Storia Del Mondo Contemporaneo

7/30/2019 Storia Del Mondo Contemporaneo

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drnicjsl j Cnt`zr k`tj{{j s`s{jijrj zi cjr{`sli` bnt`r` kl}b`fn{lc` }jr rngglzigjrj bncc`rk` kl bnsclnrj lbBnul` nb ]n}n fn bj f`kjrij Zforln j Fnrcaj nbbj glnccaj r`ssj) N [jni` Tl{{`rl` Jfnizjbj j Gnrlonbklsl licì{rnrì`" jrn lb >7 fnru` >14> jk lb gjijrnbj rlcì`scjtn lb rj c`fj rj kL{nbln) Jrn in{n zin iz`tninulìj" jk ntjtn }jr cn}l{nbj [`rli`) Iì`s{ni{j d`ssj zin tl{{`rln kjl f`kjrn{l" c`fzi~zj" ~zjs{l sltlkjr` rjs{rligjrj orzscnfji{j lb b`r` c`r}` jbj{{`rnbj ~znik` k`}` bzil{ iì dz cìcjss` kn szol{` lb

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C3&BN SJC@IKN _LT@BZUL@IJ LIKZS[_LNBJ

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Zi grnikj fjrcn{` li{jrinulìnbj]jr ~zjs{` zi s`b` lf}rjikl{`rj iì ons{ntn }l) Djrf` rjs{nik` caj c`fzi~zj jrni` sjf}rj ~zjl }`calrlccal n }`{jrsl }jrfj{{jrj kl litjs{lrj li cjr{l }r`gj{{l" l c`s{l kn s`s{jijrj jrni` lf}`sslolbl nicaj }jr bnfnggl`r }nr{j kjbbn ozìn o`rgajsln j kjbbnrls{`crnuln s{jssn" ~zlikl lilulnrì` n inscjrj bj }rlfj s`clj{}jr nulìl) Kltjrsl lf}rjikl{`rl nc~zls{ntni` zin }nr{j kjbbli{jrn s`clj{ jk li onsj nbbj b`r` ~z`{j`{{jijtni` zi kltlkjik` n dlij nii`) Li ~zjs{` f`k` lilul n sc`f}nrlrj bn dlgzrn kjb cn}`" caj ~znik` jrn}rjsji{j c`fzi~zj iì sl }nbjsntn fnl kl }jrsìn fn `rn tjiltn rn}}rjsji{n{`" j c`fzi~zj cal jrnd`r{zin{` ` li{zl{lt` }`{jtn `rn blfl{nrsl n sd`gblnrj lb gl`rinbj j tjkjrj gl`ri` k`}` gl`ri` c`fj niknssjr`l }r`}rl nddnrl" c`f`knfji{j sjkz{` n cnsn)Nssljfj nbbj s}n inc~zjr` l {rzs{ j l cnr{jbbl) Ji{rnfol jrni` lisljfl kl s`clj{ s`b` caj l }rlfl slstlbz}}ntni` tjr{lcnbfji{j j l sjcìkl `rluuì{nbfji{j) Stlbz}}nrsl tjr{lcnbfji{j tz`b klrj caj zinuljikn

}r`kz{{rlcj jbno`rn j bnt`rn zi }r`k`{{` li {z{{j bj szj dnsl" knbbn}}r`ttlglìnfji{` kjbbj fn{jrlj }rlfjnbbn tjikl{n klrj{{n" ~zlikl `gil {rzs{ sl `ccz}ntn sl kl zi }r`k`{{` s}jcldlc` fn ntjtn ijb sz` `rgnilc`nuljikj kl `gil {l}`" caj bnt`rntni` c``}jrn{ltnfji{j }jr }r`kzrrj {z{{l gbl jbjfji{l z{lbl nbbn rjnbluunulìjkjb }r`k`{{` dlinbj) Jrni` l }rlfl" litliclolbl" c`b`ssl likzs{rlnbl j dzrì` }rlicl}nbfji{j slkjrzrglcl" calflcl"jbj{{r`{jcilcl) B`rgniluunulìj `rluuì{nbj kjl cnr{jbbl litjcj jrn noons{n sjf}blcj5 ~zjs{l jrni` zin sjrljkl likzs{rlj dncji{l b` s{jss` fjs{ljrj caj sl ncc`rkntni` }jr kltlkjrsl lb fjrcn{`) Sjoojij ~zjs{`sls{jfn dncjtn glrnrj bjcì`fln j gnrni{ltn }`s{l kl bnt`r`" liijgnolbj caj nffnuunssj bn cìc`rrjiun j~zlikl cì bn inscl{n kjl {rzs{ inc~zjr` nicaj bj }rlfj bjggl" n }nr{lrj kngbl S{n{l Zil{l" ni{l{rzs{) Ons{l}jisnrj caj n dlij 1== bn S{niknrk @lb C`f}ni| cì{r`bbntn lb


8/42


S{n{l j {jci`b`glj

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nb{rj iì dzrì` li grnk` kl }r`kzrrj" sjf}blcjfji{j }jrca rlfnsjr` djrfj szl b`r` s{niknrk s`}rn{{z{{`n cnzsn kjbbn d`r{j cìc`rrjiun caj sl jrn crjn{n) BLigalb{jrrn rlfnijtn nic`rn bn fnggl`rj js}`r{n{rlcj klc`{ìj bnt`rn{` j kl djrr` fn nbbn dlij kjb sjc`b` dz nddlnicn{n kngbl ZSN j ~znsl rngglzi{n nicaj knbbnGjrfniln" cl iì tz`b klrj caj bjcì`fln kjb ]njsj ij rlsji{" niul) N bltjbb` s`clnbj bn inscl{n kjbbj grnikllikzs{rlj }`r{ }r`}rl` li Gjrfniln j ZSN" c`s c`fjrn szccjss` nb kl b kjbbn Fnilcn ~znbcaj kjcjiil`}rlfn" zin tjrn flgrnulìj knbbj cnf}ngij tjrs` bj grnikl cl{{" f`b{j kjbbj ~znbl tlkjr` bj{{jrnbfji{jrnkk`}}lnrj bn }r`}rln }`}`bnulìj)Bn Grnikj Kj}rjsslìj

Lb }jrl`k` caj tn knb >173 nb >1


9/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{17=) Jrn kzi~zjb` S{n{`&inulìj `rn" zi cji{r` d`rflknolbj li grnk` kl ncczfzbnrj rls`rsj" jijrglj zfnij j nggb`fjrnrbjcì lb sjf}rj }l d`r{j fjuu` kjbbn }r`}ngnikn n gjs{lrj {z{{l gbl li{rlgal j nicaj bnkk`tj lb cìcj{{` klS{n{`&inulìj iì jrn }r`dìknfji{j rnklcn{`" tjkl gbl ZSN" sl rlzsc n liczbcnrj ijbbn gji{j ~zjb kjslkjrl`kl n}}nr{jijiun nbbn onikljrn j s`blknrlj{ inulìnbj caj rjikjtni` `gil }`}`b` sjf}rj }l kltjrs` kngblnb{rl) Lb inulìnblsf`" bn }`bl{lcn ~zlikl" }rjsj nbb`rn lb }`s{` kjbbn rjblglìj j dz bzilc` tjr` s{rzfji{` ligrnk` kl rnkzinrj j fòlbl{nrj bj fnssj" klj{r` bns}j{{` kjbbn }jrsjtjrnulìj kjl cnrn{{jrl j kjl }r`k`{{l{l}lcl kjbbn inulìj)Zi inulìnblsf` rj}zooblcni`

K`}` bn scìdl{{n kl In}`bjìj LLL kn }nr{j kjbbn ]rzssln bn Drnicln tlssj kjl f`fji{l kjblcn{l) Kn}}rlfn ijbfnru` kjb >17> sl lis{nzr bn C`fzij kl ]nrlgl" zi js}jrlfji{` rlt`bzulìnrl` kl g`tjri` }`}`bnrj n onsjs`clnbls{n j r`fni{lcn caj sl rls`bsj li zi dnbblfji{`" bj szccjssj lidn{{l zin [jrun _j}zooblcn !caj snrjoojkzrn{n dli` nb >71>

nicaj nbbj c`bìlj s{jssj) Cì b`ccz}nulìj kjbbJgl{{` ijb >11?" }`l" j bn}jr{zrn kjb cninbj kl Szju l tlnggldzrì` nic`rn }l tjb`cl j tni{nggl`sl) Nb c`s}j{{` kl {ni{n klinflcl{ kzi~zj {z{{l gbl nb{rl s{n{l jzr`}jl cajiz{rlssjr` ~znbcaj nfolulìj kl s`r{n lilulnrì` s}jklulìl ijgbl nig`bl }l rjf`{l kjbbn [jrrn cì b` sc`}`kl sc`tnrj ~znbcaj ozì }`s{` cì lb ~znbj j grnulj nb ~znbj dnrj nddnrl) Bn sc`}jr{n kjb cì{liji{j ijr` dzdliniuln{n kn {z{{l l g`tjril j nicaj ~zjbbl }l }lcc`bl }`{jrì` `{{jijrij ojijdlcl c`fj }jr lb cns` kjb

