dwmkdmla gd ikiww~d`dwm i x~axalilga

ylm wia~dm yldwm~dm gd wywwd d filacild ikiww~d d

pykkm nmpi gd yl%dlwi~mzdali mww~mwwdvm yldvi~pmki,

]yd 9 = gdpwm``m gmk xm~mgdecm e~mvdwmzdalmkiliuwaldmla gid X~dl`dxdm i pawwakdlim gm ylm xm~#

ò oi ~iìdvip m ea kg c igm k,G ipxdwi odp ila~c ayp py`ìpp+ woi c ag ipwt af woi~ila ul ig Dwmkdm l p`dilwdpw f~ac @ ac a dp dl la u mt

w~ay nkig, A l wodp pyn ji`w+ dw dp py ffd`dil w wa ~imgu omw V akwm u ~dwip wa odp u dfi al 5 Lavicni~=?8=: %%Mcale woi cmlt wodlep uodò dlgiig ed#

vi ci e~imw xkimpy~i+ D ga law gikdeow dl nikdivdle

womw = mc ca~i woml uomw D mc: mlg wa m kdfi yxpiw

nt vmdleka~t D ~ifi~ woi ximì mlg puiiwlipp afgacipwd` kdfi. /Ixdpwakm~da Va-% DV x, ?6$,

Dl woi pmc i tim~ oi dp mxxadlwig C ic ni~ af woi

@ ay l`dk a f K ta l,

Dl =?89 L mxakial e~m lwp odc ml mll ymk xilpda lmlg mxxadlwp odc @mvmkdi~ af woi Kiedal af O a#

lay~,

Dl =?86 oi niàc ip @ mvm kdi~ a f woi Dwm kdml ^ atmkA ~gi~ af woi D~al @ ~au l2 dl =?84 Pilmwa~ af woi

B dlegac af Dwmkt mlg fdlmkkt dl =?=8+ @ aylw afwoi B dl egac af Dwmkt,

F~ac =?8= wa =?=> V akwm o akg p vm ~da yp x yn kd` a f#fdìp: X ~ipdgil w af woi K m~da G ixm~wc il w E ili~mk@ a yl `dk+ X ~i pdg il w a f C m edp wJ %m wa g %M `} yi 2 X ~i pp#ìlpa~ mlg c ic ni~ af woi @ ilw~mk A ffdì fa~ woiF ~iiga c af woi X ~ipp2 X ~ipdgilw af woi I ki`wa~mkN am ~g a f wo i K m~da G ix m~wc il w,

G ipxdwi woi fmkk a f woi L mxakiald` ~iedc i mlg woi

` al pi }y il w M y pw~ dm l ^ i pwa ~m wda l+ wo i E a vi ~l c il waf V dillm `mkkp o dc wa Xmvdm mp G d~i`wa~ af X odka#pa xot mw woi Y l dvi~pdwt af X mvdm,

Dl =?=4 V akwm ~iwd~ip wa x~dvm wi kdfi dl odp lmwdviwau l, Mfwi~ m poa~w dkklipp+ oi gdip dl @ ac a al 9Cm~ò =?>5 mw woi mei af ?> ,

P@DILWDFD@ UA^B, W oi n ie dl ldl ep a f o dp p `di lwdfd`m `wdvdwt m~i iw~ic ikt x~ià `dayp: ivil u dwoaywm lt y ldvi~pdwt x ~ix m~m wda l dl =560 mw woi mei afalkt = ? + o i dp m k~im gt il em eig dl p`dil wdfd` à ~~i#pxal gilì u dwo woi c mja~ iki`w~d` mywoa~dwdip afwoi wdc i+ F mwoi~ N i``m~dm mlg woi M nnaw L akkiw+ wau oac oi ày ~m eiaypkt xywp Rala m~g odp au l woia#~dip al woi c mwwis: A l =? Mx~d-=5 64+ oi af fd`dm kkt

c m bi p o dp p `d il wdf d` g in yw u dwo wo i g dp pi ~wm wd al .Alwoi fa~ìp af mww~m`wdal af iki w~d` fd~i. g i gd `m wi g w aN i``m~dm dl woi fa~c af m kiwwi~+ wmbdle+ m w woi meiaf >7+ odp gdpwmlì R~a ~l wo i c mja~ Dwm kdml ix i~wdl iki`w~d`dwt m lg x ywwdl e fa ~u m~g m y ldwm ~t wo ia ~t

af mkk iki`w~d` xoila cilm a l woi nm pdp a f m yldvi~#p mk dl wi~ m` wda l a f m ww~m `wda lp , O i~ i+ o i g ~m up m u mtf~a c L iu wa l%p e ~m vdwm wda lm k x m~m gde c a f wo i X~dl#

`dxdm mlg y lgi~kdlip+ al woi a li omlg+ mlm kaedipu dwo x liyc mwd`p mlg c meliwdpc mlg + al wo i awo i~+

p ay ~` ip x i~ om x p K idn ld zdm l + wo ~a ye o wo i c i gd mwda la f wo i R ipy dw N ap à yd` o,

=7



MKIPPMLGÂ VAKWM: VkWM I AXI^M P@KILWDFJ@M D KDFI MLG P@ DI LW DF D@ U A^ B

wi mlmkaedi àl km xliy~lmwd`m ig dk ~lmeliwdp~la

i gmkk%mkw~m ~mgd`d fa~pi kidnldzdmli cigdmwi gmk

eipydwm Napàvdò,

Lik=55=+ gigd`m mk ìkin~i Pxmkkmlzmld ylm lya#

, vm cica~dm ixdpwakm~i+ mlòi }yipwm p`~dwwm dl Dm#

wdla+ dl `yd pwygdm ki x~ax~diwm ikiww~dòi gid cm#

wi~dmkd i gip`~dvi yl lyiva eili~mwa~i ikiww~a#

pwmwdà, L i= edyela gik =559+ àcyld`m m X~di#

pwkit D%dlvilzdali ikd yl pa~x~ilgilwi p~~ycil#

wa+ Tiki ww ~ada~a xi~xiwya + m pya gd~i x~avm pòdm`#

`dmlwi ìlw~a Ni``m~dm i àlfi~cm gikki x~ax~di

vigywi wia~dòi+ Xi~ km x~dcm vakwm k%dlgyzdali

vildvm mxxkd mwm mkkm x~agyzdali pdpwicmwd`m+ mn#

nalgmlwi i gy~ivaki gd ikiww~d`dwm+

K%ikiww~afa~a pd gdffaliki ~mxdgmcilwi i Vakwm m

w~ilwm mlld gdvdili fmcapm dl wywwm Iy~axm+ Ki

~dì~òi x~apieyala dlìppmlwd: dl ylm lyavm ci#

ca~dm ixdpwakm~i+ gigd`mwm dl gmwm >8 meapwa =55?

m gi Pmyppy~i+ mxxkd`m km x~ax~dm wia~dm gikki mw#capfi~i i kiw w~ dòi m==8 pwygda gikkm .`mxm`dwm% % ikiw#

w~d`m gid àlgywwa~d dpakmwd, M``mlwa md àl iwwd

i k d `mxm`dwm i i k d }ymlwdwm+ i }yd òi ypm xi~ =m x~d#

cm vakwm dkàlì~wa ikd w il p da l i i ki ww ~d `m xi~ ~il#

gi~i `mlwa gikki x~ax~diwm dlwilpdvi gikk%iki~w~d#

`dwm+ Vakwm dlwilgi km wilpdali àci ylm wilgil#

zm mg ipxmlgi~pd gik fkydg m iki~w~dà+ dl mlmkaedm

mk àlì~wa gd x~ippdali gd yl emp, Likkm x~dcm#

vi~m gik =5?8+ dlvilwm dk àlgilpmwa~i ikiwwlà+dcxa~wmlì pw~ycilwa òi àlpilwi gd ~dvikm~i ,

`m~dòi ikiww~dòi ginakdppdci ,,Lik f~mwwicxa+

àlwdlym àl ipxi~d~lilwd i pxi`ykmzdald pykkm

xappdndkdwm gd }ymlwdfd`m~i k%mzdali gikki mwcapfi#

~i ikiww~dòi, DD =7 cm~za =5?>+ vdili kiwwm mkkm

^ at mk P a` di wt ylm pym cica~dm pyk àlgilpmwi#

~ i a Likkm vi~pdali gifdldwdvm gd }yipwm cica~dm+

pwmndkdpì ipxkd`dwmcilwi dkkiemci w~m `m~d`m+ `m#

xm`dwm i wilpdali /] 3 @W$+ ylm kieei mlà~m

x~ipilwi dl wywwd d~ipwd gd fdpd m,

Lik =5?6+ a~m~lmd }ym~mlwilli+ dldzdm mg a``y#

xm~pd gd ciwia~akaedm ikiww~d`m i dl ~ikmzdalim}yipwm gikkm }ymlwdfd mzdali i pwmlgm~gdzzmzdali

gikki cdpy~i i kd wilpdali ikiw~~d`m+ yl x~ankicm

falgmcilwmki gikk%ixa`m+ D ~dpykwmwd+ xynnkd mwd w~m

dk =5?? i dk=5?4 dl ylm pi~di gd pid ~lica~di ixd#

pwakm~d gd~iwwi mk xaiwm i p`dilzdmwa wigipà Kd#

òwilni~e+ gikdlimla yl pakdga x~ae~mccm ikiw#

w~a~liw~d a falgm~a py gyi `mxapmkgd: km gifdld#

zdali axi~m~dvm gd y~d%yldwm pwmlgm~g gd wilpdali

i km àpw~yzdali ikdikiww~a~liw~d `mxm`d gd gm~i dl#

gd mzdald àcxm~mndkd i kdlim~cilwi x~axa~zda#

lmkd mkki wilpdald mxxkd`mwi,

Cm Vakwm lal pd a``yxmvm paka gd ikiww~d`dwm: dk0lavi~ln~i gik =556+ xaà gaxm k%dlvilzdali gik#

Dl =55w o i g igd` mwip wa wo i ~i la ul ig P xm kkm lzm #ld+ m l iu i xdpwa km ~t gdppi ~wmwdal + me mdl u ~dwwil dlKmwdl+ wl u o d` o o i p wy gd ip wo i i ki `w~ d` mk x ~a xi ~w di p

a f c mwi~dm kp m lg g ip` ~dn ip m l iu iki` w~a pwm wd` e i#l i~ mwa ~, Dl J yl i =559+ oi àc cyld`mwip wa X~di#pwkit woi dlvilwdal af ml mc mzdle dlpw~yc ilw+ woixi~xiwymk iki`w~axoa~yp m lg g ip` ~dn ip m l iu i ki `#w~ ap wm wd` e il i~ mwa ~+ u od` o o i g i` km ~i p dp ` ~y po dl e

x ~a af m em dl pw N i` `m ~dm m lg ` al fd~ cm wda l a f o dp a ulwo ia ~i wd` mk v di up , F a~ wo i fd~ pw wdc i + dl gy `wda l u mpmxxkdig wa woi ptpwic mwd`+ mnylgmlw mlg kmpwdlex ~a gy `w da l a f i ki `w ~d` dw t,

W oi iki`w~axoa~yp ~mxdgkt niàc ip u dgipx~imgmlg+ mw woi mei af wod~wt+ V akwm niàc ip fmc ayp wo#~ayeoayw I y~axi, O dp ~ipim~ò u a~b àlwdlyipu dwo ayw ~ip xdwi: dl m l iu ix dpwa km ~t g dppi ~wmwda l+gmwig >8 Myeypw =55? mlg gigd`mwig wa gi Pmyp#py~i+ oi mxxkdip odp au l woia~t af mwcapxoi~d`

iki`w~d`dwt wa wo i pwy gt a f wo i iki `w~d` . `m xm `dwt . a fdp akm wi g ` al gy `wa ~p , O i ~i + m ka le pdg i wo i ` al ì xwpaf `mxm`dwt mlg }ymlwdwt+ oi ypip fa~ woi fd~pw wdc iwoi àlìxw af iki w~d` wilpdal wa ylgi~pwmlg woidl wi lp dv i x ~a xi ~wdi p a f i ki `w~ d` dwt , V akwm x i~ ì dv ipwilpdal mp iki` w~ d` fky dg %p wil gil `t wa i xm lg + dl

mlmkaet wa woi àlìxw af woi x~ippy~i af m emp, DlPx~dle =5?8+ o i d lv i lw p woi iki`w~d` àlgilpi~+ mldc x a~ wm lw dl pw~ yc i lw u od` o dp m nki wa ~ iv im k i vi l

i w~ ic ikt fm dl w i ki `w~ d` ` om ~e ip , Dl wo i c im lwdc i +oi `m~~dip al u dwo woi ixi~dcilwp m lg p xi `y km #wdalp oi omg pwm~wig mk~imgt dl =55? a l wo i x appd#n dkdwt a f } ym lwdft dl e wo i m `wda l a f m wc a px oi ~d` i ki `#w~d`dwt, Al 7 C c ` ` o =5?>+ a li a f o dp g dp pi ~w mwd al pal woi àlgilpi~ dp ~img nifa~i woi ât mk Pa`diwt,

Dl wo i fdl mk vi ~pdal a f wo dp g dp pi~wm wda l+ o i i xkd`d#wkt ipwm nkdpo ip wo i kdlb n iwu ii l ò m~e i+ ` mxm `dwtm lg w il pd al /]3 @W$+ m kmu u odò dp pwdkw faylgwagmt dl m kk X o tp d` p w i wp ,

Dl =5?6+ nt lau 78 tim~p akg+ oi niedlp wa wy~lodp mwwilwdal wa iki`w~d` c iwia~akaet mlg+ dl àl#

li`wdal, u dwo wodp+ wa woi }ymlwdfd`my`c mlg pwml#gm~gdpmwdal af woi c impy~ip af iki`w~d` wilpdal+ mfy lg mc il wm k x ~a nki c m w wo i wdc i, W oi ~i py kwp+ x y #n kd po i g n i wu i il =5?? ml g =5?4 dl m pi~dip af pdi xdp wa km ~t g dp pi ~wm wda lp g ig d` mwi g wa wo i E i ~c m lx ai w m lg p` di lwdpw K dò wi ln i~e + pi w a yw m pa kdg iki` #w~ac iwl` x~ae~mc ci faylgig al wu a nmpip: woi

axi~mwdvi gifdldwdal af m pwmlgm~g yldw af wilpdalmlg woi àlpw~y`wdal af iki`w~ac iwi~p `mxmnki afedvdle àc xm~mnki dlgd`mwdalp mlg kdlimgt x~a#

x a~ wda lm k wa wo i m xx kdi g wi lp da lp ,

N yw V akwm u mp l aw a lkt dl wi~i pwi g dl iki `w~d` dwt: al

0 L av ic ni ~ =556+ law kale mfwi~ woi dlvilwdal afw oi i ki `w~ ax oa ~y p+ o i g dp à vi ~p wo i dl f km c c mn ki m d~

=9



N~@ILWILM DA GIY+%-LvILZDALI GIKKM FDKM

k%ikiww~afa~a+ pàx~i k%m~dm dlfdmccmndki lmwdvm

gikki xmkygd+ avvi~a dk ciwmla+ i li pwygdm ki x~a#

x~diwm dl ylm pili gd piwwi ci~la~di ixdp~akm~d, Dl

àllippdali àl }yipwd p~ygd+ dlvilwm km xdpwakm

mg m~dm dlfdmccmndki+ xaà ywdki àci m~cm+ ~lm

òi }ymk`yla vyaki àlpdgi~mwi àci kalwmlm

x~aeildw~dì pdm gik cawa~i m pàxxda òi gik wi#

kie~mfa, Vakwm dlfmwwd x~aeiwwm gd ~dicxd~i gd dg~a#

eila yl mxxapdwi àlwildwa~i gd viw~a m fa~cm

gd xdpwakm òd ypm gm yl wmxxa+ i gd x~ava `m~i k%i#

pxkapdali gik emp `ml ylm p`dlwdkkm /àci mvvdili

xi~ km cdpìkm gd m~dm i nilzdlm lid `dkdlg~d gid

cawa~d gikki lapw~i mywa$, Km p`m~d`m òi x~ava#

`mvm Dm p`dlwdkkm xawivm dlakw~i ippi~i mxxkd`mwm m

gdp~mlzm: yl x~aeiwwa mggd~dwwy~m x~ivigivm gd

fm~ pxm~m~i km xdpwakm m Cdkmla+ àl ylm p`m~d`mmxxkd`mwm m @aca ~~mcdwi yl kylea àlgywwa~i

papxipa py xmkd /Di mlmkaedi àl dk wikie~mfa pmlm

ivdgilwd$+

K%dlpwml`mndki Vakwm wyw~mvdm lal pd fi~cm }yd: w~m#

pfa~cm km xdpwakm dl yl iygdaciw~a+ yla pw~y#

~lilwa xi~ pwygdm~i km .~ipxd~mndkdwm%%+ avvi~a km

xi~ìlwymki gd m~dm gifkaedpwdzzmwm /appdeila$+ gik#

k%m~dm, Pxi~dcilwmlga a~m dlviì òi àl dkci#

wmla àl k%c%dm dlfdmccmoddi gi d ciwmkkd /dg~aei#

la$ àl lawiva ki x~i`dpdali km dlgdvdgym lik

>8), Vakwm dlakw~i x~ià~~i+ dl }yipwm `mpa gd#

~iwwmcilwi+ km pàxi~wm gikkm àcxapdzdali gik#k%m`}ym /dg~aeila i appdeila$ fmwwm gm Kmvadpdi~

lik =5? 0, Dlfmwwd pdm = 8 pw~ycilwa /k%iygda~liw~a$

òi dkciwaga pala pyeei~dwd gm Vakwm gy~mlwi dwpya vdmeeda m Xm~ded lik, =5?>, ^dfi~dpì dlfmwwd m

Kmvadpdi~ i Kmxkmì òi likk%iygdaciw~a km @AkWD#

nyp~dali gd dg~aeila i appdeila x~agyì yl vm#

xa~i ndml`mpw~a+ òi lal dgilwdfd`m xi~` àl dk

vmxa~i m`}yia, Vakwm dlfmwwd miiiwwm àl ~dwm~ga km

~dvakyzdali òd cd`m x~axapwm gm Kmvadpdi~,

Lik =548 pxdlei km xi~fizdali gikk%iygdaciw~a

i gikki cdpy~i iygda~liw~dòi m yl kdvikka wmki òi

ml ` a~m li==?89 Oycnakgw i Emt#Kyppm` edygd#òi~mlla gdffd dkcilwi pyxi~mndki, Lik àlwi~l#

xa+ pd gigd`m mkDa pwygda gid emp gmk xylwa gd vd#

pwm fdpdà i lik=540 edylei m giwi~cdlmwi dkàif#

fd`dil~i gd gdkmwmzdali m x~ippdali àpwmlwi gik#

k%m~dm àl x~iidpdali cmeeda~i gd }yikkm awwily#

~m lavi mlld xdl wm~gd gm Emt#Kyppm ,

Lik =547+ ipieyi cdpy~i gikkm wilpdali gd vmxa#

~i gikk%mi}ym òi mlwd`dxmla }yikki gd Gmkwal i

gd lyava ki pyxi~mla dl x~i`dpdali+

Gmkk%dldzda giekd mlld %48 Vakwm i dcxielmwa lik

gdnmwwdwa `ml Emkvmld+ xdy ipmwwmcilwi gmkkm xy n#

nkd`mzdali gik G i T d~dny p li==54=,

Xmppmwa yl ilwypdmp~la dldzdmki+ Vakwm gdvilwm fa~#

lmwdvi wa cm~pokmlg+ dl awoi~ ua~gp+ ciwomli+ mlg

pwygdip dwp x~axi~wdip dl m pi~dip af pivil ixdpwakm~t

gdppi~wmwdalp, Dl àlli wdal udwo woipi pwygdip+ oi

dlvilwp woi dlfkmccmnki md~ xdpwak+ law vi~t ypifyk

mp m uimxal nyw uodò paci omvi àlpdgi~ig mp

ml im~kt x~i`y~pa~ af nawo woi dlwi~lmk# àcnypwdal

iledli mlg woi wikie~mxo, Vakwm%p x~aji`w ump dl

fm w wa Dkk- udwo otg~aeil m xy~xapi#nydkw ekmpp àl#

wmdli~ dl woi fa~c af m xdpwak pimkig udwo m wmx+ mlg

wa `mypi woi ixkapdal af woi emp udwo m pxm~b /mp

omxxilp udwo woi cddle af md~ mlg fyik dl woi il#

edli `tkdlgi~p af ay~ `m~p$, Ca~iavi~+ woi òm~ei

`mypig nt woi pxm~b àykg ni mxxkdig f~ac m gd#

pwmlì: ali x~aji`w dlgiig damp wa fd~i m poaw f~ac

woi xdpwak dl Cdkml+ udwo m òm~ei mxxkdig dl @a#

===8 nt cimlp af m kale àlgy`wa~ pypxilgig alxakip /woi mlmkaedip udwo woi wikie~mxo m~i anvdayp$,

Oauivi~+ woi ylwd~dle Vakwm gaip law ilg odp i#

xi~dcilwp oi~i: oi w~mlpfa~cp woi xdpwak dlwa m iy#

gdaciwi~+ ml dlpw~ycilw ypig wa pwygt woi

.n~imwomnkilipp. af woi md~+ dl awoi~ ua~gp+ woi Xi=%#

ìlwmei af gixokaedpwd` md~ /ateil$ dl woi md~,

Nt ixi~dcilwdle lau udwo woi dlfkmccmnki md~

af ciwmkp /otg~aeil$ dlpwimg af udwo ciwomli+ oi

xdlxadlwp woi .n~imwomnkilipp. udwo ~icm~bmnki

x~i dpdal mw >8 ), Fy~woi~ca~i+ Vakwm mlwd dxm#

wip+ dl wodp `mpi gd~i`wkt+ woi gdpàvi~t af woi àc#

xapdwdal af umwi~ /otg~aeil mlg ateil$ cmgi ntKmvadpdi~ dl =5?0, Dl fm`w+ nawo woi dlpw~ycilw /woi

iygdaciwi~$ mlg woi ciwoag m~i pyeeipwig nt Vak#

wm gy~dle odp vdpdw wa Xm~dp dl =5?>, Mp m cmwwi~ af

fm`w+ oi xadlwp ayw wa Kmvadpdi~ mlg Kmxkmì womw

dl woi iygdaciwi~ woi àcnypwdal af otg~aeil mlg

ateil x~agyìp m uodwdpo vmxay~ uodò+ oaui#

vi~+ dp law dgilwdfdmnki udwo woi umwi~ vmxay~

/pwimc$, Dlgiig+ Vakwm dp ~iky`wmlw wa m`ìxw woi

òicd`mk ~ivakywdal x~axapig nt Kmvadpdi~,

Dl =548 oi dcx~avip odp iygdaciwi~ mlg iygda#

ciw~d` ===imPYJ%ipa pyò ml iwilw womw ivil dl

=?89 val Oycnakgw mlg Emt#Kyppm ,àlpdgi~ womwdw udkk ni gdff d ykw wa xi~fi w dw fy,~woi~, Dl woi ciml#

wdci+ oi givawip odcpikf wa woi pwygt af empip f~ac

woi xadlw af vdiu af xotpd`p mlg dl =540 oi m~~dvip

mw giwi~cdldle woi à#iffd`dilw af woi gdkmwmwdal af

md~ mw àlpwmlw x~ippy~i+ udwo m e~imwi~ x~i`dpdal

woml womw anwmdlig ldli tim~p kmwi~ nt Emt#Kyppm`,

Dl =547+ oi `m~~dip ayw cimpy~icilwp af woi vm#

xay~ wilpdal af umwi~ uodò mlwd`dxmwi woapi af

Gmkwal mlg memdl m~i cyò ca~i x~i`dpi,

F~ac woi niedlldle af woi ldliwdip+ mfwi~ woi xy#

nkd mwdal af .Gi Vd~dnyp. dl =54=+ Vakwm dp dlvak#

vig dl woi àlw~avi~pt udwo Emkvmld,

Mfwi~ odp dldwdmk ilwoypdmpc+ Vakwm niàcip pw~alekt

=6



MKIPPMLGÂ VAKWM: VDWM I AXI^M P@DILWDFk@M ! KDFI MLG P@ DILWDFD@ U A^B

wicilwi `~dwd a i+ mk àlw~mla gd Emkvmld+ dlgd#

vdgym lid ciwmk Ddd.cawa~d. gikk%ikiww~d`dwm i lik#

Di ~mli gid picxkd d ~lm pilpdpdndkd ~dvikmwa~d+ ]yi#

pwm dlwi~x~iwmzdali ekd fm awwili~i lik =547 km ci#

gmekdm @axkit gmkkm âtmk Pa diwt+ yl ~dàlap`d#

~lilwa w~m dxdkd mcndwd+ k%i}ydvmkilwi i kd }yikka òi

aeed i dk x~i~lda Lanik, Cm Emkvmld ig demkvm#

ldmld x~ipilwmla mkw~d ipxi~d~lilwd òi picn~mla

~dnmkwm~i gd lyava k%dlwi~x~iwmzdali+ md }ymkd Vak#

wm ~dpxalgi mkkm~emlga md àlgywwa~d gd piàlgm

`kmppi /ycdgd$ Di kieed gid ciwmkkd+ papwdwyilga mk#km ~mlm àci ~dvikmwa~i k%ikiww~aciw~a àlgilpm#

wa~i ig dlfdli ~imkdzzmlga km xdkm+ dldzdmkcilwi

x~ipilwmwm àci .a~emlm ikiww~dà m~wdfd`dmki. + dl

xakicd`m àl km x~iwipm mywalacdm gikkm ikiww~d#

`dwm mld~lmki, Km xappdndkdwm gd x~agy~~i à~~ilwd

ikiww~dòi mv~inni `mcndmwa km p`dilzm i km wii#lakaedm gik lyiva piàka,

Vakwm àci fdpd a pxi~dcilwmki i g dlvilwa~i gd

pw~ycilwd inni py`ìppd pilzm xm~d+ ~l m aeed a`#

à~~i mlòi ~d a~gm~i dpya- lawivakd àlw~dnywd

wia~d`d /x~aga~wa gd e~mlgizzi dlwilpdvi ig ipwil#

pdvi+ wilpdali+ `mxm`dwm+ kieei gi k àlwmwwa ndci#

wmkkdia+ m~capfi~i ikiww~dòi$ òi+ xy~ pieyilga

yl fdkali lal liuwaldmla+ pd ~dviJm~ala x~izda#

pd xi~ = 8 pvdkyxxa gikki p`dilzi pxi~dcil~mkd gik#

k%Awwaìlwa,

`~dwd`mk mlg+ dl àlw~mpw wa Emkymld+ oi giwi`wp dl

ciwmkp woi .cawa~. af iki`w~d`dwt mlg dl f~aep pdc#

xki nyw pilpdwdvi giwi`wa~p af iki w~d dwt, Wodp dlwi~#

x~iwmwdal kimgp wa odp nidle mum~gig dl =547 woi

âtmk Pa`diwt @axkit cigmk+ ali af woi capw pay#

eow mfwi~ mum~gp+ woi i}ydvmkilw af woi Lanik x~dzi

wagmt, Nyw Emkymld mlg odp fakkaui~p x~ipilw awoi~

ixi~dcilwp uod o piic wa ~ivi~pi woi dlwi~x~iwm#

wdal, Alì ca~i Vakwm ~ipxalgp nt iwilgdle woi

kmup af ciwmkp wa piàlg `kmpp àlgy`wa~p /oycdg$

pynpwdwywdle woi f~ae mp giwi`wa~p udwo woi àlgil#

pi~ iki w~aciwi~ mlg fdlmkkt àlpw~y wdle odp .Xdki.+

dldwdmkkt x~ipilwig mp ml .m~wdfd dmk iki w~d` a~eml.+

dl àlw~avi~pt udwo woi `kmdcig mywalact af mld#

cmk iki`w~d`dwt, Woi xappdndkdwt af x~agy`dle iki`#

w~d` `y~~ilwp ump wa òmlei p`dilì mlg wi o == 8 kaet

wl woi liu ìlwy~t,

Mp ml ixi~dcilwmk xotpd`dpw mlg dlvilwa~ af dl#

pw~ycilwp+ Vakwm iljatig yli}ymkkig py` ipp+ nyw

laumgmtp ali cypw ~icicni~ mkpa odp lawmnki

woia~iwd mk àlw~dnywdalp /woi x~agy w af dlwilpdvi

mlg iwilpdvi }ymlwdwdip+ wilpdal+ `mxm`dwt+ woi

kmu af ndciwmkkd` àlwm w+ mwcapxoi~d iki w~d dwt$

uodò+ uodki eadle memdlpw woi Liuwaldml kdli+

ui~i wa x~avi dlvmkymnki fa~ woi givikaxcilw af

woi ixi~dcilwmk p`dilìp af woi ideowiilwo ìl#

wy~t,

=5



MKIPPMLGÂ VAKWM

NDNKDAE^MFkM ! NDNKDAE^MXOT

A X I ^ I G ~ V AK W M D VAKWM%P UA^BP

@akkizdali gikki axi~i gik `mv, àlwi Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ xmw~dzda ``cmpà /@akki`wdal af woi Ua~bp n t

@aylw M, v , + m @aca xmw~d`dml$ m `y~ m gd V dl ìl za Mlwdla~d+ Xdmwwd+ Fd~ilzi =?=6+ 0 wacd dl 9 vaky#

==== ,

Ki Axi~i gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Igdzdali l mzdal mki pawwa e kd mypxd`d g ikkm ^ imki M `` mg ic dm gid Kdlìd

i gik ^ imki Dpwdwywa Dacnm~ga gd p`dilzi i kiwwi~i /Woi Ua~bp af M, v , + Lmwdalmk Igdwdal ylgi~ woi my#

pxdìp af woi âtmk M`mgict af Kdlìd mlg af woi âtmk Kacnm~g Dlpwdwywi af P`dilì mlg M~wp$+ Oai#

x kd+ C dkm la =4=?#=4>4+ 5 v a k y c d /~dpw+ mlmpwmwd m: Jaol pal ^ ix~dl w+ L iu T a~b =464$,

Ixdpwakm~da gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Igdzdali lmzdalmki pawwa e kd mypxd`d gikk%Dpwdwywa ka~lnm~ga g% p`dilzi

i kiwwi~i i g ikkm Pa`diwm dwmkdml m gd fdpd`m /M , V, # odp kiwwi~p, Lmwdalmk Igdwdal ylgi~ woi mypxdìp ak woi

Kacnm~g Dlpwdwywi ak P`dilì mlg M~wp mlg ak woi Dwmkdml Xotpd`mk Pa`diwt$+ Z ml d` oikkd+ N aka el m =474#

=499+9 vakycd,

Meedylwi mkki Axi~i i mkk%Ixdpwakm~da gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /Mggdwdalp wa wo i Ua~bp mlg Kiwwi~p adM , V ,$+

Zmldòikkd+ N a k a e lm =466,Dlgdì gikki Axi~i i gikk%Ixdpwakm~da gd M, Vakwm /Dlgi ak woi Ua~bp mlg Kiwwi~p af M, V,$+ m `y ~m gd M ,Fi~~iwwd Wa~~dìkkd+ ^ypàld+ C D m la + p,g,+ > vakycd,

P @ ^ DW W D P Y V A KW M D XYNKD@MWDALP ÎEM^GDLE VAKWM

@ A L W I P W A E I L I ^ M K I ! NM@BEÂYLG ÎMGDLE

C I ^ D I+ Ki wi~~i+ k%m`}ym+ ki m~di+ N a k a e lm =4?7,

N I V D K M @ ] Y M , & F I ^ ^ M ^ I P DM ,+ .Xi~ ylm pwa~dm gikka pvdkyxxa giYm cmwicmwd`m i g ikkm f dpd` m m Xm~dedi Xmvdm likk%iwm gikkm ~dvakyzdali.+ dl E Y G I ^ Z A /=44=$+ x x, = 44 #> 98 ,

@ AO I L O ,I + Woi p`dilwdfd ~ivakywdal, M odpwa~dae~mxod mk dl}yd~t+ @od`mea =447,

Gi C M G G M K I L M M,+ ^ A WIk Kd I, & NM^ NM^DPkE, /m `y~m gd$+ Iàlacdm+ dpwdwyzdald+ `ykwy~m dl Kac#

nm~gdm likk% iwm gd Cm~dm Wi~ipm 0 vakp,+ N akae l m = 4 ? >,

E YG I^ ZA E , /m `y~m gd$+ Xmvdm i d pyad wi~~dwa~d pwal`d dl iwm R~mlìpi /@alviela gd pwygd+ X mv dm = ># =7

awwan~i =4?4$+ dl Mllmkd gd Pwa~dm Xmvipi+ __ /=44=$,

O I D K N ^ A L S,K,+ Iki`w~d`dwt dl woi =5wo mlg J ?wo ìlwy~dip+ N i ~b ik it #K a p M l e iki p# K al g al =454,

O ID KN ^ A L S,K,+ .I xi~dc il wmk l mwy ~mk xodkapaxot. + dl ^ A Y PPI M Y& X A ^ WI ^ ^ , /=4?8$+ xx, 095#0?5,,

O ID KN ^ A L J,K,+ Uideodle dcxalgi~mnkip mlg awoi~ }ymlwdwmwdvi p dil i m~aylg =?88 Ni~bikit =440,

O A K C I P F,K,+ Ideowiilwo#ìlwy~t òicdpw~t mp ml dlvipwdemwdvi ilwi~x~dpi+ Yldvi~pdwt af @ mkdfa~l dm mw

Ni~bikit =4?4,O AC I ^ ,U + Iki`w~d`dwt mlg ixi~dcilwmk xotpd p dl =?wo# ilwy~t Iy~axi+ Mkgi~poaw =44>,

BYOL W P ,+ . C mwo ic mwd` mk vp, i xi~dc il wmk w~mg dwda lp dl woi givikaxc il w af xotpd`mk p` dil ì. + dlJay~lmk af Dlwi~gdp dxkdlm~t Odpwa~t+ V DD /=456$+ xx, =#0=,

^ A P P k X /gd~iwwa~i$+ Pwa~dm gikkm p`dilzm cagi~lm i àlwicxa~mlim+ vakk, =#>+ W a~dl a = 4 ? ? ,

^ A Y P P IM Y E ,P , & X A ^ W I ^ ^, /m `y~m gd$+ Woi Ri~cilw ak blaukigei, Pwygdip dl woi odpwa~dae~mxot ak

ideowiilwo#ìlwy~t p dilì+ @mcn~dgei =4?8,

P @ O M F F I ^ P9,+ .L mwy ~mk xodkapaxot. dl ^ A Y P P IM Y& X A ^W I^ /= 4? 8$+ xx, 99#4=,

P @ O Y P W I J , & U MW@ O k^ P E ,+ . L mwy ~mk xodkapaxot+ ixi~dc il w ml g gdpày ~pi dl woi = ?wo ìl wy ~t. +

dl Ixi~dcilwmk dl}yd~dip /m `y~m gd Ki E^Md[WA O,I,$+ Ga~g~iòw =448+ xx, = #7? ,

WID@OCMLL J,+ Zy~ Ilwud`bkyle val E~ylgnie~dfil gi~ Ikiow~dzdwgwpkio~i+ dlpnipalgi~i gip ikiow~d#

pòil Pw~acip ndp =?>8+ Odkgipoidc =457,

= ,?



MKIPPMLGÂ VAKWM: N~lKkAE^MFDM D NDNYAE^MXOT

DL W I ^ X ^ I W M Z DA L D G D V A K WM D @^DWD@MK PWYGDIP A L VAKWM

M N N ^ D F+ M kip pm lg ~a V akwm , I kiww~a fa ~a + ` al gi lp mwa ~i + x dpwa ki i kiwwl ò i /pyxxk+ gd Wiblap+ DV$+ âcm

=449,

N I K K A L I I,+ .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm.+ dl G I = v= MG GM KI LM &MK, /=4?>$+ Dkk+ xx, 79=#794,

N I ^ L M ^ G D # U + Rrkydgd gikkm vdwm+ mdki a~dedld gikkm àlw~ayi~pdm pykk%ikiww~dmwm mlwcmki+ Fd~ilzi =44>,

F ^ I E A L I P I K ,+ .Wua gdffi~ilw p`dilwdfd` x~ae~mccip, Vakwm%p iki`w~a kaet mlg @aykacn%p iki`w~apwm#

w d p.+ dl îpwmedle @aykacn, Ypmeip+ àlw~ayi~pip iw ~ixkd`mwdalp mywiy~ gi Kmnmkml i gi wa~pdal /m `y#

~m gd NKALGIk , @, & GA^^D IP C,$+ Fd~ilzi =447,

F ^ I E A L I P I K,+ .==x~ae~mccm ikiww~dà gd Vakwm, Mk`yli àlpdgi~mzdald pykkm pwa~dae~mfdm vdeilwi.+ dl

Myd gik _VD @ale~ippa Lmzdalmki gd Pwa~dm gikkm Fdpd`m i gikk%Mpw~alacdm+ @aca =445+ xx, 09#60,

F ^ I E A L I P K,+ Vakwm%p iki w~d`mk x~ae~mcci+ Xo,G woipdp+ @mcn~dgei Yldvi~pdwt =444,

EDEY N I ^ Z A K M ^ J M ,+ Mkippmlgc Vakwm i km `ykwy~m p`dilwdfd`m i wi`lakaed`m w~m %588 i %?88+ Cdkmla

=440,

EYAZZk C ,+ .Dk Vakwm gikkm piàlgm cmldi~m.+ dl @ykwy~m i P`yakm+ V /=466$+ xx+ >09#>04,

EYAZZD C, /m `y~m gd$+ Axi~i pìkwi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ Wa~dla =4652 =44?,

EYAZZD C,+ .@alpalmlzi i gdppalmlzi w~m k%ikiww~ap~mwd m gd @mvilgdpo i }yikkm gd Vakwm.+ dl Xotpdp+_ D /=464$+ xx, >0=#>7?,

OID KNÂL J ,K+ .Vakwm.+ dl Gd wdalm~t af P dilwdfd` Ndae~mxn²+ Liu Ta~b+ vak, _L /=456$+ xx ,,64#?>,

OID KNÂL S,K,+ dl OID KNÂL /=454$+ xmppdc,

C M P P M ^ G D F,+ .@alà~gmlzm gd ~dpykwmwd i fallyki i~li~eilwd gm cmlap`~dwwd dligdwd gik Vakwm `ml }yik#

kd ~d`mvmwd gmkkm fdpdà#cmwi~lmwd m likkm ~dpakyzdali gik x~ankicm eili~mki gikk%ikiww~apwmwd`m.+ dl îl#

gd alwd gikk%kpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ KVD /=4>0$+ xx+ >40#08?,

CMPPM^Gk F,+ .'ykk% dcxa~wmlzm gid àlìwwd 88 gm~lilwmkd ipxapwd gmk Vakwm lik =564 likkm pym x~dcm

c ic a~dm p` dil wdfd` m G i vd m ww~m `wdy m de ldp ikim~d`d.+ dl îlgdàlwd gikk%kpwdwypa Kacnm~ga+ K D_ /=4>6$+

xx,050#0?=,

C;[,pPM^Gk I+ Iaxi~m gdMkippmlg~a Vakwm+ Pìkwm gd p ~dwwd+ @ml calae~mfdi a~dedlmkd pya`dmP@Y==8id va#

kycd gikkm Igdzdali Lmzdalmki+ Cdkmla =4>5,

k vD MPPM^GD F, & PACMkLD F , /m `y~m gd$+ kk Wicxda Vakwdmla dl @aca+ @aca =404 /~dpwmcxi mlmpwmwd#

òi =450+ % 455$,

CkIY M ,+ Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ âcm =4>5,

XML@MKGk E ,+ Ml ilkdeowilig xotpd`dpw, Mkippmlg~a Vakwm mlg iki`w~d`dwt+ =579#=?>5+ Xo,G, woipdp+

Afa~g Yldvi~pdwt =440,

XAKVMLD E ,+ Mkippml,g~a Vakwm+ Xdpm =47>,

XI^M C,+ Km ~mlm mcndeym, Km àlw~ayi~pdm pykk%ikiwwl`dwm mldcmki w~m Emkvml2 i Vakwm+ Wa~dla =4?6,

VAKXMWD@+ MKippmlg~a Vakwm likkm eka~dm i likk%dlwdcdwm+ Cdkmla =4>5,

@ A LW ^ DN YW D V AK W DM QL D D @AKKI@WIG UA^BP

M CM KG W I,+ .Mwwymkdwm gd Vakwm likkm fdpd`m cagi~lm.+ dl P`dilwdm @_kk/=#7$ /=455$+ xx, =5=#=?5,

N I K K A G S E,+ .== xmw~dcalda pwa~dà p`dilwdfdà gikkm Pizdali gd Fdpd`m gik Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Y#

ldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm.+ dl Dlpw~ycilwm, DD xmw~dcalda pwa~d a p dilwdf d a dwmkdmla: Ylm ~imkdm pw~ma~gdlm~dm

/m `y~m gd G ^ M E A L D E,+ Nakaelm =44=+ xx, >==|>=7,

N K I Z Z M F, + Emkvmld i Vakwm ,,,Km xakicd m pykk%ikiww~d ym+ N~ip`dm =4?0,

G I PM LWD KK ML M E,+ .Vakwm.+ dl P`dilwdfd Mci~d`ml+ @@_DD/D$ /=469$+ xx, ?>#4=,

GD NLI^ N ,+ Mkippmlg~a Vakwm mlg woi iki`w~d` nmwwi~t+ L iu Ta~b =467,

F ^ E A L I P I K,+ .Ekd dlfkyppd gd Napàvdò i gikkm òdcd`m gikki mffdldwm likki x~dci fmpd gikk%ikiww~aka#

=4



ND@ILWILMDYA GIKK%JLVILZDALI GIKKM XkKM

edm gd Vakwm.+ dlMwwd gik _kD @ale~ippa Lmzdalmki gd Pwa~dm gikkm Fdpd`m+ Cdkmla =447+ xx, 4=#=86,

EMKKD ^, /m `yc gd$+ A c m ee da m kdm P `di lzm , M ki pp ml g~ a Vakwm /=54=#=44=$, N d` il wi lm la g ie kd i px i~ d#cilwd yakwdmld+ âcmla gd Dlvi~dea =44=,

EDEKD NI^ZAKMJY M+ .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /=579#=?>5$ lik piàka gikkm ~dvakyzdali p`dilwdfd`m i wi`la#kaed`m.+ dl Nakkiwwdla g ikkm P a`diwi X mvipi g d P wa ~dm X mw~dm + ___VDDD /=4?6$+ xx, =6=#=56,

E~iy NI^ZAKM^k M,+ %AKi~dì~òi vakwdmli pykki x~ax~diwm ikiww~dòi gikki `m~ili gd àlgy~wa~d m gyi#

ìlwa mlld gmkka~a dldzda.+ dl îlgdàlwd gikk%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ @__VD /=44>$,

Ek@Kk NI^ZAKM D M ,+ %%%%Dlpaccm i Dm gdffi~ilzm gid ci~mkkd òi fm.: Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ cmeeda =54>.+

dl Dk Lyava Pmeedmwa~i+ /=440/=$$+ xx, 7>#9=,

E~`KD NI^ZAKM^W M , /m `y~m g d$ + K ,V N~yelmwikkd: Gdm~da gik vdmeeda dl Padzzi~m i dl F~ml`dm `ml Mkip|

pmlg~m Vakwm lik=?8=+ Nakaelm =445,

EDKK P,+ .M Vakwmd` ildecm mlg m xappdnki pakywdal wa dw.+ dl Mll, P`d,+ ___DDW /=456$+ xx, 09=#058,

OIkkJ0ÂL J,K,+ .Vakwm%p xmwo wa woi nmwwi~t.+ dl Piki`wig waxd p dl woi odpwa~t af iki w~aòicdpw~t /m @=,=#

~m gd GYN XI^LIKK E, & UIPWNÂAB J,O ,,$+ X~dlìwal =45?+ xx, 04#69, ,

K M E Y Z Z D M,+ .D xlcd mlld gd X , @m~ka Nm~kiwwd m Xmvdm i dPYAD ~mxxa~wd àl dk Vakwm.+ dl ^dì~òi /Nak#kiwwdla giekd Pàkmxd dwmkdmld$+ /=4?4/=$$+ xx, =|>5,

kvdM^MZZD K,+ @mclmea i km wacnm gd Vakwm+ K d alp @kyn Calwdìk ka =44? ,,

CM^WDLALk ^, /m `y~m gd$+ Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, V dm e ed dl P y dz zi ~m 2 @aca#Xmvdm =44=,

CAAÎ @I,+ PCAKDLPBD M , VAL &JMPIKPBDP N ,+ .Vakwm mp vakwciwi~.+ dl DIII Pxi`w~yc+ Cm~ò =446+

xx,04#77,

X M L @ M K G D E,+ .Iki`w~d`dwt mlg kdfi, Vakwm%p xmwo wa woi nmwwi~t.+ cOdpw, Pwyg ,,Xotp, Ndak, P`d,+ __D/=$/=448$+ xx+ =>0#=68, ,

X M L @ M K G D E,+ .Woi pa`dmk ypip af xmpw p`dilì, @ikin~mwdle Vakwm dl fmp dpw Dwmkt.+ dlLmwy~mk p`dilìpmlg oycml woayeow /m `y ~m gd ZUDKKDLE$ + Ni~kdl =449,

XIC C ,+ .O au `~y ` dmk dp m `~y `dmk ixi~dcilw, ^ ifki `wda lp a l woi E mkvml d#V akwm àl w~avi~pt. + dl

F~ac K yde d E m kv ml d wa àlwicxa~m~t liy~andakaet+ Ni~kdl =4?4+ xx, =4#05,

Î@ILWD C, /m `y~m gd$+ K% ikiww~acazdali, Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ âcm =4?5,

PINMPWkMLD I+ .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm.+ dl PINMPWD ML- I+ Dfkydgd dcxalgi~mndkd+ `mka~i ig ikiww~dmwm gm Liu#

wal m Jayki+ Nm~d =448+ xx, =>4#=76,

P A @DI W M P W A^ D@ M @ACILPI+ Dlwa~la m Vakwm, @iwd+ e~yxxd+ xi~pali w~m k#dfalli i ~dyakyzdald likk!m~im

àcmp`m /=568#=?08$+ dl Xi~dagdà gikkm Pa`diwm Pwa~d`m @acilpi+ KVDDD /=446$,

PAÎPDLWI+ M ki pp ml g~ a V a kwm + Cdkmla =4??,

VI^Î@@ODM M,+ .Kdòwilni~e ylg Vakwm.+ dl Pygoaffp M~òdv+ Y+ /=465$+ xx, 074#068,

VAKXMWD @+ .Mcd`d i m~lcd~mwa~d gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm dl @i~cmlkm.+ dl Lyaym ^dydpwm Pwa~d m+ _D

/=4>5$+ xx, 900#958,

VAY%MWD @+ P ` ~d ww d V a kw dm l w /m `y~m gd K Y @ M W D V , $ + @aca =457,UDIGICMk%kL O,^,+ .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm i dkfdpdà wigipà @o~dpwaxo Oidl~dò Xfmff.+ dl Xi~dag dà gik#km P a` di wm P wa ~d` m @acilpi+ KDD /=4?6#5$+ xx, 04#7?,

^M@@AKWI VAKWDMLI ! @AKKI@WDALP AL VAKWM

Pa`~IWM PWA^J@M @ACILPI + ^ m `` akw m V a kw dm l m+ @ac,a =?44+ /à cxa pwa ` dm $:

M C N ^ A P A K D P,+.Ki cigmekdi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm.+ VD+ xx , 0#>7,

FI^^DLD ^ ,+ . Km ` akkiz da li gid `d~likdd gd Vakwm x~ippa dk ^ , Dp~dwywa Kacnm~ga.+ DD+ xx, 9#=0,

FappMWD I+ .Iffi~li~dgd vakwdmli.+ Dv+ xx, 0#78,

E I C IK K D E ,+ . E il im ka edm ig m~cm eil~dkdzdm gikkm fmcdekdm Vakwm.+ V + xx, 0#=9,

XAEES @+ .DD pmkali gid `dcikdd.+ DDD+ xx, 0#=78,

>8



M KI PPM LG Â V AK WM : N DN KDA E^ MFDM ! N DN K DA E ^ M X O T

^ D@ O D M ,+ .V akwm i = m xdkm. + D+ xx, 0#97,

ÂVIkK- @+ %|xxm~iiiod vakwdmld àlpi~vmwd lik ^ , Kd ia Fapàka g d X mv dm .+ DD+ xx, 09#05,

V A K W M Z,+ .@illd dkkypw~mwdvd gikki wmvaki gid ` dc ikdd vakwdml d. + DD+ xx, = 5#0= ,

K W DW Y W A K A C N M^ G A + Liw ìlwilmla gikkm ca~wi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Gdpà~pd i lawi gik x~ipykilwi Ni~#

zakm~d+ gid CC, I I, E~mppd i Cy~mld i gid PP, @`, Pac dekdmlm i Vakwm+ Cdkmla =4>5+ /à~lxapwa gm$:

M LA L,+ .Km lyavm igi gik `m~wikkm~da vakwdmla i km mllippm ndnkdawi`m, Lawdzdi pwa~d oi.+ xx ,

>4#=7=#

MLAL,+ .P`~dwwd g ik V akwm 8 ò i =8~deym~gmla+ pwm~lxmwd liekd Mwwd gi k ^, Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga i k d

P`dilzi i Ki~wi~i.+ xx, =79#=7?,

E^ M PPD F + .Kieed gik Vakwm i Jieed gik E mt#Ky ppm` i gik G mkwal . + xx, = 7#>7,

E ^ MP Pk F + .D kmva~d gik Vakwm i gik E mt#Ky ppm` py km gdkmwmzdali i k d mi~dfal l d xi~ D%mzdali gi k

`mka~i.+ xx, 60#4>,

E^MPPD%F+ .Wkmva~d gik V akwm i g ik G mkwa l py km wilpdali gi d vmxa~d.+ xx, 4 9#= >6,

CY^MLDA, + %Km xdkm gik Vakwm. xx,05#9? ,

P AC kE Y ML M @ ,+ . = = xilpdi~a p dilwdfdà gd M kippml g~a Vakwm. + xx+ 4#=0,

VAKWM K , .Mki pmlg~a Vakwm i km ciwia~akaedm+ pxi dmkcilwi ikiww~d`m.+ xx, >9#06,

@A CDWMW A XI^ kI A LA ^ML ZI M V AK WM /m `y~m gd$+ Mwwd gik @ale~ippa Dlwi~lmzdalmki gid Fdpd d /==#>8

piwwi~ln~i = 4 >5$+ > vakp,+ N akael m = 4 >? , Dk vaky c i àl wdil i ~ikmzdal d gd: M K @A N I I ,+ ,fy V kM G YZ Z DK,+M C I ^ J A M,+ MPWAL I U, + N A O ^ L ,+ N A ^L C ,+ N A PI G,C ,+ N A Y@ O I^ AW X+ N ^ M E E UK , + N^kGECML XU +N^DKKAYDL C,+ @ M N ^ I^ M N ,+ @M L WAL I C ,+ @ A C XWAL M,O,+ @ A ^ N DLA A,C ,+ @ A WDAL M+ G I N Â EK DI

C,+ GINT I =|+GY ML IU + IGG DLE WA L M,P,+ IO ÎL OM FW F, + F ^ M L @ B J ,+ F ^ I L B I K J , + F I ^ C D I,+ E M ^ N M 9 #

PA M+ EI^,KM@O U+ E JM LF ^M L@ IP @O D E ,+ E DA Ê D E ,+ E ^kJ LI DP IL I ,+ OMKK I,O,+ OIDPILNIÊ U+ JMLIW

X+ B I L L I K K T MI,+ B ^ M C I ^ P O,M+ K[L@CYc D,+ KM ^ APM C ,+ KM PM ÎFF X ,+ K M Y I C,v,+ K I V D @ ~V J WM W ,+

K A ^ I L W Z N,M,+ C MJA^ MLM ] ,+ C M^@ ALD E ,+ C `KIL LM L D,@+ CDKKDBML ^,M,+ XMP@OIL F, + XMYKD U+X I ^ Y @ @ M I,+ XKML@B C,+ ^D@OM^GPAL A,u,+ ^w~~OI^FA^G I, PMOM C,L, P L kI B M KM ,+ P A C C I ^F I KG M+

PWI^L 8,+ PW^MLIA X+ W A K C M L ^,@,+ V MK KM Y^ J E,` ,+ U M EL I^ BU,+ U A A G ^,U Dl xm~wdàkm~i+ pa #l a g ig d mwd m V akwm i mkk%ikiww~akaedm vakwdmlm:

MKàNI I,+ .Yl wikie~mfa iki~w~dia x~dc m gikkm pàxi~wm gikkm xdkm gd Vakwm.+ D+ xx, 0? 5,

MdvKI^kA M,+ .Vakwm i ki ki ee d g ikkm gdkm~mzdali i gid cdp`yekd giekd mi~dfa~cd.+ G+ xx, 6= =#6 >8,

N^DKKAYWL C,+ .]yipw dalp g%iki`w~d`dwi mwcapxoi~d}yi.+ D+ xx, 05= #0? 6,

@ A^ NDL A A ,C , .K%iffiwwa Vakwm i = m w ia ~d m ikiww~ald`m gikkm xdkm.+ DD+ xx, 04 #67,

EM^NMPPA M ,+ .@a~lcica~mzdali gdM kippml g~a V akwm.+ D+ xx, = = #>= ,

OMKK I,O,+ .V akwm%p woia~t af woi V akwm iffi`w: M c agi~l dl wi~x~iwmwdal . + DD + xx, =74#=9? ,

JMLIW X ,+ .Gdpà~pa.+ D+ xx, 0=#05,

B I L L I K K T MI,+ .Gdpà~pa.+ D+ xx, >0#08,

K M YI C , v AL +. Gdp à ~p a. + D+ xx, 04#77,

C M ^@ AL D E ,+ . Gdp` a~pa .+ DD + xx, 6 05#6 76 ,X I ^ Y @ @ M I ,+ .Iffiwwa w~dnaikiww~dà ig iffi~wa Vakwm.+ D W + xx, =94#=47 ,

XKML@B C,+ .Yni~ gdi Xawilwdmdgdffi~ilz vi~gyll~i~ Kappyleil.+ DD+ xx, 00#0?,

^ Y W O I ^ F A ^ G I,+ .Gdpà~pa.+ D+ xx, 79#75,

PAdVKCI^FIKGM ,+ .Zy~ Ikibw~alilwoia~di gik. Ci~mkki ylg gip Vakwm#Iffibwip l mò gi~ Fi~cd%#

pòil Pwmwdpwdb.+ DD+ x x, 774 #75 7,

@ACDWMWA XI ^ K I A L A^ ML ZI M V AK WM I C YL D@ DX DA G ~ @ AC A+ @aca mg Mdippmlg~a Vakwm liw DD ml##

wil#m~dm gikkm lmp dwm /= 579#= 4 79$+ @ ac a = 4 79+ /à~lxapwa gm$:

MK ~M WJ E ,+ .Ki ala~mlzi àcmp oi m V a kwm .+ xx, =?0#=46

F^JEI^DA F, + .Pmeeda gd dàlae~mfdm vakwdmlm.+ xx, =70#=96

F^=EI^DA I+ .D kyaeod , pm`l mkkm cica~dm gd Vakwm. + xx, = 4 5#>= 6

X A K V M L D E , + .Yaxi~m p`dilwdfd`m gd M kippml g~a V akwm. + xx, 94 #= = >

> ,=



N D@ IL WI LM ^DA A IK K%DL VI k. %[kZ DA LI G IK KM X D K M

^ A W M I,+ .km cilw i i k%mldcm gd M kippml g~a V akwm. + xx, =5M?

Â V I k K - K,+ . K m p a` di ~m àcmp`m md wicxd gik V akwm .+ x x, =95#=?>

Pa`~I W M DG Â I K I W W ^k @M A ,CM @DL M +K %ax i~m gik V akwm l ikka pvdky xxa gi kk% dl gy pw~dm ikiww~d` m. +

xx,>=5#>0>V M @ @ M ^ DX , + %%V akwm i D%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm. + xx, 74#9?

V A K X M W D@+ .K%ykwdca i xdp ag da g ikkm v dwm p `di lwdfd` m gdM , V akwm /K m }yipwdali gikkm gdfipm àl#wDA k m e ~ ml g dl i $ . + x, ==0#=7>

PaaIWM DWMKDML-, , DF=PD,@Mm `y~m gd$+ =98¸ mlldvi~pm~da gikkm ca~wi gd M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm /=579#=?>5$+

dl ]ymgi~ld gik Eda~lmki gd Fdpd`m+ DD/0$ /=455$+ /à~lxapwa gm$:

N ^ J M W A ^ I=,&^ M kv DM Z ZA W DDP ,+ . M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm i km p`yakm fdpd`m wa~dlipi.+ xx, 6>#57,

E ~yK aW W A K,+ . Mki ppm lg ~a V ak wm likkm pwa~dm gikkm fdpd`m.+ x x,,=#=6 ,,

K M F A ^ E DMC,+ .Wilpdald i à~~ilwd likkm .w~mgyzdali. f~mlìpi gikkm wia~dm gd Vakwm.+ xx, >4#

7>,

K Y @ M W -v , + .DD wicxda vakwdmla.+ xx+ ?0#4?,

X M P A Y I,+ .Mxxylwd py V akwm i =0 `kmppd`dwm.+ xx , =5#>?,

W I D@O CM L L S, + .Kdlfkyilzm i kd M kippml g~a V akwm dl E i~c ml dm+ pxi`dmkcilwi py E ia~e @ o~d#

pwaxo K d`nwil ni~e + J aoml l U dkoikc ^dwwi~ i E ia~e Pdc al A oc .+ xx, 70#68,

PA@= IWMPWA^ D@M@AC ILPI/=45?$+ @aldi~ilzi vakwdmli x~acappi gmkkm Pa`diwm Pwa~d`m @acilpi lik

ìlwa`dl}ymlwilm~da gikkm ca~wi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /=?>5#=455$+ dl ^m`àkwm Pwal`m gikkm Pa`diwm

Pwa~d m @acilpi+ _DDD /=45?$+ /àcxapwa gm$:

M L L A L D M,+ .@ykwy~m i p`yakm likk%ixa`m gik Vakwm. + xx, 64#=>7,

G I K y , , W A ^ ^ I P,,$ .K m `mpm gid V akwm dl @ ac a i dyad ~ipwmy~d a~waìl~ipòd.+ xx, =5#0?,

KY@ MW Dv,+.Vakwm i Lmxakiali.+ xx, 7=#69,

K Y @ M W Dv , + .K%igdzdali lmzdalmki gikki Axi~i i gikk%Ixdpwakm~da gd M ki pp ml g~a V akwm .+ xx, =>5#

=07,

K Y @ M W J v , + .Mxxylwd gd dàlae~mfdm vakwdmlm.+ xx, =05#=7> ,,

XÂ PG A @DCk ,K+ .P`dil zm i pwa~dae ~mfdm l ikkm @ ac a gd M kippml g~a V akwm w~m w~mgdzdali i ~dva#

kyzdali.+ xx, 0#=0,

DPWDWYWAKAC NM^ GA+Mkippmlg~a Vakwm =54>, Dlàlw~a gd pwygda Dw, > />> eillmda =440$+ Cdkmla =447+

/àcxapwa gm$:

N I ^ W ^ M L G G,+ .Gm Emkvmld m V akwm md l a pw~d e da ~l d, Kivakyzdali g ikkm ~ di i~ im ikiww~afdpdakaed#

`m. + xx, 94#67,

@~#KkMÂ~~f E,+ .K m wia~dm cd ~apàxd m g ikk%i ff iwwa V a kwm i =8=xdkm.+ xx, >=#7= ,,

XI^M C ,, .Wia~di+ ipxi~dcilwd i pw~y~lilwd piàlga Vakwm.+ xx, 5#>8,

W^d# [PMWWk9,, . Km xdkm gd V akwm: G yi` il wa mlld+ ~l m l al kd gdcapw~m.+ xx , 70#9?,

FALWD VAKWDMLI DM VAKWM PAY^@INAAB

F ^ I E A L I P IK,+ .M eeda~l mc il wa N dnkdae ~mfdà. + dl Axi~i pìkwi gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /m `y~m gd Eyaz#Zk C,$+ Wa~dla =4652 =44?+ xx, 04#78,

K Y @ M W DV+ .Ndnkdae~mfdm vakwdmlm, P`~dwwd xynnkd mwd dl a`` mpdal i gik =98¸ mlldvi~pm~da gikkm ca~wi i kd

M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm .+ dl Xi~dagd a gikkm Pa diwi Pwa~d`m @acilpi+ _ K V D D /=4?8$+ xx , >>5#>79,

K V @ M W DV+ kàlae~mfdm ig ixde~mfdm gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ @ a c a =4?>,

P M L W M L E I K AE, /m `y~m gd$+ Ndnkdae~mfdm vakwdmlm+ `d~`m 588 axi~i ~deym~gmlwd Vakwm+ dl à~pa i kd ikm#

na~mzdali lik E~yxxa gd Pwa~dm i Gdgmwwd m gikkm Fdpd m gik Gdxm~~dcilwa g d F dpd` m . M, V akwm. gikk%Y#

ldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ àlpykwmndki py Dlwi~liw m k p dwa owwx:!!uuu,`dkim,dw!vakwm44 /pa~~a .vakyci gd pwygdpwa~d`d pykkm vdwm i k%axi~m gd V akwm. 2 . fal wd x~dc m~di i piàlgm~di.$+

>>

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DK XÂE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD

X ^ A E ^ M C C I AF @IKIN^MWDA LP

W DX A KA EJM + I L Wk X ^ AC AW A ^-+ WICXD GJ ^ I MK DZ Z MZ DA L I! WT X AK A ET + X ^ AC A W DL E N AG DI P+ P @O IG Y K I

Km x~dcm x~axapwm gd x~ae~mc~ld gd dldzdmwdvi xi~

dk Ndiilwilm~da gikk%dlvilzdali gikkm Xdkm i pwm~mgikdlimwm pd l lid=449+ m l l i gik >988 mlldvi~pm#

~da gikkm lmp`d wm i kd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ xi~ dldzdm#wdvm gd yl E~yxxa gd Kmva~a àcxapwa gmekd Il#

wd wi~~dwa~dmkd à~lmpòd /X~avdl`dm+ @acyli i @m#

ci~m gd @a~l~li~`da$ i gmk @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m

P`dilwdfd`m .M, Vakwm., Lik gdìcn~i gikka pwippa

mlla dk E~yxxa+ `ml km àkkmna~mzdali gikk%Yld#

vi~pd~m gd Xmvdm i Rm àlpykilzm gd mk`yld ipxi~wd+

w~m d }ymkd ^d``m~ga Emkkd gikk %Yldvi~pd~m gd Cdkm#

la+ gmvm mdki pwmc xi y l .X~ae~mccm x~ikdcdlm#

~i.+ lik }ymki vildvmla mlwd`dxmwi ki kdlii eydgm

gik x~ipilwi X~ae~mccm,

Mxx~avmwm lik finn~mda gik =445 gmk @alpdekda

îedalmki gikkm Kacnm~gdm km kieei l, =8=45+ kmEdylwm îedalmki om dpwdwydwa dw @acdwm~a îeda#

lmki km `yd mwwdvd~m om alpilwdwa gd gdpxa~~i gid

x~dcd fdlmlzdmcilwd /xi~ iacxkippdvd 7 ~ldkdm~gd i

788 cdkdald gd kd~i w~m dk=445 i d==44?$, Dlgd 98#

la pwmwd àpwdwydwd d@acdwmwd x~aca~a~d gd @aca

/=8kyekda =445$ i gd Xmvdm /=44?$+ àl dk àc#

xdwa gd àa~gdlm~i ekd dlwi~vilwd m kdvikka ka`mki+

i dl fdl i dd @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki+ dpwdwydwa l ik gd #

ì~ln~i =445 àl gi`~iwa gik Cdldpw~a xi~ d Ni#

l d i ki M wwdvdwm @ y kwy ~mkd i `ml y l m x~dcm gawm#

zdali dk k yl cdkdm~ga gd kd~i gm gipwdlm~i m dlwi~#

vilwd gd ~ipxd~a lmzdalmki i dlwi~lmzdalmki, Mk#k%dlwi~vilwa gikkm îedali Ka~lnm~gdm pd pmlm mf#fdml`mwd }yikkd gikkm Falgmzdali @m~dxka /K, 988

cdkdald$ i gd Wikiàc Dwmkdm+ òi # akw~i m fdlml#

zdm~i kdl pdwa uin gikki ìkin~mzdald i m facd~i dkpyxxa~wa a~emldzzmwdva i pw~ycilwmki xi~ ki ì#

~dcaldi dlmyey~mkd i xi~ yl x~aeiwwa gikk%m~im ~i

kicmwd`m # om ~imkdzzmwa xi~ Dm îedali Kacnm~#

gdm dk Kaea yffd`mki gikki ìkin~mzdald, Mkw~d pxal#

pa~ omlla py`ìppdvmcilwi cippa m gdpxapdzdali

àlw~dnywd+ mlòi àlpdpwilwd+ i dlf~mpw~y~wy~i xi~

km ~imkdzzmzdali gikki mwwdvdwm dl x~ae~mccm,

@dmpiylm gikki dldzdmwdvi gip`~dwwi lik pieydwa ~i#

`m dk lacdlmwdva gik paeeiw~a mwwymwa~i+ pieydwagmkk%ivilwymki ilwi fdlmlzdmwa~i, D x~aeiwwd m `yd

98==8 pwmwd mppd`y~mwd fdlmlzdmcilwd gik @acdwmwi

Lmzdalmki+ gik @acdwmwa îedalmki i gik @acd#

wml Ka`mkd pala àlw~mppielmwd m cm~edli àl dk

Kaea yffd dmki giKki ìkin~mzdald:

Ml im~kt aywkdli af woi X~ae~mcci fa~ woi Nd#ìlwilldmk ìkin~mwdalp af woi dlvilwdal af woiNmwwi~t ump g~mul yx dl =449+ woi tim~ af woi>98wo mlldvi~pm~t af Vakwm%p nd~wo+ nt dldwdmwdviaf m Ua~bdle Wimc cmgi yx af ka`mk @aca dl#pwdwywdalp /X~avdlì+ Waul @ayl`dk mlg @omc#ni~ af @acci~ì$ mlg nt woi @ilw~i af P`dil#wdfd` @ykwy~i ;fk, Vakwm., Woi E~ayx+ dl àkkmna#~mwdal udwo woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm mlg woi mg#vdì af ixi~wp pyò mp ^d``m~ga Emkkd f~ac woiYldvi~pdwt af Cdkml+ dppyig wa woi x~ipp dl Gi#ìcni~ af woi pmci tim~ m .X~ikdcdlm~t X~a#e~mcci. àlwmdldle woi nmpip fa~ woi `y~~ilwx~ae~mcci,

Wo~ayeo woi îedalmk Kmu l, =8=45 /mxx~avigdl Fin~ym~t =445$ woi Kacnm~gt îedal @ac#cdwwii omp niil piw yx+ uodò m`wig dl a~gi~ waedvi m`ìpp wa woi fd~pw fdlml dmk mkka`mwdalp /Dw,K, 7,788 cdkkdal dl =445 mlg =44?$, Woi X~a#cawdle @accdwwiip af @aca /=8wo Jykt =445$mlg Xmvdm /=44?$ woil fakkauig+ uoapi jan umpwa à#a~gdlmwi ka`mk dldwdmwdvip, Woi Lmwdalmk@accdwwii omp niil piw yx dl Giìcni~ =445nt gi`~iiaf woi Dwmkdml Cdldpw~t af woi M~wp mlg@ykwy~mk M`wdvdwdip mlg udwo ml dldwdmk àlw~d#nywdal af m ndkkdal kd~i wa ni mkka`mwig wa lmwda#lmk mlg dlwi~lmwdalmk x~aji`wp, F~ac woi vi~tniedlldle+ mkale udwo woi Kacnm~gt îedal%p

àlw~dnywdal+ woi~i ui~i mkpa woi àlw~dnywdalpaf woi @M^DXKA Faylgmwdal /Dw, K,988 cdk#kdal$+ mlg Wikiàc kwmkdm+ uodò # avi~ mlg mna#vi woi gd~i`w fdlml`dle af m uin pdwi af woi ìki#n~mwdalp mlg x~avdgdle woi a~emldpmwdalmk mlgx~m wd mk pyxxa~w fa~ woi dlmyey~mk ì~icaldipmlg fa~ m wikicmwd` x~aji`w # x~avdgig woi ~i#edalmk àccdwwii udwo woi affd`dmk kaea fa~ woiìkin~mwdalp, Awoi~ pxalpa~p omvi pynpi}yilwktaffi~ig àlw~dnywdalp+ paci af m pynpwmlwdmk lm#wy~i+ mlg woi dlf~mpw~y`wy~i fa~ woi ~imkdpmwdalaf woi ivilwp dl woi x~ae~mcci,

Imò af woi dldwdmwdvip gip`~dnig nikau `m~~dipwoi lmci af woi x~axapi~+ fakkauig nt woipxalpa~ uoi~i mxxkd`mnki: woi x~aji`wp uod oomvi niil mppy~ig fdlmlì nt woi Lmwdalmk@accdwwii+ woi îedalmk @accdwwii+ mlg woiKa`mk @accdwwiip `m~~t woi affd dmk kaea:

>0



ND@ILWILM^DA GIK|DLVILZDALI GIKKM XDKM

K%a~gdli gd x~ipilwmzdali gid x~aei~wd likkm x~i#

pil~i xynnkd`mzdali i dk pieyilwi:

# Xynnkd`mzdald i ~dì~òi: axi~i gd Vakwm /dli#

gdwd i ~dpwmcxi$2 ~dì~òi i pwygd vakwdmld2 va#kycd gdvykemwdvd dlwa~la m Vakwm i wicd à~#

~ikmwd2 ~d i~òi+

# @alvield: p`dilwdfd`d gd `m~mwwi~i gdvykemwdva,

Gdgmwwd`m i gdffypdali: vdgiagdffypdali /vd#

giaàlfi~ilzi i w~mpcdppdald wikivdpdvi$2 dl#

wi~liw /pdwd uin$2 gdgmwwd`m dlwi~mwwdvm /iod#

ndw i kmna~mwa~d$2 mxxkd`mzdald cykwdci`kdmkd

/@G#ÂC$,

# Cypidi Capw~i: cypid i mdkipwdcilwd xi~c m#

lilwd2 ~lap~~i pwmlzdmkd2 capw~i dwdli~mlwd2 mk#

w~d ivilwd ipxapdwdvd àkkiemwd,

# Wi`lakaedi /pxi~dcilwmzdald lik piw~a~i wiki#

cmwdà+ ili~eiwdà i gid w~mpxa~wd$+

# Mkw~i dldzdmwdvi /m~wi+ pxa~w+ pxiwwmàka+ vmgi$,

Xi~à~pd vakwdmld: km vmka~dzzmzdali gid nikkd

pwa~d`d i calycilwmkd likki `dw~m gd Vakwm /gi#

p`~dzdald i dlwi~vilwd gd ~ipwmy~ai ~dx~dpwdla m

@aca+ m Xmvdm i x~ippa k%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga

m Cdkmla$,

Ki Eda~lmwi gd mxi~wy~m gikki @ikin~mzdald pd

mv~mlla m âcm+ Xmvdm i @aca /`f~+ xx, 4#==$+ km

x~dcm+ àl dkpyxxa~wa gik @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki i

gikk%M``mgi~ldm Lmzdalmki gid Kdlìd+ Di py`ìppd#vi `ml dkpyxxa~wa gikkm pwippa @acdwmwa Lmzda#

lmki+ gid @a~ldwmwd X~acawa~d ka`mkd i k%dlwi~vil#

wa gd pxalpa~ x~dvmwd,

K%m~ a wicx a~mki gikki dldzdmwdvi mnn~m``dm ek d ml#

ld =444 i >888 # dlgdvdgymlga àci gmwi pdc#

nakd oi ipw~ici dd>8 cm~za ikd ilw~m~lnd ekd mlld

/gik >8 cm~za =?88 i =mkiwwi~m `ml `yd Vakwm à#

cyld`mvm mkkm âtmk Pa`diwt k%dlvilzdali gikkm Xd#

km$ # + i km wicxa~dzzmzdali dlgd`mwm+ }ymlga edm

gifdldwm+ m``mca m aeld x~aeiwwa, l X~ae~mccm

àcx~ilgi mlòi dlwi~vilwd x~aeiwwmwd i!a ~im#

Ddzzmwd dlmlld x~iìgilwd /=446#=44?$ avvi~a ml#òi py`ìppdvd />88=$,

W o i x ~i pi lwm wda l a ~g i~ a f wo i x ~a ji `wp =' mp fa kkau p:

# Xynkd`mwdalp mlg ~ipim~ò: u a~bp af Vakwm /yl#x yn kdp oi g m lg ~ ix ~dl wi g$ ~ ip im ~` oi p m l g p wy gdi p

al V akwm 2 dlfa ~c mwdvi g a`y cil wp a l V akwm m lg~ i ki v ml w p y nj i` wp 2 ~ ip i m~ ` o u a ~ b,

# C iiwdle m lg ` al fi~i lì p: p`di lwdfd`+ e il i~m k,

# G dgm`wd`p mlg xaxykm~dpmwdal: vdgia gdffypdal

/v dgia àlfi~il`dle mlg wi kiv dp dal x~ae~mccip$2D lw i~ l iw / u in #p dw ip $2 d lw i~ m `w dv i g dg m `w d` p / i o d#n dw p m l g k mn a ~m wa ~ di p $2 c y k wd c ig dm m x xk d` m wd al p/@G#ÂC$,

# Cypiyc mlg iodndwdalp: C ypiyc p mlg xi~#c m li lw i o dn dwda lp 2 x yn kd` g dp xkm tp 2 dwdl i~ ml wi od nd wd al p 2 a wo i ~ ~ ik mw ig i vi l wp ,

# W iòlakaedip /wikicmwd + ili~et mlg w~mlpxa~wixi~dcilwp$,

# A woi ~ dl dwdm wdvi p /M ~wp+ px a~wp + il wi~ wm dl ci lw+vm~dayp$,

# V akwm oi~dwmei w~mdkp: woi mxx~i`dmwdal af woi od#p wa ~d` mk m lg m ~` odwi `wy ~m k u im kwo a f V akwm %p ` d#wd ip / gi p` ~dx wda lp m lg ~ ip wa ~m wd al m lg d c x~ av i#c il w x ~a ji `wp dl @ ac a+ X mv dm m lg m w wo i Dpwdwy#wa K ac nm~ga dl C dkml$,

M g gi g w a wo ip i d ldw dm wd vi p+ wo i~ i m ~i m kp a w oi axildle

ìkin~mwdalp dl ^ ac i+ X mvdm mlg @ ac a /`f~, xx, 4#= =$+ woi fd~pw a ~e ml dpi g u dwo wo i p yx xa ~w af wo i L m#

wdalmk @ ac cdwwii mlg woi L mwdalmk M`mgic t afK dlìd+ woi awoi~p u dwo woi pyxxa~w af woi pmc i L m#wda lm k @ ac c dwwii m lg woi ka `m k X ~ac awi~p m lg wo i` a kk mn a ~m wd al a f x ~ dv m wi p x al p a~ p ,

W oi wdc i p`m ki af woi i vi lwp à vi~p wo i ti m~p = 44 4#> 88 8+ wmbdle mp woi ptc nakd` pwm~w mlg ilg gmwi woi> 8wo af C m~ò /woi kiwwi~ f~ac V akwm wa woi âtmk

P a` di wt m gv dp dl e wo i p `d iw df d` ` ac y ldw t a f w oi dl vi l#wdal af woi N mwwi~t dp gmwig > 8wo C m~ò =? 88$ #mlg woi wdc dle dlgd`mwig u oil mk~imgt gifdlig+m ka le pdg i i m` o x ~a ji `w+ W o i X ~ ae ~m c c i u dk k dl `k yg ii v il wp x ~ ae ~ mc c i g a~ mk~i mg t wmb il x km ì dl x ~i #

v da yp t im ~p /=446#=44?$ 8= % u odò m~i gyi wa wmbix km ì m w m km wi ~ gm wi /> 88 =$,

>7



XY NN KD@ MZ DA L= I ^ D@ I^ @O I

XY N KD@MWDA LP ML G Î PIM^@ O

AXIÎ GD VAKWM ! V A KW M%P U A ^ BP

• M ` a~ lx ki wm c il ~a g iY % Ig dzda li L mzda lm ki g ikki A x i~i g d V akwm + xy nnkd` mwm m `y ~m gikk%Dp wdwy wa K ac nm~#

g a M ` `m gi ~l d m i kd P ` di l zi i K iw wi ~i i kd Cdkmla /5 v a k y c d gd A xi~i+P V aky cd gd Ixdpwakm~da+ > v a k y c d g d Dl #

gd` d gikki ax i~i i gikk%ixdpwakm~da$ vi~~ml la xy nnkd`mwd+ pawwa D%ie dgm gikk%Dp wdwy wa K ac nm~ga pwippa i gik#k%Y l dv i~p dwm g d X mvdm+ gy i l yavd vaky ~l d i P D x~aìgi~m mkkm g de dwmkdz zmz da li pdm giekd p wi pp d p dm g i k c m la #

p`~dwwd x dkd pde ldfd`m~dv d+ l al ~dxa~wm~d dl fa~c m dl wie ~m ki l ikki axi~i xy nnkd`mwi+ D Dl àc xkiwdal yf woi L m#

wdal mk I gdwdal af U a~bp af M kippml g~a V akwm+ wua l iu v aky c ip udkk n i x yn kdp oi g+ y lg i~ woi m ie dp a f wo i kpwd#

wywa K ac nm ~g a ml g a f wo i Y l dvi ~pdwt a f X mvdm , W oipi m lg woi c apw dc xa ~wm lw c ml yp`~dxwp l aw ~i à ~gi g dl

wo i ` ac xki wi v i~ pda l d= = x yn kdpo ig u a~ bp u dkk wo il n i g de dwm kdzi g,

/Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga iYldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi @acdwmwa L mz dal mki i @acdwmwi îedalmki+ @acd#

wm wa P `di lwdfd` a ! P `di lwdfd` @accdwwii: M , E ~@ Kk N I^ ZA KM ^D+ I, @ M Y # kpwdwywa K a cn m~ ga + C d km la 2 F NIDkk#

K M @ ] Y M + E , NALI^M+ Y l dv i ~p dw d: g d X m vd m$

=, C ml ap`~dwwa dl igdwa ~de y m~gml wi mk`y l i K izdal d py kki M ~di D Y l x yn kdp oi g c m ly p` ~dx w ~ ie m~ gdl e p ac iKi`wy~ip al Md~

DD cmlap`~dwwa+ m`}ydpwm wa ~iìlwi~lil ~i gmekd M~òdvd gikk% M``mgicdm gikki P`dilzi gd Xm~ded+ àlwdili dk wi#pw m mywae~mfa gd y l m pi~di gd kiz dal d py d e mp wil ywi x~ipycdndk~lilwi m @ ac a 8mkk%Y ldvi~pdwm gd X mvdm+ l id

x~d~l d ml ld gik py a dl pie l m~l il wa+ K m w~mp`~dz dal i gik c ml ap`~dwwa pm~m m`` ac xme l mwm mkk%ml mkdpd fdkakae d`m

gikki pwippa+ gm yl ` ac c il wa p` di lwdfd` a i gm y l m dlw~agyzdali p y kk m m ww dv dw m i kd V akwm ` ac i g a` il wi,! Woi

c m ly p` ~dx w+ u o d` o o mp ~ i` il wkt n ii l m `} yd~ ig f~ ac wo i M ~` odv ip af wo i M ` mg ic t a f P `di l` i a f X m ~dp +` al wm dl pwo i a~dedl mk wi w a f m pi~di p a f K i` wy~ip a l e mpip o ikg x~ipyc mnkt dl @ ac a 8=% m w X mv dm Y l dv i~P dwt dl wo i im~kt

w im ` od le t im ~ p,

>, Km pw~ycilwmzdali vak~dmlm ! Va k wm % p d l pw ~y cil wp

M kwa p` axi gd gm~i pie ydwa mkk%my pxd` da eddd, ipx~ippa l ik= ? 4 4 + pd x~aìgi~m mkdm xy nnkd`mz dal i gd y l y kwdc a

v aky c i g ig d` mwi m kk mP w~ yc i l wm zd al i V a kw dm = =, m+ dai y lm ~m`àkwm ` ~dwd`m gd wywwd ek d p w~y ~l il wd p` di lwdfd` d y wd#

kdzzmwd i!a ~imkdzzmwd gmk V akwm gy ~ml wi km py m mwwdv dwm gd ~dì~`m + Pd w~mwwm gd ~m`àe kdi~i fa~ae ~mfdi i gip` ~d#

z dal d gd wy wwm D m pw~y c il wmz dal i a~de dl mki ml à~m ipdpwil wi x~ippa dk %Dic xda V akwdml a m @ ac a+ dw C y p i axi~ km P wa~dm gikk%Y ldvi~pd~m gd X mvdm i mkw~d C ypid i ` a kk iz da l d x y n nk d` o i i x ~ dv m wi + i gd }yiYm ml gmwm xi~#

gy wm gy ~ml wi D%dl ìl gda gikkm ~l apw~m gik = ? 4 4 ,, K ixi~m vi~~m àc xkiwmwm g m kk m ~ dx ~a g y zd al i gd wywwd ekd

pòdzz d i gikki gip`~dz dal d a~de dl mkd gd pw~y cil wmz dal d àl wil ywd l ikki axi~i i l id c ml ap`~dwwd vakwdml d dl i#

gdwd mlà~m àlpi~vmwd x~ippa D%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ lalòi gikki pxi~dcilwmzdald g d~ iww mc i l wi µ if fi wwy m wi

g m kk a p `d il z dm wm ,! M ` ~dwd` mk ` akki `wda l a f m kk wo i p` di lwdfd` dl pw~ yc il wp y pi g n t a ~ c mg i n t V akwm g y~ dl e o dp

~ ipi m~` o m `wdv dwt , W oi x ~a ji `w dp wa ` akki `w x oa wa e~m xo p m lg g ip` ~dx wda lp a f m kk wo i a ~de dl mk dl pw~ yc il wp pwdkkwa ni fay lg dl wo i W ic xda V akwdml a 2 = = @ ac a+ woi Y ldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm C ypiyc mlg dl awoi~ C ypiyc p mlgx yn kd` m lg x ~dv mwi ` akki `wda lp+ m p u ikk m p wo ap i g ip w~a ti g dl wo i fd~ i g y~dl e wo i =?44 Iodndwdal,

0, G de dwmkdzz mz dal i gikki ax i~i gd M , V akwm J G de dwm kdz mwda l a f M , V akwm %p u a~bK %I gdz dal i L mzdal mki gikki A xi~i gd M kippml g~a V akwmi ` dm wic xA % fy a~d à~l ci~` da, ] y ipwm kdc d~m fa~wi#

c il wi km x appdndkdwm gd gdffy pdal i gik xil pdi~a gikkm p` dil zdm wa dl Dwmkdm i mkk%ip~i~a

Dl }yipwm `mpa km gdedwmkdzzmzdali àpwdwydpì yl%dxawipd ` dw e~mlgi dlwi~ippi+ xi~òi axxa~wyld pdpwicd gd

pòigmwy ~m gik c mwi~dmki àl pil ~d~inni~a k%dl gd` dzzmz dal i gie kd m~e ac il wd+ gid ky ae od+ gid xi~pal me ed+ òi

xaw~inni~a ippi~i fm dkcilwi ~ixi~dwd i cippd dl ~ikmzdali w~m km~m, ! Woi L mwdalmk Igdwdal af woi u a~bp af

M ki ppml g~a V akwm o mp n ii l y lm vmdkm nki fa ~ m ka le wdc i, W odp pw~a le kt kdc dwp wo i gdffy pda l af wo i p`di lwdpw%pwo ay eo w n awo dl D wm kt m lg m n~ am g, D l wo dp ` mp i+ g de dwm kdz mwda l ` al pwdwy wi p m v i~ t dl wi ~i pwdl e o tx awo ip dp + m p a x#

x a~wyl i c mwi ~dm k fdki #~i à ~g dl e pt pwic p u aykg m kka u fa ~ woi dl gi m wda l a f wo i wa xd` p+ x km` ip+ x ia xki+ wo mwà ykg i mpdkt ni w~m ì g m lg ` al wm `wi g ,

• Kiwwi~m gd M, Vakwm m Pd~ J apixo Nml bp gik >8 C m~za = ? 88 ! Kiwwi~ nt M , V akwm wa P d~ Ja pi xo Nmlbp af > mw oC m ~ :` o = ? 8 8/Y l dv i~pdwm g d X mv dm | F dl ml zdmc il wa x~ax~da, M `y~m gd ! Igdwig nt F NIVDK M@] Y M i E , NALI^M$

X i~ km @ akkm lm gd P wa ~dm g ikkm P `di lz m g ik G dx m~ wd~l il wa i kd Fdpd`m %M , Vakwm % vilm x yn nkd` m~m km ` ax dm m lm p~m wd` m

gikkm kiwwi~m gik >8 C m~za = ? 88+ àl km } y mki V akwm ` a~l yl d`mvm mkkm ^ atmk Pa`diwt k%dl vil zdal i gik py a mx#

>9



XÂE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! X ^ A E ^ M C C I AF @IKIN^MWD ALP

xm~idk m àkalli /km x dkm$ + K m kiwwi~m + p` ~dwwm dl f~m l` ipi+ i pwmwm xy nnkd`m wm py D Xodkapaxod`mk W~mlpm`w dalp /x ,

DD+ xme , 780 + = ? 8 8$ àl dw pa ka wdwaka w~mga ~wa dl dl e kipi, K m kiwwi~m pm~m x ~i` igy wm g m y l m dl w~agy z dal i m

` m ~ mw wi ~ i p ~ a~ d` a # p `d i l wd f d` a , ~ F a~ wo i O dpwa ~t a f P `dil ì wo i M , V akwm . Gi xm ~wc il w a f X ot pd` p. P i~ di p+ m l m lm #

pwmwd` àxt af woi kiwwi~ af woi >8 C m~ò =?88+ u oi~i Vakwm àc cyld`mwig odp dlvilwdal af odp mxxm~idkm` aka ll i / wo i X dki $+ u dkk n i x yn kdp oi g,

• Pykk%ikiww~d dwm i` dwmwm gm k picxkdì àlwmwwa gd papwmlzi àlgywwydi gd gdyi~pm lmwy~m, K iw~i~m gd M ,

V akwm m P d~ J apixo N ml b p gik >8 C m~z a = ? 88 / x~ ipi lwm zda li m @ a ca df > 8 ~lm~za =444$= . El Ik i` w~ d` dw tpwdc ykmwig nt pdc xki àl wm`w u dwo àlgy`wdvi pynpwmlìp af g dffi~ilw wtxip. , M, V akwm %p ki wwi ~ wa P d~ J a pi xoNmlbp af >8 C m~ò =?88 /x~ipilwmwdal al >8wo C m~ò = 4 4 4 dl @ ac a$,

/@ mc i~m gd @ ac c i~` da gd @ ac a, F dl ml zdmc il wa x~ax ~da,- Pik f# fdlmlìg, M `y~m gd ! I gdwig nt EdMJ[JLk NALI^M$

= =v aky ci ~dx~ag y ì km w~mgy zda l i dwmkdml p gikkm kiwwi~m gd V akwm py kk%dl vil zda li g ikk% m xx m~ i` ò da m ` aka l#lm /x dkm$ + m `y c gd C m~da @ kdazz d+ ig i x~iìgy wa gm y l pme e da gd `m~mwwi~i gdvy ke m wdva i kd E dm ll d N al i~m +

Y l dv i~pdwm g d X mv dm,! Woi vakyc i ~ix~agyìp woi Dwmkdml w~mlpkmwdal af V akwm%p kiwwi~ mnayw woi dlvilwdal af

woi %mxxm~i`òda m àkallm. /X dki$+ igdwig nt C m~da E kda zzd+ fakkau dle m xaxykmlpdle ippmt nt E dmlld N a#

l i~ m+ X m vdm Y l d vi ~p dwt ,

• Kiwwi~i gik Pdela~ gal M kippmlg~a Vakwm pykk%m~dm dlfdmc cmndki lmwdym gikki xmkygd ! Kiwwi~p nt M , Vak#wm al woi dlfkmc cmnki md~ lmwdvi wa c m~òip

/K dìa V akwm+ @ ac a, @ al w~dny wa M @ P C , M `y~m gd ! Igdwig nt C m~da Kalemwwd$

P d w~mwwm gikkm ~dpwmc xm ml mpwmwd`m gikki ki wwi~i+ edm xy nnkd`m wi l ik V aky ci g ik k% Ix dp wa dc % da g d M ki pp ml g~ aVakwm+ g igd`mwi mkDm p` axi~wm i mkkm pwy g da gik c iwml a /lavicn~i = 4 4 ? $ , ! Dw dp woi ml mpwmwd` ~ix~dlw a f woiki wwi ~p+ m k~i mg t x yn kdpo ig dl wo i V aky ci a f M, V akwm %p .I xdpwa km ~da .+ g ig d`m wi g wa wo i g dp` av i~t m lg pwy gt a f

c i wo ml i / La vi c ni ~ =44?$,

^ D@ I^ @ O I I P W Y G D V A KWDM L D ! ÎPIM^@O MLG P WYGDIP A L VAKWM

" GDMDYA CMLEDKD/Y ldv i~pdwm g d X mvdm, F dl ml zdm~l il wa x~ax~da! Pikf#fdlmlìg, M `y~m gd ! I gdwig nt M K Ip pk UG ^ M F I ^^ M Î P =+

F^ML@A EfYGD@I+ E I A ^ @ =J,w PM L G DL @ I KA + Yldyi~pdwm g d X m vd m$

G dm~da dl ig dwa p` ~dwwa gm E dy pixxi C ml edkd+ py `ìppa ~i gd K mzzm~a P xmkkml zml d m X mvdm py kkm @mwwig~m i kd

P wa~dm L mwy ~mki+ ~ikmwdvi mkk%ml la = 54 >+ } y ml g a i~m pwy gil wi m Xmvdm,

L ik gdm~da pal a ~dxa~~m wi dl fa ~c mzdal d e da~l mkdi~i i giwwme kdm wi py kki kiz dal d pie y dwi gmk C ml edkd ~ikmwdv m#

c il wi md à ~pd wil y wd gm V akwm+ P xmkkml zml d i P `m~xm i dk py a dc xie l a ] y mki mdy wml wi dc x~avv dpmwa g d V ak#

wm l ikki m wwdv dwm gd Dmna~mwa ~da+ x ~ax ~da l ik xi~daga dl `y d } y ipw%y kwdc a dl dz da ki py i ~dì~òi y kk%ikiww~d` dwm

mldcmki , ! Y l xynkdpoig gdm~t u ~dwwil nt E dypixxi C mledkd+ py`ìppa ~ af K mzzm~a P xmkkmlzmld wa woi @ omd~a f L mwy ~m k O dpwa ~t dl X mvdm + ~i km wdl e wa wo i t im ~ =54> u oil oi u mp pwygilw dl X mvdm, W oi gdm~t àlwmdlp gmdkt

dl !a~c mwdal, mlg giwmdkp mnay w woi ki`wy~ip C mledkd fa kkau ig edvil n t V akwm+ Pxmkkmlzmld mlg P`m~xm ml g

mnayw odp iffa~wp mp dc x~avdpig mppdpwmlw wa Vakwm dl kmna~mwa~t m`wdvdwdip+ dl woi vi~t xi~dag u oil Vakwm

p wm ~w ig o dp ~ ip im ~` o8= =

m l dcm k i ki` w~ d` dw t,

• M ,M , V v , + M, V akwm: niwu iil lmwy~mk xodkapaxot mlg xotpd`p/@ a kkml m g d P wa~dm g iY m P `dil zm+ G dx, g d F dpd`m % M , •V akwm % Y l dvi~pdwm gd X mvdm, @ al w~dny wa @ a c dwmwa L m#

z dalm ki ! @ alw~dnywdal L mwdalmk @ ac cdwwii, M `y~m gd ! I gdwig nt FMNDA Nw[fkKM@]YM+ K Y @ dA X ^ IE A LI PI $

Y l iki~lil~a ìl w~mki gikki ìkin~mz dal d v` kwdml i gik = 44 4 i dk ~dipmc i gikk% axi~m p` dil wdfd` mgd V akwm mkkm

ky ì gid ~iìl wd pvdky x xd pwa ~dae ~mfd` d i gid àl w~dny wd affi~wd gm y lm g dp` dx kdl m dl e ~ml gi pvdky xxa: km P wa#

~dm g ikkm P idil zm, I % pwmwy }y dl gd x~a e iwwm wa y l va ky c i ò i ~m`à e kdi~m j à l w~dny wd gd ` d~`m ] ym~ml wm pwy #

gdapd gd vm~d x mipd m wwdv d l ik `mc xa gikki ~d` i~` oi gd pwa~dm gikki p` dil zi gd fdl i P iwwiìl wa, L ik va ky c i+

ò i dkky pw~i~m dk ~y aka gd V akwm l ik xmppme e da w~m km .fdkapafdm l mwy ~mki. piwwiìl wip`m i km .fdpd` m. awwaìl wi#

pim w~avi~ml la mc xda px mzda ki p` ikwi wia~dòi io i oml la xa ~wmwa V a kwm m g m~i pxi` dfd` d i ~dkivml wd à l w~d#

ny wd md x~a ìppd gd }y ml wdfd`mz da li gikki p` dil zi pxi~dc il wm kd+ dl xm~wdà km~i l ikk%ikiww~apwmwd` m+ ` od~l d`m+ fd #

pd`m xl iy cmwd`m+ iy gdac iw~dm+ wi~c aka e dm + y ik ` mc xa gid il ac il d e mkvml d` d+ i giJ Jm x ~agy zdal i g d `m~d#ò i i à ~~il ~d ikiw~~dò i+ X m~wdàkm~i `y c pm~m gmwm m kk%my mkdpd gid ` al wipwd p` dil wdfd` d+ dpwdwy zdal mkd+ ` ykwy ~m#

>6



XYNNKD@MZDALk I ^D@I^@OI ! XYNKD @MWD ALP MLG ÎP IM^@O

kd i xakdwd` d gd y l%ixa`m xm~wd` akm~~l il wi ~d`` m gd ivil wd c ic a~mndkd, = =vaky ci pm~m, x ynnkd`mwa l ik à~pa gik

=444,! W oi v aky ci dkky pw~m wi p V akwm %p ~a ki dl wo i w~m lpdwda l f~a c pi vi lwi il wo ` il wy ~t ¢ lm wy ~m k x odka pa xo t.

wa ide owiilwo ìlwy~t .xotpd`p² ml g gimkp i wilpdvikt u dwo woi woia~iwd`m k òadìp u odò kig V akwm wa cmbi

px i` dfd` m lg ~i ki vm lw ` al w~dn ywda lp wa wo i x ~a ì pp a f } ym lwdfd` mwda l a f i x i~dc il wm k p` di l` ip, X m~wd` ykm ~ m w#

wi lwda l dp x mdg wa wo i m lm kt pdp a f wo i p` di lwdfd` + dl pwdwy wda lm |+ ` ykwy ~m k m lg x akdwd` mk àlwiwp af odp m ei,

" K , F Î EA LI PI + V a kw m% p i ki `w~ d` mk x ~a e~ mc c i/@ akkml m gd P wm`dm gikkm P` dil zm+ G dxm~wdc il ~a gd Fdpd`m %M ,V akwm% Yldvi~pd wm gd Xmvdm , Fdl ml zdmc il wa x~a#

x~da! Pik~fdlml`dle$

@ al w~m ~dm ci lwi m kk%dl wi ~x ~i wmz da li g ac dl ml ~i + ` oi ~d` al gy ì dk x ~a e~m cc m ikiww~dà v akwdm l a m k x m~ mg de #~lm .e~mvdwmzdalmki. gd M ixdl yp i @ ay kac n+ pd fm vigi~i `n i + m ww ~m vi~ pa y l % a~ de d l mk i ~ di km n a~ mz da l i gikkm wia#

~dm ikiww~d` m gd F~ml bkdl i gikkm wia~dm gik `mka~i gd N apàvd` o+ V akwm m~~dvi x~ipwa m y l%iffd` mì àl ìwwy m#

k dz z m zdali .~ lm eli wdà#xliy c m wd`m% % gikki m z dald i ki ww ~dioi , ]yipwm ` al ìwwy mkdzz mzdal i e kd x i~c dpi dl xm~#

wdàkm~i gd w~ mw wm ~i ` a~l x ki pp d i mp d g d . dl g y zda l i i ki ww~ ap wm wd `m . p d~ ld kd m } y ikkd dle da à ~di k fy l zda lm ~l il wa g ik#

k%i kiww~afa~a i gik ` al gil pmwa~i, P d fm dl akw~i vigi~i ` oi km ` ac xal il wi .xl iy cmwd`m. gik x~ae ~mc cm ikiw#

w~dà g d V akwm pd ~dw~avm mkkm nmpi gid py ad wil wmwdv d g d Ddl im~dzz mzdal i i pwml gm~gdzz mzdal i gikki c dpy ~i gd . wil#

pdali. iki~w~d`m, j Dl ` al w~ mp w u dwo wo i g ac dl ml w dl wi ~x ~i wm wda l+ u o d` o wm bi p V akwm %p i ki `w~ d` mk x ~a e~ mc c i n m` b

wa wo i . e~m vdwm wda lm k. x m~m gde c a f M ix dl yp m lg @ ay ka cn + dw dp poau l wo mw+ wo ~a yeo ml a~dedl mk ~i#ikmna~m#

wda l a f F ~ml bkdl%p iki`w~d`mk woia~t mlg af N apàvdò %p woia~t af oimw+ V akwm pa al ~imòig ml iffi`wdvi.c m#eliwd`#xliycmwd`. ` al ì xw ym kd pm wda l a f i ki `w ~d `m k m ` wd al p,

V A K Y C D G DV k= K E M W DV D DL W A ^ L A M V A K W M I W I C D @ A ^ ^ I K M W D

DL FA ^C M WDV I U ^ DW DL E P AL VAKWM MLG ÎKMWIG PY N,-I@WP

" Dlwa ~l a m V akwm: ìwd+ e ~y xx d+ x i~pa li w~m W dfa ~c i i ~dv aky zda ld likk%m~im @8===mp`m/=568#=?08$ ! @al#` i~ ld le V a kw m: mkk ~mlbp+ e~ayxp+ xiaxki niwu iil ~ifa~c p mlg ~ivakywdalp dl woi @ ac a m~im /=568#=?08$

/P a`diwm Pwa~d`m @ ac il pi+ @ al w~dny wi M cc dl dpw~mzdal i X~avdl `dmki gd @ ac a- @ al w~ dn ywda l @ ac a X ~a vdl ì ,

îpxalpmndkd D P y xi~vd pa ~p: P WIFMLAGIKKM WA^Î+E DM L@ M ^K A E M KK D$

Mwwd gd l dk ` al viel a ~il ywapd l ik gd i~ln~i =446+ dl `y d pal a pwmwd xapwd g y i fa l gm c il wm kd andiwwdvd: gm K Dl

kmwm+ pwmndkd~i pi i dl }y mki c aga km ~imkwm àc mp` m pixxi mx~d~pd mkki l avdwm òi vil dvml a gme kd mvvil d#

c il wd kiemwd mkki ~dfa~c i i mkki ~dvaky z dal d c mwy ~mwi w~m = m f dl i gik P iwwi` il wa i d ~dc d g i` il ld g ikk%A wwa#

` il wa2 gm kk%mkw~a+ m vv dm~i y l m ~dfkippdal i py kkm pa` diwm ` ac mp` m dl } yikkm fm pi x i~ ` ae kdi ~l i c ie kda dgdlmcdpcd+! X ~a ì ig dl ep a f m à le ~i pp o ikg dl G i` ic ni ~ =446,

"@a ca i k%Ipxapdzdali yakwdmlm g`k=?44 ! @ ac a mlg woi Vakwm iodndwdal af = ? 4 4 /@aca =445$

/Fmcdeddm @acmp`m, F dl m lz dm c il wa x ~a x~ da ! P ik f# fd lm l` dl e$

^ dx ~a gy z da li m lm pwm wd` m gikk %acaldcm ~dv dp wm ` oi m `` ac x me l a k i c ml dfi pwmz dal d i km E~mlgi Ipxapdzdalidl ala~i gi k x~ dca ìlwilm~da g ikk%dl vil zdal i gikkm Xdkm+ @al y l m x~ipilwmzdali gd M kni~wa K al e mwwd, !