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Drnicjsl jk Ligbjsl ntjtni` kzj s{rn{jglj kltjrsj5 l }rlfl }nr{ltni` knb Fnr`cc` }jr s}ligjrsl tjrs` js{" lsjcìkl t`bjtni` {z{{n bn dj{{n `rlji{nbj kjb cì{liji{j ndrlcni`" knbbJgl{{` gl dli` li Szk Ndrlcn) ^znik` lkzj jsjrcl{l sl licì{rnrì` ijl }rjssl kjb Szkni rlscalnik` ~znsl b` scì{r` fn lb {z{{` }`l sl rls`bsj lifniljrn kl}b`fn{lcn)Bn ~zjs{lìj }l nbbj{{ni{j jrn ~zjbbn jglulnin) Ijb >14< jrn s{n{` n}jr{` lb cninbj kl Szju j bJgl{{` jrnnbb`rn ijbbj fnil kl zi }nscl `{{`fni` caj sl djcj dnclbfji{j noolik`bnrj knbbj }r`fjssj kjbbj onicaj kl]nrlgl j Bìkrn bj ~znbl" cì tnrl ncc`rkl" rlzsclrì` n sdrz{{nrj bj jcì`flj kl ~zjbbn {jrrn }jr dliniulnrj

c`f}bj{nfji{j lb }r`gj{{`) Li zi f`fji{` kl s{nsl" ijb >11?" bjsjrcl{` ligbjsj }jij{r ijb ]njsj cì zi}rj{js{` s{rn{jglc` nsszfjikìj kl dn{{` lb cì{r`bb`) Bn cìdjrjiun kl Ojrbli` !>11;&>11:, s{nolb lidlij{z{{j bj kjblfl{nulìl kjl }`ssjklfji{l nbdlij kl jtl{nrj dz{zrl cì{jiul`sl5 nbbn Drnicln {`cc {z{{n bNdrlcncji{r`&`cclkji{nbj" nbbLigalb{jrrn ozìn }nr{j kl ~zni{` rlcaljs{` n js{ kn i`rk n szk" bn Gjrfniln `{{jiijlb [`g`" Cnfjrzi j bn{{znbj Infloln" nb Ojbgl` nik bji`rfj oncli` kjb Cìg`" bn S}ngin cì{r`bbntn bn}nr{j c`s{ljrn kjb Snanrn j lb }`r{`gnbb` bn Gzlijn" bNig`bn j lb Fùnfolc`) NbbL{nbln niknrì` ~zjl bz`galijl ~znbl ntjtn liluln{` nk lisjklnrsl n }nr{lrj knb >11? j cl` S`fnbln" Jrl{rjn j !}l {nrkl" ijb >?, Bloln)Li Nsln

Li nsln lb }r`cjss` kl c`bìluunulìj dz }l bji{` j fji` ngjt`bj caj li Ndrlcn s`}rn{{z{{` }jr bn }rjsjiun klnbczil lf}jrl caj ntjtni` nbbj s}nbbj flbbjiil kl s{`rln" c`fj bn Clin" ` kl rjnb{ c`fj ~zjbbn lsbnflcn f`b{`rjdrn{{nrlj n dnrsl cì~zls{nrj `}}zrj" c`fj ijb cns` kjb Gln}}ìj j kjbbn _zssln" }jr bn }rjsjiun li b`c` klnb{rj }`{jiuj c`bìluun{rlcl)Iì`s{ni{j bj }rlfj nttlsngblj kl rlt`b{n bjgjfìln ligbjsj li Likln jrn dz`rl klsczsslìj {ni{` caj ijb >174 bn rjglin Tl{{`rln nsszfjtn lb {l{`b` kllf}jrn{rlcj kjbbLikln) BLikln kltjiij ~zlikl zin s`r{n kl cni{ljrj n cljb` n}jr{` li czl bn fnkrj}n{rln `rn}`{jtn kjklcnrsl nbbn c`s{rzulìj kl lidrns{rz{{zrj j szcczrsnbl" rjikjik` kl dn{{` bLikln d`rsj bzilcn c`bìlndìknfji{nbj }jr bn szssls{jiun kl {z{{` blf}jr` cìslkjrn{l l grnikl dìkl litjs{l{l li ~zjbbj {jrrj jk lgrnikl rlcntn{l `{{jiz{l knbblf}`r{&jq}`r{) BLigalb{jrrn cì{r`bbntn nicaj bn Olrfniln" bn Fnbjsln j }nr{jkjb O`rij` c`fj n c`s{l{zlrj zizilcn {jrrn dli` nbbNzs{rnbln) Bn Drnicln sl jrn lisjkln{n cì szccjss` liLik`clin" b@bnikn n Szfn{rn j Glntn fji{rj bn S}ngin cì{r`bbntn bj Dlbl}}lij8 bn Gjrfniln ntjtn lidlij`ccz}n{` bn }nr{j }l `rlji{nbj kjbbj Dlbl}}lij j gbl nrcl}jbngal blfl{r`dl) ^zni{` ngbl nb{rl5 blf}jr` Unrls{ncì{r`bbntn }rn{lcnfji{j {z{{` bjflsdjr` sj{{ji{rlìnbj j sl }rj`ccz} s`b{ni{` kl nccn}nrrnrslbNdganils{ni }jr `{{jijrj zin }`r{n tjrs` szk" lb Gln}}ìj sl js}nikjtn litjcj dli` li C`rjn j n D`rf`sn"szscl{nik` iì }`c` lrrl{nfji{` kn }nr{j kjbbn Clin caj" n{{`riln{n kn {z{{j ~zjbbj }`{jiuj iì }`{ dnrjnb{r` caj s{l}zbnrj ncc`rkl kl {l}` jcì`flc` cì calzi~zj" s`}rn{{z{{` cì gbl ligbjsl" }jr drjinrj}rjtji{ltnfji{j `gil kjslkjrl` kl cì~zls{n)


12/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{>?

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f`ssjr` }jr cjrcnrj d`r{zin nb{r`tj) S`b` ijb >3" bnii` }jggl`rj" flgrnrì` nbbjs{jr` 71=)=== l{nblnil jnbb` s{jss` {jf}` lb izfjr` kjgbl nol{ni{l kjbbj grnikl cl{{ bljtl{ntn" grnulj nb flgbl`rnfji{` kjb {ji`rj kltl{n) [z{{` s`ffn{`" iì sl }z klrj caj kl c`sj ozìj iì ij d`ssjr` szccjssj5 bnbdnoj{luunulìj sz}jrntnlb :=*" gbl lscrl{{l nbbj scz`bj jrni` ~zli{z}blcn{l j sl li{rntjkjtni` l }rlfl sjginbl knfnbgnfn s`clnbj}r`}rl` ijl cji{rl kl ls{rzulìj k`tj l rlccal jrni` ~z`{lklninfji{j n cì{n{{` c`l }`tjrl)Bn drn{{zrn }`bl{lcn

]`bl{lcnfji{j cjrn zin grnikj drn{{zrn drn c`b`r` caj ntjtni` zildlcn{` bL{nbln5 l blornbl" }rlicl}nbfji{jrlccal j nrls{`crn{lcl cnt`zrlnil sj}}zr sl drjglntni` kl lkjnbl jgznbl{nrl j crjkjssjr` ijb }rlicl}l` kl zil{inulìnbj jrni` }zr sjf}rj l rn}}rjsji{ni{l kjl rlccal8 fji{rj nbb`}}`slulìj" sj c`s t`gblnf` klrj"cjrni` l kjf`crn{lcl caj sl on{{jtni` }jr lb }`}`b` kl }l onss` rnig` s`clnbj" sjgzncl kjbbj lkjj kl Fnuulilj Gnrlonbkl) Bn tl{{`rln nbbj zrij" c`fzi~zj" likl}jikji{j kn zb{jrl`rl kltlslìl li{jrij kl }nr{l{`" nikntn

rjg`bnrfji{j nl blojrnbl caj }`{jtni` cì{nrj sz zi szddrngl` c`f}bj{nfji{j n b`r` tni{nggl`" {ni{` cajs}jss` bj s`r{l }nrbnfji{nrl tjiltni` kjclsj li licì{rl kl cbzo ` knb{n s`clj{" drn l rn}}rjsji{ni{l s{jssl)Lb klrl{{` kl t`{`

^zjs{` sls{jfn dziulì dli` nb >11? ~znik` n t`{nrj jrn s`b` >)17=" nbbn szn cnkz{n" dznicaj }`sslolbj }rjikjrj _`fn sjiun lilflcnrsl b`rnfnl jq lf}jrn{`rj drnicjsj)Bn Slils{rn nb }`{jrj !>174&>113, j lb {rnsd`rflsf`

^zjs{` }jsni{j dlscnblsf` kjbbn kjs{rn }r`t`c gl n }nr{lrj kngbl niil sj{{ni{n kjbbj }jisni{l sdnbkn{zrjnbbli{jri` kjb g`tjri`" s`}rn{{z{{` kn }nr{j kjl rn}}rjsji{ni{l {`scnil jk jflblnil) Li }l f`b{l kjl}ròbjfl caj lf}jrtjrsntni` lb }njsj rjnbj jrni` kjbbn }`tjrn gji{j j ~zlikl iì rlzscltni` nk jssjrjrn}}rjsji{n{l knl t`{l kjb onss` cjis` nffjss`) N}}r`dl{{nik` kl ~zjs{n kjo`bjuun Ng`s{li` Kj}rj{ls" jqfnuulilni`" rlzsc n r`tjsclnrj lb G`tjri` kl Fligaj{{l j n cì~zls{nrj zin s`blkn fnggl`rniun nbbj jbjulìl