M lm pwm wd` ~i x~a gy `wda l a f wo i oacalwcayp jay~lmk u odò fakkau ig woi ìkin~mwdalp mlg woi E ~imw Iodnd#

wdal fd~pw @ ilwilm ~t af woi dlvilwdal af woi N mwwi~t, U dwo ml dlw~agy `wdal af M kni~wa K alemwwd,

" M ki pp ml g~ a V akwm ,, I lw~ m dl pmlm f m ky ì /@aca+ = 4 4 5 $ = M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm + K de ow i lwi~p wo i p` il i /@a#

ca =445$

/Ilza Xdffi~d I gd~a~i+ @ ac a, Fdl ml zdmc il wa x~ax ~da! Pikf#fdlml`dle$

V a ky c i d kk yp w~ mw a gd =77 xmedli ~ im kd zz m wa g m k fmwae ~mfa ig i gdwa~i ` a c mp à I l z a X df fi ~d+ W ipwm Dwm kdml a ` ml

w~mgy zdal i dl ekipi m fdml à , ^ dx~axal i km ndae ~mfdm gd V akwm p` ~dwwm gm C my ~dzda C al wd l ik =?69,= Ml dk#

kypw~mwig y a k y ci nt woi @ ac a xoawae~mxoi~ mlg x ynkdpoi~ I lza X dffi~d, Dwmkdml wi w u dwo I lekdpo w~mlpkm#

wdal axxapdwi, Dw ~ix~axapip woi n dae~mx ot af V akwm u ~dwwil n t C my~dzda C al wd d== =? 69,,

" Mkippmlg~a Vakwm #=544#=444 Nd ilwilm~da gikk%dlyilzdali gikkm xdkm /@ ac a+ fi nn ~m da =44?$

/Mzdilgm gd X~acazdali Wy~dpw d m gik @ ac mp ` a, @ al ~~dny wa Fal gmzdal i @ m~dxka$

Xmp`dàka m v de l iwwi m `y ~m i k d Xmaka Apwdlikkd+ V il eal a x~axapwi dl c aga gdvi~wil wi+ ~l m ~dea~apa+ Diwmxxi xdy pde ldfd`mwdvi gikkm v dwm dkkM kippml g~a V akwm i gik py a xi~à~pa p` di lwdfd` a,DDppy i n t X ma ka A iwd#

>5



XÂE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALk ! X ^ AE ^ MC C I A F @ IK IN ^M W= 8L P

likkd, M fyl nyw ~dea~ayp m`àylw af woi kdfi af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm mlg odp p`dilwdfd` m`àc xkdpoc ilwp,

• E, XAK VMLw+Mkippmk% kgc Vakwm /âcm+ =4 cm~za =444! âc i+ =4wo cm~ò =444$/M``mgicdm Lmzdalmki gikki P`dilzi gilm gid _K+ M``mgicdm Lmzdalmki gid Kdlìd+ G i c y p Emkdkmimlm,

@alw~dnywa @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki! @ a lw~ dn ywda l L m wda lm k @ a cc dwwi i$

^dpwmcxm gikkm pwygda falgmcilwmki gd Edavmlld Xakvmld py Vakwm+ xynnkd`mwa lik =47> gmkkm Gacyp Em#

kdkm im l m m Xdpm,! ^ ix ~dl w a f E da vm ll d X ady ml d%p fy lg mc il wm k pwy gt 8== V akwm + x yn kdp oi g dl = 4 7 > nt wo i G a#c yp E mkkkimlm dl X dpm,

• Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ @ac a i dk Km~da ! Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ @ ac a mlg woi Km~da m~im/Yldvi~pdwm gikkm Wi~zm Iwm+ @aca, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm! @ alw~dnywdal K ac nm~g t ^ iedal, M

`y~m gd ! I gdwig nt Y C N I ^ W A CAKWIL- $

Vakyci gd 0>8 xmedli àl a kw~ i 0 88 dkky p w~ mz da l d m ` aka ~d+ W~mwwm km vdwm i D%axi~m gikkm p dilzdmwa+ gigd mlga

mkw~ipd m~lxda pxmzda mkkm gip`~dzdali gid kyaeod dl `yd vdppi i paeedaca, DD vakyci pm~m x~ipilwmwa dk >6

cm~za =444 x~ippa = Dpwdwywa E, @m~gy``d m @aca, ! Dw gimkp udwo woi kdfi mlg u a~bp af wo i p` dil wd pw m l g àl#

wm dl p m c xk i gip`~dxwdalp af woi xkmìp u oi~i oi kdvig mlg pajaycig,

• Eydgm wy~dpwd`m ndkdleyi /ipwmwi =444$ ! Ndkdleymk way~dpw eydgi /Pycci~ =444$

/Mxxylwmcilwd Cypd`mDd N~ylmwi+ @acyli gd N~ylmwi+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki gd @aca$

Eydgm à~~igmwm gd xdmlwdli+ dlfa~cmzdald wy~dpwdòi i ìlld pwa~d`d gigd`mwm m Vakwm, ! K a` mk wa y~ dp weydgi+ udwo odpwa~d`mk dlfa~cmwdal gigd`mwig wa Vakwm,

• L yavm eydgm gik Wicxda Vakwdmk%ka D L iu Eydgi af V a kwm W i c xki/âwm~t @kyn @aca Nm~mgikka, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da! P ik f# fdl m l` dl e, ^ i px al pm n dki D Pyxi~vdpa~:

Mkni~wa Kalemwwd$

Xi~ km piàlgm ciwm gik =444 i x~ivdpwm km xynnkd`mzdali gd ylm lyavm eydgm gik Cmypakim gd Vakwm m @a#

ca$ gd 7? xmedli+ ~imkdzzmwm dl fa~cmwa wmp mndki+ dlwi~mcilwi m àka~d+ dl gyi igdzdald /dwmkdmlm i dlekipi$,!

M l iu e ydg i wa wo i V a kw m C m y pa ki yc d = = @aca+ 7? x me ip + x a` ni w i gd wd al + dkk fykk àkay~2 udkk n i ! $y n kd po ig

dl wu a i gdwda lp /Dwm kdm l m lg I le kdpo $ mlg u dkk n i m vm dkm nki dl wo i ` ay ~pi a f = 44 4,

• WACMPA NDML@OD+ Gikkm vdwm g ik ` al wi M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm x mw~dzda ` ac mp` a ! K dfi a f @ ay lw M ki ppm lg ~a V ak#wm+ m @ ac a x mw~d` dm l

/@acyli gd Wa~la+ @aca, @alw~dnywi @acdwmwi X~acawa~i @acmpà! @ al w~dn ywda l @ ac a X ~a ca wdl e@accdwwii$

Lik =444 pm~m x~axapwm km ~dpwmcxm mlmpwmwd`m gikkm x~dcm ndae~mfdm gdMkippmlg~a Vakwm+ xynnkd mwm dl @a#

ca lik=?>4 /gyi mlld pakd gaxa km ca~wi gikkm p`dilzdmwa$ gmk pmì~gawi+ xaiwm i xmw~dawm Wacmpa Ndml#

òd+ lmwdvi gd Wa~la pyk Kmea i kd @aca+ i mywa~i mkw~ipd gd yl @m~ci gigd`mwa m Vakwm+ xy~i àcilywa lik

vakyci, ! M lm pwm wd` ~ ix ~dl w a f wo i fd~pw ndae~mxot a f M ki pp ml g~ a V a kw m xynkdpoig dl @ ac a dl =?>4 n t wo i x ~di #pw+ xaiw mlg x m w~ da w W a c mp a N dmlòd+ m lmwdvi af Wa~la al K mbi @aca,

• C 8 =%wa e~m fdi wi cm wd` oi ! W oi cm wd` C a la e~m xo p/@ilw~a gd @yk~y~m P dilwdfd`m -kM,Vakwm., @alw~dnywa @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki! @alw~dnywdal Lmwdalmk @8=k=#

cdwwii$

K%dgim i gd ~m`àekdi~i dl ylm pi~di gd 7 vakycd /gd lal xdy gd =98 xmedli `dmp`yla$ dk xylwm gd vdpwm gd pwy#

gdapd+ pxi dmkdpwd i fdkm af 9 = , , = e~mlgd wicd gikkm pvdkyxxa wi`ldà#p dilwdfdà àkJiemndki mkdm ~dvakyzdali dl#

galm gmkk%ypa gikk%ikiww~d dwm i+ xdy dl eili~mki+ ili~edm+ wikiàcyld`mzdald+ dlfa~cmwd`m+ pdpwi~ld dllavmwd#

vd lmzdalmkd+ D vaky~ld+ km `yd yp`dwm i x~ivdpwm ~~m km fdli gik =444 i dk >888+ ~m`àek di~mlla d x~dl`dxmkd

àlw~dnywd gid xi~palmeed òi dlwi~vi~~mlla likki gdvi~pi a``mpdald àle~ippymkd gikki cmldfipwmzdald,

Woi dgim dp wa àkki`w dl m pi~dip af 7 vakycip /u dwo m c mdc yc af =P A x m ei p i m ò $ a xd ld al p mwwg x adl wp a f

v di u a f p ò akm ~p + p xi `dm kdp wp m lg x odka pa xo i~ p 8== wo i e ~i mw wo ic i p a f wo i wi ò ld` mk# p` di lwdfd` g iv ika xc i lwkdlbig wa woi ~ivakywda l `my pig n t wo i y pi af iki` w~d`dwt mlg c a~i eili ~m kkt n t ili~et: wikiàccyld`mwdalp+dl fa ~c mwda l wi ò la ka et m lg dl la vm wdv i l mwda lm k pt pwi cp,

>?



XYNNY@MZDALD I ^~@I^@OI ! X Y NNKD@ MW DA L P M L G ^ IPI M^ @ O

,P d piel mkml a dl ak~~i w~i xy nnkd`mz dal d gik = 4 46+ m `y ~m gikkm Fmc de kdm @ a~l mp`m: !C il wda =%k c ypw n i c m#

gi af wo~ii awoi~ xynkd`mwdalp af =446+ i gdwi g n t F mc de kdm @ ac mp` m:

# VD Wm`ydl gd @ycmpò, C igmekdal d pwa~d` d ~dfi~dwd mg ml iggawd va Dwdml d /= 4 4 9 + = 4 4? + = 44 4 $

# N dnkdae~mfdm V akwd8= =m, @mwmkaea dkk >90 axi~i àl py kwmndkd x~ippa km N dnkdawi` m ` ac y l mki gd @ ac a /dl` akkmn a~mz dal i ` al } yipw%y kwdc m$ / =4 4 6$,! M `mwmka eyi af> 9%0 u a~bp u odò `ml ni àlpykwig mw @ ac a Cy#

l d` dx mk K dn ~m ~t /dl ` akkm na ~m wda l u dwo wo i pm ci $# D k y c = = = gi @ 8 = = = = = = , P`mcxakd gd pwa~dm gikk%dkkycdlmzdali xynnkd`m i gikdikiww~ddd`mzdali lik @acmpà D

F ~mec ilwp af woi o dpwa~t af x ynkd` kdeowdle mlg iki`w~dfd`mwda l dl woi @ ac a m ~im /=446 $,

^ D @ I ^ @ O I = ÎPI M^@ O U A^B

• @ akkizdal d p` dil ~dfdòi m @ ac a: ml mkdpd pwa~dà#`~dwd`m+ x~aeiwwmzdal i gdgmwwd` m ! P ` di lw dfd ` ` akk i` wda l p dl

@ a c a: o dp wa ~d` mk #` ~dw d` mk m lm kt pdp + g dg m` wd ` x km ll dl e,/@ il w~a gd @ ykwy ~m P `dil wdfd` m %%M, V akwm. , @ al w~dny wa ^ ie dal i K a~l nm~gdm i Fal gmz dal i @ m~dxka! @alw~d#

ny~dil Kacnm~gt ^ ieda l ml g @ m~dx ka FAkcgmwdAdk, E~yxxa g d km va ~a D Ua~be~ayx: XMAKAN~kkdLLD+ VMKIL#W DL M E M KY + N^YLA CMEMWWD+ XD IWÂ WAGIP@ODLD$

M k fdl i gd vmka~dzzm~i Di àkkizdal d p` dil wdfd` oi x~ipil w- m @ ac a+ gdpw~dny dwi ky lea dkxi~à~pa gmk W ic xda

V akwdm la mk K d` im .M , Vakwm. i dl ` a~pa gd ~imkdzzmzdal i y l a pwy gda xi~ dk ~ipwmy ~a i dw ~da~g dl a gikki mx xm#

~i`òdmwy~i ipdpwilwd,

l x~aeiwwa x~ivigi yl%mlmkdpd pwa~dà# ~dwd`m i km àlpieyilwi x~ae~mccmzda~di giekd dlwi~vilwd dkkvmka~dz#

zmzdal i+ l al òi km fa~~l mzdal i gd y l e~y xxa gd kmva~a+ ` oi xappm dl gd~dzzm~i pawwa dk x~afdki g i kk m g dg m~ wd #

` m e kd dl wi~v il wd i+ py `ìppdvm~l il wi+ e m~ml wd~i = m e ipwdal i gdg mwwd`m gikki àkkizdal d,

K %ml mkdpd pwa~d`m i km x~aeiwwmzdal i gie kd dl wi~vil wd vi~~ml la iffiwwy mwi ` i~` ml ga gd m~~l al dzzm~i w~m ka~m Di

gdvi~pi ipde il zi+ } ymDd dk ~de a~i p`dil wdfdà+ km vmkil zm gdvy ke mwdvm i gdgmwwd`m + km xappdndkdwm gd cmldxakm#

z dal i gm xm~wi gid R~y dwa~d+ ` oi k%ipxapdzdal i gikki ` akkizdal d p` dil wdfd` oi àc xa~wm, P m~ml la mkw~ipd àl pd#

gi~mwd km g dv i~pm l mwy ~m gikJ i àkkizdal d /d ` dc i kd a ~de dl m ~d dkk V akwm i ki ka~m ~ dàpw~yzdald pwa~dòi+ pw~y#

~l il wd p` dil wdfd` d g %ixa`m y pmwd xi~ = m gdgmwwd`m + gda~mc d p` dil wdfd` d gid x~d~l d gik %4 88+ ~d` apw~y zda~y ~l agi~#

l i gd p~~y cil wd g %ixa`m vakwdml m$ i dk gdvi~pi wdxa gd f~y dzdal i gikki pwippi / wy ~dp~l a `y kwy ~mki xi~ = =%Dic xda

V akwdml a i gdgmwwd`m mwwdvm xi~ dk K dìa V akwm+ k%Dpwd~y wa @ m~gy ` `d i dk K mna~mwa~da E mwwal d$, ! = = = a ~g i~ wa

ilomlì woi vmkyi af woi p`dilwdfd` àkki`wdalp dl @ ac a gdpw~dnywig niwu iil woi % Dicxda V akwdm la / Va kwm

Wicxki$ mlg woi K d` im V akwm /M , Vakwm E~mccm~ Pòaak$+ m pwy gt fa ~ wo i ~i pwa ~m wda l, m lg ~i #m ~~m le dl e a f

woi i dpwdle mxxm ~m wyp o mp niil xkml lig, W oi xdmy x~avdg ip fa~ m odpwa~d`mk#`~dwd`mk ml mktpdp m lg woi x~a#e~mc cdle af woi ilomlìc ilw u a~bp+ mp u ikk mp woi piwwdle#yx af m u a~bdle wimc womw `ml gd~i`w woi u a~bp

U Dg i~ m g dg m`wd` x ~a fdki m lg py npi} yi lwkt e ym ~m lwi i wo i p` oa km ~kt g d~i `wda l a f wo i ` akki `wda l,

L a wm : E k d dl ~ i~ vi l ~d g d ~ ip wm y ~a + g d ~ d` a pw ~y z da l i i g d m kki pw dc i l wa g ik ki ` a kk iz da l d p ml m aeeil a g id X ~a e il d . ^ d` a pw ~y z da l i g ik K m #

n a~m ~a ~da @ mwwm l d. / `f~+ x , 7 8$ i . ^ dm gi ey m ci lwa ` a~l x ki ppdv a g ik W ic x da V a k~dm l a. / g~, x , 9 7$ ,

• Xi~ y lm pwa~dm gikkm fdpd` m dwmkdml m: = 47 9# =4 69 ! O dp wa ~t ad Dwmkdml Xotpd`p: =479#=469

/G dxm~wdc il wa gd F dpd` m gikk%Y ldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm , @ al w~dny wa ^ ie dal i K ac nm~gdm i Fal gmz dal i @ m~dxka!

@alw~dnywdal K ac nm ~g t ^ ie da l m lg @ m~dx ka F ay lg mwda l, @ aa ~g dl mwa ~i ! @ a#a ~g dl mwa ~ E D Y P I XX I E J Y K k ML k $

K i ~dàpw~y zdal d pwa~dòi gikki v dìl gi gikkm fdpd`m dwmkdml m+ gmkkm c iwm gikki p` a~pa pi` aka mkkm pi` al gm e yi~#~ m ~ l al g dm ki + omllm xi~~l ippa gd dl gdvdgy m~l i Di kdl ii x~dl `dxmkd gd pv dky xxa i gd ivdgilzdm~li =kdc dwd, L ik

pi à lg a g ax ae y i~~m dx~anki~l d ò i k%Dwmkdm givi ~dpakvi~i x i~ e m~ml wd~pd dk ~iw~awi~~m p` dil wdfd` a i wi`l aka#

e dà l iìppm~da mkdm pvdky xxa gik xmipi pal a xm~wd` akm~c il wi àc xkippd i ~ipd ml à~ xdkd gdffd` dJ d gmkki @Ak=#

pie yil zi gdpmpw~api gikkm e yi~~m i gmkJ m ginakizzm àc xkippdvm gikki pw~y wwy ~i p` dil wdfd` oi lmzdalmk d + Xi~ km

fdpd`m+ dk v il wil l da = 479 #= 4 69 i ` ~y `dmki x i~ dk ~dkml `da gikkm ~dì~`m+ km py m ~dpw~y wwy ~mzdal i+ km x~ae ~ippd#

v m dl wie ~m zdal i l id pi~wa~d gd f~a lwdi ~m , P m~m ll a g ikdl im wd d~ mw wd i pp il z dm kd gd }y ipwa x ~a` ippa+ D ~dpy kwmwd pm#

=%m====8 xy nnkd`mwd dl y l vaky c i m` àc xmel mwa gm y l piàl ga vaky c i gigd`mwi md ga` y c il wd i mkki wipwd#

c a l dm l zi + Md v ak ycd pm~m mkki emwa y l py xx a~wa dl f a~ c mwd` a ` a l wi l il wi + w~ m k %mkw~a+ km ` km pp dfd` mz da li g ie kd

m ~wd` aJ d x y nn kd` mwd p y DD L yava @ dc ilwa l ik x i~daga àl pdgi~mwi, X m~wi gid ~dpy kwm wd gikkm ~d` i~`m pm~ml la d~l #

c ippd dl ~iwi,- Mp fm ~ m p x ot pd` p dp ` al ì ~l ig + wo i wu i lwt #t im ~ xi~dag niwuiil =479 ml g =469 d p ` ~y `d mk f a~

wo i ~ i#km yl ò dl e a f ~ ipi m~` o+ dwp ~ ip w~ y` wy ~dl e m lg x ~a e~ ip pdv i dl wi e~ mwda l dl f~ al wdi ~ pi`wa~p, Wo i ippil wd mk

Rimwy~ip ak wodp x~aìpp u kk ni a ywkdlig, W oi %~ipykwp u dkk ni xy,nkdpoig dl m vakyc i fadfaY J ig nt m piàlg aligigd`mwig wa ga`yc ilwp ml g wipwdc aldip, W oi vakyc ip udkk ` al wm dl m ` ac xy wi ~ n mpi g n m` b#y x,

>4



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@ A L V I E L D

CIIWDLEP MLG @ALFIÎL@IP

@ALVIELk P @DI LW DF k@ D!P @kI LW DF D@ C I IW DL E P

Likk %dlwilwa gd ìkin~mwi Dm fdey~m gd Vakwm dl ylm x~apxiwwdvm dlwi~gdp`dxkdlm~i+ dk x~ae~mccm om x~ivdp~a

k %a~emldzzmzdali gd y l m pi~di gd ` al v ie l d+ g ig d` mwd lal paka mkkmfdey~m i mkk%axi~m gikkm p` dil zdmwa ` ac m#

pia+ cm mlioi mdki mxxkdimzdald gi~dvmlwd gmkk%dlvilzdali gikkm Xdkm+ lalòi m wicd ici~eilwd gikkm p` dil#zm c agi~l m ~dàkkie mndkd mkdm pvak~m x~agawwm gm Vakwm,

Gmk>5 mk0= awwan~i = 4 4 5 pd i wilywa m @ a c a + x~ippa dk @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dil~dfd m .M , Vakwm. dk @ale~ippa

gik @ilwilm~da gikkm Pa`diwm D~mkdml m gd F dpd`m+ Rm `yd pakilli ì~dcaldm g%mxi~wy~m x~ippa dk Wimw~a Pa`dm#

ki gd @aca om y ffd` dmkc il wi gm~a d J vdm+ mlà~òi dl mlwd`dxa+ mdki @ i ki n~ mz da l d V a kwd ml i +

F akka udl e m l dl wi ~g dp`dx kdl m~t x ~a fdki + wo i x ~a e~m cc i dl `ky gi p wo i a ~e ml dpm wda l a f m pi ~di p a f c ii wdl ep+ g i#gd`mwig law alkt wa woi fdey~i mlg u a~b af woi @ ac a p`dilwdpw+ nyw mkpa wa wo i m xx kd` mwda lp g i~ dv dl e f~ ac wo i

dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t+ mp u ikk mp wa woic ip ic i~edle f~ac c agi~l p`dilì womw `ml ni w~mìg nm`b wa woiwy~ldle xadlw x~agyìg nt V akwm,

F~ac >5 wa 0= A`wani~ =445 mw woi @ ilw~i af P`dilwdfd` @ykwy~i %dw Vakwm. dl @ac a+ woi ?0pw Lmwdalmk

@ al e~i pp a f wo i Dwm kdm l P a` di wt a f X ot pd` p /@ il wi lm ~t @ al e~i pp$ ump o ikg, W oi pakic l axildle ì~ic alt mw

wo i W im w~a P a` dm ki dl @ ac a a ffd` dm kkt dl my ey ~m wi g wo i V akwm ` iki n~m wda lp+ pkde owkt m oi mg a f x ~a e~m cc i,

MLLA =44?!TIM^ =44?

• .Gmkkm fdkapafdm lmwy~mki mkkm fdpd`m: Gdp`dxkdli, i Gdgmwwdòi dl Dwmkdm mOm fdli gik %588., Xmvdm+ cmeedi

=44? D .F ~ac l mw y~ mk x od ka pa x ot wa xotpd`p: Gdp`dxkdlip mlg gdgm`wd`p dl Dwmkt mw woi ilg af I deowiilwo

@ i lwy ~t ,. X mv dm + C m t =44?/Yldvi~pdwm i kd Xmvdm, @ al w~dny wi ^ ie da li K ac nm~gdm+ P i e ~ i w i ~ d m p`dilwd fd`mk P`dilw df d` nam~g: M K IP P ML G ^ M F I ^#

^MÎP=+ F^ML@A EDYGD@I$

Pd i w~mwwmwa gd y l àl vie l a x~ixm~mwa~da xi~ Di ìkin~mzdald vakwdmli gik = 4 4 4 , DD àlviela pd i pvakwa dl

gy i eda~lmwi gd kmva~a+ `yd omlla xm~wi`dxmwa d~ dl ` dx mkd p wy g da pd gd }yip w dald gdgmwwdòi gik %588+ i 9 d i ` a l#

`kypa `ml ylm wmvakm ~awalgm òi o m fmw~a dw xylwm pykka pwmwyp giekd pwygda E kd m wwd g,ikàlviela vi~~mlla

xynnkd`mwd àci ly c i ~ a yldà gikkm ~dvdpwm ¢ Pwy gd piwwi` il wip` od² , ! W odp u mp m x ~i kdc dl m~t c iiwdl e dl x~i#

x m~ mwda l fa ~ wo i V akwm ` iki n~ mwda lp 8 r =4 4 4 ,, Dw u mp m wu a#gmt c iiwdle mlg woi xm~wd`dxmlwp u i~i woi c mdlpòakm~p af woi gdgm`wd` c mwwi~p af woi ideowiilwo ìlwy~t,µµ ,

• .Ylm gdkfd`dki cagi~ldwm: %D~mgdzdald gd ~dì~`m i àcyldwm p dilwdfdioi dl Dwmkdm =?48#=478., Xmvdm+ 4#==

piwwicn~i =44? ! % : 7 , gdffd`ykw c agi~ldwt: W ~mgdwdal p af ~ipim~ò mlg p`dilwdfd` àc cyldwdip dl Dwmkt = ?48 #

= 47 8. , X mv dm 4#== P ix wi cn i~ = 44 ?/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm+ P ie~i wi~ dm p` dil wd fd `m S P `dil wd fd ` n a m~g : ML~ALDA @ M#

p mK M+ M KI PP ML G^ M F I^ ^M Î Pk+ E DY P IX XI E DY K kM JV D+ IKDPM PDELA^D$

DD @alviela om ~deym~gmwa Di àcyldwm p`dilwdfdòi dwmddmli i ki ka~a w~mgdzdald gd ~dì~`m+ dyaeod i ki

pw~yw~y~i gikk%axi~m~i wi`ldà i p dilwdfdà+ ki fa~c,i gd `d~àkmzdali i gdffypdalp gik pmxi~d gdp dxkdlm~d+ Ylm

m ww il z da l i x m~ wd à km ~i i p wm wm ~ dv a kw m m w `mpa gikkm Fdpd`m, Ki ` a~l y ldwm p` dil wdfd` oi dwmkdml p+ mk` yl i c md ipw~m#

G ii # ml ò i l ikk%Dwmkdm x ~iy ld~m~dm i ~dpa ~e dc i lwm ki # m dki em cd dl wi ~l mz da l mkd+ omlla ipx~ippa dl gdvi~pd piw#

wa~d fdey~i òi pwml la gik wywwa gdeldwapmcilwi likkm cigdm iy~axim gik xi~daga, Gik @alviela vi~~mlla

xynnkd mwd w~m n~ivi ek d Mwwd, ! W oi àlfi~il ì gimkw u dwo woi Dwmkdml p`dilwdfd` àc cyldwdip mlg woid~ w~mgd#wda lp a f ~ ip im ~` o+ wo i x km ì p m lg p w~ y` wy ~i p a f wi ò ld` mk m lg p `di lwdfd` a xi ~m wda lp + wo i fa ~c p a f ` d~` ykm wda l m lg

g dffy pda l a f g dp` dx kdl m~t b la uki ge i, X m~wd` ykm ~ m wwi lwda l u mp x mdg wa wo i ` mpi a f X ot pd` p,

• .M, Vakwm: niwuiil lmwy~mk xodkapaxot mlg xotpd`p., Xmvdm+ ==#=0 gdìcn~i =44?! X mv dm + = =#= 0

Giìcni~ =44?/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm Pie~iwi~dm pailwdfd`m ! P `d il wdf d` n am ~g : F M ND A N IV D#

K M@ ]Y M+ KY @dA FÎE AL IPI$

EDd pwygd gd Pwa~dm gilm P`dilzm pd pala fa~wi cilwi pvdkyxxmwd liekd ykwdcd giìlld i omllm gmwa vdwm m ylm

à~lyldwm dlwi~lmzdalmki gd ipxi~wd lik piwwa~i+ a~emldzzmwm dl pizdald gikk%Dlwi~lm~dalmk Yldal af Odpwa~t

mlg Xodkapaxot af P`dilì i gikkm Iy~aximl Xotpd`mk Pa diwt, MYa pàxa gd ciekda à~lx~ilgi~i k%axi~m i

km fjey~m gd Vakwm lik py a àlwipwa pwa~dia+ mkdm Dyì gd lyavi i xdkd,àcxkippi pw~mwiedi pwa~dae~mfdòi+ pd i~imkdzzmwa Kdlua~bpoax `yd omlla xm~wi`dxmwa }ym~mlwm pxi dmkdpwd gd }yipwm àcyldwm+ x~avildilwd gm vm#~d xmipd gd wy~wa dw calga, Ddpyk~mwd gik ua~bpoax pm~mlla ~m`àkwd ==k vakyci /igdzdali dwmkdmlm i dlekipi+

08



@ A VIELD ! CIIWDLEP MLG @ALFIÎL@IP

piwwicn~i~,v W oi mdc af wodp u Ak%bpoax+ mwwil gig nt fa~wt pxi`dmkdpwp f~ac ml dlwi~lmwdalmk àc cyldwt afixi~wp f~ac vm~dayp àylw~dip R~ac mkk avi~ woi u a~kg+ u mp wa niwwi~ ylgi~pwmlg woi u a~b mlg Rdey~i afV akwm dl o dp odpwa ~d`mk àlwi w+ dl woi kdeow af liu mlg c a~i àc xki odpwa~dae~mxod`mk pw~mwiedip,

MLLA = 44 4= TI M^ = 44 4

• .Vakwm Cica~dmk Ua~bpoax al kau#xaui~ gipdel.+ V dk km A kc a + @a = = % =8+ 7#9 cmwza = 4 4 4 = Vdkkm 8 = = = % = 8 +

@aca+ 7#9 C m~` o = 44 4/Gdxm~wdcilwa gd Ikiww~ald`m i Dlfa~cmzdali+ Xakdwi`ld a gd Cdkmla+ @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P dilwdfd`m .M, Vak#

wm., @alw~dnywd ~dòdipwd: DIII+ @acyli gd @aca+ Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla, îpxalpmndkikPyxi~vdpa~: , J % v f M #

^DME=8VMLLM P M C J $

Km x~aeiwwmzdali gd `d~`ydwd ikiww~ald d m nmppa àlpyci ikd xawilzm i yla giekd m~eacilwd gd xylwm gikkm

~d i~`m calgdmki gi k piwwa~i ikiw~~aldà+ DD Ua~bpoax pd x~axmli gd ~dyld~i j cmeeda~d ipxi~wd gik piwwa~i

xi~ gdp ywi~i gikki xdy ~iìlwd pàxi~wi l ik `mcxa gik àlpyca gd xawilzm+ mkk%dlwi~la gikki cmldfipwmzda#

ld àccica~mwdvi gd Vakwm+ òi xya ippi~i àlpdgi~mwa d-.xmg~i. gd }yipwa piwwa~i gikk%ikiww~ald m+ ! Woi

g ipde ldl e a f ka u#x au i~ i ki `w~a ld` ` d~` ydwp dp a li a f wo i b it wa xd` p a f u a~kg ~i pi m~` o dl wo i i ki `w~a ld` pi `wa ~,

W oi u a~bpoax m dc p wa `mkk wae iwoi~ wo i c mdl i xi~wp dl wo i fdi kg wa g dp`y pp wo i c apw ~i ì lw g dp` av i~di p dl wo ifdikg af x au i~ ` al py cx wda l ,

• .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm =54>#=544+ gyi piàkd gaxa., Dpwdwywa K a cn m ~g a+ C d km la + =9#=6 mx~dki =444! .Mkip#

p ml g~ a V a kw m =54>#=544+ wu a ` il wy ~di p km wi ~ %+ D, K,+ Cdkml =9#=6 Mx~dk =444/Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P dilzi i Kiwwi~i+ @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~d#

xka+ Nipxalpmndkik Pyxi~vdpa~: MKNI^WA E DE Kk N I^ ZA KM ^J $

l @alviela i gigd mwi mkkm xi~palmkdwm p dilwdfd`m gd Vakwm+ cicn~a mywa~ivaki i x~dca X~ipdgilwi gikk%k#

pwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ òi àlpi~vm dcmlap`~dwwd p dilwdfd`- i km à~~dpxalgilzm gik e~mlgi fdpd a+ Vd dlwi~vi~#

~mlla pwygda d gd Vakwm ikiww~akaedm ig ikiww~a odòdcd m+ pdm dwmkdmld òi pw~mldi~d, ! Woi àlvilwdal dp gi#

g d` mwi g wa wo i p` di lwdfd` x i~pa lm kdwt a f V akwm + x ~a cdl il w F ikka u m lg fd~pw X ~i pdg il w a f wo i Dpwdwy wa K ac nm ~#g a+ u od` o x~ipi~yip wo i pgildgd` c ml yp` ~dx wp m lg à~~ipxalgilì a f w oi e ~i mw x ot pd` dp w,

• Iy~aximl KIV àl = /Kdeow Iki w~d` Viod kip$ @alfi~ilì: .Vid akdIkiww~d d aeed i gacmld. # Cilg~dpda+Pydzzi~m+ 5 # 4 cmeedi = 4 4 4 = . Iy ~a xi ml K I V à = = = / Kd eo w I ki `w ~d` V i od `ki p$ @ a lfi ~i l` i: . Ik i` w~ d` V i od` ki pW ag mt m lg W ac a~ ~a u ., C i lg ~dp da + P u dwz i~ km lg 5# 4 C mt =444

Km @alfi~ilzm i a~emldzzmwm gmkk%klfa V IK gd Cilg~dpda i xmw~a dlmwm+ xi~ km Pv dzzi~m+ gm k @AGkKkGid Cil#

g~dpda+ gmk @mlwal Wd`dla i gmkkm @alfigi~mzdali Ikviwd`m+ xi~ k%Dwmkdm gmk @acyli i gmkkm X~avdl`dm gd

@aca i gmk @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P ` di l wd fd `m . M Vakwm., .KIVàl =. i km x~dcm àlfi~ilzm iy~axim gigd`m#wm mekd mpxiwwd pa dmkd i xakdwd d kiemwd mkk%ypa }yawdgdmla gik vidàka ikiww~dà, Ylm gikki pid ~ikmzdald i pwmwm

àa~gdlmwm gmk @ilw~a Vakwm+ dk }ymki om cippa m gdpxapdzdali yl e~yxxa i kd kmva~a xi~ km wicmwd`m .Pmky#

wi i Mcndilwi. /Pmlg~i Fy~kml+ P`yadm Pyxi~da~i Il~d a Cmwwid gd Cdkmla+ i Cd oiki Edyekdmla+ Xakdwi`#

ldà i kd Cdkmla$, K%dl~i~vilwa dkkypw~m dKdvikkdgd dl}ydlmcilwa mw~lapfi~dà i m`ypwd a+ ki àlpieyilzi pyk#

km pmkywi i dikmwdvd àpwd pmldwm~d `mypmwd + dl ~mxxa~wa m }ymlwm dlviì m``mg~inni dl p ie ydw a m k k% dl w ~agyz d ali

ikdv id` akd i ki ww~ d d ki ee i~d, = W o i ` al fi ~i l` i d p a ~e ml dp ig nt Dlfa VI K C i l g~ dp da m lg p xa lp a~ ig n t pivi~mk dc#,

x a~ wm lw d lp wdw yw da l p, K I V` a l =dp wo i fd~ pw I y~ ax im l ` al fi ~i l` i g ig d` mwi g wa wo i p a` dm k m lg x akdwd` mk m px i` wpkdlbig wa woi dlw~agy`wdal mlg gmdkt ypi af woi iki`w~d` viod`ki, Ali af woi pd ~ixa~wp uodò udkk ni i#xay lgig dl woi à y~pi af woi àl fi~ilì+ à#a~gdlmwig nt woi @ il w~a V akwm + dkkypw~mwip woi kivikp af mwc a#p xo i~ d` m lg m à yp wd` x akky wda l+ wo i ` al pi }y il ì p al oimkwo mlg woi ~ikmwdvi àpwp wa woi O imkwo Pi~vdì+ dl~ikmwdal wa u omw dlpwimg u aykg a``y~ mp m ~ipykw af woi dlw~agy`wdal af kdeow iki`w~d` viod`kip dl m edvil xi~#` il wm ei a f w ~m gdw da lm k v io d` ki p,

• .Dlwi~lmwdalmk Ptcxapdyc al Lal#kdlim~ Iki w~acmeliwd` Ptpwicp., Xmvdm =8#=> c#meedm = 44 4= = 8 #= >

C mt = 4 4 4

/ Y l dv i~ pd~ m g d Xmvdm, @ a lw~ dn y wi ^ ie da l i K ac n m~ gdm + Pie~iwi~dm p`dilwdfd`mk P`dilw df d` nam~g: M L W G L D A PMVDLD$

DDpdcxapda dlwi~lmzdalmki pyd dpwicd ikiww~acmeliwd d lal kdlim~d i YG nil lawa fa~yc dlwi~lmzdalmki pkSk#

D%ikiww~acmeliwdpca mxxkd`mwi, DD x~dca inni kyaea lik=4?? dl Edmxxali i dl pieydwa fy wilywa picx~i dl

Edmxxali+ xad dl @a~im+ dl E~ml N~iwmelm i dl Eillmldm, DD lali mxxylwmcilwa pd wi~~m m Xmvdm, =W oi Dl #

wi~l mwda lm k P tc xa pdy c a l l al #kdl im ~ i ki `w~a cm el iwd` pt pwi cp dp m u ikk#b la ul dl wi ~l mwda lm k fa ~y c a l m x#

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XÂE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALJ ! XÂE^MCMdkk AF @IKIN^MWDALP

xk dig iki`w~acmeliwdpc,

• .M,Vakwm iki yldvi~pdwm iy~axii., Xmvdm+ 0#9 Edyela =444! .M V akwm m lg I y~ ax im l Y l dv i~ pdwdi p. X mv dm +

0#9 Jyli =444

/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm, Pie~iwi~dm p`dilw df d`m! P`dilw df d` nam~g: ML~aLJA PMVDL S $

Ki yldvi~pdwm pwa~dòi g%Iy~axm+ ~mee~yxxmwi likk%mppa`dmzdali òdmcmwm E~yxxa gd @adcn~m+ lik =444 ~d#

waci~mlla m Xmvdm+ gavi fy fd~cmwm km `m~wm àpwdwy~dvm gik E~yxxa+ xi~ wili~vd km ~dyldali mllymki i ml#

òi xik: ~dvakei~i yl acmeeda mg Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ X~afippa~i i îwwa~i gikk%Mwilia wd`dlipi+ òi gyi pi#

àkd fm gdigi dk vdm mkka pvdkyxxa gikkm p`dilzm i wi`lakaedm ikiww~d`m i km `yd fmcm ~meedylpi wywwi ki yldvi~#

pdwp g% cmxm, ! Dl =444+ wo i o dpwa ~d` mk Y l dv i~pdwdi p a f I y~a xi+ e ~a yx ig wa ei wo i~ dl m l m ppa `dm wda l ` mkki g@ adc n~m E ~ayx+ u dkk ~iwy~l wa X mvdm+ waoi~i woi @ alpwdwywdalmk @ om~wi~ af woi e~ayx u mp pdelig+ wa oakg woimllymk ciiwdle mlg mkpa wa xmt oacmei wa M ki pp ml g~ a V a kw m ,

• ^dyldali Eili~mwi M I D , W my ic akm + @ ac a+ = 6 # = ? edyel+a =444! M I= E il i~m k C i iwdl e, W my ic akm 2 @ ac a+

=6#=? JYkdi =444/Mppa`dmzdali Ikiww~awi`ld`m ig Iki~w~ald`m Dwmkdmlm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm, @aa~gdlmwa~d D @aa~#

gdlmwa~p: EYDGA @KI^ D@S+@M^K ACMPIWD=+ @KMVGkA Cd ^M+ @M^KACMpADWa$

K%dlàlw~a pd m~wdàkm dl ~~ i eda~lmwi+ km x~dcm gikki }ymk d pm~m gigd`mwm mkki x~apxiwwdvi gd pvdkyxxa i gdci~ mwa gikk%dlgypw~dm ikiww~d m i gikki wiki acyld mzdald+ Ki gyi eda~lmwi w~mwwi~mlla wicd xdkk pxi`dfd`d+ à#

ci deili~mwa~d ikiww~aòdcd`d i km àlvi~eilzm gikki wi`lakaedi dlfa~cmwdòi i gd wikià~lyld`mzdali, DWoi c iiwdle u dkk kmpw wo~ii gmtp+ woi R d ~ p w af u odò u dkk ni gigd`mwig w a w o i givikaxc ilw mlg c m~biw X J % A #

pxi`wp af woi iki`w~d` mlg wikiàc cyld`mwdalp dlgypw~t, W oi awoi~ wu a gmtp udkk gimk u dwo c a~i pxi`dfd`p yn ji `wp + p y` o m p i ki `w~a ò ic d` mk e il i~ mwa ~p m lg wo i ` al vi ~e il ì a f ` ac x ywi ~ p` di l` i m lg wi ki à cc y ld` m#

w da l w iò ly ka e t,

• .Woi xotpd`p a f ` a c x ki ptpwicp mlg dwp dcxm`w al p`dilì+ pa`diwt mlg wiòlakaet mw woi wy~l af wo i ìl#

wy ~t. # V dkkm A kc a+ @ ac a+ >8#>0 edyela =444= V ,A ,+ @ ac a + >8#>0 Jyli =444/@ilw~a gd @yk~y~m P`dilwdfd`m .M, Vakwm., @alw~dnywa @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki, Pie~iwi~dm p`dilwd f d`mS P`dilwd#

fd ` n am ~g : K M Y ^ M ÎNYZZDLJ$

Aeed xappdmca àlpwmwm~i òi k%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm om x~agawwa yl%ila~ci m`ìki~mzdali gikka pvdkyxxa

wi`lakaedà i }ydlgd gikkm à~lxkippdwm òi `m~mwwi~dzzm ki pw~ywwy~i gikkm pa`diwm cagi~lm, ]yipwm @A~l#

xkippdwm àpwdwydpì yl ikicilwa gacdlmlwi lal paka likkm p`dilzm i likkm wi`lakaedm+ ~lm mlòi dl ~lakwi mk#

w~ i gdp`dxkdli, M >88 mlld gmkk % dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm+ ylm ~ df ki pp da l i p y àci km p`dilzm xy a dl wi~v il d~i m ~d#pakvi~i dx~anki~ld xapwd gmkk%mwwymki pa`di~m wi`lakaed`m+ òdmcmlga m ~m`àkwm dgdvi~pd ipxi~wd dlwi~lmzda#

lmk d likki vm~di gdp`dxkdli+ i gd e~mlgi dlwi~ippi, ! Woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t x~agyìg ml ila~c ayp m`#

` iki~m wda l a f wi` ol aka ed` mk g iv ika xc il w m lg à lpi }y il wkt a f wo i ` ac xki dwdi p u od` o ` om ~m `wi ~dpi wo i pw~y `#

wy~ip af c agi~l pa`diwt, W oipi àc xki dwdip wagmt àlpwdwywi m gac dlmlw fm`wa~ law alkt dl p`dilì mlg wi#

òlakaet nyw mkpa dl c mlt awoi~ gdp`dxkdlip, Dw dp af e~imw dlwi~ipw lau + >88 t im ~p f= %8 == =o i dl vi lwda l a f wo i

N mwwi ~t + o au p `di l` i ` ml dl wi ~v il i wa pa kv i x ~a nki cp m ~dp dl e dl a y~ x ~i pi lw# gm t wi ò la ka ed` mk p a` di wt + nt `mk#

kdl e wa ei wo i~ dl wi ~l mwda lm k i x i~ wp dl wo i v m~ da yp g dp` dx kdl ip ,

• .M ll ymk @alfi~ilì af woi Dlwi~lmwdalmk Pa`diwt af Iki`w~aòicdpw~t., X ma dm #@ ac a 9 #= 8 piwdic n~i = 44 4!