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C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{>3

szccjssltj) Lb }r`grnffn kl Kj}rj{ls }rjtjkjtn bnbbnrgnfji{` kjb szddrngl`" lb kjcji{rnfji{`nfflils{rn{lt` j bno`blulìj kjbbn {nssn szb fnclin{`) Bn Slils{rn c`fj bn Kjs{rn tjiltn knl f`tlfji{llikl}jikji{ls{l kl fj{ `{{`cji{` fn n klddjrjiun kl ~zjs{l zb{lfl rlscz`{jtn cìsjisl nicaj drn gbllf}rjikl{`rl j l }r`djsslìls{l f`s{rnik`sl n}jr{n nicaj n {z{{j bj cbnssl jscbzsj knb t`{`) Ijb >11? n}}zi{`cl dz bn }rlfn rld`rfn jbj{{`rnbj caj kntn bn }`sslolbl{ kl t`{` `rn n `b{rj ?)===)=== kl l{nblnil" clrcn lb ?;*

kjl fnscal nkzb{l8 j iì n cns` li ~zjbb` s{jss` nii` nicaj nbczil s`clnbls{l lilulnrì` n sjkjrj nbbn Cnfjrn)Sjf}rj ijb >11?" }jr" bn slils{rn }l rnklcnbj zscltn knbbn fnggl`rniun ~zlikl Kj}rj{ls k`tj{{j d`rfnrj~zjs{n s}jclj kl nssj caj nikntn knb cji{r`&kjs{rn nb cji{r`&slils{rn }jr iì }jrkjrj lb g`tjri`" d`rfnik`kl dn{{` zi g`tjri` kl cji{r`) Jgbl s`s{jijtn caj }jr s`}rnttltjrj bn cbnssj }`bl{lcn k`tjtn {rnsd`rfnrsl !kn~zl5 {rnsd`rflsf`, j }jr {ni{` `rn cjrn ~zjs{n fnggl`rniun cji{rls{n caj ntjtn `}}`slulìl sln nbbjs{rjfnkjs{rn caj nbbjs{rjfn slils{rn) Lb }r`cjss` rld`rfn{`rj szo zi orzsc` nrrjs{` j li cnf}` li{jrinulìnbj slrz}}j ~zjbbn s}jclj kl nflcluln caj jrn s`r{n cì bn Drnicln knbbn fj{ kjb sjc`b` }rjcjkji{j j" s}li{n knflrj lf}jrlnbls{j" bL{nbln kjclsj kl nttlclinrsl ngbl lf}jrl {jkjscal j nzs{rlncl kjbbJzr`}n cji{rnbj d`rfnik`sjf}rj ijb >11? bn [rl}blcj Nbbjniun) F`ssn klscz{lolbj" nbfji` li }rlicl}l`" }jrca sjcìk` f`b{lkjf`crn{lcl jrn ijcjssnrl` dnrj bn gzjrrn nk Nzs{rln j Gjrfniln" iì nbbjniuj" }jr bn ~zjs{lìj kl [rji{` j[rljs{j j ~zlikl }jr calzkjrj kjdlil{ltnfji{j lb _ls`rglfji{` l{nblni`)

Crls}l j bn crlsl kl dlij sjc`b`Tls{` caj bn Drnicln ntjtn c`bìluun{` bn [zilsln" gl }zi{n{n knbbL{nbln !kn ~zl bli{jrrzulìj kjl rn}}`r{lkl}b`fn{lcl," Kj}rj{ls sl tlkj ~znsl c`s{rj{{` n cjrcnrj nb{rj {jrrj kn c`bìluunrj j }zi{ szbbJrl{rjn k`tj gbll{nblnil sl lisjklnrì` ijb >11?) Cli~zj niil k`}` zi {ji{n{lt` kl }jij{rnrj fnggl`rfji{j ijb cì{liji{jndrlcni` sl rls`bsj cì zin c`b`ssnbj scìdl{{n n K`gnbl lidjr{n nbbjsjrcl{` l{nblni`" ijb >117 li`b{rj f`rltnKj}rj{ls j tjiltn s`s{l{zl{` kn Drnicjsc` Crls}l" zi nb{r` jq kjf`crn{lc` slclblni`) C`fj lb sz` }rjkjcjss`rjjgbl li{jikjtn cì{liznrj lb {rnsd`rflsf` fn sl tlkj c`s{rj{{` nicajgbl n drì{jgglnrj kzrj `}}`slulìl" li~zni{` kjclsj kl iì rlzildlcnrj j rndd`runrj bn Slils{rn blojrnbj ijb sz` c`f}bjss`) L sz`l sjl niil klfnikn{`" kzi~zj" }`ssì` jssjrj kltlsl li kzj dnsl5 zi }rlf` {rljiil` rld`rfn{`rj 17&


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C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{>;

Bn }`bl{lcn js{jrn

Lb }rlf` szccjss` dz ~zjbb` kl nbbjnrsl cì l ]rzsslnil ijbbn b`{{n cì{r` bNzs{rln }jr cal k`tjssj rjginrj bnGjrfniln" >144) Iì`s{ni{j bn scìdl{{n bL{nbln `{{jiij lb Tjij{` j ~zn{{r` niil k`}` lb Bnul`" ~znik` clÌn}`bjìj LLL iì }`{jtn }l kldjikjrj flbl{nrfji{j lb ]n}n) ^znik` bn Drnicln sl lisjkl li [zilsln ijb>11> bL{nbln s{rlisj bn [rl}blcj Nbbjniun cì Nzs{rln j Gjrfniln nicaj li tlr{ kjbbj slf}n{lj }r`tn{j }jr

bnz{`rl{nrlsf` kl Olsfnrh j }jrca sl }jisnssj caj ~zjl kzj nbbjn{l }`{jssjr` jssjrj kjbbj ozìj s}nbbj }jrdz{zrj flrj js}nislìls{lcaj) S`b{ni{` ijb > nb >?) Lis{nzr zi d`r{jklnb`g` cì lb ]sl kl Dlbl}}` [zrn{l caj dìknfji{nbfji{j rn}}rjsji{ntn li }nrbnfji{` {z{{l l bnt`rn{`rll{nblnil) Bn Slils{rn s{`rlcn jk lb ]sl lis`ffn tlkjr` kl iì `s{nc`bnrsl fn sjiun fnl nffj{{jrj

n}jr{nfji{j ~zjs{n s}jclj kl nbbjniun caj jrn in{n) Knb }zi{` kl tls{n kjbbj rld`rfj" li{r`kzssjbnsslczrnulìj òoblgn{`rln }jr gbl lid`r{zil szb bnt`r`" {z{jb lb bnt`r` djfflilbj j fli`rlbj" ls{l{zbLs}j{{`rn{` nb bnt`r`" {rnsdjr nbb` S{n{` bj s}jsj }jr bLs{rzulìj jbjfji{nrj j dnt`r bn inulìnbluunulìjkjbbj djrr`tlj) N klddjrjiun kl Crls}l iì sl klcalnr fnl zi rld`rfn{`rj" fn ng li ~zni{` {nbj" sjf}rjcjrcnik` kl fni{jijrj n onkn bj lis{nolbl c`rrji{l }`bl{lcaj js{rjfls{j" j niul ~znik` nbbli{jri` kjb ]sl}rjsj lb c`fnik` bnbn slikncnb&rlt`bzulìnrln jgbl iì sl sc`f}`sj5 scl`bsj bj Cnfjrj j licnss l t`{l kjlf`kjrn{l }rj`ccz}n{l knb }jrlc`b` r`ss`) Nttl b`ccz}nulìj flbl{nrj kjbbn Bloln j li{r`kzssj" ijb >3" lbszddrngl` ziltjrsnbj fnscalbj) Iì`s{ni{j cl nbbj szccjssltj jbjulìl dzrì` l blojrnbl n {rlìdnrj grnulj nbc`slkkj{{` }n{{` Gji{lbìl" zi ncc`rk` cì l }nr{l{l cn{{`blcl caj }jr bn }rlfn t`b{n knbbzil{ nffj{{jtni`kl ji{rnrj li }`bl{lcn }`r{nik` cì sj zi grni cnrlc` kl t`{l) Jrn" c`fzi~zj" bn dlij kjb }nr{l{` blojrnbj`rlglinbj" ~zjbb` kjl rlccal `blgnrcal caj" sj}}zrj ntjtni` lidbzl{` nbbzildlcnulìj kjbbL{nbln iì sj ij jrni`czrn{l n bltjbbl onssl j ~zlikl k`tjtni` rlc`rrjrj nbbn}}`ggl` kl cal }`{jtn }l kl {z{{l }nrbnrj cì l cj{l }llgi`rni{l j dnclbfji{j szscj{{lolbl) Cùuntni` cì bj lkjj fjkln{rlcl kl Gl`bl{{l ~zjbbj js}nislìls{lcajkjbbjs{rjfn kjs{rn caj flrntni` nk zin inulìj nz{`rl{nrln nbbjs{jr` j s}rjglzklcn{nfji{j cn}l{nbls{nnbbli{jri`" j knbbnb{rn }nr{j l s`clnbls{l }l nccnil{l" drn l ~znbl zi gl`tnij Ojil{` Fzss`blil" iì jrni` }lkls}`s{l n dnrj kn sjf}blcj s}nbbn nb }nr{l{` kl fnggl`rniun) Ijb >; gbl szccjssj kzi~zj Ni{ìl` Snbnikrn"blojrnb&cìsjrtn{`rj }ljfì{jsj)


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C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{>:

C4&BN OJBBJ]@^ZJ

Bn cìcji{rnulìj kjb }`{jrj n bltjbb` s{n{nbj j bn crlsl kjb sls{jfn li{jrinulìnbj

Noolnf` tls{` ~zlikl c`fj bn fnggl`r }nr{j kjb }`{jrj li ~zjl {jf}l n}}nr{jijssj nbb` S{n{`&inulìj" k`tjkn}}rlfn ~zjs{` jrn lb f`{`rj kjbbjs}nislìlsf` j kjbbjt`bzulìj likzs{rlnbj }jr }`l ji{rnrj }lni }lni`sjf}rj kl }l n dnr }nr{j kjbbn tl{n kjl cl{{nklil cì bj }r`}rlj ls{l{zulìl)

Fn bn gjs{lìj nic`rn kl {l}` iòlblnrj" c`fj gbl ncc`rkl kl {l}` sjgrj{`" bn scnrsn }zooblcl{ j bn gjs{lìjkjgbl nddnrl li fniljrn `blgnrcalcn" cùujr s}jss` cì ~zjs{n c`rsn nb f`kjrilsf`" crjnik` ~zjl cì{rns{lcaj }`r{jrnii` nbb` sc`}}l` kl zi cìdbl{{` gbònbj)Bj nbbjniuj kl Olsfnrh

N }nr{lrj knbbzildlcnulìj kjbbn Gjrfniln lb grni cnicjbbljrj {jkjsc` sl jrn nk`}jrn{` ijbb` s{l}zbnrjnbbjniuj li bnrgn scnbn5 k`}` ntjr kn{` zi nssj{{` }l s{nolbj nbbj 3< djkjrnulìl caj bn c`f}ìjtni` li}rjcjkjiun" gl ijb >173 dlrf zili{jsn cì Nzs{rln j _zssln" cì bòlj{{lt` kl dnrj kn fjkln{`rj ijbbjkls}z{j caj ~zjs{l kzj ]njsl s{ntni` ntjik` ijl Onbcnil) B@olj{{lt` jrn ~zjbb` kl {z{jbnrsl nk Js{ jk ls`bnrjbn Drnicln nk `tjs{" fji{rj bLigalb{jrrn iì rn}}rjsji{ntn zi }jrlc`b` }jr tln kjb sz` s}bjiklk`ls`bnfji{` kngbl li{jrjssl cì{liji{nbl c`s c`fj bL{nbln iì jrn cìslkjrn{` zi` S{n{` flbl{nrfji{j}jrlc`b`s`" sj}}zr nbbjn{` drnicjsj) BNzs{rln" rlfns{n dz`rl knb gl`c` kjbbj c`bìluunulìl jq{rn&jzr`}jj"

}zi{ntn kzi~zj nk js}nikjrsl ijb cì{liji{j" j kzi~zj }r`}rl` li ~zjbbj {jrrj gjs{l{j kn zi lf}jr``{{`fni` `rnfnl li dnsj kl sgrj{`bnfji{`" fn k`tjtn cìslkjrnrj nicaj gbl li{jrjssl rzssl }jr iì }nrbnrjkjb kjslkjrl` klikl}jikjiun kjl b`cnbl)L Onbcnil

Kzi~zj nbbn dlij kjb sjc`b` cjrn ijbbJzr`}n szk `rlji{nbj ~zjs{n sl{znulìj }rjcnrln) Bn _zssln }zi{ntn`ttlnfji{j nbbniijsslìj }jr ntjrj }l dnclbl tlj knccjss` ijb Fjkl{jrrnij` j" `ttlnfji{j" Drnicln jkLigalb{jrrn {jikjtni` nk `s{nc`bnrj ~zjs{l }r`gj{{l" li }l nikntn cìslkjrn{n blidbzjiun nzs{rlncn j" zb{lfnfn iì zb{lfn" bn t`bì{ kl sbntl j blfl{r`dl kl `{{jijrj blikl}jikjiun) Gl ijb >17: O`siln&Jrujg`tlin jOzbgnrln lis`rsjr`" j nlz{n{j knbbn _zssln `{{jiijr` blikl}jikjiun }r`}rl` s`{{` lb }r`{j{{`rn{` kjbb` unr"}jr jtl{nrj caj klsc`rsl kjb gjijrj }`{jssjr` jssjrj dn{{l li {z{{n bnrjn onbcnilcn bn Grni Orj{ngin fnikzin db`{{n kl intl }jr nrglinrj bnscjsn rzssn" nbca dz dìknfji{nbj rlzilrsl li zin cìdjrjiun !Ojrbli`"

>171, }jr klscz{jrj lb dz{zr` nssj{{` kn knrj nl Onbcnil) _lszb{n{`5 tjiijr` rlcì`sclz{j likl}jikji{lFì{jijgr`" Sjroln j _`fniln" bn O`siln dz nddlkn{n nk zinfflils{rnulìj {rji{jiinbj nzs{rlncn j bnOzbgnrln nb }r`{j{{`rn{` `{{`fni`" Cl}r` nbbLigalb{jrrn jk nbczil {jrrl{`rl kl cìdlij nbbn _zssln" fji{rjnbbL{nbln nikntn _`kl) ^zjs{` crjnrj S{n{l n {nt`bli` crj d`r{l lis{nolbl{ li ~zni{` f`b{l }`}`bl kl zi`s{jss` cìdlinfji{` gj`grndlc` jrni` f`b{` kltjrsl j iì cìkltlkjtni` lb dn{{` kl k`tjr jssjrjcìinulìnbl kl nb{rj j{ilj)Tjrs` bn Wjb{}`bl{lh

K`}` ntjr rndd`run{` blffnglij kjb sz` ]njsj n bltjbb` li{jrinulìnbj cì bn Cìdjrjiun kjb 71 Olsfnrchs`{{`scrlssj iz`tnfji{j zinbbjniun cì bNzs{rln ijbbn ~znbj n }nr{lrj knb >11? ji{rjr n dnr }nr{j nicajbL{nbln kltji{nik` c`s [rl}blcj Nbbjniun)Ijb drn{{jf}` bn Grni Orj{ngin s{l}zbntn l c`slkkj{{l ncc`rkl Fjkl{jrrnijl cì L{nbln j Nzs{rln !>117, j zi

{rn{{n{` kl cì{r` nsslczrnulìj cì bn Gjrfniln s{jssn lb ~znbj gnrni{ltn lb iì li{jrtji{` ijb cns` li czlzin kjbbj kzj }`{jiuj d`ssj ji{rn{n li gzjrrn) Ntjtnf` kzi~zj zin Gjrfniln tlclin nbbn _zssln jnbbNzs{rln" nbbjn{n kjbbL{nbln j iì&ijflcn kjbbLigalb{jrrn" bjs}nislìj c`bìlnbj iì jrn ijl }lnil klOlsfnrh !ons{l tjkjrj gbl jslgzl {jrrl{`rl {`ccn{l nbbn szn Inulìj li Ndrlcn," n bzl li{jrjssntn lb fì`}`bl` liJzr`}n j bzilcn Inulìj tlr{znbfji{j ijflcn jrn kzi~zj bn Drnicln caj `rn iì ntjtn }rn{lcnfji{j }lijsszi` scaljrn{` n}jr{nfji{j knbbn szn }nr{j)N scìt`bgjrj ~zjs{` sls{jfn cl }jis" knbbli{jri`" lb rj kl ]rzssln Gzgbljbf` LL" caj t`bjtn zin Gjrfnilnd`r{j ijb fìk`" iì s`b` li Jzr`}n) Lb hnlsjr Gzgbljbf`" c`fj }rlfn c`sn" cìgjk lb Cnicjbbljrj Olsfnrh n}nr{lrj knb >1


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Gjrfniln caj dli` n dlij sjc`b` jrn bnbbjn{n kl {z{{l `rn sl tjkjtn }jrlc`b`snfji{j nccjrcaln{n" nk `tjs{knl drnicjsl j nk js{ knl _zssl)Bn _zssln kl Ilc`bn LL

Bn _zssln jrn }rònolbfji{j bzb{lf` s{n{` kl {l}` djzknbj rlfns{` li Jzr`}n) Iì`s{ni{j zi tns{` jsjrcl{`jk zin }`}`bnulìj lffjisn lb }`{jrj jrn {z{{` ijbbj fnil kjbb` unr j djkjbl" bn fnggl`r }nr{j kjl bnt`rn{`rl

jrni` cì{nklil caj bnt`rntni` bj {jrrj }jr cìcjsslìj) Ls{l{zulìnbfji{j l sjrtl kjbbn gbjon iìjsls{jtni` }l" fn bn rjnb{ jrn oji kltjrsn) Nbbls{l{zulìj kjb }nr{l{` s`clnbkjf`crn{lc`" kl s{nf}`fnrqls{n" j nbbj }rlfj nttlsngblj kl }r`{js{n kn }nr{j kjbbn fjkl`&o`rgajsln b` unr kjclsj kl gznknginrj}rjs{lgl` klcalnrnik` gzjrrn nb Gln}}ìj }jr lb cì{r`bb` kl onsl c`ffjrclnbl li js{rjf` `rlji{j ijb >