X my dm #@ ac a + 9 #= 8 P ix wi c ni ~ =444

/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm, Pie~iwi~jm pmilwddd`md P`dilwd fd` nam~g: P, W^MPMDWf/Cd#

kmla$ òmd~cml+ ^, EYdGIKKk /F d~i k= zi$ +I , BMKCML/Ny g mx ipw $ DP I+ M, CMEDPW^kP/Xmvdm$+ E , PDKVIPW^DXm#ki~ca$+ I, V~ML IKK A/Xmgavm $$

Kikiww~aòdcd`m+ àci gdp`dxkdlm mywalacm+ lmpì àl =m X dkm i xi~wmlwa km Pa`diwm Dlwi~lmzdalmki gd Ikiw#

w~ a` odc d` m n m gi`dpa gd wili~i dk pya @ale~ippa Mllymki gik = 44 4 m Xmvdm xi~ ìkin~m~i pakilli~lilwi km

~dà~~ilzm+ D I ki`w~aòic dpw~t mp ml mywalac ayp gdp`dxkdli pwm~wig u dwo woi N mwwi~t mlg woi~ifa~i woi Dl#

wi~lmwdalmk Pa`diwt af I ki`w~aòic dpw~t omp gi`dgig wa oakg dwp =444 Mllymk @alfi~ilì dl Xmvdm wa pa#

k ic l kt ` iki n~ mwi w oi m ll dv i~ pm ~t ,

• .V akwm ml g woi Odpwa~t af Iki`w~d`dwt., @ ac a /Vdkkm A kc a$ # X mvdm+ ==#=9 pidwicn~i =444! @ ac a L ,G ,$

# Xm vdm + ==#=9 Pixwicni~ =444

/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm+ P ie~iw i~ dm p` dil wd fd `m S P `dil wd fd ` n a m~g : F MN DA N IV k#K7@eYM+ I L ^ D @ A EJMLLI=WA$

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@ALVIELkD CIIWDLEP MLG @ALFIÎL@IP

D D E ~y x xa D l wi ~g dv dp da l mki gd Pwa~dm gikkm Fdpd`m g ikkm P a` di wm I y ~a xi m i kd F dpd`m /I XP $+ dl pdic i àl km @ ac #

~l dppdal i py kkm P wa~dm gikkm Fdpd`m C agic m gikkm G dvdpdal i gd P wa~dm gikkm P` dil zm gikkm Dl wi~l mwdal mk Y ldal

af O dpwa~t ml g X odkapaxot af P ` dil ì /~y O XP $+ wi~~m dk 9==8 }y m~wa àl vie l a mk @ il w~a V akwm gd @ ac a i

mkk %Yldvi~pdwm i kd X mvdm /= 4 4 > @ ac a+ = 4 4 9 N i~kdl a+ = 4 4 5 X m~ded$ +

l` a lv i e la pm~m gigd`mwa mk ~y aka gd V ak#

wm likkm pvdky xxa pwa~dà gikki wia~di i gie kd pw~y cil wd ikiww~d` d+ i mkkm py m dl fky il zm l ikkm pwa~dm gikk%ikiw#

w~a~lmeliwdp~la, = Woi àlvilwdal u dkk ni gigd`mwig wa woi ~aki af Vakwm dl woi odpwa~d`mk givikaxc ilw af

woia~dip ml g iki`w~d`mk dl pw~yc ilwp m lg wa odp dlfky il ì al wo i o dpwa ~t a f iki`w~a cme liwdpc ,

" .P` dilì mp @lk~y~i%%, Xmydm#@aca+ =9#=4 p iwwi c n~ i = 44 4= X my dm #@ ac a + =9#=4 P ix wic ni~ = 44 4

/Yldvi~pdwm gd X mvdm, @ al w~dny wa ^ iedal i Kacnm~gdm, P ie ~ iw i~ dm p `d il wd fd `m S P `d il wd fd ` n a m~ g: F M N DANIVf#

KM@]VM+ IL^D@A EkMLLIWDA$

A~emldzzmwa dl àkkmna~mzdali w~m dk E~yxxa Dlwi~lmzdalmki òi fm `mxa mkdm ~dv dpwm P` dil ì &Igy`mw dal

i dk E ~y xx a Dl wi ~g dv dpda l mki g d P wa~dm gikkm Fdpd`m gikkm P a`diwm I y~axim gd F dpd`m /I XP $+ pie yi ki àl fi~il #

zi mc i~d`ml i gd Wmkkmomppii+ B dl epwal + C dl limxakdp+ @ mkem~t i }y ikki iy ~axii i k d X mvdm+ C al mà+ X m~de d+

@ mc n~dg ei+ C mg~dg + P zac nmwo ikt + N ~mwdpkmv m, = Woi àlfi~ilì dp a~emldpig dl àkkmna~mwdal udwo woi Dl#

wi~l mwda lm k E ~a yx + m py npdg dm ~t a r,wo i ja y~l mk . P` dil ì &I gy `m wda l. ml g u dwo woi Dlwi~gdvdpda lm k E cy x

af woi O dpwa~t af Xotpd`p af woi NXP,

• . Dl wi~l mwdal mk P tc xapdy c al Iki` w~ac me l iwd` F dikgp dl I ki `w~ d` mk I l e dl i i~ dl e . , Xmvdm+ >0#>9 piwwicn~i

=444= X m y d m + >0#>9 P ix wi cn i~ = 44 4/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm+ P ie ~i wi ~d m p `d il wd fd `m k P `d il wd fd ` n a m~ g: M L W A LD A P M |

VDLW

DD Pdc xapda dl wi~l mz dal mki py d `mc xd ikiww~a~lmeliwd`d l ikk%dl eie l i~dm ikiww~d`m+ òi pd i wil y wa ndil l mk#

c il wi m xm~wd~i gmk = 4 54 fa~l dpì y l fa~y c xi~ pxi` dmkdpwd dc xie l mwd dl ~dì~òi mxxkd`mwi py y l m vmpwm

m~im òi àc x~il gi `mc xd }y mpd pwmzdal m~d i wi`l dòi i k d `mkàka mvml zmwi+ àc xal il wd ikiww~ac me liwd` d gd

pdpwi~ld+ cmwi~dmkd i ndaikiww~acmeliwdpca,! Woi Ptcxapdyc + uodò omp niil oikg ivi~t wua tim~p pdlì

=454+ dp m fa ~y c: fa ~ p xi `dm kdpwp u a~b dl e a l ~i pi m~ ò m xx kdig wa m vmpw m~im d l` ky g dl e } y mp d# pw mw da l m~ t f di kg p

m lg m gv ml ì g ` mk` yk yp wi ò ld} yi p+ i ki `w~ ac m el iwd ` ` ac x al il w p tp wi cp + c m wi ~dm kp m lg n da #i ki `w~ ac m el iw dp c,

• .@ al vie l a l mzdal mki gikkm P a` diwm Dwmkdml m gd Fdpd`m., Xmvdm > 8 | > 9 p iw wi c n ~ i =444, D .L mwda lm k @ al#vilwda l a f woi Dwmkdml P a`diwt af X otpd`p., X mvdm >8#>9 P ix wi cn i~ = 44 4

/@alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm+ Pie~iwi~dm p`dilw df d` m k P` di lwd fd` nam~g: PD EF^JGANAFFk +ED AÊD APMCAE#

EJM+ Yldyi~pddm gd Xmvdm$

X i~ ~dà~gm~i dk ndìl wil m~da gikk%dl vil zdal i gikkm Xdwm+ km P DF om pìkwa X mvdm i km py m Y ldvi~pdwm+ gavi M kip#

pml g~a V akwm kmva~a i dl pie l a xi~ xdy gd 08 m=====+ xi~ pvake i~i dk x~ax~da àl vie l a mllymki,z W a ` ac c i#

c a~mwi woi ndìlwilm~t af woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t+ woi PDF omp òapil X mvdm mlg dwp Y l dvi~pdwt+ u oi~i

M kippml g~a V akwm u a~big ml g wmy eow fa ~% a vi~ 08 tim ~p+ fa~ dwp au l m ll ym k à lvil wda l,

• .V akwm vdmeedmwa~i i p ~dwwa~i.+ Xmvdm+ awwan~i =444, 2 .V m Dwm mp m w~ mv ikki ~ m lg u ~dwi ~. , X mv dm + A `wa ni ~

=444/Yldvi~pdwm i k d X mvdm, @ al w~dny ~a ^ ie dal i K ac nm~gdm, Pie~iwi~dm p`dilddfd`mk P `di lw dfd ` n am ~g : E DA ^ E DA@y #

PMWIKKk+ M Y G M FY ^k$D ~mxxa~wd w~m V akwm i dk c al ga wigipà fy ~al a pic x~i c akwa dl wil pd+ V akwm ~dìviwwi vdpdwi gd c akwd v dme edmwa~d

p`dilzdmwd x~avildilwd gm wywwm Iy~axm i vdpdwa dxmipd i k d kdleym wigip`m+ Rmp dmlga cica~dm i kd } yipwd py ad

x i~` a~pd jl dl wi ~i ppm lwd p` ~dwwy ~i + l ` al v ie l a pa wwa kdl im m px iwwd pde l dfd` mwdv d g ikkm x i~pa l mkdwm g ikkm p` dil z dm wa +

D V akwm ~iìdvig vdpdwp f~ac m e~imw lyc ni~ af p`dilwdpwp u oa w~mvikkig mkk avi~ Iy~axi mlg oi odc pikf vdpd#

wig E i~c ml #px imbdl e à ylw~dip+ ~ià~gdle odp c ic a~dip a f woipi w~m vikp dl dl wi ~i pw dle ycw dlep,

• . D~i kdl e y i xi~ V ak wm a M pxiwwd pwa~dà#Ddl ey dpwd` d gikkm wia~dm i gikkm x~mppd gdgmwwd`m g % m c ndwa fdpdà i c m#

wic mwd` a l ik piwwi` il wa iy~axia.+ Xmvdm+ awwan~i =444 ! . W o~ ii k ml e ym e ip k a ~ Vakwm, Odpwa~d`mk# k dleydpwd`

m px i`wp a f wo i wo ia ~t m lg g dg m` wd` mk x ~m dp dl woi fdikg a f x otpd`p m lg c mwoic mwd`p dl ide owiilwo ìlwy ~t I y|

~axi. , ,,Xmvdm+ A `wa ni~ =4 44/Y ldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm, @ al w~dny wa ^ iedal i K ac nm~gdm+ Pie~iwi~dm p `d il wd fd `m k P `d il wd fd ` n a m~ g ,, E D A ^ E fA@y #

PMWIKKJ+ ML EIK A PW I K K M $

I% lawa òi l i k P i ww i` i l wa dy kwa~d gd fdpd`m i c m~ic mwd`m pd pi~vdvml a+ xi~ = m ka~a x~agy zdal i wia~d`m i xi~

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XÂE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! XÂE^MCCI AF @IKIN^MWDALP

km gdgmwwd`m y ldvi~pdwm~dm+ gd w~i kdl ey i: dkkmwdl a+ y ffd` dm ki xi~ ki wipd gd kmy ~im 2 dk f~ml ìpi + xi~ km à~~dpxal #

gil zm dl wi~l mz dal mki2 k%dg dac m l mzdal mki xi~ dk Dmva~a gdgmwwdà, DD àl vie l a x~ae ~mc cmwa dc xkd`m y l m

vmky wmz dal i àc xm~m wdp~d`m gik fil ac il a i gid py ad pvdky xxd+ dl ~mxxa~wa mkk%mwwdv dwm gd V akwm l ikkm pigi xm#

vipi g av i ippm inni fa~wi w dx d` d wm + ! Dw dp m u ikk#bla ul fm `w wom w dl woi ideo wii lwo ìlwy~t xo tpd`p m lg c mwo i#

c mwd` p p` oa km ~p y pi g wo ~i i km le ym ei p fa ~ wo id~ wo ia ~i wd` mk dg im p m lg y ldv i~pdwt wi m` odl e: K mwdl + wo i a ffd` dm kkm le ym ei a f e ~m gy mwda l wo ip ip 2 F ~i l` o+ fA W dl wi ~l mwda lm k ` a~ ~i px al gi l` i2 c a wo i~ wa le yi + fa ~ wi m` odl e,

M LL A >888!T IM ^ >888

• . = 8wo Dl wi~l mwda l mk C iiwdl e al K dwo dy c N mwwi~dip DC K N #= 8 # K dwo dy c >888. , @ i~lan nda /@ ac a$+ > ?

c meeda # > edye la > 88 8! @ i~la nnda /@ ac a$+ >? C mt # > Jy li > 88 8W oi I ki` w~aò ic d`mk P a` di wt+ Dl `,+ Y PM , @ il w~a gd @ ykwy ~m P `dil wdfd`m .M, V akwm ., @ al w~dny ~d ~d` odipwd, Y l d#

vi~pdwm K m P mxdil zm+ ^ ac m2 @ ac d~m wa L mzdal mki xi~ ki @ ikin~mz dal d V akwdml i, @ o m d~ c ml : N ^ Y L AP @ ^ A PM #Wd+ Y l dy i~ pdwm . Km P mx di lz m. g d ^ ac m ,

Dk piwwa ~i g ikki nmwwi~di m k kdwda om py ndwa y lm Da~cdgmndki ipxmlpdali l ie kd y kwdc d gy i giìl ld, Km àc#

c i ~` dm kdz zm zda l i dl ~ mx dg m ` ~i p` dwm g ikki n mwwi ~di ~d` m~d` mn dkd m k kdwda l ikk%i ki ww~a l d` m gd ` al py ci i Di àl `~iwix appdndkdwm gd ipwil pda l i gik ka~m dc xdie a l ikkm w~mz dal i iki~w~d`m py pw~mgm oml l a dc x ~ippa y l m e ~ml gi

pxdlwm mO m ~ d` i ~` m m` `mgic d`m i dl gy pw~dmki , DD @ al vie la pie lm dkvil wil l mki gikkm pi~di gid @ al vie ld DCKN

i+ dl pdic i+ km pvakwm g ik c dkkil lda+ l al òi dk ndìl wil m~da gikkm x~dc m pwa~d`m . Xdkm .+ ! W oi kdwo dy c n mwwi ~twi ò la ka et o mp i x ml gi g ` al pdg i~ mn kt dl woi x mpw wu a g i`mg ip, W oi ~mxdgkt e~a udl e àc ci~`dmkdpmwdal af~ i` om ~e i mn ki k dwo dy c n m ww i~ di p d l @ 8 = =P Y = = = ,i ~ki `w~ al d` p m lg wo i ` al `~ iwi x ap pdn dkdwdi p a f wo i i wi lp da l a f wo id~y pi dl i ki `w~ d` mk w~m `wda l a l wo i ~a mg o mv i e ~i mwkt n aa pwi g m `m gi cd` m lg dl gy pw~dm k ~i pi m~` o,

@ A LV I E LD G D @ M ^M WW I ^ I l DV Y KE M WkV A !E IL I^ M K CIIWDLEP

" . K m p `dl wdkkm g ikki dgii. /0 L anik xi~ V akwm$, Vdkkm @kca+ @a ca + 9 gdìcn~i , =44?-W oi pxm~b a f Dgi mp.

/0 L an ikp fa ~ V akwm $, = = , 8,+ @ ac a+ P G iìc ni~ =44?

/@ il w~a gd @ y= wy ~m P ` dil wdfd`m . M , V akwm. , @ al w~dny wa ^ ie dal i K ac nm~gdm i C dl dpwi~a gikk%Y ldvi~pdwm i gik#km ^dì~`m P ` di l wdf d` m i W i `l a ka e d` m, @omd~cml: Î LM WA Y E a$

A ~e ml dzzmwa àl km à kkmna~mz dal i gd O txa woipdp+ anik xi~ dk fy wy ~a+ dk@ al vie l a om vdpwa km xm~wi` d#

xmzdal i gid X ~i~l d L anik Bm~t N , C ykkdp /@ odc d`m = 4 4 0 $+ ^ mnil @ , ^ d` om~gpal /F dpd`m = 44 6$ i U dkkdmc

F , P om~xi /I àl a~l dm = 4 4 8$ ` al dlwi~vilwd py d wic m . P `dil zm i dl lavmzdal i m kkm pvakwm g ik C dkkil ldm. , O m

àa~g dl mwi km wmvakm ~awal gm ^ il mwi Y e a+ X ~ipdgil wi M D^ k, P al a dl wi~vil ywd E dy kda @ mpm wd+ @ aa~gdl mwi#

~i P ` dil wdfd` a gik @ il w~a V akwm+ i @ dy kka E da ~ikka + Y l dvi~pdwm gie kd P wy gd ` K C dkml a, ! A ~e ml dp ig dl ` akkm #

na~mwdal u dwo O txawoipdp+ L anik fa~ woi Fywy~i+ woi @ alfi~ilì ~iìdvig woi xm~wd`dxmwdal af L anik X ~d#

ziyddlyi~p Bm~t N, C y kk dp / @ oi c dp w~ t =440$+ âni~w @, ^ d` o m~ gp al / Xo t pd` p =446$ m lg U dkkdm c F , Pom~xi/ I` al ac d` p = 44 8$ dl wi ~v il dl e 8= = woi woic i% P`dilì mlg Dllavmwdal al woi ivi af C dkkilldyc .,

". G m X km~al i m Dl wi~l iw, @ a ~~il wd iki ww~d` oi i dkky cdl dpc a p` dil wdfd` a. , V dkkm A kc a+ @ ac a+ = 0 # = 9 awwan~i

= 44 4! . F~ ac X km wa wa D lwi ~l iw, I ki `w~ d` ` y~ ~i lwp m lg p `di lwdfd` i lkde owi lc i lw. @8=la=0 #= 9 A`wani~ = 4 4 4

/@ il w~a gd @ ykwl ~m P ` dil wdfd`m .M + V akwm. , @ al w~dny wi ^ ie dal i K ac nm~gdm, Pie~iwi~dm p`dilw df d`m- P`dilw df dòam~g2 @DYKkA E DA ^ IY A + I y a P dL G A L D+@ A ^ ^M G APDLkEMEKkM+ Y l dv i~ pdwm g ie kd P wy gd g d C dkm la $

K i pàxi~~i i Di dlvilzdald òi pd pala py`ìgywi gmkk%ixa`m gd Xkmwali m d e da ~l d lapwl o m l l a àlw~dnydwa

m ~l agdfd`m~i x~afal gmc il wi km l apw~m àl ` izdal i gik c al ga, K %dl vil zdal i gikkm xdkm gm xm~wi gd M kip#

pml g~a V akwm mxx m~wdil i m e yid xmppd àc xdy wd g mkd%y cml dwm + m d }y mkd i ~ l me e da ~~ l il w i g in dwa ~i dkc al ga ~l a #

g ic a+ x~afal gmc il wi xkmpc mwa gmkkm p` dil zm i gmkkm wi`l akae dm + DD @ al vie l a+ xdy ioi paffi~c m~pd py kki pdl #

e aki pà xi~wi p` dil wdfdòi+ vy aki pvdky xxm~i y lm ~dfkippdal i py kk%dl fky ppa ` oi ippi o ml la ipi~` dwmwa py kkm pa#

`diwm+ p y kk i ~ l i l wm kd wm + ek d pwdkd gd v dwm i ki ` al ìzdal d fdkapafdòi,~ W oi gdpà vi~dip ml g dlv ilwdalp u odò om#

vi a``y~~ig pdlì woi wdc i af Xkmwa wa woi x~ipilw gmt omvi àlw~dnywig wa woi x~adaylg c agdfd`mwdal af

ay~ àlìxwp af pxmì+ wdc i+ c mwwi~ mlg woi yldvi~pi, W oi dlvilwdal af woi N mwwi~t nt Mkippmlg~a V akwm dpali af woi pwixp wmbil nt c mlbdlg wa u odò woi c agic u a~kg au ip c apw+ giixkt c aykgig mp dw dp nv p`dil#

ì m lg wiò laka et, W oi àl vilwdal mdc p wa givikax m àl pdgi~mwdal al woi dlfkyil ì wo mw p` dil wdfd` gdpà #v i~di p o mv i o mg 8== p a` di wt + c i l wm kd wd ip + k dfi #p wt ki p m l g x o dk ap ax o d` m k ` al ` ix wd al p,

07



GDGMWWD@M I GkVYKEMZDALIGDGM@WD@P MLG XAXYKM DPMWDAL

V DG IA G DF FY PDA L I!V DG I A G DF FY PDA L

• Vdgiaàlfi~ilzi likki p`yaki /Xmvdm+ @aca+ Cdkmla$, Awwan~i =44? # Mx~dki =444! .Tdgiaàlfi~ilìpdl p ò aa kp / Xm vdm m lg @ a ca $ . , A `wa ni ~ =44?# Mx~dk =444

/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, îmkdzzmzali Wikiàc Dwmkdm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm, îpxalpmndki -@ a#a~gdlmwa~: E DM LL D N AL I^ M$

Xi~ pilpdndkdzzm~i k%axdldali xynnkd m i dl xm~wd akm~i ekd pwygilwd mkki ìkin~mzdald xi~ dk nd ilwilm~da gik#

k%dlvilzdali gikkm Xdkm km X~avdl`dm i dk @acyli gd Xmvdm dl àkkmna~mzdali àl k%Yldvi~pd~m+ dk X~avvigd#

wa~mwa m e kd P wy g d i dk @alpa~zda gd N da dl e ie l i~dm i Dlfa~cmwd m Cigd`m gd Xmvdm+ àl dw àlw~ dnywi gikkm î#

edali i giYm Wiki ac Dwmkdm+ pwm ~imkdzzmlga ylm pi~di gd vdgiaàlfi~ilzi dk `yd fdli i }yikka gd dkkypw~mwi

km fdey~m gd Vakwm ~dik pya àlwipwa p ` di l ~d fd ` a+ p wa ~d ` a i pa`dmki,

Ki àlfi~ilzi dlwi~ippmla gdi d p`yaki cigdi pyxi~da~d+ piwwi gikkm x~avdl`dm dkk Xmvdm /Kdìa @kmppd a Fa#

p à ka + K d` ia P`dilwdfdia Wm~mcikkd + Kdìa P `di lwdfd` a @ a xi ~l d` a+ K W ,@ Vakwm i KW,D, @m~gmla gd Xmvdm+ Kd#

ìa @md~akd gd Vdeivmla+ Kdìa Emkdkid gd Vaeoi~m$+ ylm gd Cdkmla /Kdìa P dilwdfdà %M , Vakwm%$ i gyi dkk@ a c a / K d` i m P ` di l wd fd à %@davda% i K d` ia @kmppdà %M , Vakwm%$,

DD x~d~la `d`ka gd }ymww~a àlfi~ilzi pd i pvakwa likk%mywylla =44? i om dlwi~ippmwa ki a~dedld gikkm p`dil#

zm cagicp, DD piàlga `dga pd wi~~m likkm x~dcmvi~m =444 i ~deym~gi~m Vakwm+ k%y8k==8 i = 8 p`dilzdmwa,Wa c mb i wo i x yn kd` m lg + dl xm~wd`ykm~2 p wy gi lwp < mu m ~i a f wo i ` iki n~ mwd al p fa ~ wo i n d` il wi lm ~t a f wo i dl vi lwd ala f wo i N mwwi ~t + wo i X~avdlì m lg X m kkdm C y ld` dx mkdw t+ dl ` akkm na ~m wda l u dwo w oi Y l d vi ~p dwt + wo i X ~a vdl `dm k I g y#`m wda l A ffd` i m lg woi @ al pa ~wdy c a f N da #i le dl ii ~dl e m lg C ig d`m k @ ac xy wi~ P `di lì p a f X mvdm + u dwo wo ià lw~dn ywda l a f wo i ^ ie da l m lg W ik i` ac D wm kd m+ dp x ~i xm ~dl e m p i~ di p a f vdgiaàldi~ilìp u oa pi m dc dp wa dk#

ky pw~m wi wo i fde y~i a f V akwm dl wo i p`di lwdfd`+ o dpwa ~d` mk m lg pa `dm k ` al wi w a f o dp wdc i, W oi fd~pw `t `ki a f Ra y~` al fi ~i l` ip u m p o ikg dl Mywyc² =44? m lg g im kw u dwo wo i a ~de dl p a f c ag i~l p` di l` i, W oi pi à lg `t `ki udkk

ni oikg dkk Px~dle =444 m lg u dkk à l` il w~m wi a l V akwm + woi c ml m lg wo i p`dil wdpw,

• D%Km p`dlwdkkm g d Vakwm.+ @d`da gd =8 w~mpcdppdald wikivdpdvi, X ~ ip i lw mz da l i: @ a c a + >8 cm~za =444! .Vak#wm%p pxm~b.+ M `t`ki af =8 wi ki vdp da l x ~a e~ mc c i p, X ~i pi lwm wda l: @ a c a+ >8 Cm ~ò =444

/Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla, îmkdzzmzdali Mlwillm 0, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~d#

xka, @ a c dwm wa p `di lwdfd` a ! ^ i px al pm ndk i ! P yx i~ vdp a~ : M L G^ I M P DK VI PW ^d < X a kd wi ` ld à g d C d km l a$Likki gdig xylwmwi pala cippd dl kyì mpxiwwd gikkm xi~palmkdwm pdm ycmlm pd m p`dilwdfd`m dkk Vakwm lik àl#

wipwa pwa~dà gikkm pym ixa`m+ àl mwwilzdali xi~ de~ml`kd gdnmwwdwd `yd xm~~i`dxa i xi~ km gdcilpdali iy#

~axim gik pya kmva~a+ ~lm dl}ymg~mlgali mkw~ipd ekd dlwi~ippd lal paka i k d pwygdapa gd ikiww~d dwm /fdla mk#

D%dlvilzdali+ mxxyl~a+ gikkm xdkm$ ~lm xdy dl eili~mki gd .fdkapafa lmwy~mki. # nil x~ipwa mppylwa+ pax~mw#

wywwa gaxa k %Yldwm+ w~m dcdwd gikk%dgilwdwm lmzdalmki, Km ~dfkippdali pd i mkkm~emwm mekd iffiwwd gikki py`ìppd#

vi pàxi~wi ikiww~d oi /dcxilpmndkd dl mppilzm dkk Vakwm$ pykk%dlwi~a x~a ippa gd cagi~ldzzmzdali+ gmkkm wi#

kie~mfdm mkk%dkkycdlmzdali ikiww~d`m+ gmk w~mpxa~wa m gdpwmlzm gikk%ili~edm mkki ywdkdzzmzdald xdy pvm~dmwi /xi~

ipicxda likki ~i`ldòi emkvmldòi 8dl cigd dlm$, Xi~ pxmzdm~i dlfdli pykk%dcxmwwa likk%mwwymkdwm+ dl piwwm#

~d }ymkd k%ikiww~a odcd m dlgy w~dmki+ d~mpxa~wd+ k%ikiww~ald`m i k%dlfa~~lmwd m+ Di à~lyld mzdald+ i i,

W oi wi l x ~a e~m cc ip ~i vim k m px i` wp a f V akwm %p x i~pa lm kdwt f~a c m o yc ml , m lg p` di lwdfd` x adl w a f vdi u dl wo io dp wa ~d` mk ` al wi w a f o dp wdc i p, @ a lpdg i~ mwda l o mp m kp a n ii l g d~i `wi g wa wo i i ffi `wp a f py np i} yi lw i ki `w~ d` mk

gdpàyi~dip 8= = wo i uoaki x ~a ì pp a f c a g i ~l dp mw da l + ` a vi ~d le w oi `y~~ilw dc xm `w a l pi`wa~p p y` o m p d lg y pw ~d mki ki `w~a ò ic dpw~ t+ w~ ml px a~ w+ i ki `w~a ld` p m lg ` ac x ywi ~ p `di l` i+ ` ac c yl d` mwda lp + i w` ,

DLWI^LIW! DLWI^LIW

• Pd~a Uin .Vakwm44. D Y Uin p d wi %T m kw m 44.

/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm, ^ i px a lp m nd kd ! P y xi ~v dp a~ p: K DG DM F MKA C A+ FMN JA

N I V D K M @ ] Y M + Dkldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm$

DD pdwa uin /~igmwwa dl dlekipi i dldwmkdmla$ pd w~avm mkk%dlgd~dzza: uuu,`dkim,dw!vakwm44, J k pd~i x~ipilwm

k%dlpdici gikki dldzdmwdvi fdlmlzdmwi gmkkm îedali Kacnm~gdm+ àl d ~dpxiwwdvd kdlb mekd pxi`dfd d mxx~afal#

gdcilwdDk pdwa i a~emldzzm~a àl f~mcip òi àlpilwala gd mvi~i picx~i pykdm pdldpw~m k%dlgdì i pykkm gi#

pw~m ki dlfa~cmmdald pxi dfdòi, I % m~~d òdwa `dm ylm n dn kd ae ~ mf dm v a kw dm l m i ` dm dl fa ~c mz da ld py d caga gd

dp`~dvi~pd m d vm~d àlvield + Xi~ mk yld gd ippd+ i xappdndki dp ~dvi~pd al kdli+ à~lxdkmlga ylm p oigm+ òi vdi#

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XÂE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZD8=[kJ ! X ^ A E ^ M C C I AF @IKIN^MWDALP

li dccmemzzdlmwm dl yl gmwm nmpi ig mywacmwd`mcilwi dlvdmwm vdm i#cmdk md ~ipxalpmndkd gikki pie~iwi~di

p`dilwdfd`m i a~emldzzmwdvm,! W oi U in pdwi /n awo dl Dwm kdm l m lg dl I le kdpo $ dp m w wo i m gg ~i pp: u u u,` dki m,dw!v ak#wm 44 , W oi pdwi x ~i pi lwp m kk wo i dl dwdm wdv ip fdl ml ì g n t woi K ac nm ~gt ^ ie da l+ u dwo ~ipx i`wdv i kdlbp wa px i`d#

fd` giwmdkig mlmktpip, Dw àlwmdlp m ndnkdae~mxot mlg dlfa~c mwdal al oau wa wmbi xm~w dl woi vm~dayp àl#vilwdalp,

• Pdwa Uin .M+ Vakwm+ k%laca i =8 p`dilzdmwa. ! Uinpdwi %%dw V akwm+ woi c ml m lg wo i p` di lwdpw./Yldvi~pdwm i kd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm, ^ i px a lp mn dk d ! P yx i ~v dp a~ p: K kG JM X MK AC A + F MN dA

N I V DK M @ ] Y M + Y l dv i~ pdwm g d X mv dm $

P dw a g i gd `m wi pxi`dfd`mcilwi mkdm fde y~m g d Mkippmlg~a Vakwm ~meedyledndki gmk pd~a Vakwm44, W m ki p dw a x~i#

pilwm ylm pikizdali giYi axi~i gdedwmkdzzmwi+ Jm ~dx~agyzdali gd mk`yld fmcapd cmlap`~d~wd i Di dccmedld

gid =>8 pw~y~lilwd gik Emndliwwa gd Vakwm mlà~m x~ipilwd lik Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm

i òi mlg~mlla m ~dàpw~yd~i+ dl ylm pmkm mwwdeym mkka pwippa+ dk Emndliwwa a~dedlm~da /`f~+ x, 04$, Dlfdli ylm

ndnkdae~mfdm giwwmekdmwm gikki falwd piàlgm~di mdcig, =8 pwygdapa, ! W oi pdwi dp gigd`mwig wa V akwm mlg `mlni ~imòig f~ac woi V akwm44 pdwi, Dw x~agyìp m piki`wdal af gdedwmkdpig u a~bp+ m ~ix~agy`wdal af pac i fm#c ayp c mly p`~dxwp mlg dkkypw~m wdal p a f woi =>8 dl pw~ yc i lwp a f V akwm %p km na ~m wa ~t ,

• Pdwa Uin .Vi~pa d $ %44. ! U in pdwi .W au m~g p = 44 4./Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! P ik f# fdl m l` i g, ^ i px al pm nd kd ! P y xi ~v dp a~ p: E DM LL D N AL I^ M+

K DG D M F J# kK A C A + F MN DA N I Vk KM @ ] Y M + Yldyi~pdwm g d X m vd m$

I% dlakw~i dl à~pa gd ~imkdzzmzdali yl pd~a gigd`mwa pxi`dfd`mcilwi mkkm gdg mwwd`m+ àl dk wipwm i ki dc~lm#

edld gikki awwa wikiàlfi~ilzi w~mpcippi gm Xmvdm+ dl àkkmna~mzdali àl km Wikiàc+ mg mk`yli p`yaki gd

Xmvdm+ Cdkmla i @aca /`f~+ x, 09$, ! W oi pdwi dp pxi`dfd`mkkt gdgm`wd` mlg x~avdgip woi wiw mlg xd`wy~ipf~a c wo i i de ow wi ki #` al fi ~i l` ip n ~a mg `m pw f~a c X mv dm + dl ` akkm na ~m wda l u dwo W iki à c,

• Pdwa Uin .Cypia Vd~wymki Mkippmlg~a Vakwm. ! U i np dwi . Mki pp ml g~ a V akwm V d~ wy mk C y pi yc ./@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd m .M , Vakwm.+ `ml dkpyxxa~wa fdlmlzdm~da i wi`lakaedà gd Wikiàc Dwmkdm, @a#

c dwm wa p `di lwdfd` a ! P `di lwdfd` n am ~g : FMNDA N I V DK M @ ] Y M + Y l d yi ~p dw m g d X m vd m2 Ellpa @MPMWD+ @ilw~a M, Vak#wm 2 M K N I ^ W A EDEKD NI^ZAKM^k+ D pw dw yw a K a c nm ~g a 2 MLGÎM PDKVIPW^D+ X a kdw i` l d` a g d C d km l a, @ a a ~g c mc i l wa! @a #a~g dl m wa ~ : s kG ^D ML M N I^ IW fM + @ilw~a M, Vakwm$

Pd w~mwwm gd yl pdwa Wiki ac ~imkdzzmwa mxxapdwmcil~i xi~ gdffalgi~i k%dlfa~cmzdali ~ikmwdvm mkdm dey~m gd

Vakwm+ mkk%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm i mdki dllavmzdald p`dilwdfdòi i wi`lakaedòi gm ippm eili~mwi,

Wipwd fawa+ gdpield+ ~lm mlòi PkkAAK i mldcmzdald pala a~emldzzmwd i m`àpwmwd dl yl x~agawwa cykwd~ligdmki

fdlmkdzzmwa mkkm gdvydemzdali p`dilwdfd`m giekd ipxi~d~lilwd i giekd pwygd pvakwd gm k e~mlgi fdpdà àcmpà+

DD pd~a+ òi pm~m m`ìppdndki m wywwd ekd y~ilw d Dlwi~liw mkk%dlgd~dzza uuu,mkippmlg~avakwm,a~e+ dlwilgi ippi#

~i mkw~ipd yl dcxa~wmlwi xylwm gd ~dfi~dcilwa xi~ ki dlfa~~lmzdald pyekd ivilwd ìkin~mwdvd gik ndìlwilm~da

gikkm xd- m lik à~pa gik = 44 4, D C y kwdc i gdm x ~a gy `w m dc i g m w wo i p `di lwdfd` x ax ykm ~dp mwda l a f wo i i x i~ dc i lwpml g pwyg dip ` m~~dig a yw nt wo i e~imw @ ac a x otpd`dpw, W oi pdwi+ u odò u dkk n i m`` ippdnki wa m kk D lwi ~l iw y pi ~p

m w wo i m gg ~i pp uuu,mkippmlg~avakwm,a~e+ dp mkpa dl wi lgig m p m l dc xa~wml w xa dl w af ~ifi~il` i fa~ dlfa ~c m#wdal al woi ìkin~mwdyi ivilwp fa~ woi ndìlwilm~t af woi nmwwi~t dl woi ày~pi af =444,

• Cypia vd~wy mki MID ! M ID V d~wy mk C ypi yc/Mppa`dmzdali Ikiww~awi`ld`m ig Ikiww~ald`m Dwmkdmlm /MID$, @alw~dnywa @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki,îpxalpmndkiD Pyxi~vdpa~: EdAVMLLd ^ d@ @ M ÂPIKYLJ /MID$$

dl à~pa gd mkkipwdcilwa x~ippa dk pdwa Dlwi~liw giY%MID /owwx:!!uuu,mid,dw$ yl cypia wa~dà vd~wy mki

gikk%ikiww~awi`ld`m i gikk%ikiww~ald`m+ DD Cypia àl wi~~m wipwd+ dccmedld fdppi+ n~ivd fdkcmwd ~dx~ipi m 0688

ig ivilwymkcilwi àccilwd mygda, DD Cypà pd m~wdàkm dl yl ì~~a lyci~a gd .pmki.+ ]yiYi mwwymkcil#

wi dl à~pa gd x~ixm~mzdali pala gigd`mwi ~dpxiwwdvmcilwi mg Mlwalda Ciy``d+ m Emkdkia Fi~~m~dp i mkka pvd#

kyxxa gikki xdki i gikki =8=%8 mxxkd`mzdald+ gaxa k%dlvilzdali gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, ! M v d~ wy mk o dp wa ~d` mk ~ ly #

p iu l a f i ki `w~ d` mk wi ò la ka et m lg i ki `w~ al d` p dp n idl e x ~ix m ~ig 8== w oi M I D D lw i~ li w p dw i / ow wx :!! u u u ,m i d,d w$ ,

Woi c ypiyc àlpdpwp af m ì~wmdl lyc ni~ af .~aac p.+ W oi .~aac p. `y~~ilwkt nidle x~ixm~ig m~i gigd`m#wig ~ipxi` wdvikt wa M lwalda C iy ``d+ E mkdkii F i~~m ~dp m lg wa woi givikax cilw af nmwwi~dip ml g woid~ m xxkd#` mwda lp m fwi ~ wo i dl vi lwda l a f M ki ppm lg ~a V akwm ,

06

http://www.alessandrovolta.org%2C/






GWGMWD=@M I GJVYKEMZDALI D GDGM@WD@P MLG XAXYKM^DPMWDAL

GDGMWWD@M DLWI^MWWDVMkkLWI^M@WDVI GDGM@k = @P

• .Vakwm i km pwa~dm gikk%ikiww~d`dwm%% D ; % V ak wmm l g w oi o dp wa ~t a f i ki `w ~d `d wt ./Yldvi~pdwm i kd Xmvdm, @alw~dny~a îedali Kacnm~gdm, ^ i px a lp mn dk i ! P y xi ~v dp a~ : EDMLLJ NALI^M$

Pd ~imkdzzi~m ylm cap~~m dlwi~mwwdvm m `m~mwwi~i pwa~dà#gdvykemwdva+ ~deym~gmlwi = 8 pvdkyxxa gikk%ikiww~d dwm

al xm~wdàkm~i ~deym~ga mk àlw~dnywi gd Vakwm i mkki py`ìppdvi mxxkd`mzdald gi~dvmlwd gmkk%dlvilzdali

gikkm xdwm, Km capw~m dlwi~ippi~m lik xi~daga piwwi~ln~i # gd i~ln~i 44+ wywwi ki x~avdlì kacnm~gi,

M``mlwa mg ylm pi~di dkkxapwi~ òi dkkypw~mla ki vm~di fmpd gikkm pwa~dm gikk%ikiww~d`dwm i dl xm~wdàkm~i dk @AS=#

w~dnywi gd Vakwm+ vi~~mlla x~ipilwmwi mk`yli ~dàpw~yzdald gikki xdkd pdeldfd`mwdvi ipxi~dilzi ~imkdzzmwi, Ki

ipxi~dilzi pm~mlla àlgawwi gm xi~palmki ipxi~wa òi+ lik àlwicxa+ jkkypw~i~m km capw~m i eydgig d

e~yxxd gd vdpdwmwa~d mkk%dlwi~la gikkm cigipdcm+ Km ~lapw~m P = m~wdàki~m pyd pieyilwd 9 wi~ld: k$Vakwm: D ya#

ca i =8 p`dilzdmwa2 >$ Yikiww~ap~mwd`m x~dcm gd Vakwm2 0 $Vakwm f d pdà i kiw w~ dzzmlwi 2 7$ ==gdnmwwdwa V akwm # Emk#

vmld i k%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm2 9$ Gmkkm xdkm mkk%ikiww~acmeliwdpca+

Ylm pi~di gd wi~~ldlmkd i yl @G#ÂC+ mxxapdwmcilwi ~imkdzzmwa+ xi~~liwwi~mlla mk vdpdwmwa~i dl~i~ippmwa+

dl ~lmldi~m mywalacm+ gd mxx~a algd~i km xm~wi pwa~d`m /x~ipilwmzdali gd pw~ycilwmzdali a~dedlmki+ mld#

~lmzdali dkkmk`yld pw~ycilwd+ wipwd a~dedlmkd i``,$ i gd ~dxiwi~i mk`yld ipxi~dcilwd w~mcdwi pdcykmzdald mk `mk#

àkmwa~i+ Km ~lmldfipwmzdali pd àl`kygi~p dl aeld pigi àl ylm àlfi~ilzm py Mkippmlg~a Vakwm,

Ml dl fa ~c m wdv i+ o dp wa ~d` mk dl wi ~m `wdv i i o dn dwda l ` al ì ~l dl e wo i g iv ika xc i lw a f i ki `w~ d` dwt u dwo x m~ wd` ykm ~

m wwi lwda l wa V akwm %p ` al w~dn ywda l m lg wa py npi }y il w m xx kd` mwda lp g i~dv dl e f~a c wo i dl vi lwda l a f wo i n mwwi ~t ,W oi iodndwdal u dkk way~ woi ikivil x~avdlìp dl K ac nm~gt+ Woi~i u dkk ni m lyc ni~ af ~iàlpw~y`wdalp afwo i c apw pde ldfd` ml w i ki `w~d` mk i x i~ dc il wp ` m~~ di g a yw+ wa ei wo i~ u dwo m pi ~di p a f x apwi ~p wo mw dkky pw~ mwi p wo ivm ~day p pwm ei p a f woi odpwa ~t af i ki `w~d` dwt ml g V akwm %p àl w~dn ywda l dl xm ~wd`y km~, W oi i xi ~dc il wp u dkk ni

àlgy`wig nt w~mdlig xi~palp u oa+ mw woi pmc i wdc i+ u dkk ixkmdl woi iodndwdal mlg m`àc xmlt woi e~ay#x p a f v dp dwa ~p , M p i~ di p a f wi~c dlm D p mlg m @ G#^ AC + u odò omp niil c mgi ipxi`dmkkt fa~ woi a``mpdal u dkkmkkau woi vdpdwa~ wa ~iximw pac i af woi ixi~dc ilwp nt c imlp af àc xywi~ pdc ykmwdalp,

• .P`dilì @ilw~i., Kmna~mwa~da gd gdgmwwd`m dlwi~mwwdvm+ D .P `dil ì @ il w~i., Dlwi~m` wdv i g dgm `wd`

Kmna~mwa~t

/@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P dilwdfd m DDM, Vakwm., @alw~dnywi îedali Kacom~gdm$

DD X~aeiwwa+ xy~ ~dòdmcmlgapd mkk%ipxi~dilzm gikk% Ixka~mwa~dyc gd Pml F~ml`dpà+ pd x~axili gd ~imkdzzm#

~i ylm lyavm fa~cykm i kd .P`dilì @ilw~i.+ àl `~dwi~d gd fkippdndkdwm dlf~mpw~ywwy~mki+ iàlacd d~m i kd eipwdali+

~~mpxa~wmndkd~m+ ig ipdeilzi gd pxmzda dl kdlim gd x~dl`dxda cdldcmkd+ Pd w~mwwm gd yl .Kmna~mwa~da.+ lik pil#

pa gd ylm ~imkdzzmzdali àcxapdwm òi x~ivigi: yl e~yxxa gd axi~mwa~d mwwdvd likkm gdgmwwd`m i likDm gd#

vykemzdali2 ylm pigi àl mww~izzmwy~i w~mgdzdalmkd i dlfa~cm~dòi gd nmpi2 ylm ndnkdawi`m i ylm cigdmwi#