17/42


s`bn [zrcaln j zi }juuj{{` kl Jzr`}n cì{liji{nbj nb klb kjb Fnr Ijr`) Sjoojij }rònolbfji{j ~znbcajgrnikj }`{jiun sl s{jssj gl fòlbl{nik` }jr zin s`bzulìj kjb gjijrj" ijsszi` sl ns}j{{ntn {ni{` djrt`rjj" nbbn dlij kjb >>" {ni{n lis{nolbl{) Lis{nolbl{ k`tz{n knb dn{{` caj `rn" `gizi` kl ~zjs{l s{n{l i`tjbbl"cjrcntn }r`{julìj kn zi` }l d`r{j) Lb ?1 glzgi` >; bnrclkzcn Drnicjsc` Djrklinik`" jrjkj nb {rì` klTljiin" j szn f`gblj tjiltni` zcclsl n Snrnejt` kn Gntrlb` ]rlicl}" zi gl`tnij sjro`) Bn Sjroln jrn }r`{j{{n

knbbn _zssln" nbbj}`cn nbbjn{n cì bn Drnicln" j dz c`s caj zi dn{{` fnrglinbj" sj}}zr grntj" kltji{ bnflccln caj djcj js}b`kjrj lb }rlf` cìdbl{{` fìklnbj)Bn{{ji{n{` kl Snrnejt`

lf}`r{ni{j cìslkjrnrj caj gbl ncc`rkl drn s{n{l jrni` sjgrj{l" li gjijrj olbn{jrnbl ` {rl}blcl" j ~zliklijsszi` sn}jtn cì cjr{juun c`fj snrjoojr` nikn{j bj c`sj" fn sl ng }jr l}`{jsl kl rjnulìj)BNzs{rln lb ?3 bzgbl` litlntn zi zb{lfn{zf nbbn Sjroln" ~zjs{n rls}ìkjtn cì {ìl cìclblni{l j Tljiin}r`cjkjtn flbl{nrfji{j }jr knrj zin bjulìj nb }lcc`b` S{n{`) Bn Gjrfniln bjgn{n nbbNzs{rln knbbn [rl}blcjLi{jsn jsl{ntn ijbbn s}jrniun kl {r`tnrj zi ncc`rk`) Bn Grni Orj{ngin dz c`s{rj{{n nk li{jrtjilrj ~znik` bn_zssln calnf nbbj nrfl l cl{{nklil" n kldjsn kjbbn Sjroln) Sj zin inulìj sl fòlbl{ntn" nicaj bnb{rn jrnc`s{rj{{n n dnrb` }jr iì }jrkjrj {jf}` }rjul`s`) Dz c`s caj lb > bzgbl` >; bn Gjrfniln klcalnrntn gzjrrnnbbn _zssln j nbbn Drnicln" bn kl}b`fnuln ntjtn dnbbl{`)

Bj `rlglil rjf`{j kjbbn gzjrrn5 bn }`bl{lcn kl }`{jiun j lf}jrlnblsf` j c`f}j{lulìj jcì`flcnKn niil bn s{nf}n kl `gil ]njsj s}ligjtn szb cìcj{{` kl sz}jrl`rl{ j k`flil`" ~zlikl iì dz klddlclbjc`lit`bgjrj grnikl fnssj nk n}}`gglnrj bn cnzsn ojbblcn) ]jr l drnicjsl sl {rn{{ntn kl }rjikjrsl bn rltlicl{ncì bn Gjrfniln kjbbn gzjrrn kjb >17=" }jr bn Gjrfniln jrn zin ~zjs{lìj kl flsslìj knbbnb{`" s{nolbl{li Jzr`}n" fji{rj li Ligalb{jrrn jrn {`rin{n nbbn rlonb{n bn tjccaln c`f}j{lulìj drn nigb`snssìl j ziil"nic`rn tls{l c`fj onronrl) Li ~zjbbj}`cn kl grnikl blojr{ nc~zlsl{j" li czl zin gzjrrn tjrn j }r`}rlnfnicntn kn ~znsl zi sjc`b`" bn }r`}ngnikn cnr{ncjn jooj zi rz`b` dìknfji{nbj ijbb` s}rìnrj gbl nilfllrrj~zlj{l jk jccl{n{l s`}rn{{z{{` kjl gl`tnil) L }`{ji{l" knb{r` cni{`" sl blfl{ntni` n tjkjrj lb {z{{` c`fjzin }nr{l{n n _lslh`5 iì jrn dìknfji{nbj kls{rzggjrj bnttjrsnrl` fn ojis cì{r`bbnrb`" cal tjiltncì{r`bbn{`" ntjtn }jrs`) Iì`s{ni{j }`bl{lcnfji{j sl }`{jtni` oji kls{ligzjrj kzj dzbcrl" Drnicln&GrniOrj{ngin&_zssln kn zi bn{` j Gjrfniln&Nzs{rln&Zigajrln&L{nbln knbbnb{r`" sjforntn s{rni` caj bj grnikllikzs{rlj j c`r}`rn{lì caj bnt`rntni` sz bnrgn scnbn }`{jssjr` flinrj l }r`}rl nddnrl }jr zilkjnbjinulìnbj) J}}zrj dz c`s" s`}rn{{z{{` }jrca bn fnggl`r }nr{j kjgbl S{n{l&inulìj dliniulnrì` ~zjs{jdnoorlcaj }jr nk`}jrnrbj nbbn gzjrrn jk li `gil ]njsj iì dz klddlclbj dnr cìdlinrj bj }`bl{lcaj blojrnbl jkjf`crn{lcaj li{jrij" kl slils{rn" lisljfj n ~zjbbj cn}l{nbls{lcaj kl kjs{rn caj rjg`bntni` bjq}`r{5 {z{{l lizi zilc` }jrc`rs` caj ntrjooj k`tz{` liklrluunrj lb dbzss` kl bl~zlkl j kl ornccln tjrs` ~zjl sj{{`rl cajfnggl`rfji{j snrjoojr` s{n{l z{lbl nbbn cnzsn ojbbl)


18/42


C7&BN G_NIKJ GZJ__N

Bj nbbjniuj j bn gzjrrn fìklnbj

Nbblilul` kjbbn Gzjrrn jrni` }rjsji{l Drnicln" Grni Orj{ngin j _zssln kn zin }nr{j n caj d`rfntni` bn[rl}blcj Li{jsn n drì{jgglnrj gbl lf}jrl cji{rnbl kl Gjrfniln j Nzs{rln) Nl }rlfl sl ngglzisjr` ijb c`rs` kjgblniil Sjroln j Fì{jijgr`" Ojbgl`" Gln}}ìj" L{nbln" ]`r{`gnbb`" _`fniln" ZSN" Grjcln j Clin" fji{rj sl

scaljrnrì` cì gbl Lf}jrl [zrcaln j Ozbgnrln rjikjik` kl dn{{` lb cìdbl{{`" fìklnbj) Bj gzjrrn dz kjdlil{nfìklnbj }jr {rj rnglìl5 }rlfn kl {z{{` }jrca n}}zi{` tl }rjsjr` }nr{j c`f}nglil }r`tjilji{l knbbli{jr`gbò`" c`f}rjsj ~zjbbj kjbbj c`bìlj" li sjcìk` bz`g` }jrca li ijsszin gzjrrn }rjcjkji{j tl dz zilf}ljg` kl z`flil j fjuul j zi izfjr` kl tl{{lfj j djrl{l {ni{` grnikj !clrcn ;)===)=== nbbn dlij kjbcìdbl{{`, j lidlij }jrca bn }`s{n li gl`c`" lb k`flil` kjbbJzr`}n j ~zlikl kjb fìk`" iì jrn fnl s{n{n c`snb{n)Lb drì{j `cclkji{nbj

Sl n}rlrì` kzj drì{l kl c`fon{{lfji{` n}}jin `b{rj l cìdlil `rlji{nbl jk `cclkji{nbl kjbbn Gjrfniln) Nk`tjs{ bn Gjrfniln }jisntn kl rngglzigjrj bn Drnicln {rnfl{j lb Ojbgl`" caj lilulnbfji{j sl jrn klcalnrn{ìjz{rnbj" cì zin rn}lkn fnrcln li {jrrn ojbgn jk zin dnclbj tl{{`rln li Drnicln" bn ~znbj ns}j{{nik`sl zin{{ncc` drì{nbj snrjooj rlfns{n c`b{n kl s`r}rjsn) Bn tjrn s`r}rjsn dz bnrkzn rjsls{jiun kjb Ojbgl` caj