`m2 yl e~yxxa gd m~wdedmld `mxm`d ikd ~imkdzzm~i x~awa~dxd gd pw~y~lil~d i gdpxapdwdvd fylzdalmlwd dl caga dl#

wi~mwwdva2 yl x~ae~mccm gd,fa~cmzdali+ gd ivilwd ipxapdwdvd i gd gdvykemzdali, Ki m~wdvdwm pala x~ivdp~i dld#

zdm~i gm awwan~i =444+ ! W odp dp m .K mna~mwa~t. dl woi pilpi af m fm`dkdw%t womw dl`kygip: m e~ayx af xiaxkiu o a m ~i p xi ` dm kd pw p dl wi m` odl e m lg x ax ykm ~dpm wda l2 m ` il w~i u dwo w~ mg dwda lm k fm `dkdwdi p m lg nmpd`, àcxywi~

p`di l` i2 m kdn~m~t m lg m c ig dm#~aa c2 m e~a yx a f `~mfwpc il mn ki wa à lpw~y `w fy l`wda ldl e x~awawtxip a f dl#pw~yc ilwp mlg mxxm~mwyp dlwi~m`wdvikt2 m w~mdldle x~ae~mc ci+ iodndwdal mlg dlfa~c mwdal ivilwp, W oi

m` wdvdwdip m ~i g yi wa pwm ~w f~a c A `wa n i1 %=444,

MXXKD@MZDALD CYKWDCIGDMKk!CYKWDCIGKM MXXKD@MWDALP

• @G#ÂC pykkm vdwm i k%axi~m gd M, Vakwm D @G#ÂC 8==, woi kdfi mlg u a~bp af M , Vakwm/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi îedaai acnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka+ îpxa l pmn d kd P ` dil wd fd `d k

P`dilwd fd` Pyxi~vdpa~p: FMNDA NIVDKM@]YM+ EkMd[kLk NALI^M$

Vi~gd ~imkdzzmwa yl @G#ÂC cykwdcigdmki à~lxkiwmcilwi dlwi~mwwdva /dl`kypm km xappdndkdwm gd pwmcxm#

~i ~ip~d i dccmedld$ pykkm vdwm i k%axi~m gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, DD @G#ÂC àcx~i~dgi~m x~ipilwmzdald+

dxi~wip~d i cagykd cykwd~ligdmkd /wipwd+ dccmedld+ mldcmzdald+ pdcykmzdald+ fdkcmwd$ m`ìppdndkd pdm pdleakm~#

cilwi òi dkk pi}yilzm i òi àlpilwd~mlla lyci~api a~i i k d àlwmwwa, == @G#ÂC pm~m pvdkyxxmwa xi~

mxx~afalgdcilwd py`ìppdvd: yl x~dca kdvikka+ x~ivmkilwi~lilwi pi}yilzdmki+ pm~m gd~iwwa mg yl xynnkdà

05



X^ A E^ M CC M G IKK I @ I KIN ^ M ZDA L D ! X ^ AE ^ MC C I A F @ I KI N^ MW DA L P

xdkk vmpwa+ yl piàlga+ dxi~wipwymki+ x~ipilwi~p ikicilwd xddJ pxi`dfd d i pm~m dlxm~w d akm~i mgmwwa mg ippi#

~i ywdkdzzm~a àci pyxxa~wa gdgmwwdà xi~ ekd pwygilwd gikki p`yaki, Yl wi~za kdvikka xaw~m ippi~i xm~wdà#

km~cilwi ywdki mekd pwygdapd i àlwi~~m m~lxd cmwi~dmkd gd ~dfi~dcilwa+ ndnkdae~mfdi i `mwmkaeod+ Vi~~mlla ywd#

Ddzzm~i falgmcilwmkc ilwi gDDi wi`ld òi: D%dxi~wipwymkd wm i km cykwd~ligdmkdwm, Pm~m picx~i xappdndki xmppm#~i ~mxdgm~lilwi gm ylm }ymkyl}yi vdgimwm m }ymkyl}yi mkw~m+ pieyilga pwdcakd dlgdvdgymkd gd `y~dapdwm 8

mxx~afalgdcilwa, Pm~mlla àpwdwydwd dlgd d pwa~d d /`ml m`ìppa gm ylm wdci#kdli$+ eiae~mfd`d /àl m`ìp#

pa gm ylm `m~wdlm gikk%Iy~axm$+ xi~ gdp`dxkdlm+ xi~ xm~akm òdmvi+ xi~ cigdm ywdkdzzmwa,! Woi @G#ÂC

udkk dl`kygi x~ipilwmwdalp+ otxi~wiwp mlg, cykwdcigdm cagykip /wiwp+ xd wy~ip+ mldcmwdalp+ pdcykmwdalp+

fdkcp$ m`ìppdnki nawo dlgdvdgymkkt mlg dl pi}yilì mlg x~avdgdle lyci~ayp =58Y=%P af àlwm`w Woi @G#ÂC

udkk ni givikaxig fa~ pynpi}yilw mggdwdalp: woi fd~pw kivik+ cmdlkt pi}yilwdmk+ udkk ni mdcig mw m ylgi~ xy#

nkd 2 woi piàlg+ D~txi~wiwymk kiyik udkk x~ipilw ca~i pxi@ fd ikicilwp mlg udkk ni xm~wd`ykm~kt pydwmnki mp

m gdgm`wd` pyxxa~w fa~ pwygilwp+ mp dw dlwie~mwip odpwa~d`mk mlg p dilwdfd` ikicilwp àlli wig udwo woi kdfi mlg

ua~bp af Vakwm udwo waxd`p womw m~i w~mgdwdalmkkt gimkw udwo dl wiwnaabp, M wod~g kivik àykg ni ipxi`dmk#

kt ypifyk wa pòakm~p mlg udkk àlwmdl mcxki ~ifi~ilì cmwi~dmk+ ndnkdae~mxodip mlg `mwmkaeyip ,

• .Xi~à~pd vakwdmld m @aca: pyxxa~wd gdgmwwd`d cykwdcigdmkd%% ! .Vakwm oi~dwmei w~mdk dl @aca: gdgm`wd`

cykwdcigdm pyxxa~w./@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m .M , Vakwm., @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka, E~yx#

xa gd kmva~a D Ua~bdle wimc: FIGI^D@A@MLANNDA#@AGIKKk+MK LWDLMM K Y + NJ ULA C M @M WW k+ P M^ M XIKAPA+

X DI W Â W A GI P @O DL D$

Kmxxkd`mzdali cykwdcigdmki dl~i~mwwdvm w~avi~m pxmzda dl yl òdapà x~ippa dk Wicxda Vakwdmla /`f~+ x,97$+

xi~ xi~ciwwi~i ylm xdKDiffd`mì f~ydzdali gid `dcikd gm xm~wi gid vdpdwmwa~d+ Mww~mvi~pa wipwd+ dxi~wipwd+ dc#

cmedld+ va`d fya~d `mcxa i fdkcmwd k%mxxkd mzdali cykwdcigdmki xi~~liwwi~m mk vdpdwmwa~i gd cyavi~pd kyl#

ea ? xi~à~pd gdffi~ilwd xi~ awwili~i d l fallmzdald + m vm~d kdvikkd gd mxx~afalgdcilwa+ pyd àlwipwa pwa~dà

i pa da`ykwy~mki dl `yd vdppi Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ pykkm vdwm i k%axi~m gikkm p`dilzdmwa à~lmpà+ pykki ìkin~m#

zdald vakwdmli mvvilywi dl xmppmwa+ pyd kyaeod vakwdmld m @aca+ i pyekd pvdkyxxd gikkm p`dilzm àlpieyilwd

mkk%dlvilzdali gikkm xdwm, Mww~mvi~pa Glm vdpdwm vd~wymki gik ~lypia+ dlfdli+ dk vdpdwmwa~i xaw~m mvvd dlm~pd mk#

ki viw~dli+ pìeDdi~i yla pw~ycilwa i appi~vm~i @Acifylzdalm xi~ cizza gd mldcmzdald nd#i w~dgdcil#

pdalmkd, Y @ G #^ A C pm~m mkw~ipk ~lavdcilwmwa `dm gdpield m l d c mw d ~ im kd z zm wd gm yl lawm gdvykemwa~i i gd#pielmwa~i gd àcd`p,- Woi dlwi~m`wdvi cykwdcigdm mxxkd mwdal udkk ni xkmìg dl woi Wicxda Takwdmla /Vak#

wm Wicxki$ /`f~, x,90$, Nt cimlp af wiwp+ otxi~wiwp+ xd`wy~ip+ lm~~mwa~p mlg fdkcp woi cykwdcigdm mxxkd#

`mwdal udkk ilmnki woi vdpdwa~ wa fakkau ? gdffi~ilw ~aywip wa anwmdl dlfa~cmwdal mw vm~dayp kivikp+ giwmdkig

8= % awoi~udpi+ al woi odpwa~d`mk mlg pa`da# ykwy~mk àlwiw d==+ uodò Mkippmlg~a Vakwm kdvig+ al woi kdfi mlg

ua~bp af woi @aca p`dilwdpw+ al xmpw Vakwm ìkin~mwdalp+ al woi Vakwm oi~dwmei w~mdk dl @aca+ mlg al woi

givikaxcilwp af p dilì pynpi}yilw wa woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t# Fdlmkkt+ womlbp wa m vd~wymk vdpdw ~aylg

woi cypiyc+ woi vdpdwa~ udkk ni mnki wa mxx~amò woi poau`mpip+ òaapi ml dlpw~ycilw mlg umwò dw ua~b+

• @ G #^ A C .Km Xdkm m àcnypwdndki: k%dcxdmlwa gd Wi`la dwt%%

/@ilw~a gd @ykwy~i P dilwdfd`m.M, Vakwm.+ @alw~dnywi MIC+ Cdkmla, @aa~gcmcilda ! @a#a~gdlmwa~: IKI#

LM CM WDLIKKD+, @ilw~a M, Vakwm$

M à~lxkicil~a gikk%mxxkd mzdali cykwdcigdmki pax~m gip ~dwwm+ dk@ilw~a Vakwm om dl~~mx~ipa = 8 pvd#Dyxxa gd yl @ G # ^ A C gigd`mwa mkkm wiilakaedm gikki xdki m àcnypwdndki+ }ymki x~aciwwilwi ivaky#

zdali gid gdpxapdwdvd gi~dvmwd gmkk%dlvilzdali gd Vakwm, ==@ G # ^ A C dkkypw~m D%dcxdmlwagdcap~~mwdva

eip~dwa gmkk%Mzdilgm Ili~eiwd`m Cdkmlipi /MIC$ m Cdkmla Ndà``m+ òi àp~dwydpì j J xdy dcxa~wmlwi

x~aeiwwa iy~axia dl }yipwa pi~wa~i+ i x~ipilwm km wia~dm i dkfylzdalmcilwa gikki xdki m àcnypwdnd#

Di + dvmlwmeed gd iffd`dilzm i gd d~lxmwwa mcndilwmki, DK @ G#^ AC i à~~igmwa gm fdkcmwd+ mldcmzdald

i pdcykmzdald ioi fmva~dpàla Dm àcx~ilpdali gik fylzdalmcilwa gikk%dcxdmlwa+ -a àcxkiwi woi

cykwdcigdm mxxkd`mwdal gip`~dnig mnavi+ woi @ilw~a Vakwm omp icnm~big al woi givikaxcilw af m

cykwdcigdm ua~b gigd`mwig wa àcnypwdnki nmwwi~t wiòlakaet+ mp ml dlwi~ipwdle mlg x~acdpdle dl#

vilwdal af ili~et eili~mwdle givdìp+ gi~dvdle f~ac Vakwm%p dlvilwdal, Woi @G#ÂC poay!p woi gi#

calpw~mwdal xkmlw ~yl nt woi Cdkml Iki`w~d` @acxmlt /MIC$ mw Ndà``m Cdkml+ uodò àlpwdwywip

woi capw dcxa~wmlw Iy~aximl x~aji`w dl woi pi`wa~ mlg woi woia~t mlg ua~bdle x~dl`dxki af àcny#

pwdnki nmwwi~dip+ woi mgvmlwmeip af dwp iffd`dil`t mlg dwp dcxm`w al woi ilvd~alcilw, Woi @G#ÂC dl#`kygip fdkc: mldcmwdalp mlg pdcykmwdalp uodò mppdpw woi ylgi~pwmlgdle af oau woi xkmlw ua~bp

0?



CYPID I CAPWÎ

C Y PIY C P ML G I _O DN DWDA LP

CYPI= I MKKIPWDCILWD XI^CMLILWD! C Y P I Y C P MLG X I ^ C M L I L W I_ODNDWDALP

• .Gm Vakwm mk Gyicdkm # Xi~ yl Cypia gikkm Wi`ld`m Ikiww~d`m. D .F ~ac V akwm wa woi tim~ >888 # F a~

m C ypiy c a f I ki`w~d`m k W iòl aka et.

/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi @acdwmwa Lmzdalmki i îedali Kacnm~gdm, ^ i px a l pm n dk d P ` di l wd fd `d kP `di lwdfd` P yx i~ dl wi lg il wp : M L WA L DA +pMVDLs+ F ^ M L @ A W A C C M Z Z A K K k +Y l dy i~pdwm g d X mv dm 2 X ~a ei wwa g ik#

k % dccmedli D D c me i X ~ aj i` w: ÎLMWA PA^ÎLWdLJ+ I L ^ D @ A V M K I ^ D M L s $

Dl a``mpdali gik piàlga ìlwilm~da gikk%dlvilzdali gikkm Xdkm+ k%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ òi àl km pym

p`yakm gd fdpd`m xa~wa mvmlwd dldlwi~~awwmcilwi km w~mgdzdali vakwdmlm+ dl~ilgi ~ilgi~i yl acmeeda

xi~cmlilì mkk%dlpdeli Cmipw~a ~imkdzzmlga yl Cypia gikkm Wi`ld`m Ikiww~d`m òi dlwie~d Di pyi àk#

kizdald ig aff~m ylm pigi mgieymwm mkki ~m`àkwi mvvdmwi dlmlld xdl ~iìlwd x~ippa dkGdxm~wdcilwa gd

Dleieli~dm Ikiww~d`m àl = 8 pàxa dkkgip ~dvi~i ki wmxxi xdkk,pdeldfd`mwdvi gikkm ivakyzdali pwa~d`m gd }yi#

pwa d~lxa~wmlwi piwwa~i gikk%dleieli~dm, DDCypia pm~m `y~mwa i eip~dwa gmk @ilw~a gd ^dì~`m xi~ km

Pwa~dm gikkm Wi`ld m Iki~w~d`m+ gd ~iìlwi àpwd~ydwa x~ippa D%Mwilia wd`dlipi,

Ippilzdmki xi~mkw~a xi~ dk Cypia i km fdlmkdwm gdgmwwd`m ,, ]ymlga xappdndki+ ekd aeeiwwd gik Cypia pm#

~mlla fmwwd ~dvdvi~i i fylzdalm~i+ xm~wi`dxmlga àpd mkdm pym vdwm, Pd xilpd+ mg ipicxda+ mg mlwdiod ei#

li~mwa~d i dlwi~~ywwa~d+ md àlvi~wdwa~d i m cakwd mkw~d mxxm~i`òd 8 pw~ycilwd gd cdpy~m, Cagikkd+ pd#~lykmzdald+ fdk~lmwd ig mkw~i mxxkd`mzdald cykwdcigdmkd m`àcxmeli~mlla dk vdpdwmwa~i lik vdmeeda mkdm pà#

xi~wm gikki dlly~li~ivakd mxxkd`mzdald gikk%ikiww~awi`ld`m, DD lyava Cypia+ àkka`mwi lik xaka p`dil#

wdfdà gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ pm~m xylwa gd ~dfi~dcilwa }ymkdfd`mlwi mlòi xi~ dk lmpìlwi xaka wii#

lakaedà xmvipi ig mcndpì m à~lxiwi~i+ lik piwwa~i gikkm wi`ld`m ikiww~d`m+ àl mlmkaeod cypid g%Iy#

~axm, I==wd falgmwa~d gik Cypia pm~mlla k%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ Ilwd ka`mkd i wi~~dwa~dmkd w~m d}ymkd dk

@acyli gd Xmvdm i km îedali Kacnm~gdm ig mzdilgi ikiww~dòi gd xa~wmwm lmzdalmki+ w~m `yd D%ILIK+

òi edm omlla àlw~dnydwa i àlw~dnyd~mlla mkDm `~ip dwm gikki ~m`àkwi cypimkd gikk%Yldvi~pdwm,

Al woi a``mpdal af woi ndìlwilm~t af woi dlvilwdal xf woi N mwwi~t, woi Y l dvi~pdwt af X mvdm dl wilgp wa~ilgi~ xi~c mlilw oac mei wa woi ic dlilw C mpwi~ nt piwwc e yx m C ypiyc af I ki`w~d`mk Wiòlakaet waàc xkiwi dwp àkki`wdal mlg affi~ ml mxx~ax~dm wi ìlw~i wa oapw woi àkki`wdalp u odò omvi niil pwm~#wig yx dl ~iìlw tim~p mw woi G ixm~wc ilw af I ki`w~d`mk I ledlii~dle, Woi C ypiyc u dkk ni m~~mleig mlg

~y l nt woi @ il w~i a f ^ ipim ~ò fA W wo i O dpwa ~t a f I ki`w~d`mk W iò la ka et+ ~iìl wkt n y: d w dl wo i Y l dy i~pdwtaf X mvdm , C a~iav`k2 u omw dp ippilwdm k wa woi C ypiyc dp dwp g dgm`wd` mdc , U oilivi~ xappdnki+ woi C y#piyc iodndwp u dkk ni m`wdvmwig mlg c mgi wa u mg ,, woyp niàc dle ml m`wdvi xm~w a f woi C ypiyc dwpikf,Woi liu C ypiyc + ka`mwig dl woi P`dilì G ixm~wc ilw af woi Y l dvi~pdwt af X mvdm udkk m kp a n i m } ym kdft dl exadlw a f ~ifi~ilì fa~ woi liu wiòlakaed`mk yldw af X mvdm Y l dvi~pdwt mlg dwp mdc dp wa àc xiwi u dwo pd#

c dkm ~ I y~ax im l c ypiy cp dl wo i fdi kg a f iki`w~d`mk wiò la kae dip ,

• DD Emndliwwa fdpdà gd Vakwm ! % %V a kw m %p X o t pd `p K m n a ~m wa ~ t./Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm+ X ~a ei wwa P `di lwdfd` a ! P `di lwdfd` X ~a ji `w: EDML#

LJ NALI^M+ EDYKDMLA NIKKAGD+ Y l d yi ~p dwm g d X m vdm 2 XMAKA NÎLLk+ @L^ F d~ il zi , X ~ ae iw wa g ikk %dc c m #

edli D D c m ei X ~ aji `w : ^ IL MW A PA ^^ IL WkL k+ I L^ J@ A VMKI^DMLf$

Mkippmlg~a Vakwm om pvakwa km cmeeda~ xm~wi gikkm pym mwwdvdwm gdgmww d m i gd ~dì~`m x~ippa D%Yldvi~pd~m gd

Xmvdm, X~ippa dk Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm i k d Xmvdm+ pd w~avmla mlà~m cakwdppdcd ipicxkm~d gi#ekd pw~ycilwd ywdkdzzmwd gmkka p dilzdmwa+ Dl a``mpdali gikki @ikin~mzdald vilm mkkipwdwm kklm lyavm mkm gik

Cypia dlwdwakmwm mkka p`dilzdmwa likkm }ymki xawi~ gielmcilwi ipxa~~i }yipwd `dcikd+

Likkm pmkm vi~~mlla pdpwi~lmwd ekd pw~ycilwd a~dedlmkd mxxm~~ililwd mk Emndliwwa fdpdà mkkip~dwa gm Vakwm m

xm~wd~i gmJ =5?8, Xm~wi gikkm pw~ycilwmzdali gdpxaldndki ~deym~gm cm~i~dmki i kd wdxa gdgmwwdà, Iekd m`}ydp~a

dl v m~d vdmeed mkk%ipwi~a 8 fiì àpw~yd~i xdy gd 588 pw~y~lilwd, Gd }yipwd `d~`m =98 pala mlà~m ipdp~ilwd

x~ippa dk Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm ig d = Kd ia @kmppdia %8, Fapàka% i k d Xmvdm,

@kd pw~ycilwd òi Vakwm ywdk dzzmvm pxi`dfd`mcilwi xi~ ki ~dì~òi p`dilwdfdòi pala dlviì dl lyci~a cd#

Na~i2 dlwmwwd+ km cmeeda~ xm~wi gd }yikkd àlpi~vmwd gmkk%Yldvi~pdwm mlgm~ala gdpw~ywwd likk%dlìlgda òi

fylipw` d x~ixm~mwdvd gikkm ~lapw~m gd @aca gik =?44 /D ìlwilm~da$+ Q

Gd aeld pw~ycilwa vilm dlgd`mwi+ akw~i mkkm x~avildilzm i mdki `m~m~wi~dpw d oi wi`ldòi+ dk fylzdalmcil#

wa ig dk pya ywdkdzza+ dl mk`yld `mpd cigdmlwi yl%mldcmzdali vd~wymki, Km pw~ycilwmzdali dlfa~cmwd`m àl#

pilwd~m mlòi mk vdpdwmwa~i i k d àkkiem~pd vdm Dlwi~liw m Cypid+ Ndnkdawiòi /mg ip,+ mk CDWi

àlpi~vmwm km

ndnkdawi`m gd Vakwm$ i Nmlòi gmwd dkke~mga gd paggdpfm~i `y~dapdwm i dlwi~ippd `ykwy~mkd pxi`dfd`d,

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XÂE^MCkVDM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! X Â E^ MC CI A F @ IKI N^ MW DA LP

Mkippmlg~a Vakwm `m~~dig ayw capw af odp gdgm`wd` m`wdvdwdip mlg ~ipim~ò mw woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm, M

e~imw lycni~ af cagikp af woi dlpw~ycilwp ypig nt woi p dilwdpw `ml pwdkk ni faylg dl woi Odpwa~t af woi

Yldvi~pdwt Cypiyc, Al woi a``mpdal af woi ìkin~mwdalp+ m liu udle af woi Cypiyc+ lmcig mfwi~

woi p`dilwdpw+ udkk ni piw yx wa oaypi woipi x~i`dayp iodndwp, Dl woi cmdl omkk woi a~dedlmk dlpw~ycilwp

nikaledle wa woi Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t piw yx nt Vakwm R~ac =5?8 udkk ni al gdpxkmt, Paci af woi c#pw~ycilwp iodndwig m~i af woi g dg m`wd` wtx i+ I mò dl pw~y cil w udkk `m~~t+ mp uikk mp dlgd` mwdalp af dwp

a~dedl mlg wiòld mk òm~m wi~dpwd p+ lawip d = = , dwp ua~bdlep mlg ypi+ dl P8==wi `mpip wo~ayeo vd~wymk mld#

cmwdal,

• Mykm cykwdcigdmki! .Cykwdcigdm âac./Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm+ X~aeiwwa P`dilwdfdà ! P`dilwdfd` X~aji w: FMND A

NIVDKM@]YM+ KkGDM F M K A C A $

Dl ylm pmkm mwwdeym mk @mndliwwa gd Fdpd`m gd Vakwm i pwmwm mkkipwdwm yl%mykm ~lykwdcigdmki, K%mykm pm~m mw#

w~izzmwm `ml pwmzdald gd kmva~a cilwi gawmwm gd x~adiwwa~i gded~mki py e~mlgi pòi~ca+ pm~m àllip#

pm dl ~iwi i mww~izzmwm xi~ vdgiaàlfi~ilzi, Pm~m dlakw~i m~w~izzmwm `ml vdgia`m~li~i gded~mkd xi~ km ~i#

edpw~mzdali i k d cmwi~dmki gdgmwwdà /dl àaxi~mzdali `ml dk àpwdwyilga m~wdeya kmna~mwa~da fawae~mfd#

à i cykwdcigdmki$, Pm~m xi~wmlwa xappdndki ypyf~yd~i gd ylm cagi~lm gdgmwwd`m dl `yd ekd ikicilwd

p~a~dà#p`dilwdfd`d vi~~mlla mlmkdzzmwd i gdvykem~d àl k ===8vi ~i`lakaedi+

M cykwdcigdm cac omp niil piw yx dl m ~aac liw wa Vakwm%p Xntpd`p Kmna~mwa~t, Woi ~aac udkk ni

fdwwig udwo daa~k: pwmwdalp wa~ woi ypi~+ i}ydxxig udwo m km~ei#p`~iil gdedwmk x~aji`wa~+ àlli`wig dl m

liwua~b mlg udkk omvi ydgia#àlfi~il`dle fm`dkdwdip, Dl mggdwdal+ dw udkk ni i}ydxxig udwo gdedwmk vdgia

`mci~m wa ~i a~g gdgm wd` cmwi~dmk,

• @ilw~a xi~ km gdffypdalp gikkm `ykwy~m pwa~dà#p`dilwdfd`m .Vakwm 44. D @ilw~i fa~ woi Gdffypdal af od#

pwal`mk#p dilwddd` `ykwy~i %Vakwm 44.

/Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm, @al~~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm+ X~aeiwwa P`dilyfdm: ! P`dilwdf d X~aji w: FMND A

NIVDKM@]YM+ KDGDM FMkACA$

Liekd ykwdcd gdi`d mlld x~ippa d J Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm p~ i pvdkyxxmwm+ likk%m~l#ndwa gikkm kieei pykkm gdffypdali gikkm `yk~y~m p~a~dà#p`dilwdfd`m i gik x~aeiwwa p~~mwiedà i fdlmkdzzmwa

pyd nild `yk~y~mkd+ yl%mwwdvdwm gd ~dì~`m i pxi~dcilwmzdali+ Km ~iìlwi mppielmzdali gd lyavd pxmzd om

xa~wmwa mkdm x~axap~m gd yl @ilw~a w~m d yd p`mxd vd pm~m }yikka gd x~agy~~i cmwi~dmki cykwd~ligdmki

~dvakwa xm~w d akm~~lil~i mdk%dlpielmcilwa gikkm fdpdim, Xi~ k%dlmyey~mzdali gik @ilw~a+ vi~~m x~agawwa

K kl @G#ÂC dlwi~mcil~i gigd`mwi mkk%axi~m p`dilwdfd`m gd Vakwm,

îpim~ò ml g ixi~dcilwmk m`wdvdwt omp niil eadle al mw woi Odpwa~t af woi Yldvi~pdwt Cypiyc avi~

wo i xmpw wil tim~p, Woi ~iìlw m kka `m wda l a f liu x ~i cdpi p o mp kig wa m x~axapmk fa ~ m @ il w~ i u oa pi mdc

udkk ni wa x~agyì cykwdcigdm cmwi~dmk udwo xm~wd`ykm~ vdiu wa woi wimòdle af Xotpd`p,

• .Xi~à~pd vakwdmld m @aca: ^dàp~~yzdali gik kmna~m~a~da @m~wald i gikkm pym pw~y~lilwmzdali p`dil#

wdfd`m. D %Vakwm oi~dwmei w~mdk dl @aca: ~iàlpw~y`wdal af woi Emwwald kmna~mwa~t mlg af dwp p`dilwdfd` dl#

pw~ycilwp./@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m -kM, Vakwm.+ @alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxk`+

E~yxxa gd kmya~a D UAWbdle wimc: I CkG A N A^ @O d+ F IG I^ D@ A @ ML AN NJA #@ AG IK Kk+ M Y Î KkM F A^ LM _A + ,VM #

KILW!LM EMKKD+ ÎLZA CM@-k+ N^YLA CMEMDWk+ FI^GDLMLGA WIMKGJ+ X~IWÂ WAGIP@ODL=+ X~aeiwwa DX~adi w: M~`,odwiwwa ^ A P M K N M EDMLDs

Andiwwdva gik x~aei~wa i gd ~dàpw~yd~i pawwa fa~cm gd mkkipwdcilwa w~mpxa~~mndki dk Kmna~mwa~da gik#

k%Mnmwi Edykda @ipm~i @m~wald+ x~ippa = = }ymki dk fdpdà àcmpà à~lxk d pyad x~dcd pwygd i ki x~dci pxi#

~d~lilwmzdald p`dilwdfdòi+

Dk e~yxxa gd kmva~a+ àpwdwydwa gm x~afippa~: gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Fd~ilzi i gm gaìlwd gikkm p`yakm ci#

gdm pyxi~da~i+ om py ggdvdpa dk `mcxa gd dlgmedli dl gyi pizdald: Dm x~dcm gd a~dilwm~lilwa pykki à#

lapìlzi dl mcndwa p`dilwdfdà mkk%ixa`m i k d Vakwm /ikiww~d`dwm+ wi~~laciw~dm i ci~ia~akaedm+ ci``mld#

`m+ m`ypwd`m i awwd`m$+ km piàlgm gd mxx~afalgdcilwa pykki pàxi~~i i Di dlvilzdald gik fdpdia àcm#

pà /ikiww~d`dwm+ iygda~liw~dm i ciwia~akaedm$, Ekd pw~ycil~d pala ~imkdzzmwd `dm ipx ~wd gikk%Dpwdwywa Eia#e~mfdà Cdkdwm~i `kd Fd~ilzi: pm~mlla ~dàpw~ydwd pyk cagikka gd }yikkd gd fdli Pi~wiìlwa+ ywdkdzzmlga+

78



CYPID I CAPWÎ ! C Y PIY C P ML G I_ODNDWDALP

}ymlga xappdndki+ d cmwi~dmkd a~dedlmkd, DD kmna~mwa~da vi~~m dlmyey~m~a dl mlwix~dcmdl edyela =444

i+ py`ìppdvmcilwi+ fylzdali~m àci ìlw~a gdgmwwdà m xm~wd~i gm piwwi~ln~i,

Woi anji`wdvi af woi x~aji`w dp wa ~iàlpw~y`w dl ml impdkt w~mlpxa~wmnki umt+ woi Kmna~mwa~t af woi Mn#

naw Edykda @ipm~i Emwwald+ uoi~i woi @aca xotpd`dpw `m~~dig ayw odp fd~pw pwygdip mlg odp fd~pw p`dilwd#fd` ixi~dcilwp, Woi ua~be~ayx+ cmgi yx af ki`wy~i~p f~ac woi Yldvi~pdwt af Fka~ilì mlg af wimòi~p

f~ac m E~mccm~ Pòaak+ omp gdvdgig woi ~ipim~ò fdikg dlwa wua pi`wdalp: woi fd~pw dp m eydgikdli al

blaukigei dl woi p`dilwdfd` fdikg dl Vakwm%p wdci /iki`w~d`dwt+ woi~caciw~t mlg ciwia~akaet+ ci`nm#ld`p+ màypwd`p mlg axwd`p$+ woi piàlg dp m giixi~ dlpdeow dlwa woi gdpàvi~dip mlg dlvilwdalp af woi

@aca Xotpd dpw /iki`w~d dwt iygdaciw~t mlg ciwia~akaet$,

• Pxmzd ipxapdwdvd gigd`mwd mkkm gdgmw~d`m p`dilwdfd`m i mdki ~m`àkwi lmwy~mkdpwdòi+ Kdìm Vakwm+ @m~lmk

Iodndwdal ìlw~ip gigd`mwig wa p`dilwdfd` gdgm`wd`p mlg lmwy~mkdpw d àkki`wdalp+ Kdìa Vakwm+ @aca

/Kdìa M, Vakwm, @alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki i @acyli gd @aca$

Xi~ ylm n~ivi gip`~dzdali gikk%dlwi~vilwa pd vigm Dm izdali XI^@A^PD VAKWDMLD+ @aca /x, 9>$,

Fa~ m gip`~dxwdal af woi dlwi~vilwdal pii Vakwm oi~dwmei w~mdk @aca /x, 9>$,

CAPWÎ WICXA^MLII!XYNKD@ GDPXKMTP

• .Km Xdwm gd Vakwm+ kdkm p`dlwdkkm kylem gyi piàkd., Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ Cdkmla+ =9 mx~dki # =9 cmeedi

=444= .Vakwm%p Nmwwi~t+ m pxm~b deldwdle wua ìlwy~dip.+ Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga+ Cdkml =9Mx~dk # =9Cmt

=444/Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P`dilzi i Kiwwi~i, @alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m#

~dxka+ @aa~gdlmwa~d D @a#a~gdlmwa~p: M K N I ^ W A EDEKk N ^Z AKM^D i EY~GA WMEKDMFI^^D$

Km Capw~m dl~ilgi dkkypw~m~i D,mvdwm i ki axi~i gikka P`dilzdmwa mww~mvi~pa yl ìlwdlmda gd ga`ycilwd

dl xappippa gikk%Dpwdwywa akw~i m ylm `dl}ymlwdlm gd pw~ycilwd /}ympd wywwd a~dedlmkd$ i aeeiwwd xi~pa#

lmkd gik Vakwm eilwdkcilwi àlìppd gmkkm fmcdekdm+ ==vdpdwmwa~i vi~gd, eydgmwa+ `ml k%mypdkda gd ylm `dl#

}ymlwdlm gd e~mlgd xapwi~+ m xi~à~~i~i ki xdy dcxa~wmlwd wmxxi gikkm vdwm gd Vakwm+ gmekd mlld edavm#

ldkd mekd ala~d w~dnywmwdekd dl iwm c|wYDm+ gmekd mffiwwd fm~ldkdm~d mk pya `m~mw~i~i+ cm mlòi mg mk`yld

fmwwd `y~dapd gd `yd f y x~awmealdpwm, I x~ivdpwa k%dle~ippa e~m~ydwa `ml x~ilawmzdali annkdemwa~dm+ D Woi

Iodndwdal mdcp wa dkkypw~mwi woi kdfi mlg ua~bp af woi P`dilwdpw wo~ayeo mnayw m oylg~ig ga`ycilwp

dl woi Dlpwdwywi%p xappippdal+ mp uikk mp mnayw fdfwt dlpw~ycilwp /mkcapw mkk a~dedlmkp$ mlg, xi~palmk

anji`wp nikaledle wa Vakwm mlg bdlgkt galmwig nt woi fmcdkt, Mgcdppdal udkk ni f~ii nyw naabdlep udkk

ni ankdemwa~t,

• .Km p~~ycilwmzdali ikiww~d`m giY%?88., Pmkali Wi~ipdmla+ Xmvdm+ 6, piwwicn~i # 0 awwan~i =444= ¢Ld#

liwiilwo @ilwy~t Iki`w~d mk Dlpw~ycilwp., Pmkali Wi~ipdmla+ Xmvdm 6 Pixwicni~ # 0 A`wani~ =444

/Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm, Nipxalpmndki P dilwdfdàk P dilwdfd` Pyxi~vdpa~:

EDYKDMLA NIKKAGD+ Yldyi~pdwm gd Xmvdm2 XMAU NÎLLD + Cypia xi~ km pwa~dm gikkm P`dilzm Fd~ilzi$

Pàxa gikkm ~lapw~m+ ~imkdzzmwm m `y~m gik Cypia xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm i gikkm Ndnkda#

wi`m Yldvi~pdwm~dm+ i gd dkkypw~m~i ekd pvdkyxxd òi lik `mcxa gikk%ikiww~d`dwm P8==8pwmwd ~ipd xappdndkd gmk#

k%dlvilzdali gikkm Xdkm+ pdm pak xdmla wi`ldà òi py }yikka wia~dà, Vi~~mlla ipxapwd `d~`m pippmlwm

pw~ycilwd mxxm~wililwd mk Cypà xi~ km Pwa~dm gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm i cak~i xynnkd`mzdald m pwm~l#

xm gikkm Ndnkdawi`m Yldvi~pdwm~dm+ ~ikmwdvd m gdvi~pd piwwa~d p`dilwdfd`d: gmkkm cdpy~m gikkm à~~ilwi ikiw#

w~d`m mdki pyi mxxkd`mzdald /wikie~mfa+ wikifala ,,$2 gmd cawa~d ikiww~d d mkk %dlgyzdali ikiww~a~lmeliwd m2

gmkkm pà~dm gikk%ikiww~d`dwm md cmlymkd x~mwd`d gd ikiww~awi`ld`m, M~~d`òdpì i à~lxki~m km capw~m km

xappdndkdwm affi~wm mk vdpdwmwa~i gd ywdkdzzm~i gdvi~pi xapwmzdald ~lykwd~ligdmkd dl e~mgi gd fa~ld~i w~mcd#

wi x~ae~mccd dxi~wip~ymkd gd mldcmzdali i pdcykmzdali+ dlfa~~lmzdald pyk cmwi~dmki ipxapwa,t Mnayw

pdwt dlpw~ycilwp nikaledle wa woi Odpwa~t af woi Yldvi~pdwt Cypiyc udkk ni al gdpxkmt mp uikk mp

cmlt x~dlwig xynkd`mwdalp f~ac woi Yldvi~pdwt Kdn~m~t ~ikmwdle wa gdffi~ilw p`dilwdfd` pi`wa~p: R~ac woi

cimpy~dle af iki`w~d` `y~~ilw wa dwp mxxkd`mwdalp /widie~mxo+ wikixoali$2 f~ac iki`w~d` iledlip wa iki`#

w~acmeliy` dlgy`wdal2 f~ac woi odpwa~t af iki`w~d`dwt wa x~m`wd`mk cmlymkp al iki`w~d`mk wiòlakaet,

7=

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XÂE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! XÂE^MCCI AF @IKIN^MWDALP

• .>88 VAKW # lnd ilwilm~da gikkm Xdkm.+ Xmgdekdali xd~mcdgmki x~ippa df Wicxda Vafwdmla+ @aca+ gm

piwwicn~i =444= .>88 Vakw # Ndìlwilm~t af woi Nmwwi~t., Xt~mcdg xmydkdal dl woi Wicxda Vakwdmla+

@aca+ f~ac Pixwicni~ =444

/@acdwmwa X~acawa~i @acmpia, @alw~dny~a îedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka, îedm = M~wgd~i`wa~: XRI^ XMAKAV I L R I ^ , X~agyzdali = X~agy wdal: XXV P D P W I C J a % DCCM E RL I , @alpykilzmk @alpyk#

wml`t: @ILWÂ G~ @YKWY^MP@kILWDFk@MMKIPPMLGÂVAKWM,@acyld`mzdali = @accyld`mwdal: FkA^M

P W I D L N M @ O XMKMZZkLD+IAAM GA @AKACNA$

Km Capw~m dlwilgi ciwwi~i km fdey~m ycmlm dk k Mki pmlg~a Vakwm mk ìlw~a gikk%dlwi~ippi gik vdpdwm~a#

~ i a X~awmealdpwm i k%yaca Vakwm+ dcci~pa lik `kdcm gik pya wicxa+ òi pd mffm``dm mkkm ~dì ~`m p`dil#

wdfd`m àl ilwypdmpca dkkycdldpwdà+ i òi mww~mvi~pa km pàxi~wm gikwm xdkm om xi~ x~dci dllip`mwa km

~dvakyzd`li wi`lakaed`m cagi~lm,+ W~m di~ld falgmcilwmkd: ekd mlld gikkm fa~cmzdali2 k%Yldvi~pdwm2 dk

àlwipwa `ykwy~mki i xakdwdà /dk àci Fd~cdml+ Bmyldwz+ Cm~dm Wi~ipm+ Lmxakiali$2 k%mcndilwi p`dil#

wdfdà /gm @mwwald # àl km ~dàpw~yzdali gik pya kmna~mwa~da p`dil~dfdà # m Emkvmld+ m d àkkieod f~ml#

ìpd+ wigipòd i dlekipd$2 ekd ala~d,

Gmk xylwa gd vdpwm gikka pxiwwmwa~i+ km Capw~m pd pvdkyxxi~m py gyi Kdvikkdvdpdvd: yl x~dca kdvikka+ ìl#

w~mki+ mi~ia+ apxdwi~m km xm~wi vdpdal m~dm+ mYm }ymki i mffdgmwa dJ ~m`àlwa icazdalmlwi gikk%ipxi~dil#zm p`dilwdfd`m i gikk%mvvilwy~m ycmlm gik x~awmealdpwm+ Yl piàlga+ m wi~~m+ àlwi~~m km xm~wi gdgmp`mkd`m

i d~ixi~wd pwa~dà#p`dilwdfd`d mwwd m gm~i wywwi Di dlfa~~lmzdald liìppm~di gmk xylwa ikd vdpwm ga`y~lil#

wmki, I .pield%% ~mxx~ipilwmwdvd gd }yikki ~d`mgywi wi`lakaedòi òi k%yaca Vakwm fa~pi dlwyd ~lm òi km

pym pwa~dm gd vdwm lal ekd àlìppi fa~pi limlòi gd d~lcmedlm~i: gmk piwwa~i ili~eiwdà mkk%ikiww~a~lm#

eliwdpca+ mkki wikià~lyld`mzdald+ mkk%dkkycdlmzdali m~wdfd`dmki ,,,^dxilpmlga mk xmppmwa+ ylm x~adizda#

li lik fywy~a,

Woi mdc af woi Iodndwdal dp wa xyw woi oycml fdey=%i af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm mw woi ìlw~i af woi vdpdwa~%p

dlwi~ipw, Woi x~awmealdpw dp M, Vakwm+ woi cml+ mnpa~nig dl woi `kdcmwi af odp wdcip+ uoa mxx~amòip

p`dilwdfd` ~ipim~ò udwo ilkdeowilig ilwoypdmpc mlg uoa+ womlbp wa woi gdpàvi~t af woi Nmwwi~t+ dp wo ifd~pw wa pxm~b aff woi cagi~l wiòlakaed`mk ~ivakywdal, Mcale woi fylgmcilwmk woicip: woi tim~p af

odp givikaxcilw2 woi Yldvi~pdwt2 woi `ykwy~mk mlg xakdwd`mk àlwiw2 woi p`dilwdfd` ilvd~alcilw: woi

oalay~p ~iìdvig, F~ac woi vdpdwa~%p xadlw af vdiu+ woi iodndwdal udkk givikax al wua vdpymk kivikp: woifd~pw kivik # ìlw~mk mlg mnpw~m`w # udkk ni vdpdalm~t dl lmwy~i+ mlg udkk dkkypw~mwi woi i`dwdle m`àylw

af woi x~awmealdpw%p p`dilwdfd` mlg xi~palmk ixi~dilì+ Woi piàlg # al m ca~i nmpd` kivik # udkk àl#

wmdl woi gdgm`wd` ikicilwp mlg woi odpwa~d`mk#p`dilwdfd` iodndwp gipdelig wa edvi mkk woi liìppm~t ga#

`ycilwm~t dlfa~~lmwdal,

• .Km kyii gd Vakwm., Yl m~wdpwm àlwicxa~mlia pyD wicm .ikiww~d`dwm i kyì.+ @aca+ g m piwwicn~i

=444= .Vakwm%p kdeow., M àlwicxa~m~t m~wdpw al woi woici .iki`w~d`dwt mlg kdeow.+ @aca+ f~ac Pix#

wicni~ =444

/@acdwmwa X~aca wa~i @acmpà, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm+ îpxalpmndki ! Pyxi~vdpa~: ÂNI^#

WM KkIDWJ

Acmeeda m Vakwm cigdmlwi k%dlpwmkkmzdali gd yl%axi~m g%m~wi kycdlapm py Xa~wm Wa~~i m @aca+ }ymki

pielmki i dlvdwa xi~ Di Cmldfipwmzdald Vakwdmli, K%m~wdpwm dlgdvdgymwa xi~ km x~aeiwwmzdali gikk%axi~mi Cm~da Ci~z /Cdkmla+ =4>9$+ ipxalilwi dwmkdmla gd x~dca xdmla gikk%m~wi àlìwwymki, DD pya kmva~a

om x~dl`dxmk~lilwi àci ~i~ld dDcalga vdvilwi+ k%m~dwciwd m+ km eiaciw~dm+ dk x~ae~ippa p`dilwdfdà+

k%ypa gikkm kyì mk lial: iki~lilwd }yipwd òi w~avmla xi~fiwwd ~dcmlikdmk wi~lm vakwdmla gik fkyppa ili~#

eiwdà i gikkm à~~ilwi iki~w~d`m+

Oacmei wa Vakwm wo~ayeo woi dlpwmkkmwdal af m kycdlayp ua~b af mfw al Xa~wm Wa~~i dl @aca mp m pd#

el mlg dlvdwmwdal wa woi Vakwm @ikin~mwdalp, Woi m~wdpw x~axapig wa cmbi m x~aji`w f8=% woi ua~b dp

Ccda Ciw: /Cdkml =4>9$ ml icdlilw Dwmkdml ixalilw af àlìxwymk m~w,

• .D%iki`w~d`dwi gmlp pip x~icdi~p e~mlgiy~p: Vakwm+ Emkvmld+ @aykacn., Xm~ded+ mywylla =444 DMywycl=444

/@alpi~vmwad~i Lmwdalmk gip M~wp iw Ciwdi~p, Xm~ded$

K%Yldvi~pd~m gd Xmvdm i dk @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m %M, Vakwm% i kd @aca xm~wi`dxmla mkkm ~imkdzzm#

7>



CYPID I CAPWÎ ! CYPIYCP Md[!G I_kN=W=8LP

zdali i kd ylm capw~m pyekd pvdkyxxd gikk%ikiww~d`dwm+ m xm~wd~i gmkki pyi a~dedld piwwiìlwipòi i gmd pyad

x~dcd x~awmealdpwd Emkvmld+ Vakwm i @aykacn, Km capw~m vi~~m x~ipilwmwm m Xm~ded vi~pa km fdli gik#

k%mlla x~ippa dw @alpi~vmwad~i Lmwdalmk gip M~wp i Ciwdi~p+ i pd w~mpfi~d~m py`ìppdvm~lilwi dl Dwmkdm lik#

km x~dcmvi~m gik >888,

Woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm mlg woi @ilw~i af P`dilwdfd` @ykwy~i M Vakwm, @aca m~i wmbdle xm~w dl woi piw#

wdle yx af ml iodndwdal al woi givikaxcilwp af iki`w~d dwt+ pwm~wdle f~ac dwp a~dedlp dl woi ideowiilwo

ìlwy~t mlg f~ac dwp xdalii~p Emkymld+ Vakwm mlg @aykacn, Woi Iodndwdal udkk ni x~ipilwig dl Xm#

~dp waum~gp woi ilg af woi tim~ mw woi @alpi~ymwad~i Lmwdalmk gip M~wp iw Ciwdi~p+ mlg udkk woil ni

w~mlpfi~~ig wa Dwmkt dl Px~dle >888,

• %WDm Vakwm m Pmlw%Ikdm: Km `dw~m ikiww~d`m., X~aeiwwa+ @aca+ P, F~mlìpà+ lavicn~i =444 # eillmda

>888! .F~ac Vakwm wa Pmlw%Ikdm: woi iki`w~d` `dwt%, X~adim, @aca+ P, F~mlìpà+ Lavicni~ =444 # Jm#

lym~t >888

K%m~ odwi~wa à~lmp a fywy~dpwm Mlwalda Pmlw%Ikdm /=???#=4=6$ mvivm x~aeiwwmwa lid=4=7+ gaxi yl ml#

la gd pxi~dcilwmzdali gigd`mwa pax~mwwywwa m=~ dgdpiela gikki ìlw~mkd ikiww~dòi i gikki dlf~mpw~ywwy#

~i y~nmli dli~ilwd mkkm x~agyzdali i mkkm gdpw~dnyzdali gd ili~edm+ ylm ciemkaxakd mvvild~dpwd`m dlwi#