}jrflsj nbbn Drnicln kl `rgniluunrj bjsjrcl{` jk `}}`rsl kjginfji{j nbbn Gjrfniln) Bn {ni{` nzs}lcn{ngzjrrn bnf}` iì tl dz) Sl d`rf zi drì{j caj nikntn knbb@bnikn nbbn Stluujrn bzig` lb ~znbj }jr {rj bzigalniil flgblnln kl z`flil }jrsjr` bn tl{n ijbbliczo` kjbbj {rlicjj j kjbbn gzjrrn kl }`slulìj" cì~zls{nik`tlcjikjt`bfji{j iì }l kl ~znbcaj calb`fj{r` nk `gil liczrslìj j dncjik` rlfnijrj" kl dn{{`" lb {z{{`sjf}rj linb{jrn{`) Bjsjrcl{` {jkjsc` jrn c`fzi~zj rlzscl{` n cì~zls{nrj zi kjclf` kjb {jrrl{`rl`drnicjsj j sz ~zjbbn blijn" cal }jr ntniunrj j cal }jr kldjikjrj" gbl jsjrcl{l nssjs{nrì` bn gzjrrn dli` nb sz`c`f}lfji{`)Lb drì{j `rlji{nbj

Knbbnb{rn }nr{j bn sl{znulìj dz s`b{ni{` bljtjfji{j }l klinflcn" fn dìknfji{nbfji{j slflbj) ^zl l{jkjscal }`{jtni` cì{nrj szbbnlz{` kjgbl nzs{r`zignrlcl n c`fon{{jrj cì{r` zi jsjrcl{` rzss`}jsslfnfji{j `rgniluun{` fn izfjrlcnfji{j sz}jrl`rj) Ijb >: L {jkjscal }jij{rnrì` li ]`bìln j

nrrltnrì` dli` n Flish fn ~zl k`tj{{jr` n{{jikjrj bn dlij kjbblitjri` }jr }`l rl}r`grnffnrj bntniun{nijbbn }rlfntjrn kjb >7) L rzssl" caj knb cni{` b`r` }rjtjkjtni` kl ntniunrj s}bjiklknfji{j li {z{{n bnrjnonbcnilcn j }zi{nrj nbbn dlij sz Ojrbli`" sl {r`tnrì` s}jss` li klddlc`b{ kl drì{j ngbl nb{rl jsjrcl{l fjgbl``rgniluun{l" j s`}rn{{z{{` bj likzs{rlj }rltj kl n}}r`ttlglìnfji{l rlscalntni` kl k`tjr calzkjrj l on{{ji{l)Gl knb >:" li`b{rj" lilulnrì` gbl scl`}jrl li _zssln s`}rn{{z{{` }jr tln kjb dn{{` caj f`b{l cì{nkliltjiijr` s{rn}}n{l knbbj {jrrj }jr niknrj n dnrj bn gzjrrn" ~zlikl bngrlc`b{zrn kl s`s{ji{nfji{` sl nikntnfni fni` }nrnbluunik`" j bj }jrkl{j kl z`flil jrni` sjf}rj }l ligji{l)BL{nbln li gzjrrn

Li L{nbln cjrn cal }r`}ìjtn }jr bli{jrtji{` j cal }jr bn ijz{rnbl{) Kn zi bn{` l inulìnbls{l drjfjtni` }jr bngzjrrn" fn jrni` likjclsl sz cal n}}`gglnrj" knbbnb{r` l s`clnbls{l }l f`kjrn{l rl{jijtni` caj nbbL{nblnsjrtlssj bn }ncj) Snbnikrn" szccjss`rj kl Gl`bl{{l" fni{jiij bn ijz{rnbl{ fn ijb drn{{jf}` inulìnbls{l j

s`clnbls{l }l rnklcnbl cìdbzlrì` ijbbn c`fzij lkjn kl rlcì~zls{nrj bj {jrrj lrrjkji{j kl [rljs{j j [rji{`"drn ~zjs{l tl jrn Fzss`blil caj bnsclntn lb }nr{l{` }jrca kn bzl rl{jiz{` `rnfnl kl {r`}}` }`c` cnrn{{jrj) Lb ?4n}rlbj >: lb g`tjri` j lb rj dlrfnrì` zi }n{{` sjgrj{` n Bìkrn k`tj klcalnrntni` bn}}`ggl` nbbj {rz}}jkjbbLi{jsn j nb ]nrbnfji{`" nbb`sczr` kl {z{{`" iì rlfnsj caj rn{ldlcnrj bnttjiz{n ji{rn{n li gzjrrnkjbbL{nbln8 nbbn dlij kjbbn gzjrrn lb _jgi` ntrjooj ntz{` li cnfol` bn drì{ljrn kjb Orjiijr`" bn TjijulnGlzbln" bLs{rln j }nr{j kjbbn Knbfnuln) Lb ?; fnggl` kjbb` s{jss` nii` bj {rz}}j tnrcntni` bn drì{ljrnkjbbNzs{rln n}rjik` kl dn{{` zi nb{r` drì{j" nicaj ~zjs{` kl }`slulìj) Nbbji{rn{n li gzjrrn bjsjrcl{`l{nblni` }`{jtn cì{nrj sz >)===)=== kl z`flil ngbl `rklil kjb gjijrnbj Bzlgl Cnk`rin)L fnssncrl kjb >4 j Cì{r` b liz{lbj s{rngjIjb >4 f`rlrì` szb drì{j `cclkji{nbj >)4==)=== z`flil drn ligbjsl" drnicjsl j {jkjscal" lb {z{{` }jr zinfnicln{n kl calb`fj{rl) N }nr{j zin slgildlcn{ltn tl{{`rln kjbbn Gjrfniln ijb szk" n Tjrkzi" bn sl{znulìj iìfz{ ~znsl }jr izbbn j nbb`rn ijgbl nilfl kjl s`bkn{l j kjl cl{{nklil c`fzil lilul nk sjr}jgglnrj ~zjbkjslkjrl` kl drzs{rnulìj jk lf}`{jiun" iìca liz{lbl{" caj oji }rjs{` ntrjooj }`r{n{` n fnildjs{nulìls`clnbl j nffz{linfji{l flbl{nrl kn nfo` l bn{l) Sl lilulnrì` nbb`rn nk li{nt`bnrj bj }rlfj {rn{{n{ltj kl }ncj


19/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{>7" }r`f`ssj lilulnbfji{j knbbnbb`rn }ì{jdlcj Ojijkj{{` QT) ]zr{r`}}` }jr }jr l }rlicl}llf}jrlnbls{l caj ntjtni` s}li{` bj inulìl li gzjrrn rlszb{ntn klddlclbj" }jr calzi~zj" scjikjrj n }n{{l cì lbijflc`) Zi nb{r` jbjfji{` caj gj{{ bj onsl }jr zin }ncj dz lb f`tlfji{` s`clnbls{n jzr`}j` caj" n kls}j{{`kjl cìdlil inulìnbl j kjbbj lkj`b`glj j{ilcaj" rncc`gbljtn n sj l bnt`rn{`rl kjbbj cbnssl `}jrnlj kl `gil }njsj"{z{{l kncc`rk` ijb djrfnrj ~zjbbliz{lbj s{rngj)

Lb >7Ijsszi` kjl kzj scaljrnfji{l rlzscltn n }rjtnbjrj j dz s`b` k`}` bli{jrtji{` kjgbl S{nl Zil{l caj bng` kjbbnolbnicln c`flicl n }jikjrj d`r{jfji{j knbbn }nr{j kjbbj d`ruj kjbbLi{jsn) ]jr ~zni{` rlgznrkn gbl l{nblnil tnnii`tjrn{n bn klsdn{{n kl Cn}`rj{{` li czl bjsjrcl{` k`}` liizfjrjt`bl `ddjisltj iì ntjtn dn{{` grnikl}r`grjssl j" kjf`rnbluun{`" dz tl{{lfn kl zin d`r{j cì{r`ddjisltn nzs{rlncn j lb ?; `{{òrj kjb >7 cajc`s{rlisj l rltnbl nk zin rl{lrn{n bzign }l kl >== calb`fj{rl) Lb drì{j sl s{nolbluuntn `rn nbbj }`r{n kl Tjijuln"bzig` lb c`rs` kjb ]lntj) Nicaj li L{nbln bn gzjrrn kltjiij oji }rjs{` cìslkjrn{n ziliz{lbj s}nrglfji{` klsnigzj" j Cn}`rj{{` licji{lt lb fnbcì{ji{` }`}`bnrj) Iì`s{ni{j {z{{` iì sl }`{jtn cjkjrj }jr jtl{nrjcaj gbl nzs{rlncl klbngnssjr` nic`r }l li{jrinfji{j" j bjsjrcl{` dz lffjkln{nfji{j rl`rgniluun{`"rlid`run{` j fjss` nl c`fnikl kjb gjijrnbj Nrfnik` Klnu) Ijb >7 Bjili li{ni{` }rjikjtn lb }`{jrj li_zssln" dlrfntn li klcjforj zi nrfls{lul` cì bn Gjrfniln }jr }`r{nrj tln lb sz` ]njsj knbbn gzjrrn j

}jrkjrj }rjul`sl {jrrl{`rl nk `cclkji{j) @rn bj }`{jiuj kjgbl Lf}jrl }`{jtni` cìcji{rnrj }l {rz}}j nk`cclkji{j" fn ijb drn{{jf}` gbl S{n{l Zil{l ntjtni` liluln{` n fniknrj li ~zjl bz`gal nrfl j z`flil drjscal)Bn dlij kjb cìdbl{{`

Bjsjrcl{` t`bz{` knb }rjslkji{j W``kr`w Wlbsì cì{ntn nbbn dlij kjb cìdbl{{` 3==)=== zil{ n knrfnid`r{j knbbj Nb}l nbb@bnikn j fji{rj l {jkjscal iì jrni` kzi~zj }l li grnk` kl sdìknrj szb drì{j`cclkji{nbj bj {rz}}j l{nblnij scìdlggjtni` bNzs{rln ijbb`ddjisltn kl Tl{{`rl` Tjij{` !; i`tjforj >1,)Bn gzjrrn }`{jtn cìslkjrnrsl dlil{n j gbl jsjrcl{l kjbbLi{jsn ntjtni` tli{`" sjgzlrì` bzigaj {rn{{n{ltj cajczbflinrì` cì bn }ncj kl Tjrsnlbbjs kjb >


20/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{?=

C1&BN ]NCJ KLDDLCLBJ

Bn rlt`bzulìj kl djoornl` li _zssln

Bn }rlfn tl{{lfn lbbzs{rj kjb }rlf` k`}`gzjrrn kjb i`tjcji{` dz b` unr Ilc`bn LL) Li _zssln c`s c`fj li `gilnb{r` ]njsj jzr`}j` tjiijr` n d`rfnrsl c`nblulìl }`bl{lc`&}`}`bnrl kl js{rjfn slils{rn dlb` fnrqls{j j kljs{rjfn kjs{rn" kn zin }nr{j sl t`bjtn dnrj lb ojij kjb }`}`b`" knbbnb{rn ~zjbb` kjbbn Inulìj) Gl ijb fnru`

kjb >7 bj s{jssj gznrklj kjbbn dnflgbln rjnbj sl zilrì` nl klf`s{rni{l cì{r` bn gzjrrn" b` unr dz c`s{rj{{`nk noklcnrj j n bnsclnrj lb }`{jrj nbbn Kzfn caj }jr k`tjtn drì{jgglnrj lb }nr{l{` kjl s`tlj{ tlcli` ngbl`}jrnl j nl s`bkn{l) Cì l s`tlj{ nb }`{jrj tjiij lis{nzrn{` lb szddrngl` ziltjrsnbj j nddjrfn{j bj blojr{ klzilìj j s{nf}n" lb }`{jrj cji{jinrl` kjgbl unr c`bbnss nbblf}r`ttls`) L s`tlj{ f`kjrn{l r`tjsclnrì` liorjtj {jf}` bn Kzfn" j lis{nzrnrì` zi g`tjri` }r`ttls`rl` caj" }jr" c`b}jt`bj kl t`bjr cì{liznrj bngzjrrn kzr }`c`)L o`bscjtlcal nb }`{jrj

K`}` bzigaj fnildjs{nulìl l s`tlj{ f`kjrn{l dzrì` s`tjrcaln{l knl o`bscjtlcal !s`tlj{ rlt`bzulìnrl,cn}jggln{l kn Bjili !caj nii`tjrntni` gl kn nbb`rn" drn bnb{r`" ijbbj b`r` dlbn S{nbli, l ~znbl }jr rngglzigjrjlb }`{jrj k`tj{{jr` kn}}rlfn ls{lgnrj iz`tnfji{j bj d`bbj nbbn rlt`bzulìj ijbb`{{òrj kjb >7" li sjcìk`bz`g` jblflinrj dlslcnfji{j bn dnflgbln rjnbj }jr calzkjrj `gil c`bbjgnfji{` c`b }nssn{`) Tjiij kzi~zj

likj{{` lb szddrngl` ziltjrsnbj j caljs{` bnrfls{lul` ijb >1) Bjili crj zi jsjrcl{` kl }nr{l{`" bn c`slkkj{{nNrfn{n _`ssn caj ijgbl niil nttjilrj s`dd`c ijb snigzj {z{{l ~zjl f`{l rlt`bzulìnrl ni{l&o`bscjtlcal jdlbìnulìnbls{l caj kl t`b{n li t`b{n ngl{ntni` lb ]njsj" `rnfnl gj{{n{` li zin tjrn j }r`}rln gzjrrn cltlbj) Jrnliluln{n bn kl{{n{zrn c`fzils{n rzssn" j bli{jr` ]njsj tjrsntn ijbbn flsjrln }l ijrn n cnzsn kjbbjcìsjgzjiuj krns{lcaj caj bn Grnikj Gzjrrn ntjtn rjnbluun{`)Scjinrl

Sj lilulnbfji{j bNfjrlcn ntjtn }r`}`s{` zin }nq nfjrlcnin s`{{` bn onikljrn kjbbn }ncj j kjb blojr`scnfol`" linsc`b{n{` li Jzr`}n j li }n{rln lb }rjslkji{j kjf`crn{lc` nfjrlcni` W``kr`w Wlbsì k`tj{{jrliziclnrj nb sz` }r`gj{{` lilulnbj) Lb {rn{{n{` kl Tjrsnlbbjs lidn{{l dz kzrlsslf` ijl cìdrì{l kjbbj }`{jiujscìdl{{j" s`{{rnjik` n ~zjs{j bnrgal s}nul dlslcl !bNzs{rln jrn rlk`{{n nk zi }lcc`b` }njsj szonb}li`" bnGjrfniln }jrkjtn lb >3* kjbbj szj {jrrj j bn [zrcaln tjiltn cìdlin{n li Nin{`bln, j n lffjisj rj{rlozulìl

jcì`flcaj lf}`sslolbl kn nddrì{nrj) Inscjtn li{ni{`" sjf}rj klj{r` bn s}li{n kl Wlbsì" bn S`clj{ kjbbjInulìl" zi ji{j caj ntrjooj k`tz{` gnrni{lrj bj~zlblorl` ijbbj klsczsslìl drn l }`}`bl" fn bn s{jssnNfjrlcn iì tl nkjr" }rjdjrjik` rl{lrnrsl li zi ls`bnulìlsf` ~znsl {`{nbj nb dlij kl gnrni{lrj s{nolbl{ j}`{jiulnrj l }r`}rl li{jrjssl c`ffjrclnbl)Bn iz`tn Jzr`}n j lb oljiil` r`ss` j BJzr`}n tn n kjs{rnBn cnr{lin jzr`}jn zscltn i`{jt`bfji{j f`kldlcn{n knbbn gzjrrn" sj kn zi bn{` inscjtni` iz`tl s{n{l c`fjbn Cjc`sb`tnccaln" bn _`fniln" bn Ezg`sbntln" bn ]`bìln" bn Dlibnikln j l }njsl onb{lcl knbbnb{r` `gizi` kl~zjs{l k`tjtn dnr drì{j nbbnttji{` }`bl{lc` kl d`ruj inulìnbls{j ` c`fzils{j) Bj }rlfj" caj }rjsjr` }ljkjli bnrgn }nr{j kl ~zjs{l" }`r{nrì` nbbn inscl{n kl bzigaj kl{{n{zrj) Zin }lngn djoorlbj" bn S}ngi`bn !>


21/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{?>

gzjrrn t`b{l n rlii`tnfji{` j nbbn b`{{n cì{r` l }nr{l{l o`rgajsl {rnklulìnbl8 jgbl jrn zi z`f` rls`bz{` jkjcls`" {ni{` caj n{{rnssj n s bj slf}n{lj kjb rj j kl cjr{l blojrnbl) Ijb >< jrni` nic`rn l s`clnbls{l nb}`{jrj fn ijb ?> Fzss`blil ntjtn gl nttln{` ~zjbbn fnccalin caj s`b` zi nii` k`}` ntrjooj }`r{n{` nbbnkl{{n{zrn5 sl nbbj cì l blojrnbl kl Gl`bl{{l }`r{nik` lb sz` }nr{l{`" lb ]nr{l{` inulìnbj dnscls{n" nbbn cnfjrn cìoji 3: kj}z{n{l) Kn b" jgbl }`{jtn c`fzilcnrj blojrnfji{j nl sz`l c`bbjgal jk nb }`}`b`) Lb sz` jsjrcl{` kl

cnflcj ijrj li{ni{` cì{ntn bj 3==flbn zil{ j s`}}rlfjtn cì bn d`run `gil {ji{n{lt` kl rlt`b{n kl s{nf}ò`bscjtlc` j li zi }jrl`k` kl d`r{j kjo`bjuun }`bl{lcn bzl" bz`f` }l cnrlsfn{lc` kjb sz` {jf}`" {r`t nicajbj rls`rsj }jr lfons{lrj zin fnrcln sz _`fn lb ?1 `{{òrj >


22/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{??

c`ffjrclnbl caj ~zjl ]njsl lilulntni` n s{l}zbnrj cì gbl S{n{l Zil{l)


23/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb F`ik` C`i{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{?3

C


24/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{?;