~m~lilwi mldcmwm gmkk%ikiww~d`dwm, Km pym .@dw~m lyavm. i gdvilwmwm fmcapm dl wywwa dk calga w~mcd~i dk

.Cmldfipwa gikk%M~òdwiw~y~m Fywy~dp~m. kml`dmwa lik kyekda =4=7, Km capw~m ~mxx~ipilwm pxiwwmàkm~#

cilwi+ àl k%mypdkda gd dc~lmedld m e~mlgd gdcilpdald x~adi~wmwi 8~dx~agawwi+ = 8 pìlm~da y~nmla ~im#

ki gikk%ixa`m+ àl ki x~dci ìlw~mkd ikiww~dòi dl Kacnm~gdm i d~lizzd gd kaà~lazdali m ippi àkkiem#

wd+ dx~a`kmcd fywy~dpwd pykk%mvvilwa gikkm cagi~ldwm i k%dlwi~x~iwmzdali òi li gdigi Pmlw%Ikdm+ x~afi#

~d`m i pa~x~ilgilwicilwi mwwymki,

Woi Fywy~dpw @aca m~òdwi`w Mlwalda Pmlw%Ikdm /=???#=4=6$ omg g~mul yx m x~aji`w fa~ m Rywy~dpw

ciemkaxakdp àcxkiwikt xaui~ig nt iki`w~d`dwt dl =4=7, Udwo woi oikx af woi km~ei xd`wy~ip+ idwoi~

x~aji`wig a~ ~ix~agyìg+ woi iodndwdal affi~p m pxi`wm`ykm~ kmtayw af woi w~yi y~nml pìli mw womw wd#

ci+ udwo woi fd~pw iki`w~d`mk xay~i~ xkmlwp dl Kacnm~gt mlg woi cimlp af DA@AD==,awdalalli`wig wa

woic+ woi Rywy~dpwd` x~a`kmcmwdalp al woi mgvilw af cagi~ldwt mlg woi x~axoiwd` mlg pu#x~dpdlekt wa#

xd`mk dlwi~x~iwmwdal edvil wa dw nt Pmlw Ikdm,

• .Vakwm+ Emkvmld+ @aykacn., @aca$ P, F~mlìpà+ Rinn~mda # mx~dki >888! Fin~ym~t # Mx~dk >888

/@acdwmwi X~aca wa~i @acmpà$

Igdzdali àcmp`m gikkm Capw~m gd Xm~ded .K%iki`w~d`dwi gmlp pip x~icdi~p e~mlgiy~p2 Vakwm+ Emkvmld+

@aykacn. /if~, pax~m$+ ! @aca igdwdal af woi Xm~dpIodndwdal ¢K%iki`w~dmw¢ gmlp pi p x~icdi~p e~mlgiy~p:

Vakwm+ Emkymld+ @aykacn. /pii mnavi$

CAPWÎ DWkLI^MLWD!DWDLI^MLW I_ODNDWDALP

• Capw~m dwdli~mlwi .Km Xdkm gd Vakwm: yl ndìlwilm~da xi~ dk fywy~a., M xm~wdwi gm kyekda =444! Dwdli#

~mlw Iodndwdal %Vakwm mlg woi Nmwwi~t., F~ac Jykt =444

/@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m .M, Vakwm.+ àl Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dnywi @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki

i Falgmzdali Nml`m gik Calwi, @acdwmwi p dilwdfdà D P dilwdfd` @accdwwii: EDMLLD NALI^M+EDYYA

@MPMW=|KNI^WA @DEKkNI^ZAKM^=+ CM^@A PACMKVk@A, @aa~gdlmcilwa ! @a#a~gdlmwa~p: FIGI^d@A @ M #

LANNfA#@AGIKKk+KI=[JM CM^WDLIKY,@~yxxa gd kmya~a ! Ua~bdle e~ayx: VMKIdUDLM @MKKk+ N ^ Y L A CM#

EMDW-+ PM^M XIKAPA+ XDIWÂ WAGIP@ODLD$

DD x~aeiw~a x~ivigi km ~imkdzzmzdali gd yl x~dca ipi~lxkm~i gikkm capw~m+ òi pd x~ivigi gd xa~wm~i m

Xm~ded+ Kalg~m+ Ni~kdla+ lalòi m Cmkwm i m âcm+ àl km àdkmna~mzdali gik Cdldpwi~a giekd Ipwi~d,

Pala dl à~pa mkw~ipd àlwmwwd àl dk Cdldpwi~a gikkm Cm~dlm xi~ wmxxi akw~icm~i,

Km ~imkdzzmzdali gd yl piàlga ipi~lxkm~i i k%ipwilpdali gik `d~`ydwa gikdm ~lapw~m lik à~pa gikk%mlla

>888 pala dl fylzdali gikkm gdpxaldndkd~m i kd yk~i~da~d falgd+ km `yd ~dì~`m i dl à~pa+

Km capw~m pm~m àpwdwydwm gm ylm pi~di x~dl`dxmki gd 5 yldwm+ gd `yd > .wawic. dlwi~imwwdvd+ apxdwmlwd mw#

w~izzmwy~i cykwdcigdmkd /wipwd i mygda x~igdpxapwd dl 7 kdleyi$+ i 9 xmllikkd pdlawwd`d gd e~mlgi fa~cm#

wa àpwdwydwd gm wipwd i dccmedld+ Km Capw~m xaw~m ippi~i dlwie~mwm gm ~dx~agyzdald gd pw~ycilwd i d = = = #

70



XÂE^MCCM GIKKI @IKIN^MZDALD ! X^ AE ^M CC I A F @ IKIN ^M WDA LP

cmedld gd kyaeod vakwdmld+ lalòi dàlae~mfdm gd p`dilzdmwd i xi~palmeed pwa~d`d gikk%ixa`m,

D wi~ld wa``mwd àcx~ilgala: dk àl~ipwa pwa~dà+ xakdwdà+ `ykwy~mki+ p`dilwdfdà i eiae~mfdà dl `yd

Vakwm vdppi i axil%< =mx~ax~dm ~dì~ m2 =8 pvdkyxxa lik wicxa giekd pwygd pykk%ikiww~d`dwm gmkk%mlwdòdwm md

wicxd gd Vakwm2 k%axi~m gd Vakwm+ ki pyi dlvilzdald i pàxi~wi+ ki gdpxywi p`dilwdfdòi `ml p`dilzdmwdàlwicxa~mlid2 ekd pvdkyxxd gikki àlap ilzi i!a gikki wi`lakaedi m xm~wd~i+ gm yl kmwa+ gm Vakwm+ i gmk#

D%mkw~a gm Emkvmld2 k.%mkni~a eilimkaed a%% gikki cagi~li wi lakaedi òi gi~dvmla /gd~iwwmcilwi 8 dl#

gd~iwwm~lilwi$ gmkk%dlvilzdali gikkm xdkm: m$ eili~mwa~d i cawa~d ikiww~d`d+ gdpxapdwdvd i dcxdmlwd xi~ km

x~agyzdali gd ili~edm ikiww~d`m+ n$ wi`lakaedi gd wikià~lyld mzdali i dlfa~cmwd m2 `$ k%ypa gikk%ikiww~d dwm

likk%dlgypw~dm /piàlgm ~dvakyzdali dlgypw~dmki2 g$ k%ivakyzdali i =mwdxakaedm gikki xdki cag i~li m xm~#

wd~i gmk x~aeild~a~i vakwdmla,

Woi iodndwdal udkk àlpdpw af m x~dl`dxmk pi~dip af 5 yldwp+ > af uodò m~i dlwi~m`wdvi .wawicp.+ x~avd#

gdle cykwdcigdm i}ydxcilw /wiw mlg paylg dl 7 kmleymeip$ mlg 9 km~ei fa~cmw ptlaxwd` xmlikp àc#

xkiwi udwo wiwp mlg dkkypw~mwdalp, Woi pynji wp àvi~ig dl`kygi: woi odpwa~d`mk+ xakdwd`mk+ `ykwy~mk+ p`dil#

wdfd` mlg eiae~mxod`mk àlwiw dl uodò Vakwm kdvig mlg `m~~dig ayw odp ~ipim~ò ua~b2 woi givikax#

cilwp wo~ayeo woi meip f~ac ml`dilw wdcip wa Vakwm%p wdcip2 Vakwm%p ua~b+ odp dlvilwdalp mlg gdpàvi#

~dip+ woi p dilwdfd àlw~avi~pt udwo àlwicxa~m~t p`dilwdpwp2 woi givikaxcilwp af blaukigei mlg!a~ af

wiòlakaet pwm~wdle f~ac+ 8 = = , woi ali omlg Vakwm mlg al woi awoi~ omlg Emkymld2 woi .fmcdkt w~ii. af

cagi~l wiòlakaet uodò gi~dvip /gd~i`wkt a~ dlgd~i`wkt$ f~ac woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t,

• .Ki~igd~m gd Emkvmld i Vakwm likkm p`dilzm àlwicxa~mlim%%+ Dpwdwywd gd @ykwy~m Dwmkdmld mkk%ipwi~a+

=444#>888! %Woi oi~dwmei af Emkvmld mlg Vakwm dl àlwicxa~m~t p`dilì., Dwmkdml @ykwy~mk Dlpwdwy#

wip Mn~amg+ =444#>888

/@acdwmwi Lmzdalmki Emkvmad, @al km àkkmna~mzdali gik @acdwmwi Lmzdalmki Vakwm$

K%Yldvi~pdwm gd Nakaelm+ àl km àkkmna~mzdali gikk%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm i gik @ilw~a gd @yk~y~m P`dil#

wdfd`m .M , Vakwm.+ i àl dkxm~~a`dlda gik Cdldpwi~a giekd Mffm~d Ipwi~d+ a~emldzzm ylm capw~m dwdli~ml#

wi gigd mwm mkk%mwwdvdwm p dilwdfd`m dkkEmkvmld i gd Vakwm i mkk%dlfkyilzm gm ippd ipi~`dwmwm pykka pvdkyxxa

gikkm fdpdakaedm+ gikkm fdpd`m i gikkm cigd`dlm,

Woi Yldvi~pdwt af Nakaelm+ udwo woi àkkmna~mwdal af woi Yldvi~pdwt af Xmvdm mlg af woi @ilw~i af P`dil#wdfd @ykwy~i % : 7 , , Vakwm.+ mlg udwo woi pxalpa~podx af woi Fa~idel Mffmd~p Cdldpw~t+ dp a~emldpdle ml dwd#

li~mlw iodndwdal gigd`mwig wa woi p`dilwdfd` m`wdvdwt af nawo Emkymld mlg Vakwm mlg wa woi dlfkyilì woit

ii~wig al woi givikaxcilw af xotpdakaet+ xotpd`p mlg cigd`dli,

M K W ^ k IVILWD IPXAPDWDVD @AKKIEMWD

AWOI^ ÎKMWIG IVILWP MLG I_ODNcAL

Dl àkkmna~mzdali àl d J @a~ldwmwa A~emldzzm~a~i giJ Pmkali gik Candki Dwmkdmla /@apcd~$ i dk @KM@/@ilw~a Kiela M~~iga @mlwy$+ pala x~ivdpwi mk`yli dldzdmwdvi lik piwwa~i gik gipdel+ òi pd ~dàkkiem#

la m Vakwm mww~mvi~pa dk wi~lm gikk%dkkycdlmzdali m~wdfd`dmki:

• Gigd`mzdali mg Mkippmlg~a Vakwm Gikk%igdzdali >888 gd IYÂKY@I /Dm xdy dcxa~wmlwi cmldfi#

pwmzdali fdi~dpwd m mk calga lik `mcxa gikk%dkkycdlmzdali$+ Fdi~m Cdkmla

• .DD x ~aeiwwa gikkm kyì kylea dxi~à~pd gik @acxmppa g%A~a MGD., A~emldzzmzdali: @KM@ i Emkki#

~dm gik Gipdel i gikk%M~~igmcilwa @mlwy, P, F~mlìpà+ @aca+ layicn~i =444

Dl àkkmna~mwdal udwo @apcm mlg woi @ilw~a Kiela M:~~iga @mlwy+ paci iodndwdalp m~i x~ae~mccig

mkpa dl woi Gipdel pi`wa~, Woit m~i mppa`dmwig udwo Vakwm wo~ayeo woi woici af m~wdfd`dmk dkkycdlmwdal

* Gigd`mwdal wa Mkippmlg~a Vakwm af IYÂKY@I >888, W~mgi Fmd~ 8=emldpmwdal Nagt+ Cdkml

+|Iodndwdal af dkkycdlmwdal i}ydxcilw, P, F~mlìpà+ @aca+ Lavicni~ =444

77



WI@LAKAEDI

WI@OLAKAEDIP

" Pi~vdzd gd wikiàcyld`mzdali dllavmwdvd xi~ dk wi~~d~a~da km~dmla, X~aeiwwa i pxi~d~lilwmzdali gd Wikiìl#

w~a ! Dl la vm wdv i wi ki à c cy ld` mwda l fm `dkdwdi p fa ~ wo i @ a ca wi ~~dwa ~t , .Dikiìld~a. x ~a ji `w m lg i xi ~dc i lw/@ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m .M, Vakwm., @alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka, X~aeiw#

wmzdali i ~imkdzzmzdali m `y~m gd Wiki ac Dwmkdm, ^ i px a lp mn dk i ! P y xi ~v dp a~ : ÂNI^WA LIE^DLk+ Xakdwi`ldà

g d C dkm la , @ aa ~g dl mc i lwa ! @ a #a ~g dl mwa ~: F U ^kM LM N I^ IDW M+ @ilw~a M, Vakwm$

Ki ìkin~mzdald vakwdmli aff~ala k%a``mpdali gd ~dfkiwwi~i pykk% ivakyzdali wi`ld`m gik fila~lila iki~w~dà i

gikki pyi mxxkd`mzdald kiemwi mkki wi`lakaedi gikki à~lyld`mz dald i gikk%dl fa~c mz dal i, M wmki p` axi+ dk @ il #

w~a Vakwm+ likk%m~lndwa gd @alvilzdald àl Wikiàc Dwmkdm i àl dk Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla+ Pigi gd @aca+ om

mvvdmwa = 8 pwygda i km ~imkdzzmzdali gd pi~vdzd gd wikiàcyld`mzdali dllavmwdvd lik wi~~dwa~da à~lmpà, lx~aeiwwa om mwwymwa ylm x~dcm fmpi gd cippm m xylwa lik à~pa gikkm eymki pmlm pwmwi ipmcdlmwi ki x~dl`d#

xmkd x~anki~lmwd oi ypìwwdndkd gd pakyzdali mww~mvi~pa mxxkd`mzdald gd wi`lakaedi gd wikià~lyld`mzdali dl#

lavmwdvi, Likkm pi` al gm fmpi /= 4 44 #>888$ dk x~aeiwwa i xmppmwa mkdm ~imkdzzmzdali gd yl @ilw~a xi~ dk wiki#

kmva~a i di ki pi ~v dz d+ e ip wd wa gmJ @ilw~a Vakwm àl =m ` akkmna~mzdali gik Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla+ Pigi gd @ a#

ca mkka pàxa gd aff~d~i pi~vdzd dllavmwdvd mkki mzdilgi i md `dwwmgdld+ i gd ci~wi~i }yipwd ykwdcd m àlwmwwa

`ml dk calga gikkm ~dì~`m, DD Wikiìlw~a+ òi pd mvvmki mlòi gikk%mxxa~wa gd Mk`mwik+ pd x~axali gd: fmva#

~d~i km gdffy pdal p gid l y avd pi~vdz d dlfa~cmwd`d i w ik i~ l m wd ` d mDki dc x ~i pi+ c iw~il ga ka~a m gdpxapdzdali d=

blau oau yldvi~pdwm~da2 fmva~d~i = 8 pvdkyxxa i kd piw~a~d dllavmwdvd2 dllmkzm~i j J kdvikka gd }ymkdfd mzdali

x~afippdalmki2 àlw~dnyd~i m kk%dl p i~ dc i lwa km va ~m ~dv a gid edavmld+

W oi x ~a ji `w o mp à cx ki wi g wo i fd~pw x ~ix m~m wda l x om pi dl wo i à y~pi a f u od` o wo i c mdl x ~a nki cp+ py pì xwd#n ki a f p a ky wd al nt c i ml p a f m xx kd` mw da lp a f dl la vm wd vi wi ki à c c yl d` mwda l wi ò la ka et + o mv i n ii l i mc dl ig ,= = = wo i p i` al g x om pi /=444#>888$ wo i x ~a ji `w u dkk ` al pwdwy wi m @ il w~ i fa ~ wi ki #u a ~b dl e m lg wi wi #pi ~v d` ip ~y lnt @ ilw~a V akwm dl àkkmna~mwdal u dwo W ikiàc Dwmkdm mlg woi @ ac a pi`wdal af X akdwi`ldà gd C dkmla+ wax~avdgi dllavmwdvi pi~vdìp wa àc xmldip mlg x~dvmwi `dwdzilp+ mlg wa xyw woi kmwwi~ dl àlwm`w u dwo woiu a~kg a f ~ipim ~` o, W oi py xx a~w a f M k`m wi k u dkk n i m kpa m ppy ~i g,

" X ~ae iwwa . VI K. /vidàkd i ki ww ~d ` d k ie e i ~d $+ @a ca + 5#4 cmeeda = 4 4 4 ! . V I K% X ~ aj i` w / K de o w I k i` w~ d` V i o d` ki p$/M~lcdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki gd @aca, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm, ^ i px a lp m nd ki ! P y xi ~v dp a ~: XDI#

Â CM^MLIPD+ M pp ip pa ~i M c c dl dp w~ mz da li X ~a ydl mm ki g d @ a c a$

@aci ipi~lxda gd mxxkd`mzdali gikk%ikiww~d`dwm+ mkk%mcndwa gid w~mpxa~wd i mkki x~anki~lmwdòi gikkm pmkvm#eym~gdm mcndilwmki+ km cmldfipwmzdali x~ivigi+ dl àlà~ldwmlzm `ml km @alfi~ilzm iy~axim pyd vidàkd

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mk xynnkdà+ pm~m mffdml`mwm gm yl @alviela ~ikmwdvi mkki mxxkd`mzdali gid VIK @alviela+ àl km x~ipil#

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c ag ikp a f i ki m~d` y io d` ki p fa ~ x ~dv mwi y pi /` m~p + n yp ip + n d` t` ki p+ c a xi gp + i w` $+ m lg wo i pi wwdl e y x a f m l i o d#ndwda l g ig d` mwig wa wo i odpwa ~t a f i ki` w~d` v io d` ki p+ f~a c wo i fd~pw x ~a wa wt xip wa wo i c apw c ag i~l ` m~p l aud l ` d~ `y km wd al ,

• X~ae iwwa .I Y ^ I@ A . ! . IY ^ I @ A . X ~a ji `w/Xakdwi`ldà gd Cdkmla+ @ilw~a gd @ykwy~m P`dilwdfd`m .M,Vakwm.+ Pi~vdzd Wi~~dwa~da P~D, @`lw~dnywa @acd#

wmwa Lmzdalmki+ ^ i px a lp mn dk i ! P y xi ~v dp a ~: KAÎLZA , XME Y MLA + G d x, g d I l i ~e i wd `m + X a kd wi ` ld à gd Cdkmla$

Dk wicm gikk%ili~edm ikiww~d`m likk%mcndwa gikki ~lmldfipwmzdald xi~ d= ndìlwilm~da gikkm Xdkm vdili mff~alwp#

wa dl ci~dwa mdki xakdwdòi gd %dlìlwdvmzdali mkk%y 8 ~mzdalmki gikk%ili~edm, Dkx~ipilwi x~aeiwwa mffdml`m dk

xdkk mcxda X~aeiwwa IYÎ@A # yl%mzdali gd ~dì~`m iy~axim òi àdlvakei F~ml`dm+ E~i`dm+ Xa~waemkka+ Gm#

ldcm~`m+ Dwmkdm # i pd x~axili gd iffiwwym~i ylm `mcxmelm gd cdpy~i pyd àlpycd gd ili~edm ikiww~d`m lik piw#

wa~i gacipwdà+ gm Da`mkdzzm~pd likkm îedali Kacnm~gdm+ i àlgy~~i ylm pxi~dcilwmzdali!pvdkyxxa gd lya#

vi wi`lakaedi xi~ k%iffiwwymzdali gd cdpy~i i àlw~akkd m ~iedci py igdfd`d,! W o dp x ~a ji `w P Y X X A k% wpo i u dg i~I Y ^ I @A x ~a ji `w # m I y~ ax im l ~i pi m~ ò x ~a ji `w dl va kv dl e F ~m l` i+ E ~i i` i+ X a~ wy em k+ G il c m~b m lg Dwm kt # m lgx ~a xa pi p wa ` m~~t a yw m ` mc xm de l wa c im py ~i iki `w~d` i li= et ` al pyc xwda l dl wo i o ac i dl wo i K ac nm ~g t N i#

e da ¢ m lg wa à lg y` w m g iv ikax ci lw i x i~dc il w a f l iu wi` ol aka edip wa ` m~~t a yw c im py ~ic il wp m lg a le adl e

òiòp 8= = nydkgdlep,

79

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MKWÎ DLDZDMWkVI: M^WI+ PXA^W+ PXIWWM@AKA+ VM^DIAWOI^ DLDWDM,WLIP: M^D2, PXA^W+ ILWI^WMDLCILW+ VM^DAYP

• Capw~m#@alà~pa xi~ yl F~mlànakka P= = .Vakwm i km Xdkm%% ! Iodndwdal#@acxiwdwdal fa~ m pwmcx alwoi woici %Vakwm mlg woi Nmwwi~t.

/Fdlmlzdm~lilwa x~ax~da, ! Pikf#fdlmlìg, ^ ipx al pm ndki ! Pyxi~vdpa~2% EDMLLD NALI^M$

Likk%mcndwa gikkm 0m ^mppielm Fdkmwik d m X~avdl`dmki /Xmvdm 08 mx~dki#k+> Cmeeda$ dl àkkmna~mzdaliàl ki Xapwi Dwmkdmli+ dkwicm gik àlà~pa xi~ yl f~mlànakka ~deym~gi~m .Vakwm+ k%dlvilzdali gikkm Xd#

km i e kd pvdkyxxd gikk%ikiww~d dwm., DD àlà~pa i ~dpi~vmwa mekd pwygilwd gikkm V `kmppi iki~lilwm~i i gik#

km DDDgmppi cigdm,! Al woi a``mpdal af woi 0=./=~ayc`dmk Xodkmwikd` Iodndwdal /Xmvdm+ 08 Mx~dk#k+> Cmt$

dl àkkmna~mwdal udwo woi Xapwi Dwmkdmli+ woi woici af woi àcxiwdwdal fa~ m pbiwò Ra~ m àccica~m#

wdvi pwmcx 8== %Vakwm+ woi dlvilwdal af woi Nmwwi~t mlg woi givikaxcilw af iki`w~d`dwt.,

• Iy~a Vakwm /mx~dki =444$,/M~wy~a M~ìkkmpòd+ Emkki~dm gik F~mlànakka+ @aca, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, ! Pikk,,dlmlìg,$

P wmcxp caliwm dl I y ~a /wme kda = i > I y ~a$ `ml iffde di gi kkm Xdkm gd Vakwm, ! I y= .A `y ~~ il `t u dwo woi xd`#

wy~ip akVakwm%p Nmwwi~t,

• C m ldfipwm zda li fdkm wikd` m /mx~dki = 4 4 4 $/M~wy~a M ~ ` iY m p` o d+ E m kk i~ dm gik F~mlànakka+ @aca, F dlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! Pikw|fdlmlìg,$

Mllykka pxi`dmki gikki Xapwi dwmkdmli xi~ dk Ndìlwilm~da gikk % dlvilzdaligik km Xdkm+ ! Pxi`dmk!~mlbdle

nt Dwmkdml Xapw Affdì fa~ woi ndìlwilm~t af woi dlvilwdal af Nmwwi~t,

• X~axapwm gd gigd`mzdali mg M kippm lg ~a V akwm gikk%Mi~axa~wa Cmkxilpm >888

/@acdwmwa Lmzdalmki+ @acdwmwi X~acawa~i gd @aca+ @mci~m gd @a~lci~`da gd @aca$

M `y~m gid x~axalilwd pmlm pwmwi dlgd~dzzm~i md paeeiwwd dpwdwyzdalmkd à~lxiwilwd ~dòdipwi fa~cmkd cd,,

~mwi m awwili~i k%dlwd~akmzdali gd Cmkxilpm >888 m= e~mlgi fdpdà dwmkdmla ,,D X~axapmk wa gigd`mwi wa

Mkippmlg~a Vakwm woi Cmkxilpm Md~xa=%w >888,

• @alì~wd Fdkm~~lald i `dwwmgdlm /@aca+ Xmvdm+ F ykg m+ ^ ac m =445#>888$

/Fdkm~cald m @dwwmgdlm .M, Vakwm., Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! Pikf#fdlmlìg,$

@alì~wd xynnkd`d xi~ ìkin~mwi km fdey~m gd M , Vakwm, ! Xynkd` àlì~wp,

• @alì~wa gd @mxagmlla /~imwc Pa`dmki+ @aca+ eillmda =444$

/Fmcdekdm @acmp`m, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, ! Pikf#fdlmlìg,$

@alì~wa àl cypd oi dl ali~i gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm,! @alì~w fa~ woi Liu Tim~,

• Vakwm Dlwi~lmwdalmk Cica~dmk Gmt /=? Rinn~mda =444$

/Mppa dmzdald ^mgdamcmwa~d Dwmkdmld+ Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! Pikf#fdlmlìg,$

Cmldfipwmzdald mww~mvi~pa pwmzdald ~mgda mcmwa~dmkd xi~ àkkiemcilwd àl wywwa ,dk calga mk fdli gd

iaccica~m~i = 8 p`dilzdmwa àcmpà, ! Ua~kgudgi mcmwiy~ ~mgda kdlop,

• ^mxx~ipilwmzdali Wimw~mki .Km Xdkm. Vakwm ya~la i p`dilzdmwa /@mclmea Vakwm+ 9 cm=%ZA =444$

/@acxmeldm Wimw~mki .Ewwkk, gd @aca., Fdlmlzdm~lilwa x~ax~da,! Pikf#fdlmlìg,$

Pxi~wm aka ~imw~mki ndae~mfdà+ dlgd~dzzmwa mekd pwygil~d gikki p`yaki ~ligdi ig iki~li~~~m~d+ xi~ cdekda#

~m~i lid edavmld =màlap ilzm p~a~dà#p`dilwdfd`m gikk%dkkypw~i p`dilzdmwa,! Ndae~mxod`mkk%kmt al Vakwm+

dlwilgig f a ~ woi tayle xiaxki,

• V akwm = 4 4 4/@acxmeldm Wimw~mkiw%@dwwm gd @aca., Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da,! Pikf#fdlmlìg,$

A~emldzzmzdali g d vdpdwi m kyaeod vakwdmld xi~ Ji p`yaki ~ligdi ig ikicilwm~d,! Vakwm piieowpiidle fA W

pòaaknatp,

• @alfi~ilzm pykki @ikin~mzdald dl ala~i gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm /Ndnkdawi`m @acylmki+ == cm~za =444$

/Fmcdekdm @acmp`m, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, ! Pikf#fdlmlìg,$

@aci km `dw~m gd @aca om fip~ieedmwa dk .pya. Mkippmlg~a Vakwm,! Xynkd` àlfi~ilì .Oau gdg @aca

ìkin~mwi ;dwpaul% TakwmS.,

76



MKWÎ DLDZDMWDVI ! AWOI^ dLkWDMWDVIP

• Mkkipwdcilwa gd ylm viw~dlm dlXdmzzm @mvay~ m @aca /mx~d ki =444#mx~ dki >888$ i x~agyzdali fay#

km~g gd piwm /mx~dki =444$ py wicd vakwdmld,2 G~ippdle af m udlgau dl Xdmzzm @mvay~2 @aca mlg pdkb p`m~#

vip al Vakwm,

/îmkdzzmzdald i kd Emn~diki A~pildea+ @aca, Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, 2 Pikf#fdlmlìg,$• X~agyzdali gd p`dm~xi i `~mvmwwi dl piwm `ml cawdvd `ni ~dx~agyàla wicd vakwdmld /x~dcmyi~m =444$

/Mppa`dmzdali I Mkkdivd gik Piwdfd`da+ Fdlmlzdmcilwa x~ax~da, 2 Pikf#fdlmlìg,$ 2 Pdkb p`m~fp mlg wdip,

• Vakwm Dlwi~lmwdalmk Mum~gp %44 /Pxmzd mkk%mxi~wa # Vdkkm mkcm kyekda =444$/Pwdkk X~agy`wdalp+ @aca$

X~icda dl~i~lmzdalmki mllymki .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm.+ gm mppielm~i m axi~mwa~d gik pi~wa~i m~wdpwdà+ ! Dl #wi~lmwdalmk .Vakwm. Mum~g fa~ axi~mwa~p dl woi M~wdpwd` pi`wa~,

• Pielmkiwd`m wy~dpwd`m xigalmki pyd kyaeod vakwdmld m N~ylmwi /ipwmwi =444$/Mxxylwmcilwd Cypd`mkd N~ylmwi+ @acyli gd N~ylmwi+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki gd @aca$

@m~wikkaldpwd`m xi~ ivdgilzdm~i dyaeod òi wipwdcaldmla i ~dà~gmla km x~ipilzm i kd M, VaKwmm N~y#

lmwi, 2 Xigipw~dml way~dpw pdelxapwp al woi Vakwm pxawp dl N~ylmwi,

• ^mkkt mywacandkdpwdà /awwan~i =444$/Mywacandki @kyn Dwmkdmla # Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki$

• Appi~vmwa~da .Mkippmlg~a Vakwm. py Calwi Emkndem /@aca$ /mywylla =444$

/Fmcdekdm @acmp`m i E~yxxd ~iedalmkd ipdpwilwd pyk wi~~dwa~da gd @aca+ @acyli gd Killa+ Fdlmlzdm#

cilwi x~ax~da,v Pikf#fdlmlìg,$

Mkkipwdcilwa gd yl Appi~vmwa~da mpw~ala~ldà py Calwi Emkndem /@acyli gd Killa$+ dlwdwakmwa mg Mkip#

pmlg~a Vakwm2 àpw~yzdali gikkm `yxakm i m`}ydpwa gik wikipàxd`, ! % = = , , , Vakwm Anpi~vmwa~t. 8== Caylw

Emkndem,

• @alì~wa .Lmwmki gd Xi~apd. /@mwwig~mki gd @aca+ Lmwmki =444$/@acd~mwa Ka`mki @a~lmpà i @mwwig~mki gd @aca, Fdlmlzdmcilwa Falgmzdali @m~dxka,$

Ipi`yzdali gikk%a~mwa~da .==Lmwmki. i kd Ka~ilza Xi~apd+ km `yd x~dcm ipi`yzdali f k k iffiwwymwm likkm@mwwig~mki gd @aca gy~mlwi ki @ikin~mzdald gik x~dca ìlwilm~da gikkm Xdkm /piw~i~ln~i =?44$+ ! Liu

xi~fa~cmlì af woi .@o~dpwcmp A~mwa~da. nt K, Xi~apd /fd~pw xi~fa~cig al Pixwicni~ =?44$,

• Mxxylwm~lilwd ~lypd`mkd m N~ylmwi i àlì~wd dwdli~mlwd vakwdmld /=444#>888$

/Mxxylwmcilwd Cypd`mkd N~ylmwi+ @acyli gd N~ylmwi+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl`dmki gd @aca$

@alì~wd àl ~lypdòi g%ixa`m,2 Cypd mk xi~fa~cmlìp dl N~ylmwi,

• Em~m gd @mlawwmeeda .@axxm Vakwm. /x~dcmyi~mkipwmwi >888$

/@alpa~zda @aca Wy~dpwd m+ Pa`diwm @mlawwdi~d Km~da+ Pa`diwm Mwkiw d m @acilpi$

^digdzdali gikkm pwa~d`m àcxiwdzdali i k d `mlawwmeeda,2 .Vakwm @yx. ~audle ~mì+

• Cm~mwalm Vakwdmlm /9 cm~za >888$

/@alpa~zda @aca %Dy~dpwd`m+ Pa`diwm @mlawwdi~d Km~da+ Pa`diwm M~kiwd`m @acilpi$X~dcm cm~mwalm dlwi~lmzdalmki gid gyi kmeod dl ala~i gd Mkippmlg~a Vakwm,2 M kale#u mkb al @ ac a mlg

Kyemla Kmbip gigd`mwig wa M, Vakwm+

• @alì~wd, @MA+ @kyn Mkxdla Axi~mda

Dlw~mwwildcilwd cypd`mkd ipieydwd gmk à~a mkxdli, D Xi~fa~cmlìp nt woi @MA Mkxdli @omlwp,

• Fyldvdm gd N~ylmwi/Eipwdali Pi~vdzd W~mpxa~wd 2 Mzdilgm @acmp`m Pi~vdzd Cyld`dxmkd ~ Pa`diwm Xynnkd m W~mpxa~wd$

X~aeiwwmzdali gd yl dcxdmlwa gmkkm fyldàkm~i gd N~ylmwi m w Fm~a Vakwdmla,! Gipdel af m `mnkiumt f~acN~ylmwi wa Vakwm Kdeowoaypi, ,

75



XI^@A^ PD VAKWDMLD ! VAKWM OI^DWMEI W^MDK

KM V MKADYZZMZDALI G D NIw|J PWAkY] CAL C I LW MK - L IK KI @DW~M G D VAKWM

WO I Mk%XÎ@=MWfAL AF WOI O=PWA k@MK MLG M ^ @ O D W I @ W Y ^ M K UIMKWO AF VAKWM%P @J W r IP

DD X~ae~mccm gikki @ikin~mzdald om dlgdvdgymwi ylm pi~di gd dldzdmwdvi òi+ pdm àl dkàlw~dnywa gik#

=m îedali Kacnm~gdm i gikkm Falgmzdali @m~dxka pdm `ml mkw~d pxalpa~ xynnkd`d i x~dvmwd+ P = pala

x~axapwd gd vmka~dzzm~i àl dl~i~vil~d gd ~ipwmy~a i ~dpw~ywwy~mzdali lalòi gd `m~mwwi~i ipxapd~dva i

gd gdvykemzdali dx~dl`dxmkd kyaeod ini omllm vdpwa mkk%axi~m dk e~mlgi fdpdà avvi~a òi pmlm kiemwd mk#

Di pyi cica~di,

Likki xmedli òi pieyala # gigd`mwi ~dpxiwwdvmcilwi mkkm pym wi~~m lmwmki+ @aca+ mkkm pigi gikki pyi

cmeeda~d mwwdvdwm p`dilwdfdòi i gdgmwwdòi+ k%Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm+ i mkk%dpwdwyzdali cdkmlipi òi li àa#

i~vm ki x~dl`dxmkd cica~di ~lmlap`~dwwi D%Dpwd~ywa Kacnm~ga M``mgicdm gd P`dilzi i Kiwwi~i # }yi#

wd kyaeod pala gip`~dwwd+ àl ~dfi~d~lilwa pax~mwwywwa mekd dlwi~vilwd x~acappd likk%mcndwa gikki @iki#

n~mzdald,

Woi x~ae~mcci afwoi ìkin~mwdalp ompaywkdlig m pi~dip afdldwdmwdvip uodò+womlbp wa woi àlw~d#

nywdal af woi Kac#nm~gt îedal mlg afwoi @m~dxka Faylgm#wdal mlg wa awoi~ xy#nkd` mlg x~dvmwi pi`#wmk%p+ m~i gipdelig wailomlì woi x~dl`dxmkxkmìp uoi~i woi e~imwxotpd`dpw ua~big a~uodò m~i kdlbig waodp cica~dip+ nt ~i#pwa~dle mlg ~ipw~y`wy#

~dle woic mp uikk mpxaxykm~dpdle woicudwo iodndwdalp mlgawoi~ ivilwp,

Dl woi fakkaudle xm#eip # gigd`mwig ~i#pxi wdvikt wa odp lmwd#vi waul+ @aca+ waXmvdm Yldvi~pdwt+

y!oi~i oi `m~~dig aywodp cmdl p`dilwdfd`mlg gdgm`wd` m`wdvd#wdip+ mlg wa woi Cdkm#lipi Dlpwdwywdal uod#ò x~ipi~vip woi x~dl#`dxmk omlg#u~dwwil+cica~dip+ Woi Dpwdwy#wa Kacnm~ga M``mgi#cdm gd P`dilzi i Kiw#wi~i # woipi xkmìp m~i

gip`~dnig+ udwo pxi`d#

fd` ~ifi~ilì wa woiivilwp x~acawig dlwoi ày~pi af woi @i#kin~mwdalp,

Likkm `m~wdlm pmlm ~lippd dl ivdgilzm d ilw~d giY%Mkwm

Dwmkdm i gik @acmpà+ kiemwd mkdm ndae~mfdm i mkk%mw~dvd~m

p`dilwdfd`m gd Vakwm+ lalòi ki pigd gd caly~lilwd 8ci#

ca~dmkd m kyd gigd`mwd, M``mlwa m @aca+ Xmvdm i Cdkm#

la+ pala ivdgilzdmwd: Mlei~m i Vikkidm+ gavi pwygda D%%%m~dm

dlfdmccmndki gikki xmkygd. /dk ciwmlm$+ dyaeod gd ~ipy#

gilzm /km `mpm lmwmki gd @aca+ Kmzzmea+ ki vdkki gd @mc#xa~m i Efmvigalm$+ }yikkd kiem~d mkdm pym mwwdvdwm p`dil~d#

fd m /k%mwwymki Kd im+ km Wa~~i Emwwald$+ dlica~dmkd /Wi~l#

xda Vak wdmla+ Fm~a gd Pml Cmy~dzda+ Wa~lnm m @mclmea

Vakwm$,

Woi ìlw~ip dl La~wo Dwmkt mlg wni @aca m~im +kdlbig wa woi

ndae~mxot mlg p dilwdf d m w dvdwt af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ m~i od#

eokdeowig al woi cmx mp uikk mp calycilwp mlg cica~dmk

pdwip gigd`mwig wa odc, N ipdgip @aca+ X mv dm m lg C dk ml + woi

cm x dl`kygip: M lei ~m mlg Vikkidm+ uoi~i Vakwm pwygdig .woi

dlfkmccmnki mdk+af woi cm~poip. /ciwomli$+ od p xkmìp af ~i#

pdgilì /odp nd~woxkmì dkk @aca Kmzzmea+ woi vdkkmp mw @mc#

xa~m mlg E~myigalm$+ woapi àlli wig udwo odp p`dilwdf d m`#

wdvdwdip /woi x~ipilw#gmt E~mccm~ pòaak+ Kdìa Vakwm+ woi

Emwwald Waui~$+ woi cica~dmk nydkgdkkeP /Wicxda Vakwdmkka+

Pm l Cmy~dpda Kdeowoaypi+ Wacn dl @mkk=kkmea Vakwm$,

LAWM: Xi~ }ymlwm ~deym~gm dx~aeiwwd òi fmlla xm~wi gik X~ae~mccm .Xi~à~pd vakwdmld dlKacom~gdm%%+ pd ~dcmlgm mkki ~d#

pxiwwdvi pi zdald gik x~ipilì vakyci+ gavi ippd pa l a w~mwwm~d dl nmpi mkdm ka~a wdxakaedm a% LAWI: Mp ~iem~gp woi x~aji`wp dl#

`kygig dl woi X~ae~mcci ilwdwkig .Vakwm%p oi~dwmei dl Kacnm~gt .+ xkimpi ~ifi~ wa woi à~~ipxalgdle pi wdalp af wodp vakyci+

uoi~i woit m~i gimkw udwo 8== woi nmpdp af woid~ wtxakaet:

# @G#ÂC py Vakwm i km Xdkm+ @aca i Xmvdm D Cykwdcigdm al Vakwm mlg woi Nmwwi~t+ @aca m lg X mv dm /i~~, xx, 05#0?$,

# @akkizdald p`dil~dfdòi m @aca ! P`dilwdfd àkki wdalp dl @aca / f~, X: >4$,

# ^dàpw~yzdali gik Kmna~mwa~da Emwwald+ @aca ! ^ i alpw~y` wdal af woi Emwwald Kmna~mwa~t+ @aca /gi x, 78$,

# l Emndli~~a Fdpdà gd Vakwm+ m Xmvdm ! Vakwm p Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t dk k Xmvdm /gi xx+ 04#78$

3 Cap~~m .Km pw~ycilwmzdali ikiww~d m gikk%Awwaìl~a% %+ m Xmvdm ! Iodndwdal .Ideowiilwo ìlwy~t iki`w~d`mk Dlpw~ycilwp. dkk Xm#

vdm / f~+ x, 7=$

# Capw~m .Km Xdkm gd Vakwm+ ylm p`dlwdkkm kylem gyi piàkd%%+ m Cdkmla ! Iodndwdal .Woi Vakwm Xdki # m pxm~b dldwdle wu a ìl#wy~dip . dl Cdkml /`f~+ x, 7=$,

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@ACA

@DWW M LMWMK I G~ VAKWM! VAKWM|PLMWDVI WAUL

@aca fy yl xylwm gd ~dfi~dcilwa àpwmlwi likkm

vdwm i likk%axi~m i kd Vakwm, Dkkiemci w~m km fdey~m

gik e~mlgi p`dilzdmwa i km `dw~m km~dmlm+ xy~ pi àl

mkwi~li vdìlgi+ lal àlapì padyzdali gd àlwd#

lydwm liekd ykwd~ld gyi piàkd i cizza, Ki x~i#

elmlwd wipwdcaldmlzi gd }yipwm ~mxxa~wa @AkWD#

xaleala yl dwdli~m~da ài~ilwi òi mnn~m``dm dw`ya~i gikkm `dw~m,

Likkm ìlw~mkdppdcm vdm m kyd dlwdwakmwm+ dlfmwwd+ pd

@aca ump m àlpwmlw xadlw af ~ifi~ilì dl woikdfi mlg daa~op af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, Wodp nalgniwuiil woi fdey~i af woi e~imw p dilwdpw mlg @a#ca omp livi~ uimbilig avi~ woi xmpw wua mlg momkf ìlwy~dip, Woi w~mìpaf wodp ~ikmwdalpodxx~a#vdgi m cimldlefyk dwdli~m~t uodò icn~mìp woioim~w af woi `dwt,

Dlgiig+ dl woi pw~iiw lmcig mfwi~ Vakwm+ ~deow dlwoi ìlw~i af waul+ woi oaypi uoi~i woi dlyil#

=, Vigywm gd @aca i gi kk%m~#

à mkxdli+ àa dj Calwi âpm+

g mkkm ` akkdl m g d N~ylmwi+

iaYaim Dm `mpm lmwmki gikk%dlvil~a~i gikkm xdkm+

pawwaxapwm likk%Awwaìlwa m pdeldfd`mwdvi cagdfd#òi gm xm~wi giekd i~igd+ X~apieyilga vi~pa Pyg+

x~ippa k%mleaka dlwi~li gikki cy~m `dwwmgdli+ i vd#

pdndki km Wa~~i Emwwald+ lik `yd emndliwwa fdpdà dk

Vakwm pd gigd a mkk%ikiww~akaedm i+ dlwa~la mk=5 69+àlgyppi x~dcd ipxi~d~lilwd p`dilwdfd`d+ Vd`dla m

Xa~wm Wa~~i pd w~avm dk Xmkmzza giekd Pwygd+ pigi

gik Ddìa gmppdà .M,Vakwm., Dl }yipwm x~ieivaki

igdfd`da+ gmk =559 mk =55?+ = 8 pwygdapa pvakpi mw#wdvdwm gd ~dì~`m i fy gaìlwi gd Fdpd`m Pxi~dcil#

wmki ,,Mkk%dlwi~la gik Kd ia i wywwa~m `ypwagdwm ylm

àkkizdali gd pw~y~lilwd p dilwdfd d gd dlipwd~lmndki

vmka~i+ dk `yd dcxdmlwa eili~mki ~dpxi`òdm k%d~l#

xapwmzdali gdgm~wd`m vakwdmlm+ Mbyld mxxm~i`òdi kd fdpd`m+ dlakw~i+ fy~ala ywdkdzzmwd xi~palmkcilwi

gmkk%dlvilwa~i gikkm xdkm,

@aca+ w~mgdzdalmkcil~i dlwi~ippmwm mDki x~a#

pxiwwdvi affi~ii gmkkm ~dì~`m mxxkd`mwm+ ~dnmgk dkx~ax~da kiemci àl km fdey~m i k%axi~m gik Vakwm

=, Vdiu af @aca mlg af woi

Mkxp udwo wom CAkkwi âpm+ mp

wmbil f~ac woi N~ylmwi odkk+

wa~ af woi .Xdki.ump na~l `ml pwdkk ni ~i aeldpiggipxdwi woi ideowiilwo ìlwy~t cagdfd mwdalp,@alwdlydle paywoum~gp+ lim~ woi dlpdgi à~li~af woi `dwt umkkp pwmlgp Wa~~i Emwwald, Dw umpdl woi Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t woi~i womw Vakwm gi#vawig odp wdci wa iki w~akaet+ mlg uoi~i caylg

woi tim~ =569 oi `m~~dig ayw odp fd~pw p dilwdfdixi~dcilwp, Lim~ Xdmzzm Wa~~i dp Xmkmzza giekdPwygd+ oaci wa woi %Dw Vakwm. E~mccm~ Pòaak,Dl wodp pxkilgdg nyggdle+ woi pòakm~ `m~~dig ayw~ipim~òua~b mlg wmyeow Ixi~dcilwmk Xotpd`pf~ac =559 wa =55?,, M àkki`wdal af p dilwdfd`dlpw~ycilwp af dlipwdcmnki vmkyi+ uoapi eili#~mk piw#yx ~ifki wp Vakwm%p gdgm`wd` mxx~amò+ dppwdkk bixw dlpdgi woi Kdìm /E~mccm~ Pòaak$,Awoi~ xotpd`p dlpw~ycilwp ui~i ypig xi~palmk#kt nt woi dlvilwa~ af woi Xdki,

@aca àlfd~cig dwp nalg udwo woi fdey~i mlg

ua~b af Mkippmlg~a Vakwm ivil mfwi~ odp gimwo,Dl fm`w+ dl =?0?+ woi calycilw uodò pwdkk

74



XI^@8^9=VAKWDMLD ! VAKWM OI^DWMEI W^MdK

mlòi gaxa km ca~wi gik fdpdà+ I% gik =?0?+ dl#

fmwwd+ dk calycilwa+ wywwa~m vdpdndki lik k %a~laldcmxdmzzm+ òi =8 p`ykwa~i Xacxia Cm~òipd gigdà

mkk%dkkypw~i àcmpà,

Likkm piàlgm ciwm gikk% %?88+ ki ìkin~mzdald gik#

k%dlvilwa~i gikkm xdkm mppy~pi~a m pdcnaka gikkm ~d#

lmp`d~m gikkm `ykwy~m p`dilwdfd m likD%Dwmkdm xapwy#

ldwm~dm+ Dl}yipwm `kdcm `ykwy~mki fy~ala dlgiwwi

km ~lapw~m gid `dcikd gik Vakwm i k%Ipxapdzdali Dl#

wi~lmzdalmki gd Ikiww~d`dwm gik =?44+ gy~mlwi ki

}ymkd d w fyaà gdpw~yppi lyci~apd pw~ycilwd mx#

xm~wil ywd md fdpdà+

Gikki ìkin~mzdald gik =4>5+ likki }ymkd pd dcxi#

ela dl x~dcm xi~palm Eyekdikca Cm~àld+ ~d#

cmleala gyi wipwd~laldmlzi m~òdwiwwaldòi pd#

eldfd`mwdvi,Km x~dcm gd ippi i àpwdwydwm gmk Wicxda Vakwdmla+

igdfd da dl pwdki lia kmppd a i~iwwa pyk Kyleakmea+

dk}ymki mlà~ aeed apxdwm ekd mxxm~i`òd p`dilwd#

fdid gik Vakwm,

Km piàlgm wipwdcaldmlzm i ~mxx~ipilwmwm gmk#

k%mykm cmelm gikk%kpwdwywa @m~gy``d+ òi om pigi

py ylm gikki vdi òi gmkkmea xa~wmla mkkm `dw~m

cy~mwm, ]yd inni kyaea dk @ale~ippa Dl~i~lm#

zdalmki gid Fdpdid gik =4>5: fmwwa gik wywwa pdlea#

km~i+ D%ivilwa p`dilwdfdà kmp`da w~mìdm gd pi pyk

xapwa cigdmlwi mk`yld mff~ipòd àccica~mwdvd+

òi ~dxa~wmla dlacd giekd dkkypw~d xm~wi dxmlwd,

pwmlgp dl woi p}ym~i lmcig mfwi~ odc ump gigd#

`mwig wa woi dkkypw~dayp @aca `dwdzil+ nt woi

p ykxwa~ Xacxia Cc% oipd,

Dl woi piàlg omkf af woi =4wo @ilwy~t+ woi ì#kin~mwdalp µaf woi dlvilwa~ af woi Xdki ni`mci m

ptcnak af woi ~ind~wo af p`dilwdfd` `ykwy~i dl woi

liukt yldwig Dwmkt, Dw ump dl wodp `ykwy~mk `kd#cmwi womw woi iodndwdal af Vakwm%p dlpw~ycilwp

mlg woi Dlwi~lmwdalmk Iki`w~d`dwt Iodndwdal af

=?44 ui~i oikg, Dl woi ày~pi af woipi ivilwp mfd~i gipw~atig m e~imw lycni~ af dlpw~ycilwp

uodò nikaleig wa woi xotpd`dpw,

Woi pdeldfd`mlw m~òdwi`wy~mk ptcnakp af woi

=4>5 ìkin~mwdalp+ x~ipdgig nt Eyekdikca Cm~#

àld dl xi~pal+ ~icmdl,

Woi fd~pw dp m lia#`kmppd`mk àlpw~y wdal pwmlgdleal woi Kmbi X~acilmgi+ woi Wicxda Vakwdmla

/Vakwm Wicxki$ uodò pwdkk oaypip Vakwm%p p`dil#

wdfd` mX=Jm~mwyp,

Woi piàlg dp woi Omkk af Lmwy~mk P`dilìp af

woi @, @m~gy``d Dlpwdwywi+ uodò dp pdwymwig dl

ali af woi pw~iiwp kimgdle f~ac woi Kmbi wa woi

umkkig `dwt+ Oi~i+ woi Dlwi~lmwdalmk àle~ipp af

Xotpd`p waab xkmì dl =4>5: ml ylypymk fimwy#

~i dp womw woi p`dilwdfd` ivilw omp niil dcca~#

wmkdzig nt pivi~mk àccica~mwdvi f~ipàip dl

woi omkk nim~dle woi lmcip af woi dkkypw~dayp xm~#

wd`dxmlwp,

@ MP M L MW MK I G k V AK WM ! V A K W M p N D ^ W O X K M @ I

Pd x~ipilwm àciyl dcxalilwi x mkm zz a ~dpy kwm lwi g mkk%dl ` a~x a~m zda li i fypdali g d g dv i~ pd f mn n~ d` mwd+ ` a~ lx dy wi

gaxa km ciwm gikk%Awwaìlwa+ Pykkm g ipw~m g ik xa~wali gikly~li~a ` dvdà 6> vigdmc a km kmxdgi àl km p`~dwwm

. Fy }y ipwm k%mvdwm `mpm gd M kippml g~a V akwm. , Dl }y ipwm `mp m cag lik =?>5, ! Wodp dp m l d cx ~ippd vi nydkgdle+ dl#

à~xa~mwdle pivi~mk awoi~ nyd kgdlep+ nyd kw mfwi~ woi cdggki af woi ldliwiilwo ìlwy~t, Al woi ~deow af woi cmdl il#

w~ ml ì m w l yc n i~ 6> u i `ml pii woi x km}y i u dwo woi u a~gp .W odp u mp wo i ml ìpw~mk o ac i af Mk ippm l g ~a Va kw m.8== dw+ Oi gdig dl wodp oaypi dl =?>5,

>, @mpm lmwmki gd Vakwm- Vakwm%p Ndlnxkmì 0, P, Gallca ! P, Galldla @oy~ o 7, Wa~~i Emwwald D Emwwald Waui~



@ A C A

@ ODI PM G D PM L G AL LDL A! PM L G AL L DL A @ O Y Dr@ O

Dl }y ipwm ` odipm+ m~~d`` odwm gm dc xa~wml wd g ikd gd già~mz da ld i mff~ipòd gik _ V J#_ V kD pià ka+ M kippml g~a E dy #

pixxi M lmpwmpda V akwm vil li nmwwizzmwa dk e da~l a gaxa km l mp` dwm2 l ikk%dl e~ippa pd w~avm y lm kmxdgi woi ~dà~gm

k%ivil wa, V akwm f~i}y il wmvm c mkwm pxippa }y ipwm ò dipm+ g avi dl pie la ` mwiòdpc a md Dml `dy kkd, ! M ki pp ml g~ a E dy #

pixxi Mlmpwmpda Vakwm ump nmxwdpig dl wodp òy~ò woi gmt mfwi~ oi ump na~l, Woi~i dp m x km }y i ` ac c i ca ~m wd le

woi ivilw mw woi ilw~mlì, Vakwm uilw ~ieykm~-$= wa wodp òy~ò mlg oi wmyeow `mwiòdpc wa òdkg~il oi~i ,

• îpwmy~a gikki `mxxikki gik @m~ipmlm i gik Fdmccdleodla! îpwmy~mwdal af woi @m~ipmlm mlg F dmcc deodla òmxikp

/M` mgicdm Mkga Emkkd$

KD@Im EkLLMPDA V A K W M

I y l xmkmz za km `y d fm `` dmwm l ia `kmppd` m+ g av ywm mkk%m~` odwi wwa wd` dl ipi P dc al i @ ml wa ld+ x ~ipil wm y l x a~wd` mwa g d

à kal l i gd ~l m~~l a ` dxakkdl a ò i mxxm~wil li~a m y lm ` apw~y zdal i gikk%ixa`m ~a~lmlm, L ikk%m w~da pd xY E m~lcd~m#

~i dk ny pwa gd V akwm p` akxdwa l ik c m~~l a gmk ~mvil lmwi E miwml a C al wd i g al mwi l i= = ? 0 > gm y l ga ìl wi òi fy

gdpìx aka i mc dà gik l apw~a p` dil zdmwa+ Dk K dìa ` kmppdà V akwm+ òi ae ed v d o m pig i+ apxdwm y l d~l xa~wml wi C y#

pim gd p`dilzi l mwy ~m kd+ m~wd` akmwa dl } ymww~a piz da ld: na wml d` m+ z aa ka edm+ x mki al wa ka edm+ e ia ka edm, M l ò i ` da ` oi

wipwm gi k emndliwwa gd fdpd`m /x~iipdp~il wi m= =? 0? # mllm g ikk%dp wdwy z da l i y ff d` dm ki g d y l E m nd l iw wa wi`lakaedà `D j

F dpd` m px i~dc il wmki i P wa ~dm l mwy ~m ki ml l ippa m k K d` ia $ x ~i pi l~ m l a wi va ki dlwi~ippi+ V d fml la x m~wi dlfmwwd m k`y#l j pw~y~lilwd g ikk%i xa `m v akwdm l m+ g d `y d pd i m``yxmwa = 8 P wy gda py kki ` akki zda ld p` dil wdfd` oi+ g d, ` yd m x, >4 , X yw#

w~a xxa e ~ml x m~wi gie kd pw~y cil wd+ x~ipwmwd xi~ km E ~ml gi I pxapdz dal i gik = ?4 4+ ml gm~al a gdpxik%PS i g dp w~ ywwd l i k#

k%dl ìl gda òi km fylipwa,! Wodp dp m nydkgdle gipdelig nt woi m~òdwi`w f~ac @mlwal Wdmla Pdcali @mlwal mlg

dw omp m lia#`kmppd`mk fm`mgi u dwo ml m~`mgi af `dxakkdl c m~nki àkyc lp nikaledle wa m ^ ac ml àlpw~y`wdal, Dl, w oi

ilw~mlì omw- u i `ml mgcd~i woi nypw af Vakwm p`ykxwig dl cm~nki nt Emiwmla C alwd f~ac ^mvillm mlg galm#

wig ns+ m wimòi~ u oa ump nawo m fakkau i~ mlg m f~dilg af ay~ p`dilwdpw, Woi Vakwm e~mccm~ pòaak+ u odò lau

a``yxdip wodp nydkgdle+ oaypip ml dc xa~wmlw L mwy~mk P`dilì C ypiyc + gdvdgig dlwa 7 p i` wda lp : n awm lt + z aa ka et +

xmkmialwakaet+ eiakaet, Mkpa u omw ~ic mc p af woi xotpd`p kmna~mwa~t /u odò x~#igmwip =?0? # wo i t im ~ a f woi af#

fd`dmk fay=5gdle af m Wiòlakaed`mk Kmna~mwa~t af Ixi~dcilwmk Xotpd`p mlg Lmwy~mk Odpwa~t mgjmìlw wa woi

pòaak$ dp afe~imw dlwi~ipw, Dlgiig woit dl`kygi ì~wmdl dlpw~yc ilwp f~ac woi V akwm i~m+ u odò woi Pwyg$= al p`dil#

wdfd` àkki`wdalp gimkw u dwo+ mp xi~ x, >4, Y lfa~wylmwikt capw af woi dlpw~ycilwp kamlig ayw fa~ woi E~imw Iod#

ndwdal af =?44 u i~i kapw mlg gipw~atig nt woi fdwi uodò givmpwmwig dw ,

• /îedali Kacnm~gdm+ Mccdldpw~mzdali X~avdl` dmkp i kd @aca+ @acylp gd @aca$

Dk Kdìm Vakwm + `ml dkpyxxa~wa giekd Ilwd wi~~dwa~dmkd+ om mvvdm~a km ~imkdzzmzdali gd KDG Cypia p`dilwdf d a#lmwy~mkdpw d a dl `yd

mv~m DDldk xm~wi g d ~ dk di v a km ` akkizdali gd p~~ycilwd gd Rdpdim à~lx~ilgilwi mk`yli mxxm~i òdm~y~i y~dkdzzm~i gm Vakwm, Pmlm

dlakw~i x~ivdpwd ~ipwmy~d mkkm f m dm~m+ dl xm~wdàkm~i mkki àk`lli ~acmli gd cm~~la `dxakkdla, 'd x~ivigi mlòi km ~i mkdzzm#

zdali gd ylm xm~wdàkm~i dkkycdlmzdali gikk%igdfd`da+ òi fm xm~wi gd yl x~aeiwwa òi x~iv`gi dl~i~vilwd dl mlmkaeod igdfd`d+

gik cigipd~la m ~ odwiwwa+ gdpka`m~d w~m vdm Vakwm + vdm Xm~dld i vdm @mlwy, D Woi Kdìm Vakwm udwo woi pyxxa~: af woi fa`mk mywoa#

~dwdip+ omp pwm~wig wa nydkg m p`dilwdfd` mlg lmwy~mkdpwd` Cypiyc uoi~i woi àkki`wdal af X otpd`p dlpw~ycilwp+ dl`kygdle pac i

mxxm~mwyp ypig nt V akwm+ udkk omvi m xkm` i af oalay~, DDD mggdwdal woi~i dp m x~aji` w wa ~ipwal2 woi fc2 mgi, ipxi` dmkkt woi ~acml

` aky cl p dl `dxakd² cm~nki, Woi nydkgdle udkk mkpa ni dkkycdlmwig d l m p xi `d mk umt mp xm~w akm x~aji w uod o mkpa ilàcxmp#pip ua~bp 8== pdcdkm~ nydkgdlep & $ = wo i pmci m~ odwi w pdwymwig niwu iil Vdm Vakwm+ Vdm Xm~dld mlg Vdm @mlwy,

P , K d` ia E d ll m pd a V a k wm : f m` ` dm wm J Rm`mgi 6, Kmna~m~a~da gd Fdpd m gik Kd ia Vakwm D Xotpd p Kmna~mwa~t dl woi Kdìm Vakwm



5, Wacnm gd Vakwm- Vvkwm%p Wacn ?, Vigywm gikk%Ipxapdzdayi Vakwdmlm gi k =?44! Vdiu af wni V akwm Iklndwdal / =?44$,

WA^Î EMDWALD EMDWALD WAUI^

Km fmc de kdm x mw~dzdm g ik E m~wa ld+ l ikk%ml ea ka dl wi~l i g ikki c y ~m+ x appig iv m km x ~a x~dm ` mpm+ K m wa ~~i il w~i dl xa p|

pippa g ik E mwwa ld+ g ipwdl m wa mkdm vdwm i``kipdmpwd`p+ dl wa~l amk = 5? 7 i dlippm fy gm ky d ~d`mvmwa y l kmna~mwa~da y wd |

Ddzzmwa xi~ d x~ax~d ipxi~d~lilwd+ DD wd~a`dlda p` dil wdfd` a px i~dc il ~mki g d V akwm pd ` ac xd l ik e mndl iwwa g d fdpd` m g ik

E mwwal d, F y py k wiwwa gikkm x~ax~dm `mpm òi E dy kda @ ipm~i @ mw~al d+ mc dà i kd V akwm+ dl mkni~a dk x~dci xm~mfyk#

c d li gd @ ac a i Da~pi g %Dwmkdm+ appdm }y ikkm . pwml em f~ml `bkdl dml m%% òi ml ld gaxa+ gd àl ì~wa `ml V akwm+ ieJ d w~m#

xdml wa dl ` dc m mkdm wa~wi m`}y dpwmwm+ xi~ awwil i~l i c mee da~ iffiwwa , DD ny al mc d ` a xa~ivm xi~~l iwwi~pd+ àl Di py i

~dpa~pi i k d x~a`y ~m~pd e kd me eiwwd i Di àpi l iìppm~di+ ] y ml ga ie kd villi dl x appippa g ikkm wa~~i+ v d w~mpfi~k mk#

S%dlwi~l 8 dkpy a m~w~izzmwa emndliwwa gd fdp~` m i v d `~ia xy~i y l c y p i a gd p wa~dm lmwy~mki: fm~wd mxx~izzmwdppd~ld+ pxi#

`dmkc il wi g me kd pw~ml di~d w~ml pdwml wd # da kwd wy ~dpwd g d mkka ~m+ pic x~i mw~il wd ` i~` mwa ~d g d ` mpi pdl ea km~d+

Wo i xm w~d`dml fm cdkt E mwwa ld%p o ac i u mp pdwym wig dl wo i dl pdg i à ~l i~ a f wo i `dwt u mkkp, W oi wa ui~ `mc i dl wa woix ap pi pp da l a f @ m ww ml d+ g ip wdl ig wa m l i `` ki pdm pwd ` kdf i+ m ~a yl g w oi t im ~ = 5 ? 7 m lg oi à lvi~wig xm ~w a f dw dl wa m km #n a~m wa ~t u odò o i y pi g fa ~ o dp a ul i x i~ dc il wp , V akwm n ie ml o dp p` dil wdfd` i xi ~dc il wp dl @ mwwm ld%p x ot pd`p km #na~mwa~t, J w u mp al wo i ~aa f af wodp o ay pi wo mw wo i m nn aw+ m f~dil g af V akwm%p+ i~i`wig wo i fd~pw kdeo wl dl e à lg y`#wa ~ dkk@ ac a+ df l aw dl Dwm kt+ a~ ~mwoi~ wo i .F ~m lo kdl N m~.+ u odò tim~p kmwi~2 wa eiwo i~ u dwo V akwm + o i ~i ca vi g wawoi wa x af wo i l iu kt m`}y d~ig wau i~+ fa ~ n iwwi~ iffi`w, W oi e aa g f~dil g woc yeo od p u im kwo + à ykg m ffa ~g wa x y~#ò mp i wo i l i` ip pm ~t a nji `wp m lg a wo i~ dwic p, U oil o i `m ~l i dl wa x ap pi pp da l a f wo i wa ui~ + o i w~m lp fi ~~ ig o dp fy kkti }y dx xi g X ot pd `p km na ~m wa ~t wo i~ i m lg m kp a ` ~i mwi g m l mwy ~m k o dp wa ~t c y pi yc 2 c y ò m xx ~i `d mw ig d ldw dm wdv ip + i px i#` dmkkt nt fa ~ide l vdpdwa ~p | wo i `y kwy ~ig way ~dpwp af wo i wdc i+ m ku mtp al woi ka ab ay w fa~ a ~dedlm kdwt ,

• /@ilw~a i kd @ykwy~m P dilwdfd m M, Vakwm, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm ~gdm i Falgmzdali @m~dxka$

Xi~ ylm gip ~dzdali gik X~aeiw~a gd ~d ap~~lzdali gik Kmna~m~a~da Emwwald+ pdvigm m x, 78,

WACNM GD VAKWM- VAKWM%P WACN

DD xmipdl a dl a~de dl i pd òdmc mvm @ mc lme a+ i mppy lpi dk l ac i gd @ mc lmea V akwm l ik= ? 60, = =c my pakia+ y l wi~l #

xdiwwa gd pwdki l ia `kmppd` a+ fy ` a~l xdy wa l i= =? 0= + a~lmwi i kd pwmwy i i gd ~dkdivd, Md km wd g ik ` ml ` ikki wwa g %dl e ~i pp a

vd pml m gy i pwmwy i gd K yded M ~e il wd ~mxx~ipil wml wd km P` dil zm i km ^ ikde dal i+ i py kk%m~òdw~mvi km p`~dwwm .M g M kip#

pml g~a V akwm # K m V igavm i d F de kd. , P ykkm xm~iwi gd fal ga pd dl w~mvigi j J pm~àfme a Dmva~mwa dl c m~c a gmkka p`y k#

wa~i N mti~+ `y d pav~mpwm y l ny pwa pàkxdwa gm E davml N mwwdpwm @ ac akkd+ m~wdpwm gd vmka~i, M ffdml `ml a dk ny pwa gy i

eil d mkmwd+ y la gid }y mkdi dl mwwa gd à~al mwi V akwm, L ik ~d}y mg~a pav~mpwml wi pxd``m d= ~ dkdi va ~ mf fd ey ~m l wi k %i xd#

pag da xdy ` ikin~mwi g ikkm vdwm g d V akwm: } yikk 8gikkm x~ipil wmz dal i gikkm xdkm m L mxakial i N al mxm~wi dl X m~de d l ik

= ? 8= , ! A ~de dl mkkt wo i kdwwki v dkkm ei u mp `m kki g @ mc lm ea m lg dw n i`m ci @ mc lm ea V akwm dl = ? 60 , W o i c m y pa ki ycpwml gp ay w # m pc mk D l ia #` km pp d` mk w ic x ki u dw o p wm wy ip m l g c k di fP ` ac x ki wi g d l = ? 0 = , A l i dwo i~ p dg i a f w oi i lw ~m l` ie mwip wo ic m ~i wu a pwm wy ip n t K yde d M ke il wd ~i x~ ip il wdl e P `di l` i m lg ^ ikde da l+ m lg wo i dl p` ~dx wda l a l wo i m ~` od#w~m vi dp .W a M kippml g~a V akwm # odp u dga u ml g pal p., A l woi fm ~ u mkk wo i~i dp m:pm ~à xom ey p p`y kx wig dl c m~n ki

nt N mti~ mlg al wax woic dp m nypw p`ykxwig nt E da vm l N mwwdp wm @ ac akkd+ m u a~ wo t m ~wdpw, W wy a u dl ei g e il dd m ~i

9>



4, Cmldfipwa gikk%Ipxapdzdali Vakwdmlm gik =?44! Xapwi~ a~woi V akwm I n dn dwda l dkk =?44 =8+ Fm~a Vabdmla- V ak wm K deowoaypi ,

xkmìg al idwoi~ pdgi af woi nypw mlg ali a f wo ic ,DP dl woi m`w aj`~aulce V a kwm , W o i a vi ~o ml edl e x ml ik fi mwy #~ ip m ~i kdi f x a~ w~ mt dl e wo i c ap w ` iki n~ mwi g i xdp ag i dl V akwm %p kdfi # wo i x ~i pi lwm wda l a f wo i X dki wa L mx aki al Na #

lmxm~wi dkk Xm~dpdl =?8=,

• /@acyli gd @aca+ Kdalp @kyn @aca Oapw+ Kdalp @kyn Calwdìkka+ M@PC$

Cmly~ilzdali pw~ma~gdlm~dm i ~imkdzzmzdali gd ylm lyivm dkkycdlmzdali mxxapdwmcilwi x~aeilmwmJ Iw~ma~gdlm~t cmdlwi#

lml i mlg dlpwmkkmwdal af pxi dmkkt gipdelig kdeowdle,

CALkJC`LWA M VAKWM I XkMZZM VAKWM! CALYCILW WA VAKWM DL XDMZZM VAKWM

K m pwmwy m ~l m~c a~im+ dl my ey ~mwm l i= = ? 0? +i axi~m gd Xac xia C m~` oipd+ p` y kwa~i w~m d xdl ` ikin~d gik wic xa, l~ l m pp d` ` da n m pm ~l i l wa i axi~m gd F~mlìpà G y~ikkd i vd i dl`dpm y l m pi~lxkdì gigd`m: .M V akwm # K m X mw~dm ., ^ i#

p~my ~a gik ~l al yc il ~a ` al km v mka~dz zmz dal i gikk%mppi gd ~~mey m~ga `ml Xdmzz m @ mvay ~ i v dm F a l wm l m %- Woi cm~#

n ki pwm wy i+ y lv idki g dl =?0=+ dp nt X ac xia C m~` oipd+ al i a f woi c apw ì kin ~m wi g p`y kx wa ~p af o dp wdc i, W oi pa #k dg n mp i dp wo i u a~b a f F ~m l` ip` a G y~ ikk: m lg wo i dl p` ~dx wda l dp m pdc xki g ig d` mwda l % : 7 , V akwm # O dp N d~wo xkm ì .

• /âwm~t @kyn @aca+ âwm~t @kyn @aca Nm~mgiDka+ Dlli~ Uoiik @aca$

îpwmy~a gik calycilwa m Vakwm likkm xdmzzm acaldcm, ! ^ ipwmy~mwday arwoi calycilw wa Vakw#m d l Xdmzzm Vakwm,

• /@acyli gd @aca+ Ilg+ Dlli~ Uoiik @aca$

%vmkalzzmzdali gikkm xdmzzm mww~mvi~pa dk~dfm dcilwa gikkm xmvd~lilwmzdali+ ,,dk ~dgdpiela gikk%m~~iga y~nmla i gik vi~gi i km

~imkdzzmzdali gd ylm xm~wdàkm~i dkky~ldlmzdali,% Dcx~avicilwp wa wo i P}ym~i wo~akkeo m li u xmvdle+ woi ~igipdeldle af y~nml

fdwwdlep mlg e~iil+ mlg dlpwmkkmwdal af p!Ji`dmkk$= gipdelig kdeowdkke,

WICXDA VAK WDMLA- VAKWM WICXKI

Igdfd`mwa l ik ìlwilm~da gikkm ~la~wi /=4>5$ + fy dlmyey~mwi li k=4>? i galmwa gmkk%dlgypw~dmki à~lmpà+ F~ml.` ipà Pa~l mdl d+ m kdm `dwwm gd @ ac a, I y l m àpw~yzdali g d p wdki l ia `km pp d` a+ a xi~m g ikk%m ~` odwiwwa F ig i~d` a F ~de i#

~da, Dl }y ipwm ~l ypia Di p` axi~wi i Di dl vil zdal d g d V akwm w~avml a km ka~a pwa~dm+ ~mxx~ipil wmwm xi~ c iz za giekd

mxxm~i`òd gm k y d d l vi l wm wd 8 ` al eie lm wd+ i gie kd pw~y c il wd gm ky d y pmwd+ K m e mkki~dm gikka ee dm wa i ~ dp i~ vm wm m kdm

ga `y ~l il wm zdal i g ikk%a xi~m p` dil wdfd` m+ gikkm v dwm i gikkm fmc m gik fdpd` a ` ac mp` a,V d pd x appa la mc ~l d~m ~i ~dw~m w#

wd+ p `l kwy ~i+ ~l ig me kdi+ a ee iwwd x i~pa lm kd+ g a` yc il wd+ kdn ~d+ ~dx ~a gy z da ld fa wa e~m fd` oi +

K %igdfd` da # l ikki x m~aki gik py a x ~ae iwwdpwm+ k%m ~` odwiwwa F ~de i~da # . àl pwm ippil zdmkc il wi g d y l pm kal i ` d~` akm~i

gd }y mpd = > c iw~d gd gdmciw~a l iwwd+ ` a~al mwi gm y l m ` y xakm m ky ì ` il w~mki+ m ey dpm gd Xml woial 2 dk }y mki+ à k

` akal l mwa ` oi = 8 ~i` dl ei+ a` `y xm ` d~` m y l wi~z a gikk%m~im wawmki / ,,, $ : m~im } ymg~m wp+ py kki ` yd fm` ì pd g ikdl im pi~l #

x~i = 8 pwippa c awdvi+ pdm òi k%a ~g dl i m~òd~i~wal d` a vil em ` apwdwy dwa gm xm~mp~i # ` ac i l id fdml òd+ ig m wi~ea #

p dm ` oi p d x ~a wil gm dl y l x~al ma m àkal li ` a~al mwi gm wdc xml a+ ` ac i l ikkm fm`` dmwm vakwm m c iz zagd+ e ym~gml ga

` od m~~dvm gmkkm ` dw~m + i gai l ikkm py m xdkd kae d`m i l mwy ~mki xapwy ~i, Y lm nmpi mkwdppdc m # dkkxdy gd ~l >,08 # w~mw#

~mwm m fa~wd ny el mwy ~i xa~wm dk xdml a x~dl `dxmki m wmkkdvikka gm e m~ml wd~i k%dl àky cdwm gikki ~m`àkwi i gikkm xm~wi

mndwmwm gmk ` ypwagi gm ael d x dil m gikkmea / ,,,,$ gy i p`mki mc xdi i ` ac agi md kmwd gik x a~wdà f~al wmki àl gy ~~ml la

P0



==, .Pmkm gid Lanik. ! . L an ik ^ a ac . =>, @alviela Dlwicmzdalmki gd Fdpd m /=4>5$ R Dl wi ~l m wd al m k X o tp d` p @/Jlfi~ic2i /=4>5$,

d vdpdwmwa~d m kdvikka gik pmkali+ K%a~gdli à~dlzda gikki àkalli gikkm fm``dmwm i gikki xm~mpwi gid fdmlòd i gik

wi~ea i dlwi~~awwa lid Dalgd+ a~dzzal~mkcilwi+ gm ylm fmp`dm già~mwdvm òi pielm }ympd dkxdmla mccizzmwa òi

gdvdgi dl gyi xm~~d+ vi~wd mkcilwi+ k%m~lndilwi, Gmkk%mkwa mwwd a 8xm~mxiwwmwm òi à~alm wyww %mwwa~la k%a~gdli yld#

à gikkm pw~yw~y~m pd ikivm Jm `yxakm ìlw~mki àxi~~m m p}ymci kmlìakmwi gd ky`dgm m~gipdm.,

Nydkw mkk woi a``mpdal af woi ìlwilm~t af odp gimwo /=4>5$ dw u mp dl my ey~m wig dl =4>? m lg g al mwi g nt woi @ a#

c a dl gypw~dm kdpw+ F ~m lìpà P ac mdl d+ wa wo i `dwt a f @ ac a, Dw dp m àl pw~y`wdal dkk l ia #` km ppd` mk pwt ki + u a~w+ a f wo im ~` o dw i` w F i gi ~d à F~dei~da, W oi c ypiyc w~mìp woi odpwa~t af Vakwm %p gdpàvi~dip mlg dlvilwdalp wo~ayeo woi gd#

pxkmt af woi dlpw~yc ilwp oi dlvilwig a~ mppic nkig mlg woi dlpw~yc ilwp oi ypig, W oi Kaeedm omkk àlwmdlp woi ga#

`yc il wm wdal a f wo i @ ac a p`dil wdpw%p u a~b+ o dp kdfi m lg odp fm ci, O i~i taw!+ `m l mg cd~i x a~w~m dwp+ p`ykxwy~ip+ c i#

g mkp+ x i~pa lm k a nji `wp+ g a` yc il wp+ n aa bp m lg x oa wa e~m xo d` ~i x~a gy `wda lp,

Woi ny w Rgdle # dl woi u a~gp af dwp gipdeli~2 m ~ò dwi`w F ~de i~da # n mpd`m kkt à lpdpwp af m `d~`ykm~ n m DD a f mkc apw = >

c iw~ip dl gdmciwi~2 `~au lig nt m `yxakm axil dkk wo i ìlw~i kdkwi woi X ml wo ia l+ u odò wa eiwo i~ u dwo wo i àkal m#

g ip m ~a y lg dw àvi~p mnayw ali wod~g af woi u oaki m~im / ,,, $ p}ym~i m~im mkk af u oapi pdgip nim~ woi pmc i c awdf+

u oiwoi~ woi m~òdwi`wy~mk a~gi~ dp c mgi yx af xdkmpwi~ pw~dxp # mp al woi pdgip mlg nm`b # AJ % u o iwo i~ dw p w~ iw` oi p

ayw dlwa m x~almyp af àkyc lp `yi~omleig nt m emnki+ mp dl woi paywo fm`dle pdgi+ kaabdle wau m~gp woi `dwt+ mlg

wni~ida~i dl dwp c apw kaed`mk mlg lmwy~mk pwmlì, M vi~t odeo nmpi+ # ===8~i oml Dc 08 # u dwo oimvt mpokm~ u a~b

n~dlep woi c mdl fkaa~ wa pyò m kivik mp wa eym~mlwii woi pmfiwt af woi àkki`wdalp mlg woi x@ C a f wo i n ydkg dl e u oi#

~i wo i `m~iwmbi~ kdvip+ f~ac woi km bi%p xim k: kivikp, /,,, $, W y!a u dg i m lg à cfa~wmn ki pwm d~u mtp mkk imò pdgi af woi

Falw xa~wdà+ kimg woi vdpdwa~ wa woi kivik af woi omkk, Woi @ a~dlwodml a~gi~ af woi àkyc lp af woi Rm`mgi mlg woipdg i x dkm pwi~ pkdx p+ m lg mw wo i ~im~2 dp dlwi~~yxwig mw woi nawwac xm~w oa~dzalwmkkt nt m già~mwdvi pw~dx u odò mk#

c apw c m~bp woi c izzmldli fkaa~ u odò vi~wd`mkkt gdvdgip woi m~im dlwa wu a xm~wp, Woi ìlw~mk gac i+ àyi~ig dlkm lìa km wi p`m kip a f podlt pkm wi+ ~dpip f~a c woi mwwd` u odò `~a ydl p wo i pdle ki a ~g i~ a f wo i pw~y`wy ~i m kk m ~ay lg ,

• /@acyli gd @aca, @alw~dnywi îedali Kacnm~gdm,$

X~aei~wa i kd ~dmgieym~lilwa à~lxkippdva gikkm p~~ywwy~m pdm gmk xylwm gd vdpwm fylzdalmki # `ml dlwi~vilwd dlf~mpw~ywwy~mkd+ dl

xm~wdàkm~i km `~imzdali gd m`ìppd fm`dkd~mwd # pdm xi~ }ymlwa ~deym~gm k%ipxapdzdali # ~ipwmy~a gikki àkkizdald p`dilwdfdòi i

gid ~ixi~~d+ lyavm dkkycdlmzdali gikki viw~dli,! @ ac xkiwi y !J gm wdle af wo i pw~y` wy ~i na wo f~a c wo i fyl `wda lm k xa dl w a f vdiu

# u dw o d lj~ mp w~ y` wy ~m k waa~kip+ dww xm~wd`ykm~ woi `~imwdal af impt m`ìpp # mlg mp ~iem~gp woi iodndwdal # ~ipwa~mwdal af woi

p `di lwd fd` ` akk i` wd al p m lg i o dn dw p+ y iw y p oa u `m pi kd eo wdk ke ,

=0, Wi~lxda Vaodmla ! V a kw m W ic x ki =7, Viw~dlm gikki xdki lik Wi~lxda Vakwdmla$ D P oa u#` mp i u dwo N mwwi ~di p dl wo i V akwm W ic xki ,



=9,#=6,#=5, M , Zmcnikkd: cigmekdald gikkm .Pmkm gid Lanik. ! M , Z mc ni kkd: c igm kkda lp a f wo i .L an ik ^ aac .,

• /@ilw~a gd @yk~y~m P`dil~dfd`m M, Vakwm, @alw~dnywi îedali Ka~lnm~gdm i @m~dxka$

9dvigm: .@akkizdald p`dilwdfdòi m @aca. /x, >4$ ! Pii: .P`dilwdfd àkki wdalp dl @aca%< /x , >4$,

• /@acyli gd @aca+ Kdalp @kyn @aca Oapw+ Kdalp @kyn @aca Km~dmla+ Kdalp @kyn Xkdlda dDEdavmli$

îpwmy~d gik=m fm``dmwm gik Wicxda Vakwdmla+ ! ^ ip wa ~m wda l u a~ b 8= = wo i fm w2mg i af woi W ic xda V akwdm la

• /AP^MC$kkkycdlmzdali gik Wi~lxda Vakwdmla i gikk%mgdm ilwi Caly~lilwa md @mgywd, ! Dkkycdlmwdal a f wo i V akwm W ic xki mlg woi mgjm#

ìlw CAkkycikkw wa woi Fmkkil Pakgdi~p

• /@acyli gd @aca+ @alpa~zda @aca %Dy~dpwd`m+ pxalpa~ x~dvmwd, @al~~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm$

Lyava mppi~wa pm~m àlfi~dwa m vdmki Cm~àld+ gd m`ìppa mk Wicxda+ i mkki zali mgdmìlwd+ dlwi~ippmwi gm ylm lyivm xmvd#

~lilwmzdali+ gm yl l Y] VAm~~iga vi~gi i gm GYAtm dkkycdlmz dali ,! L iu kmtayw a~V dm!i C m~àld mlg mgjmìlw m~imp + dl`ky#

gdle ~ipy~fm dle+ liu e~iili~t mlg liy! fdeowdle,

.PM KM G ID L A N IK. ! . L A N I K âaC.DP WD==JWA @M^GY@A /VDMKI @MVMKKADWD$

E dm M ykm gd P `dil zi l mwy ~mkd gikk%Dpwdwy wa @ m~gy `` d+ gavi l ik piwwi~l n~i = 4>5 pd wil li+ l ikk% m cndwa gikki @ iki#

n ~m zda l d x i~ dk x~dc a @ il wil m~da gikkm c a~wi gd M kippml g~a V akwm+ y la pwa~dia @ al vie la dl wi~l mz dal mki gd fd #pd`m,

L i= =4 80 l mp` iv m m @ ac a k%I lwi . X~a ` ykwy ~m x axa km~i. + x i~ dl dz dmwdvm g d ipxa lil wd g ikk%mc ndil wi g ic a` ~mwd` a#

~mgd`mki km~dml a e ydgmwd gmk l awm dl gy pw~dmki pi~dà I l~dà C ypm, K %dl dz dmwdvm dl àl w~a py ndwa dk fmva~i gikkm xa#

x akmz da li+ ` oi x m~wi` dx a pic x~i x dy l y ci~a pm md ` a~pd i mdki v m~di mwwdv dwm `ykwy~mkd+ L ik = 48? km .X ~a `y kwy ~m xa#

xakm~i. fy i~iwwm dl il wi c a~mki i l ik= 4= 8 w~ava pigi gifdl dwdvm l ikk%igdfd` da dl wdwakmwa m @ dapy i @ m~gy `` d /x~a#

e iwwa dl e, @ ipm~i C mzz a`òd$ pdwa m @ ac a dl vdmki @ mvmkkawwd, L ikkm l yavm mkm+ dl my ey ~mwm l ik= 4>= + w~avm~al a

py `` ipp dv mc il wi p ig i l y c i~ api G Y ] Vil dz dm wdv i g ikk%M ppa `dm zda l i+ w~m ` yd dk . C y p i a P à km pwd` a @ d~` akm lwi E y d#

g a @ mpm~wikkd. , K %dg im g d ` apw~y d~i y l . cy pia ` d~` akml wi. + g ig d` mwa m y l a g id fa lg mwa~d i v d` ix~ipdg il ~i g ikk%M p#

pa `dmz da li+ i~m pa ~wm l ikkm c il wi g d C y pm e dm g y~ml wi dk x i~ da ga n ikkd à + d px d~ ml g ap d m kk %a ~e ml dz zm zda l i g ik p dp wi c m

g d dpw~ yz da l i i kv iwd` a dl @ Y k c adwd `ml wal d pd i~ml a gawmwd gd c ypid pàkmpwd` d, K a pàxa l al i~m paka }y ikka gd fa~#

l d~i y l iffd` m` i py xx a~wa g dgmwwd` a mDki kiz da ld g ie kd dl pie lml wd+ ~l m g d ` ~im~i y l m . `d~` akmz da li. g ik c mwi~dmki gd #gmwwdà w~m Di gdvi~pi p`y aki gikkm ` dw~m i x~avdl `dm al gi awwdc dzzm~i km f~y dz dal i gikkm àkkiz dal i gik C ypia,

=?, Dlwi~li gik %Di~lxda Vakwdmla ! V a kw m W i c xk i: d lw i~ da ~ ,



D D C y p ia i mkkaeedmwa

dl y l mc xda pmka l i

già~m wa à l ~l awdv d

l m wy ~m kdp wd` d g m M ` odk#k i Z m c n ik kd + = 8 pwippa

mc ndil wi òi l ik

= 4>5 vdgi pvakei~pd dk

@ a lv i e la Dl~i~lmzda#

Gmki gid Fdpd d+ m ` y d xm~wi dxm~ala => X ~i ~l d L a ni k

xi~ km Fdpd`m /`dm C m X kml `b m L dikp N ao~$, X i~ ~dà~#

g m~i k%iv il wa pw~m a~g dl m~da + k%ml l a py `` ippdva Di già #

~mz da ld x m~di wmkd y ~a la m~~d` ò dwi ` dm } ymww~a lyavd

c i gm ekda l d ~i `m lwd dl ac d gd wywwd d xm~wi`dxmlwd gi k

@ al v ie l a+ ` d~` apwm lz m y l d` m l i kkm p wa ~dm g ikkm p `di l zm +

K%mcndilwi i ` odmc mwa ae ed . P mkm gid L anik. , ! Fa~#

ci~kt woi Omkk afLmwyck P`dilìp af woi @m~gy``d Dl#

pwdwywi+ uoi~i+ dl Pixwicni~ =4>5+ gy~dle woi @iki#n~mwdalp fa ~ woi Fd~pw @ilwilm~t af wo i gimwo af Mkip#

pmlg~m Vakwm+ m odpwa~d`mk Dlwi~lmwdalmk @ale~ipp af

Xotpd`p wamp oikg,

Dl =480 w oi m p pa ` dm wd al . X ~a @ y kw y~ m Xaxakm~i. /Fa~

X ax yk m~ @ ykw y~ i$ y!mp faylgig dl @ ac a+ wo~ayeo woi

dldwdmwdvi af fa kka ui ~p af woi Kmlml g ic a `~ mw d ~ mg d` mk

c avic ilw+ kig nt woi u ikk blayc pdkb dlgypw~dmkdpw Il#

~dà C ypwk, Wodp dldwdmwdvi }yd`bkt Rayyg fmvay~ udwo

wo i xiaxki+ u oa xm~wd`dxmwig dl e~imw lyc ni~p dl woi

ày~pip mlg vm~dayp `ykwy~mk m`wdvdwdip, Dl =48? woi

.X~a @Y!wDk=%m Xaxakm~i% ni`mc i m k=al#x~afdw à~xa~m#

wdal m kdg dl =4=/$faylg m xi~cmlilw oac i dl woi nydk#

gdle lmcig mfwi~ Edapyi @ m~gy``d /gipdelig nt Dle,

@ipm~i C mzza`òd$ pdwymwig dl T dmki @mymkkawwd dl @a#

ca,P iyi ~m k lida dl dwdm wdv ip af wo i M ppa`dmwdal u i~i oaypig

dkk woi l iu u dle+ dlmyey~mwig dl =4>=+ mc ale uodò

wai~i .woi E ydga @ mpm~wikkd c andki Pòaaf Cypiyc.,

Woi dgim af àlpw~y`wdle m . ca ndki c ypiyc . gigd`m#

wig wa ali af woi faylgi~p mcd Vdì x~ipdgilw af woi Mp#

pigmwdal+ `mc i wa C ypm gy~dle woi dam~2 wmbdle dlpxd#

~mwdal f~ac woi Pudpp igy`mwdal ptpwic uoi~i cmlt

@ mlwalp omg pòaak cypiyc p, Woi md c ump law a lkt

wa x~avdgi +=== ifri`wdvi mggdwdalmk wimòdle pyxxa~w wa

woi kippalp+ nyw mkpa wa `~imwi m `d~`ykmwdal af gdgm`wd`

c mw i~d mk m ca le w oi p ò aa kp af wo i ` dwt m lg x ~a vdl ì + pamp wa c mdc dpi woi nilifdwp af woi Cypiyc%p àkki`#

wdalp,Woi C ypiyc dp pdwymwig dl m km~e¢ ~aac già~mwig u dwo

lm wy ~mkdpwd` c awdfp nt M òdkki Z mc ni kkd, W odp dp woi V&DT

xkmì u oi~i Dlwi~lmwdalmk X ot pd`p @ ale~i pp waab xkm` i

dk k = 4 > 5+ m wwilg ig nt => L anik x~dzi u dlli ~p fa ~ Xot#

pd`p /f~ac C m Xkml`b wa L dkp Nao~$+ Wa àc cic a~m#

wi wodp iw~ma~gdlm~t ivilw+ woi fakkau dle tim~ woi u mkk

g i` a~ mwda lp u oi ~i i lo ml ì g nt fay~ l iu c i gm kk da lp

ni m~dle wo i lmlwip af mkk woi xm~wd`dxmlwp af woi @al#

e~ipp+ m yld}yi ivilw dl woi odpwa~t af P`dilì,

• @acyli+ Mppa`dmzdayi Km

Pwi``m M``mgicdm M K ga E m kk d

îpwmy~d gikki gi a~mzdald xdwwa#

~dòi i mkw~d dl wi~vil wd ikd ~i`yxi#

~a igdkdzda, Xm~wdàkm~i m~wilzdali

i gmwm mk ~da~gdla # àl km pyxi~#

v dpda~di g d K ml f~i ga @ mpwikkiw~d+

Gd~i~wa~i gid Cypid @ dvd` d gd @ a#

c a # g ikki ` akki zda ld g dg mwwd` oi dvd

`yp~agdwi+ òi àcx~ilgala al ~m~a ipi~lxda gd .Cypia

`d~àkml~i. gid x~d~ld gik Lavi il~a+ Pd vigm ml oi = 8 Pwygda

gik @ il w~a V akwm py kki àkkiz dal d p` dil wdfdòi m @ ac a /x, >4 $ , !

îpwa~mwdal af wo i umkk xmdkkwdlep+ ~ i# m~ ~m l ei c i lw a f w oi g dg m `#

wdm àkki wdalp, Pii x, >4,

= 4, N ~a ki ~wa ! Cigdivmk @dw$+ Omkf /N~akiwwa$

N ^ YL MW I I P, C MY ^ DZ DA # F M ^ A V A K W DM L A ! N^Y#

LMWI MLG P , CMY kZDA # VAKWM KDEf~fOAYPI

Pd ~me edy l ei c ig dm lwi km fyldàkm~i+ M Y m n mpi gik ` mc #x ml dki gikkm òdipm xm~~aòdmki vd pml m gy i kmxdgd òi

~dà~g ml a km x~dc m dl ml zdm gikkm p` dil zdm wa+ v dppy wm

dl }y ipwm ky ae a, Dk Fm~a V akwdml a vil li i~iwwa l ik

= 4>5 xi~ al a~m~i V akwm l ik ìl wil m~da gikkm ca~wi ,

Dl ` dc m i àkka`mwi yl fm~a ikiww~dà ` oi kml `dm likkm

l a wwi km py m ky ì w~d` aka ~i + m kwi ~l m lg a d= v i~g i+ dk n dm l#

à + dw =.8998: i v dpdndki m 9 8 ` odka ~l iw~d g d g dpwml zm , ! Tay

`ml ~im` o dw V$D woi fyld`ykm~ ~mdku mt, Woi~i m~i wu a

cica~dmk pwalip mw woi nawwac af woi xm~dpo òy~ò

nikk#waui~ u odò ~i`mkk woi òdkgoaag af woi p`dilwdpw

u oa kdvig dl wo dp xkmì, W oi V akwm K deo wo ay pi u mp i~i`#

wi g dkk =4>5 dl oalay~ af Vakwm 8== wo i a` `m pda l af wo i

ìlwilm~t ar odp gimwo,

• /Dlwi~vilwd gd x~dvmwd$

^dx~dpwdla dcxdml~a gd dkkycdlmzdali, ! î#ipwmnkdpocilw af

wo i Deowd kke x kml w ,

N ^ A K I W W A ! CIGDIVMK @DWT OMKK

• /@acyli gd @aca+ Pax~dlwilgilzm md Nild M~lndilw mkd i

M~ od~iyald d gd Cdkmla$

Likk%mcndwa gikki @ikin~mzdald Vakwdmli+ àci edm mvvilli

~dikki x~i igilwd @ikin~mzdald /=?44 i =4>5$+ km `d~wm om àk#

~ a k %a ` `m pd al i xi~ dlwi~vilwd dcxa~wml~d py k xmw~d~lalda iikd#

kdzda+ Dl xm~wdàkm~i+ pd pwm aeed x~aìgilga m gm~i ~dpmkwa mk#

Dm fm``dmwm gik N~akiwwa+ ~dpmkilwi mk =>88+ i m ~dx~dp~dlm~i

k%ypa gik e~mlgi Pmkali dlwi~li+ lik }ymg~a gd yl ~i`yxi~a

` a~l xki pp dv a i kd } yi pwa dcxa~wml~i ~ la ly cilwa ,

Jypw kdbi gy~dle woi x~ivdayp Vakwm @ikin~mwdalp af J ?44 mlg

=4>5+ PA~kdi dcxa~wmlw ~ipwa~mwdal Adk ml`dilw nydkgdlep dkk

@aca omp niil dldwdmwig, Akki af woipi dlwi~vilwdalp àl#

ì~lp woi cigdivmk @dwt Omkk+ `mkkig .N~akiwwa .+ lim~ woi

@mwoig~mk,

Wa~yy GIKKM @~~~M C Y^ M W M !@ dW T U MK K WAUI^P

• /Kdalp @kyn @aca Km~dmla$

D kk y ~l d lm z da l i g d X a ~w m Wa~~i+ Wa~~i Em~wald i Wa~~i P, Vdwmki+

òi fmlla xm~wi gik pdpwicm gdfilpdva cigdai vmki gikkm `dw~m

c y ~mwm, ! Kdeowdkke af woi cigdivmk Waui~p af woi @dwt y!mkk+

96



XMVDM

PIGI GIK CMEDPWIÂ P@DILWDFD@ m I M@@MGICD@A GD VAKWM

PIMW AF VAKWM%P WIM@ODLEP MLG P@DILWDFD@ UA^B

Lik lavicn~i gik =55?+ @m~ka Edypixxi àlwi gd Fd~cdml+ cdldpw~a xkildxawilzdm~a gikk%kcxi~a My#pw~dmà xi~ km Kacnm~gdm+ ialfi~dpì mg Mkippmlg~a Vakwm =m`mwwig~m gd Fdpd m Pxi~d~lilwmki mkk%Yldvi~pdwm

gd Xmvdm,

X~ippa k%Mwilia xmvipi i~mla edm pwmwd òdmcmwd+ e~mzdi mkwm kyledcd~mlzm gikk%Dcxi~mw~dì Cm~dm Wi~ipm+ mk#w~d dkkypw~d p`dilzdmwd+ }ymkd Kmzzm~a Pxmkkmlzmld i Mlwalda P axakd ig mkw~d mlà~m villi~a òdm~lmwd dl pi#

eydwa w~m `yd Mlwalda P`m~xm i Kyded N~yelmwikkd,

Mxxilm m~~dvmwa m Xmvdm Vakwm pd gigd à+ akw~i òi mkk dlpielmcilwa+ m ~dpw~ywwy~m~i dk Emndliwwa gd Fdpd`m+m~~d`òilgaka gd cakwd pw~ycill pdm gd ~dì~`m òi i k d gdgmwwd m+ x~aeiwwmwd gd~iwwmcilwi gmkka pwippa+ ax#

xy~i dl mkw~d `mpd àcx~mwd gy~mlwi dpyad vdmeed dl Iy~axm, Dl }yipwm xi~daga+ dlfmwwd+ gmk =5?8 mk =5?7+iekd àcxd lyci~apd vdmeed gd pwygda dl Pmvadm+ Pvdzzi~m+ Ei~cmldm+ Akmlgm+ F~ml`dm+ Dleodkwi~~m ig My#pcm+

Ki kizdald gd Vakwm i~mla wmkcilwi mffakkmwi òi villi mxxapdwmcilwi àpw~ydwa likk%Mwilia xmvipi yl lya#v` i xdy mcxda Wimw~a Fdpdà+ D%agdi~lm Mykm Vakwm,

>8 , F M@ @D MW M G IK K% YL k#

VI^p~~M+ pykk%mwwymki Pw~m#

gm Lyavm i gikkm òdipm gik

calmpwi~a gik Kiml a l ik

=547, Gdxdlwa gd Zm``m~dm

î+ Cypà xi~ km Pwa~ dm

gifk%Yldvi~pdwm, Pd w~mwwm

gikkm xm~wi piwwilw~dalmki+

}yikkm xdy mlwd`m+ òi givi

k%mpxiwwa mwwymki mkk%axi~m

gik Xd`~cm~dld /=559$, Ip#

pm gavivm ~dpxalgi~i mk ~i #}ydpdwa gd .mllylzdm~i m

fa~ipwdi~d àl lyava già#

~apa mxxm~mwa ipwi~la km

~dfa~cm Dmwwm mkk %dlwi~la.,

>8, WOI YLDVI^PDWT FM#

@MGI+ al uomw dp lauPw~mgm Lyaym /Liuâmg$ mlg af woi Calm#pwi~t af Kimlm+ f~ac mxmdlwdle nt Zm``m~dm îf-%Ac=547+ oikg dl woiOd#

pwa~t af woi Yldvi~pdwt

Cypiyc af Xmvdm, Wodp dp

woi la~woi~l xm~w+ woi ak#

gipw pi`wdal+ uodò auipdwp `y~~ilw gipdel wa woiua~bp af Xdi~cm~dld/=559$, Woi ~i}yd~icilw

af woi nydkgdle ump wa .ml#l al ì wa v d pdwm ~p wo~ayeo mfkiu mlg già~ayp iwi~da~fa~c woi ~ifa~cp `m~~digayw udwodl.,

D l L a vi c ni ~ =55?+ @ aylw Fd~c dml+ mkk#xau i~fyk c dldpwi~ af woi M ypw~dml Ic xd~i dl K ac nm~gt+ mxxadlwig

M kippmlg~a V akwm mp X ~afippa~ af I xi~dc ilwmk X otpd`p mw woi Y l dvi~pdwt af Xmvdm,

Womlbp wa woi fa~ipdeowiglipp af woi I cx~ipp C m~dm Woi~ipm awoi~ Rmcayp p`dilwdpwp omg niil `mkkig wa woi

Y ldvi~pdwt+ c il pyò mp Kmzzm~a Pxmkkmlzmld mlg M lwalda Pàxakd+ mlg c mlt c a~i u aykg ni `mkkig dl woi

fywy~i pyò mp Mlwalda P`m~xm mlg Kyded N~yelmwikkd ,

M p paal mp oi m~~dvig dl X mvdm+ V akwm nipdgip wimòdle+ piw mnayw ~ipw~y`wy~dle woi Xotpd`p Kmna~mwa~t+ il#

~dòdle dw udwo cmlt dlpw~ycilwp+ n awo fa ~ ~ipim ~ò m lg fa ~ wim ò dl e+ idwo i~ g ipde lig g d~i`wkt nt o dc pikf+ 8= .

dl awoi~ `mpip xy~òmpig gy~dle odp jay~litp dl Iy~axi, G y~dle wodp xi~dag+ R~ac =5?8 wa =5?7+ o i y lg i~#

waab lyci~ayp pwygt w~dxp wa P mva di+ P udwzi~km lg + E i~c ml t+ Oakkmlg+ F ~m lì+ I le km lg m lg M ypw~dm ,

V akwm %p ki`wy~ip u i~i pa u ikk mwwilgig womw m liu mlg ndeei~ X otpd`p Ki`wy~i Woimw~i+ u odò dp lau blau l

mp woi Vakwm W oimw~i+ u mp pxi`dmkkt nydkw

>=, DXA^WD@MWD DLW ^LD

G I K K% YL f VI ^ P~ ~M , , D xa~wd`d

a `` dg il wm kd i dk @a~~dki Cigd#

` a+ a ee d ` a~ wdki g id @ mg ywd+ li k

= 54 7, G dx dl wa g d Z m` `m ~dm ^ i+

C ypia xi~ km P~a~dm gikk%Y ld#

vi~pdwm+ DD @ a~wdki C igd` a ` al

} yikka K ie mki / xa d @ a~wdki gd

Vakwm$ ` a pw dw y d vm l a dJ yygia

}ymww~aìl~ipà gikk%Yldvi~#

pd`m% k%mpxiwwa mwwymki pd givi

m k X ip pd l m / =6 6= #5 =$, = W OI

DL WI ^L Mk, @ AKA LL MG IP A F

WO I YLDVI^PDWT, Woi ui#

p wi c ` ak al lm gi p m lg w oi C i#

gd`m- ] y mg =. mk ke ki + w ag mt

DcaYkDJ m p wo iU m~

Cica~dmk

]kwm d~myeki+ f ~ac =547,



XI^@A^PD VAKWkMLD! VAKWM OI^kWMEI W^MdK

|| ,,[

| , ,, Q ,, %

• /Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm, @alw~dny~a îedali Kacnm~gdm$

Dl a``m pd ali gi kki ì kin~mzd ald xi~ dk ndìlwilm~da gikk%dl#

vilzdali gikkm xdkm+ k %Yldvi~pdwm gd Xmvdm om x~avvigywa m

~dpw~ywwy~m~i mk yld gid kyaeod kiemwd mkkm vdwm p`dilwdfd m ig m #

`m gi ~ld`m gi kk%dkkypw ~i p` dilz dmwa+ dl xm ~~ d akm~i dk Wi mw~a Fd#

pdà+ dk@a~wdki gd Vakwm i km p~m~ym gikkm p`dilzdmwa lik à~l#

ki a~laldca+ Dladw~i dkk yl%mykm gik Cypia xiw km p~a~dm gik#

D%Yldvi~pdwm om ~dàp~~yd~a dJ Emndli~~a Fdpd a gavi PAkkA pwm#

wd pdpwi~lmwd wywwd d d~likd vakwdmld x~ipilwd lik ~lypia,

DK X MK MZ ZA G IK K. YL DV I^ p~~M

Lik=06= @m~ka ~ v + py ~d odipwm gd Emkimzza DWVd#pàlwd+ vd m~da dcxi~dmki+ falgm m Xmvdm yla .Pwy#

gdyc eili~mki.+ àl x~dvdkied mlmkaend m }likkd gik#

ki p`yaki gd Nakaelm+ Xm~ded i Calwxikkdi~,

Dl pieydwa Edml Emkimzza kmva~a dlpwml`mndkcil~i

xi~ àlpakdgm~i k%dpwd~yzdali i lik=0?4 awwilivm gm

Xmxm Naldfm`da D_ yl ~dàlap`d~lilwa àl k%ykwi#~da~i x~dvdkieda gd ipi~`dwm~vd mlòi k%dlpielmcilwa

wiakaedà,

Mkdm fdli gik piiaka D%Yldvi~pdwm i~m a~~lmd fda~ilwi:

e kd pwygilwd i~mla lyci~apd i x~avildvmla mlòig%akw~mkxi+

Ka Pwygda iDm àpwdwydwa gm gyi Yldvi~pdwm gdpwdlwi:

gid edy~dpwd /Gd~dwwa @dvdki i @mlaldà$ i giekd m~wd#

Mp xm~w a~#woi ìkin~mwdalp fa~ wo i nd ilwilm~t af woi dlyil#

wdalµaf wo i Nmwwi~t, w oi Yk k dv i ~p dw t af Xmvdm o m p a ~ em l dp ig woi

~ilavmwdal af pac i af woi m~imp u odò m~i `kapikt kdlbig wa

wo i p`dikkwdfd` mlgm`mgicd` kd fi af wo i fm ca yp p` di lwdpw+ m lg

i px i` dm kkt wo i X ot pd` p W oi mw~i + wo i V akwm ] ym g~m le ki /c g wo ipwmwyi a f wo i p` di lwdp w dl wo i pm ci } ym g~m le ki, Mkpa+ 2 = = al i

af woi ~aac p af woi O dpwa~t af woi Y ldyi~pdwt C ypiyc + woit

omvi ~inkkdkw wo i X k~tpd`p K mna~mwa~t u i~i m kk woi c ic a~m #

n dk dm a f Vakwm+ x~ipilw 2 = = wo i cypiyc+ o mv i n ii l x km ì g,

WO I Y LdVI^PDWT NY kKA fL E

@ m~ka DV + n t ~i }y ipw af woi dc x i~ dm k v d` m~ E m ki mz za==Vdp alwd+ Raylgig dl =06= dl Xmvdm m .Pwygdyc

e il i ~m wi . u d wo x ~d vd ki e ip p dc d km ~ wa woapi af pòaakpdl Nakaelm+ Xm~dp mlg Calwxikkdik:

Edm=5 Emkimzza àlwdlyig wa ua~b wd~ikippkt wa àl#

p akdg mwi wo i dlpwdwywdal ml g dl =0?4 oi py`ìigig

dl anwmdldle ~iàeldwdal f~ac X axi N al dfm` da D_ + m puikk m p wo i ~deo w wa dl w~ag y` i woi wim` odl e af wo ia #kaet,

Nt woi ilg af woi ìlwy~t woi Yldvi~pdwt ump fkay#~dpodle2 woi~i ydi~i lyci~ayp pwygilwp+ paci afuoac `mci f~ac mp fm~ mu mt mp woi awoi~ pdgi afw oi M kx p,

Woi Pwygdyc ump àcx~dpig af wua pixm~mwi yld#

>>, PWMWYMI @A^WDKI AJ VAKWM, Dk à~wdki+ gilacdlmwi Xa~wdà Kiemki xi~òi m~w~ala mg ippa i~mla pdwymwi Di myki gik#

km Fmàkpm gd Kieei+ om xi~d~li~~a ~i~wmleakm~i àl yl gyxkdì xa~wdà gd àkalli ga~dòi gd e~mldwi ndlmwi+ `ml omkmypw~m

m xdkmpw~dld, Lik=?5?+ dl a``mpdali gik ìlwilm~da gikkm lacdlm gd Vakwm m x~afippa~i gd Fdpd`m pxi~dcilwmki m Xmvdm+ fyi~iwwa yl calycilwa m pxipi gd @m~ka F~mlìpà La``m dl `yd = 8 p`dilzdmwa i ~mxx~ipilwm~a dl waem x~afippa~mwi+ àl km xd#

km likkm cmla pdldpw~m+ Gm mkka~m dkXa~wdà Kiemki gdvilli dk@a~wdki gd Vakwm, ! VAKWM%P PWMWYI MLG ]YMG^MLEKI, Woi]ymg-%mleki+ blaul mp woi Kiemk @akallmgi ni`mypi mkk m~aylg dw uiki% woi ki`wy~i woimw~ip af woi fm`ykwt af kmu+ nmp m ~i`#

wmleykm~ xi~dciwi~ udwo m gaynki àkallmgi af wudl Ga~d àkyclp dl e~mldwi+ udwo m nmkypw~mgi af pcmkk xapwp, Dl2 =?5?+

al wni a``mpdal af woi ìlwilm~t af Vakwm%p lacdlmwdal wa x~afippa~ af Ixi~dcilwmk Xk~tpd`p mw Xmvdm+ m calycilw ump

₫=%i`wig+md g fa~ nt @m~ka F~mlìpà La``m2 uoi~i wni p dilwdpw dp ~ix~ipilwig d= 5 odp xcfippa~dmk waem+ udwo w oi n m ww i~ t

dl od p kifw omlg, F~ac womw gmwi woi Kiemk @akallmgi ni`mci blaul mp woi Vakwm ]ymg~mleki ,

>0, NYPWA G= V AKWM, Axi~m gikki p`ykwa~i Edypixxi @acakkd /_D_ pi`,$, @mdwa xdigdpwmkka ~i`mk%ixde~mfi giwwmwm gmY+%m#

nmwi Xdiw~a @alfdekdm od, Pykkm xm~iwi pax~m Dm p`ykc~m pala ~mffdey~mwd d dy dcxa~wmlwd pw~ycil~d p dilwdfd d dlvilwmwd gm Vak#

wm, Dl xm~wdàkm~i+ pyk Dmwa pdldpw~a+ pd vigala yl ikiww~afa~a+ ylm xdpwakm m emp dlfdmccmndki+ yl iygdaciw~a i yl mxxm~mwa



XMVDM

pwd /Cigd`dlm+ Fdkapafdm i Mld Kdni~mkd$, M `mxa gd

aeld Yldvi~pdwm vildvm ikiwwa mllymkcilwi yl ~iw#

wa~i òi i~m dl eili~i yla pwygilwi woi mvippi py#

xi~mwa j vilwd mlld,

Pd àlfi~dvmla e~mgd m``mgicd`d m w~i kdvikkd: dk nm`#

ìkkdi~mwa+ km k dìlzm i dk gawwa~mwa, Cmke~mga ki g df #

fdàk`m xakdwdòi i ekd dlivdwmndkd gdpmed gavywd mkki

eyi~~i i mkJi xipwdkilzi+ k%Yldvi~pdwm àlanni lik

]ymww~aìlwa yl xi~daga dkk e~mlgi fda~dwy~m,

Lik =7=> Fdkdxxa Cm~dm Vdpàlwd àlpakdgmvm = 8

Pwygda xmvipi òdmcmlgavd cmipw~d dkkypw~d i àa#

fi~cmlga e~mvd xili vak~i m dcxigd~i òi ekd pwy#

gilwd mlgmppi~a m pwygdm~i mkw~avi,

Dl a~dedli lal ipdpwivm yl yldà igdfd`da gipwdlmwi

mekd pwygd: ki kizdald pd wilivmla likki `mpi x~dvmwi i

lid àlvilwd òi aff~dppi~a ka mkd mgm~wd+ 8likka p~ip#

pa xmkmzza gik @a~lyli, Paka pyd fdldwi gik ]ymw#

w~aìlwa Kygavdà dk Ca~m gipwdli mkka Pwygdyc

yl xmkmz za dl Pw~mgm L y i v m mxxm~wilywa mg M Kz a #

l i V dp` al wd, K :i gdf d` da + òi àlfdlmvm àl k%apxigm#

D i P, Cmwwia+ m pieydwa gikkm ~dpw~ywwy~mzdali `dl#

}yiìl~ip`m /=907$ x~ipilwmvm edm gyi à~wdkd m kae#

edmwd pav~mxxap`d+ à~~dpxalgilwd dl caga mxx~ap#

pdcmwdva m }yikkd mwwymkd gd Vakwm i gid @mgywd ,,

yi~pdwdip+ woi,Jy~dpwp /@dvdk mlg @mlald` kmu$+ mlg

woi M~wdpwp /Cigd dli+ Xodkapaxot mlg Kdni~mk M~wp$,

Imò tim~ woi Yldvi~pdwt iki`wig m ~i`wa~ f~alwmc ale woi pwygilwp avi~ >8 tim ~p a f me i,

M`mgicd` gie~iip ui~i mu m~gig mw wo~ii kivikp:.nm`ìkkdi~mwa. /nmòika~$+ .kdìlzm. /cmpwi~p$+ mlg

.gawwa~mwa. /ga`wa~mwi$,

Dl px dwi a f x akdwd`m k gdffd`y kwdip m lg wo i dl ivdwm nkiw~a ynki `m ypig n t um~ mlg xipwdkilì+ wo i Yldvi~#

pdwt ixi~dilìg ,= c ac ilw af eka~t dl woi f df wi i lwoìlwy~t,

Dl =7=>+ F dkdx xa C m~dm V dpà lwd à lpa kdg mwig woiXmydml Pwygdyc ` mkkdl e fa ~ wo i o d~ dl e a f dkky pw~ da ypx~afippa~p mlg ipwmnkdpodle liu x il mkwdi p m dc ig m wx~ivilwdle pwygilwp f~ac pwygtdle m w a wo i~ y ldy i~#pdwdip,

A~dedlmk kt + woi Yldvi~pdwt u mp law oaypig dl ali pa#ki nydkgdle a~ m~im, @ kmppip waab xkmì dl x~dvmwioaypip mlg dl c a lm pwi~ dip u odò à ykg a ffi ~ p ydwm #n ki ~a ac p2 m w wdc ip+ `km ppi p u i~ i i vil àlgy`wig dlwoi Wayc O mkk nydkgdle, M w woi ilg af woi fdfwiilwo` i lwy~t + Kygaydà df C a~a galmwig m xmkmì dl Pw~m#

gm L yavm u odò alì nikaleig wa M zzakki V dpàlwdwa wo i P wy gdy c, W oi n ydkgdl e+ u odò u mp m gjm ìl w wa

xi~ Rm ~ldpy~mzdali gikkm gdkmwmzdali dpanm~m gid emp2 pyk km~a gipw~a+ dlviì+ ylm x~ipilwmzdali gd mk`yld ipxi~dcilwd àl ki

~mli i ylm xdkm àkkiemwm ` al yl ikiww~apàxda àlgilpm wa~i, J NYPW AF VAwWM, Wodp dp woi ua~b af woi p pgxwa~ Edypiksk$i

@ ac akkd /= 4wo ì lwc $%$, Woi w mkk x ig ip wm k ` m~ ~d ip wo i i xde ~m xo g d` wm wi g nt wo i Mnnaw Xdiw~a @ al fde kdm `n K A l woi u mkk m na #yi woi p`ykxwy~i, woi capw dcxa~wmlw p`dilwdfd` dlpw~yc ilwp dlvilwi g nt Va!wmm~i ~ix~ipilwig, ,

>7, @MYKM VAKWM, Lik=5?9 Edypixxi DD a~gdlmvm km àpw~yzdali gd ylm lyavm mykm xi~ km Fdpd`m lik kmwa ipw gik Xa~wdà

Wiakaedà ,,D kmva~d villi~a mffdgmwd m Kiaxakga Xakkm`b+ òi kd àl`kypi lik =5?5 ,,~myn ~dxiwi =8 pòicm gik Wimw~a Akdc#

xdà gik Xmkkmgdm m Vdìlzm+ àl `yd x~ipilwm mlmkaedi pdm pw~ywwl~mkd pdm già~mwdvi ,,Mlòi dk cawdvi gikki ld`òdi àl pwm#

wyi àpwdwydp i ylm òdm~m `dwmzdami gd Xmkkmgda+ Ippilgapd gmllieedmwa k%a~dedlmki paffdz~a xdmla+ D%m~òdwiwwa Cm~òipd =898#

pwdwyd+ gaxa dk =?>?+ àl D%m~iymki àxi~wy~m m àl` odekdm,Z WOI VAKWM KI@WYÎ OMJk,,, Dl =5?9 Japixo =D a~gi~ig woi

àlpw~y`wdal af%m liy~ Xk~tpd`p woimw~i wa ni nydkw mw woi impwi~l pdgi af woi WfJi)et @akallmgi, Woi y!a~kip ump ilw~ypwig

wv woi m~òdwi`w Kiaxakg Xakkm`b+ uoa àcxkiwig dw dl =5?5, Woi Woimw~i ~i`mkkp woi A ktcxd` Woimw~i af X mkkmgdm dl V;ìcm

nawo dl pw~y`wy~i mlg già~mwdal, Ivil woi giwmdk af,ldòip udwo pwmwyip dp m `kim~ ~idi~ilì wa Xmkkmgda, MfwD-Jµ woi a~dedlm-

fkmw ìdkdle ydmp gmcmeig+ woi m~òdwi`w Cm~gJi,pd pynpwdwywi g dw+ mfwi~ =?>?+ udwo woi x~ipilw poikk pomxig àvi ~dle,



XI^@A^PJ VAKWkMLD ! VAKWM OI DWMEI W^MDK

D,:=lwi~vilwa xdl ~dkivml~i+ òi gdigi md à~wdkd ylm fd #pdalacdm pdcdki m }yikkm mwwymki+ fy àlgawwa w~m dk

=66= i dk =65= mg axi~m gikk%m~òd~iwwa Mcn~aedaXippdlm dk }ymki ~da~emldzza dgaxxd xa~wd`d àl à#

kalli ga~dòi ndlmwi+ x~aei~wa Di nmkmypw~i m xdkm#pw~dld xi~ dxdmld pyxi~da~d i gdigi mekd m~òd yl dl#

àlpyiwa x~afdka xakdealmki,

Lik Piwwiìlwa mJ.lyava xdmla. xi~ km cdeJda~i ` k d #

~izdali i ~da~gdlmcilwa gikk%Yldvi~pdwm+ k%dcxi~m#

w~dì Cm~dm Wi~ipm g%Mypw~dm vakki mffdml`m~i mlòi

Ykk x~ae~mccm gd kmva~d gd mc~lagi~lm~lilwa gik

vi`òda igdfd da,

K%dl`m~dà villi mffdgmwa mkk%m~ odwiwwa Edypixxi

Xdi~cm~dld òi pd x~ia``yxa dl x~dci kyaea gikkm

fm``dmwm i xad mlòi gid à~wdkd gavi m~~awalga ekdm~òd i papwdwyk km àxi~wy~m m `mppiwwald gid kaeedm#

wd `ml paffdwwd m vakwm,

Likki pwippa xi~daga villi ~imkdzzm~m k%mykm Fapà#

kdmlm+ òi y py`ìppdvmcilwi già~mwm gm Xmaka

Cipàkd /=5?>$,]ymlga lik =5?0 k%dcxi~mwa~i Edypixxi == àl#

ìppimkk%Yldvi~pdwm k%i#calmpwi~a gik Kimla+ xm~#

>9, @MPM Gk VAKWM M XMVDM, Ykwdcm mndwmzdali gd Vakwm m

Xmvdm, K`gdfd da i ynd mwa likk%agdi~lm vdm acaldcm+ gd fdml#

à m J x~ip~dedapa @akkieda Eodpkdi~d+ i m n~ivi gdpwmlzm gmk

xmkmzza ìlw~mki giY Yldvi~pdwm, ! VAK=![ %p OAYPI DL XMVDM

Vakwm%p kmpw oaypi dkk Xmvdm, Woi nydkgdle dp pdwymwig dl uomw

dp lau kcayc mp Vdm Vakwm+ liw wa woi x~ipwdedayp Eod#

pkdi~d @akkiei+ mlg m poa~w gdpwmlì f~ac woi @ilw~mk, nydk#

gdle af woi Yldvi~pdwt,

>5, MYKM CMELM, D x~dcd gdpield i k d }yip~a igdfd da fy~a#

la cippd m xylwa fdl gmk =?05 gmkk%m~òdwiwwa Cm~òipd i dkmval fy~ala ykwdcm~d lik=?98, Dk nmppa~dkdiva gik wdcxmla+

ipieydwa gmkka p`ykwa~i Mlwalda Emkkd+ ~mxx~ipilwm Mkip#

pmlg~a Vakwm+ dl vipwi i k d îwwa~i+ likd%mwwa gd àlfi~d~i YG gd#

xkacm gd kmy~im, Likka Wippm igdfd`da pd Dalgala gyi 88#

woi Ra~ci~ Pml Cmwwia Oapxdwmk+ ump ~ilavmwig dl=907 dlwa dwp x~ipilw gmt àlfdey~mwdal af wuaày~wtm~gp /à~~ipxalgdle wa woi Vakwm mlg @mgywd

@ay~wtm~gp$ udwo ayi~kmxdle xa~wdàp,

Dcxa~wmlw dcx~avicilwp ui~i ii`ywig nt woi m~#

òdwi`w Mcn~aeda Xippdlm niwuiil =66= mlg =65=2

oi ~ia~emldzig woi gaynki xa~wdàp mggdle xmd~ig

G85%d` àkyclp+ gipdelig nmkypw~mgip udwo xdkkm~p fa~

woi yxxi~ fkaa~p mlg ilgauig woi m~òip udwo ml

ylypymk xaktealmk x~afdki,

Dl woi ideowiilwo ìlwy~t+ Cm~dm Wi~ipm af Mypw~dm+

fy~woi~dle oi~ .liu xkml fa~ m niwwi~ gd~i`wdal mlg~ia~gi~dle af woi Yldvi~pdwt.+ x~axapig cagi~ldzm#wdal af woi akg nydkgdle, Woi m~ odwi w Edypixxi Xdi~#

cm~dld ump òapil wa wayò yx woi fm`mgi mlg woil

dcx~avi woi ày~wtm~gp ydoi~i oi ~aylgig woi m~#

òip mlg ~ixkmìg woi km`ylmk% ìdkdlep udwo m~ oig

ìdkdlep, Dw ump gy~dle wodp i~mwomw Fap aka Omkk umpnydkw+ kmwi~ wa ni già~mwig nt Xmaka Cipàkd dl

=5?>,Dl =5?0$ woi Icxi~a~ Edypixxi DW galmwig wa woi

Yldvi~pdwt woi i#Ldalmpwi~t af Kimlm+ m xm~w af

>6, i >?+ CYPIA XI^ KM PWA^kM GIK#

K%YLkVI^PDWM, Dl }yipwm pw~ywwy~m pala

àlpi~vmwd `d~ m ìlwa`dl}ymlwm `dcikd vak#

wdmld+ òi w~avi~mlla ylm xdkd mxx~ax~dmwm

pdpwicmzdali lik Emndliwwa Fdp d a+ mwwymk#

cilwi dl Dmpi gd ~imkdzzmzdali+ Likki gai

fawa pala ~mxx~ipilwmwd mk yld pw~ycilwd

iki~~~d`d i xliycmwd`S ~imkdzzmwd gm Vakwm igdpxapwd pyd pya ~mvaka gd kmva~a,



XMVDM

gm~lilwmkd ~dxakaedi gik calga `kmppd a: }yikdm gik wicxda+

xi~ k%ip~i~la+ àl wmlwa gd x~alma m àkalli à~dlzdi i gd

wdcxmla àcxkiwmwa gm p`yk~y~i+ m dlgd m~i km pm ~mkdwm gik

kyaea i+ xi~ k%dlwi~la+ }yikka gikkm nmpdkd m+ m dlgd m~li . 8 #wdkdzza `dvdki i xynnkdà, ! EÎMW OMKK, Woi fd~pw g~mudle

fa~ wodp nydkgdle ui~i àcxki wig dl =?05 nt woi m~ odwi w

Cm~g=ipd mlg woi ua~kkp àcxkiwig dl =?98, WDki nmp#~i#

kdif af woi emnkip nt woi p`ykxwa~ Mlwalda Emkkd+ ~ix~ipilwp

M kippmlg~a V akwm+ g~ippig mp woi ^ i wa~2 uodki omlgdle ayw

gdxkacmp, Dl woi pmci nydkgdle woi~i dp m cdwy~i af wua

nmpd` wtxip af `kmppd`mk m~òdwi`wy~i: womw af woi wicxki+ al

woi aywpdgi, udwo woi x~almap mlg @a~dlwodml àkyclp mlg

emnkip ` acxkiwi udwo p`ykxwy~ip wa dlgd`mwi woi pm`~iglipp

af woi xkmì+ mlg Adk woi dlpdgi+ womw af woi nmpdkd`m+ wa dlgd#

`mwi dwp `dvdk mlg xynkd` kdpi,

wi gikk%m~im fy gipwdlmwm mkkm fmàkwm g ,d Wiakaedm xi~

km }ymki Kiaxakga Xakkm`b ~imkdzza yl mywalaca

à~xa gd fmnn~d`m m~wdàkmwm dlwa~la m yl wi~za @8=.#

wdki+ dl mppi àl d gyi xdkk mlwd` od+ gd `yd ,~dx~ipi dk

cawdvi gik gaxxda kaeedmwa àl àkalli ga~dòi

ndlmwi,

Mk xdmla pyxi~da~i dkXakkm`b àkkaà k%icd`d`ka gik

wimw~a xi~ km Fdpd`m /a~m dlwdwakmwa mg Mkippmlg~aVakwm$+ pdcdki m }yikka gik à~wdki Cigdà ~dpi~vmwa

dlviì mkki kizdald gd mlmwacdm /mykm P`m~xm$,

Mdk%dldzda gikk%Awwaìlwa mlòi Jm xm~wi ci~dgdalm#

ki gik Kimla villi dlekanmwm gmkk%Yldvi~pdwm2 Edy#

pixxi Cm~òipd àcxkiwi dkn~m``da gd fmnn~d`m fd #

la m vdm Cilwmlm,

%MOa pwippa m~òdwi~wa pd givi km lyavm Mykm Cmelm

/~imkdzzmwm w~m d==?79 i dk %98$+ òi x~ipilwm yl x~a#

lma gd àkalli à~dlzdi dpxd~mwa mk cagikka gik wic#

xda e~i a,

Paka gaxa dk w~mpfi~dcil~a gikki `kdldòi likkm lya#

vm pigi g ,d vdmki Eaked /=40>$+ k%Yldvi~pdwm m`}ydpdmlòi d= vmpwa àcxkippa }ymww~aìlwipà mxxm~wi#

lywa mkk%apxigmki Pml Cmwwia,

u odò u mp gipdelmwig fa~ woi ypi af woi G ixm~wc ilw

af Woiakaet, Kiaxakgm X akkm`b c mgi woi mggdwdal

af m wod~g ày~wtm~g+ fakkau dle woi mdp af woi wu a

a~dedlmk alip dc dwm wdle woi a~dedlmk gaynki xa~wdà

u dwo m xmd~ig G 8 = 5 @ àkyc l c awdf mp u ikk, O i àl#

pw~y`wig m oicd t`ki xotpd`p woimwi~ al woi yxxi~

fkaa~ /lau blaul mp woi Mkippmlg~a VaKwm Woimwi~$ +

u odò u mp pdc dkm~ wa woi mlmwac t woimwi~ /P`m~xmOmkk$ ka`mwig dl woi C igd`mk @ ay~wtm~gp, Dl woi ni#

e dlldle af woi ldliwiilwo ìlwy~t+ woi paywoi~l pd#

gi af woi Kimlm C almpwi~t u mp mnpa~nig dlwa woi

Yldvi~pdwt mlg E dypixxi C m~òipd iwilgig dwp

naylgm~t mp fm~ mp Vdm Cilwmlm,

Woi pmc i m~òdwi`w u mp ~ipxalpdnki fa~ woi liu M y#

km C melm+ àlpw~y`wig niwu iil =?79 mlg =?98+

u odò oi ilgau ig u dwo m x ~a lm ap àcxapig af @a#

~dlwodml àkyc lp nmpig al woi c agik a f m E ~iib

wic xki, Dl =40>+ mfwi~ woi c igd`mk gixm~wc ilwp omg

ni il w~mlpfi~~ig wa woid~ liu ~ipdgilì dl V dm ki E D#

ej+ woi Y l dvi~pdwt m` }yd~ig woi km~ei fdfwiilwo#ì l#wy~t àc xki u odò alì nikaleig wa woi fa~c i~

Pml C mwwi a O apxdwmk,

>6, mlg >?, ODPWA^T AF WOI YLDVI^PDWT

CYPIYC, dl wodp nydkgdle woi~i m~i avi~

=98 cica~mndkdm af Vakwm uodò udkk om#

vi m ca~i mxx~ax~dmwi oaci dl woi Xk~t#

pd`p Kmna~mwa~t uodò dp `y~~ilwkt nidle

àcxkiwig, = == woi xoawa ui `ml pii paci

af woi iki`w~d`mk mlg xliycmwd` dlpw~y#

cilwp nydkw nt Vakwm cdg kmdg al odp yda~k:

nilò,



CDKMLA! CDKMLK%IPXI DILZM GIKK%DPWkWYWA KACNM^GA

WOI I_XI^DIL@I AF WOI DPWDWYWA KACNM^GA

>4, Pmkm gd kiwwy~m mY%Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga, ! îmgdle ~aac dkk Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga

Ykpwdwywa Kacnm~ga i pwmwa `~imwa gm LmxaDiali

Nalmxm~wi py cagikka gikk%Dlpwdwyw gi F~mlì lik

=545 àl,dk àcxdwa gd .~m`àekdi~i. Di pàxi~wi+ i

xi~fizdalm~i Di m~wd i ki p`dilzi, Km pigi villi fdp#pmwm m Nakaelm i dk ~ieakmcilwa x~ivigivm 08 ~li~l#

n~d .xilpdalmwd. i 08 .ala~m~d.+ pyggdvdpd dl 0 pi#

zdald2 p dilzi fdpd oi i cmwicmwdioi+ p dilzi ca~m#kd i xakdwdòi+ kiwwi~mwy~m i nikki m`wda

Dk 6 lavicn~i =?8> Nalmxm~wi lacdli dx~dcd 0=cicn~d+ gid }ymkd fmìvm xm~wi Mkippmlg~a Vakwm, DD

>7 cmeeda =?80 k%Dpwdwywa fy àlva`mwi km x~dcm

vakwm i dkkP eillmda =?87 pd gmvm dkîeakmcilwa

a~emldà+ dkx~dca X~ipdgilwi lacdlmwa m x~ipdi#gi~i ki pigywi fy =8 pwippa Vakwm, PY ~d odipwm gikkm

cmeeda~ xm~wi gid cicn~d+ lik =?=8 Lmxakiali

`kmvm mkk%Dpwdwywa dk lyava laci gd Dpwdwywa gd P`dil#

zi+ Kiwwi~i ig M~wd+ i fdppmvm =m pigi m Cdkmla l ik

xmkmzza gd N~i~m,

MkDm `mgywm gd Lmxakiali+ k%kpwdwywa xmppi gmxx~dcmmk eavi~la mypw~dmà i xad /lik =?94$ mk eavi~la

dwmkdmla+ Ykpwdwywa fylzdala+ pilzm dlwi~~yzdald+ gmk#Di a~dedld2 lik =409 inni yl lyiva pwmwywa i ylm

lyavm mccdldpw~mzdali mywala~lm `ml dkàlw~akka

gik Cdldpwi~a gikkm Xynnkd`m Dpw~yzdali /aeed+ gikCdldpwi~a xi~ dNild @ykwy~mkd$,

K%Dpwdwywa pd àcxali gd gyi `kmppd: P`dilzi cmwi#

cmwdòi i lmwy~mkd+ P`dilzi ca~mkd, D àcxalilwd

mwwymkcilwi pmlm 087, Ippa xappdigi yl%dcxa~wml#

wi Ndnkdawi`m /akw~i 788,888 vakycd$ i yl ~dìa m~#

òdvda gd `m~wi cmlap`~dwwi i ga`ycilwd i k d mkwa ~d#

kdiva+ ~ikmwdvd m p`dilzdmwd i ki w~i~m ~d dkky pw~d+ G d pa c#

ca x~ieda p`dilwdfdà i pwa~dà i km mcxkdppdcm ~mi#àkwm gd cmlap`~dwwd gd Vakwm, Gmk=494 km Ndnkdawi#

`m i ekd Yffd d pd pala w~mpfi~dwd m Xmkmzza Kmlg~dmld,

W oi . kp wd wy wa Kacnm~ga. u mp fa yl gig nt Lmxa#

kial Nalmxm~wi nmpig al woi c agik af woi Dlpwdwywi

gi F ~mlì dl =545 u dwo woi wmpb af .àkki`wdle. gd#

pàvi~dip mlg xi~fi`wdle woi m~wp mlg p`dilì, Woi

pimw u mp ipwmnkdpoig dl Nakaelm mlg woi ~ieykmwdalp

x ~a vdg ig fa~ 08 .xilpdalig. cicni~p mlg 08 .oa#

la~m~t. c ic ni~p+ gdvdgig dlwa 0 p i` wda lp : x ot pd `p

mlg c mwoic mwd`p+ xakdwd`mk p`dilì mlg c a~mk p`dil#

ì+ kdwi~mwy~i mlg woi fdli m~wp,Al 6 Lavicni~+ =?8> Nalmxm~wi mxxadlwig woi fd~#pw Wk cicni~p mcale uoac u m p M k ip pm l g ~a Vakwm,

Woi Dlpwdwywi fd~pw c iw al >7 C mt =? 80, Woi Rd~pw

X~ipdgilw u mp V akwm , M w woi ~i}yipw af woi c mja~dwt

af woi c ic ni~p+ L mxakial+ u dwo woi G i`~ii af > 9

G iìc ni~ =? =8+ emvi woi Dlpwdwywi woi liu lmc i

af kpwdwy wa gd P`dilzi+ Kiwwi~i ig M~wk+ mlg ipwmnkd#

poig dwp pimw dl C dkml dl woi N ~i~m Nydkgdle,

M w woi fmkk af L mxakial+ woi Dlpwdwywi xmppig fd~pw af

mkk wa woi Mypw~dml E avi~lc ilw mlg woil rdl =? 94$

wa woi Dwmkdml eavi~lc ilw, Woi Dlpwdwywi axi~mwig

yldlwi~~yxwigkt f~ac d w p faylgmwdal# dl =409 dw omg

m liu pwmwywi mlg m liu mywalac ayp mgc dldpw~m#

wdal ylgi~ woi àlw~ak af woi C dl dpw~t af I gy`mwdal

/lau ylgi~ wo i ` al w~ ak af woi C dldpw~t af woi M ~wp

mlg @ ykwy~mk M `wdvdwdip$, W oi Dlpwdwywi dp àc xapig

af wua `kmppip: Cmwoicmwd`mk mlg Lmwy~mk p`dilì+

C a~mk P`dilì, @ y~~ilwkt woi~i m~i 087 c ic ni~p,

Woi Dlpwdwywi xynkdpoip mkk wodp dW W woi C dlywip, Dw

xappippip m pynpwmlwdmk Kdn~m~t mlg m~òdvip ~dò dl

c mlyp`~dxwp mlg ga`ycilwp ~ikmwdle wa p`dilwdpwp

mlg ~ilau lig kdwi~m~t fdey~ip, Af dlipwdc mnki od#

pwa~d`mk mlg p`dilwdfd` vmkyi dp woi vmpw àkki`wdal af

V akwm %p c mlyp`~dxwp, Woi Kdn~m~t mlg woi Affdìp

omvi niil dl X mkmzza Kmlg~dmld pdlì =494,

6>



DPWDWYWA KACNM^GA # C~yLa

• îpwmy~d mk àcx=ippa gikki pmki gikk%Dpwdwywa Kac#

nm~ga/@alw~dnywa îedali Kacnm~gdm i Falgmzdali @m#~dxka, îpxalpmndki: M~ò, MCIGIA NIKKDLd+ Xakdwi`#

ld a gd Cdkmla$

K%Dpwdwywa om x~ae~mccmwm ylm pi~di gd dlwi~vilwd

pdm m pmkvmeym~gdm gik xmw~dcalda ~lmlap`~dwwa gdVakwm pdm gd ~ipwmy~a gik xmkmzza Kmlgwdmld+ gavi

ippa om pigi dl vdm Na~ealyava,

^dilw~m lik x~dca wdxa km cippm m la~cm gikki pmki

gavi pd àlpi~vmla dcmlap`~dwwd i } y i kki gavi pm~mmkkipwdwm km capw~m .KmXdkm gd Vakwm+ ylm p dlwdkkm Dyl#

em gyi pi akd% % /`f~, x, 7=$, Pd i dlakw~i dlwi~vilywd

pyk f~ieda xdwwa~dà gikkm Pmkm Vakwm+ gmllieedmwa gmyl%dlfdkw~mzdali, Gaxa dx~dcd pmeed gd xykdwy~m pa#la ~dici~pi xm~wd gd ylm già~mzdali piwwiìlwip`m+

Pd i ~ipa xi~wmlwa liìppm~da yl ~ipwmy~a àcxkiwi+òi om xa~wmwa mkDm kyì 97 c} gd f~ieda giekd dldzdgik Piwwiìlwa gd lawivaki dlwi~ippi: edm~gdld mkk%d#wmkdmym+ xmkmzzd+ pwiccd gikkm fmcdekdm Kmlg~dmld+x~ax~diwm~dm gik xmkmzza fdla md x~dcd gik Piw~iìl#

wa, Pd i x~avvigywa dlakw~i mk ~ipwmy~a gik paffdwwa kd#elia+ gdxdlwa m wicxi~m i mnnmpwmlzm nil ìlpi~#vmwa, K%Dpwdwywa pwm a~m x~aìgilga mk ~ipwmy~a gik#k%mw~da gik Xmkmzza /~dpmkilwi m w _V piàa$ i gikkm

p`mkali òi xa~wm mkki pmki gik x~d~la xdmla+ avivi~~m mkkipwdwm km capw~m+

• îpwa~mwdal af woi àcxki af woi ~aacp dl kpwd#wywa Kacnm~ga

/@alw~dnywdal nt îedali Kacnm~gdm mlg @ml#

xka Faylgmwdal Pyxi~vdpa~: M~ o, MC IG IA N OY #

L !+ X a kd wi ` ld` a g d Cdkmla$

Woi Dlpwdwywi omp a~emldpig m pi~dip af dlwi~vilwdalp

mdcig nawo mw pmfieym~gdle Vakwm%p cmlyp ~dxw xm#wwllaw~t mlg mw ~ipwa~dle woi Kmlg~dmld nydkgdle ka#`mwig dl vdm Na~ealyaya,

Nikaledle wa woi fd~pw pi~dip dp woi ~ify~ndpodle af woi~a8==%RPuoi~i woi cmlyp ~dxwp m~i bixw mlg woapi

oaypdle woi iodndwdal %Vakwm%p Nmwwi~t+ m pxm~b deld#wdle wua ìlwy~dip. / fw x, 7=$, Dl mggdwdal+ woi xmdl#wig f~dizi aw woi Vakwm ^88===+ gmcmeig nt wymwi~2 omp

niil ~ipwa~ig, Woi fd~pw `kimldle wipwp ~ivimkig xm~waf m pivilwiilwo ìlwy~t già~mwdal, M àcxkiwi ~i#

pwa~mwdal ump woi~ifa~i liìppm~t, Wodp omp n~ayeowwa kdeow 97 p}, Cwp, af ml im~kt pivilwiilwo ìlwy~t

R~dizi af àlpdgi~mnki dlwi~ipw: Dwmkdml em~gilp+ nydk#gdlep+ woi àmwp#mw#m~cp af woi Kmlg~dmld fmcdkt

uoa aulig woi nydkgdle ylwdk woi niedlldle af woiIdeowiilwo ìlwy~t, Woi ~impalmnkt uikk#x~ipi~vig

wicxi~m#xmdlwig uaagil ìdkdle omp mkpa niil ~i#pwa~ig, Woi Dlpwdwywi dp lau x~aìigdle udwo woi ~i#

pwa~mwdal af woi fdfwiilwo ìlwy~t ilw~mlì omkk afwoi Xmkmzza mlg af woi pwmd~p kimgdle wa woi âacp al

woi fd~pw fkaa~ uoi~i woi iodndwdal udkk ni pwmeig,

08, @a~wdki gd Xmkmzza Kmlg~dmld+ mllmki pigi gikk%Dpwd~ywa Kacnm~ga,

@ay~wtm~g dkk Xmkmzza Kmlg~dmld+ pimw a f woi Dpwdwywa Kacnm~ga,

60



Lyavm dkky~ldlmzdali gd Xdmzz m Vakwm

i gik Calycilwa mg Mkippmlg~a Vakwm+ m @aca

Liu kdeowdle af Xdmzzm Vakwm

mlg af woi Calycilw wa Vakwm+ dl @aca

Fdldwi gd p~mcxm~i

lik ~yipi gd cmwza =444

likka pwmndkdcilwa

gikkm E~mfd m Cm~ikkd

dl @aca



DL A@@MPDAL GIKKIEDA^LMWI G%Mk%I^WY^MGIKKICMLDFIPWMZDALJ VAKWDMLI

XI^ DK NJ@ILWILM^kA GIRQK%DLVIk%[%ZDALIGIKKMXDKM =544#=444+

DK @AC~~M%S%/$ XÂCAWA^-: GD @ACA ^DLE^MZDMWK~l#J @ AKA A @ OI #

CFDML@MLGA DK XD[AX D] @Ak%#%W^DNYWA

M ]VIKKA C,IPPAM XDPD%APDZDALI GMK@ACDWMWA LMZDALMKI+

GMKK+[ ÎEDALI KACNM^GK%[+ KJMJ,KMoJLGMZDALI @M DD%KA D%, GM WIKk%, +AC WWMYM#

PD PALG DCk%IELMWD MG MCD%KkMÎI M^^J@A#D=Î

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1799-1999 Bicentenario dell'invenzione della pila di Alessandro Volta

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