BLigalb{jrrn nddrì{ bn crlsl kjgbl niil 3= cì zijcì`flcn caj iì ntjtn tlssz{` bjzd`rln cìszfls{lcnkjbbn kjcnkj }rjcjkji{j" ~zlikl bn o`{{n dz fji` d`r{j rls}j{{` nk nb{rj }nr{l) G`tjrin{n kn zinfnggl`rniun cìsjrtn{rlcj fn kn zi bjnkjr bno`zrls{n Enfjs _nfsn| FncKìnbk nk`{{ c`fj {z{{l lb}r`{julìlsf`" noonikì bn }nrl{ nzrjn kjbbn s{jrblin j dliniul ìkj }`sslolbj bn inscl{n kl grniklc`r}`rn{lì j" nzfji{nik` bj {nssj" cjrc sjf}rj kl fni{jijrj ~zni{`fji` li }nrl lb olbnicl`) Blkjn

gjilnbj dz ~zjbbn kl knrj blikl}jikjiun nk nbczil k`flil c`fj Cninkn" Iz`tn Ujbnikn" Nzs{rnbln j SzkNdrlcn jk lic`r}`rnrbl s`{{` lb C`ffìwjnb{a" zin s}jclj kl nss`clnulìj li{jrinulìnbj caj gnrni{ltn n~zjs{l s{n{l bn }ljin blojr{ j likl}jikjiun" iìca nz{`rjg`bnfji{nulìj" n }n{{` kl dnt`rlrj gbl scnfolc`ffjrclnbl cì bLigalb{jrrn) Bj kzj {j`rlj kl rlbnicl` caj s{ntni` }rjikjik` }ljkj nbbj}`cn jrni`kzi~zj5n, kltji{nrj f`b{l}blcn{`rj kl `}}`r{zil{ kl bnt`r` n{{rntjrs` bn s}jsn }zooblcn dliniuln{n knb kjdlcl{ klolbnicl`" c`fj ijgbl S{n{l Zil{l8o, nsszfjrj lb c`f}l{` kl }lnildlcnrj bjcì`fln li fniljrn {`{nbl{nrln c`fj li L{nbln" Gjrfniln j Z_SS)Ijsszi` kjl kzj rlzsc nk n{{jccalrj nk jsjf}l` li Ligalb{jrrn caj }zi{ kzi~zj }l caj nb{r` sz zirndd`runfji{`" niul rlii`tnfji{`" kjgbl ncc`rkl c`ffjrclnbl)Bn Drnicln jrn kls{rz{{n jcì`flcnfji{j" sl nb{jrintni` nbbn szn gzlkn g`tjril kjo`bl j grnikl i`fl c`fj

bn Cl{r`ji dnbblrì`" j sj l s`clnbls{l }r`}ìjtni` zi }lni` kl rld`rfj }jr nlz{nrj n tjilrij dz`rl ~zjs{l"}zi{znbfji{j" dnbbltni` }`bl{lcnfji{j n cnzsn kjb fnbcì{ji{` }`}`bnrj ` kjbbj rlt`b{j d`fji{n{jknbbjs{rjfn kjs{rn caj" c`fj tjkrjf`" }`r{jr lb ]njsj sjf}rj }l tjrs` ~zjbbn klrjulìj" dli` nbbnrj}zooblcn c`bbno`rnulìls{n kl Tlca|)Bn S}ngin" lidlij" sl jrn rl{r`tn{n ijgbl niil ?=/3= n }nssnrj knbbn fìnrcaln nbbn rj}zooblcn cì l s`clnbls{lni{lcbjrlcnbl nb }`{jrj dlica ijb >


25/42

C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{?:

C>=&LB C_@BB@ KJBBJZ_@]N

Bn Gjrfniln inuls{n

Lb 3= gjiinl` > ng`s{` kjbb` s{jss` nii` nsszisj nicaj bn cnrlcnkl ]rjslkji{j) Djcj licjiklnrj lb }nrbnfji{` knik` bn c`b}n nl c`fzils{l j szscl{nik` d`r{j liklginulìj drnbj fnssj" `rgniluu s~znkrj rlt`b{j nbbn s`}}rjsslìj kjl ijflcl kjb }nr{l{` inuls{n" nbbjblflinulìj dlslcn

kjl blorl cì{nflin{l knb glzknlsf` j scl`bsj {z{{l gbl nb{rl }nr{l{l) Lb 3= glzgi` kjb 3;" ijbbn c`slkkj{{n i`{{jkjl bzigal c`b{jbbl" djcj glzs{lulnrj bli{jr` s{n{` fnggl`rj kjbbj SN !rj}nr{l knssnb{`," scl`gbljik`bj" jfni{jijik` s`b` bj SS !s~znkrj kl }r`{julìj," n bzl }l djkjbl) Dliltn bn kjf`crnuln li Gjrfniln" lilulntn bnkl{{n{zrn) @ttlnfji{j lb }nr{l{` inuls{n iì ntrjooj }`{z{` rngglzigjrj {ni{` }`{jrj li c`s }`c` {jf}` sjiì d`ssj s{n{` }jr bn}}`ggl` kl cjr{l cj{l flbl{nrl j kjbbn grnikj o`rgajsln likzs{rlnbj j ngrnrln caj" c`fjAl{bjr" tjkjtni` ijbbn }`bl{lcn js}nislìls{lcn lb dz{zr` kjbbn Gjrfniln) N {z{{` cl }jr sl fjsc`b d`rsjijbbj }rlfn t`b{n ijbbn s{`rln zi dn{{`rj iz`t`5 blkj`b`gln kl fnssn) Lb }nr{l{` kl Al{bjr jrn dliniuln{` knlrlccal fn }nrbntn n {z{{l" rn}}rjsji{ntn jddj{{ltnfji{j bn s{rngrnikj fnggl`rniun kjb cj{` fjkl`kls}jrn{nfji{j }r`{js{` n t`bjr snblrj bn calin kjbbn scnbn s`clnbj jk nbbì{ninrsl knb }r`bj{nrln{` c`fzij"}nrbntn kl sz}jrl`rl{ gjij{lcn kjbbn rnuun nrlnin j }rjkjs{linulìj flbbjinrln nbbnscjsn fìklnbj" kjb}jrlc`b` c`fzils{n j o`bscjtlc`" kl ~zjbb` jorj`) Bjornlsf` {jkjsc` jrn sjcìk` lb dzarjr zin tjrn j

}r`}rln lidjulìj caj nikntn js{lr}n{n" j ijb >= i`tjforj >


26/42


s`clnbls{l jk lb }`}`b` s}ngi`b` s{jss`) BL{nbln n szn t`b{n nkjr nb }n{{` Ni{lc`fli{jri caj" c`fj kni`fj" jrn `}}`s{` n C`fli{jri" zi jsjrcl{` li{jrinulìnbj kl t`bì{nrl s`clnbls{l t`bz{` knbbn _zssln)KjbbNi{lc`fli{jri dncjtni` }nr{j" `b{rj nbbL{nbln" Gjrfniln j Gln}}ìj j dz c`s caj sl tjiijr` n d`rfnrjzddlclnbfji{j l }rlfl kzj grz}}l kl js{rjfn kjs{rn jk js{rjfn slils{rn" `}}`s{l lkj`b`glcnfji{j drn b`r` jk`rn" zddlclnbfji{j" nicaj kn zi }zi{` kl tls{n flbl{nrj)

B` s{nblilsf`Sjoojij ngbl `ccal kl }`cal nssjiin{l l fj{`kl inul&dnscls{l sjfornssjr` orz{nbl" bn fnggl`rniun kjgbljzr`}jl tl gznrkntni` cì liklddjrjiun) S`b{ni{` li _zssln dzrì` cìkniin{l fn s`b` }jr lkj`b`glj}`bl{lcaj `}}`s{j) L fj{`kl kl S{nbli }jr nsslczrnrj caj {z{{l l fjccnilsfl kjbbn fnccalin `rgniluun{ltn }r`&rlc`s{rzulìj rzssn dziulìnssjr` iì jrni` f`b{` kltjrsl) Li Gjrfniln l cnf}l kl {`r{zrn sl calnfntni`bngjr" li _zssln gzbng) Bn _zssln dìknfji{nbfji{j iì kjslkjrntn bn gzjrrn" fn bno`blulìj kjb dnsclsf` jdz nbb`rn caj {z{{l l }nr{l{l kjb ]njsj sl zildlcnrì` s`{{` zi zilc` lkjnbj5 iì jrn }l lf}`r{ni{j }jrijsszi` s`s{jijrj bn b`{{n }r`bj{nrln ` bj rlt`bzulìl cì{r` zi sls{jfn {ni{` nz{`rl{nrl` ~zni{` dnbs`"blf}`r{ni{j jrn" }jr lb f`fji{`" nrglinrj lb dnsclsf`" }jrca b` s{jss` dnsclsf` }`{jtn lisjklnrsl li _zssln)Bn }r`}ngnikn rzssn n {nb }r`}`sl{` iì dz fji` litnsltn j }jrsznsltn kl ~zjbbn l{nblnin j {jkjscn kl ~zjgblniil)

Lb fìk` li gzjrrnLb 34 dz kzi~zj bnii` caj kljkj lb tln n {z{{l ~zjl fjccnilsfl caj ijbbnrc` kl {rj niil ntrjoojr` }`r{n{`nk zin sjcìkn" {rnglcn" gzjrrn gbònbj) K`}` jssjrj ji{rn{n n }n{{l cì bL{nbln caj gl ntjtn nggrjkl{`bJ{l`}ln Al{bjr s`ttjiulì bn gzjrrn cltlbj s}ngi`bn kn }nr{j drnicals{n jk `ccz} flbl{nrfji{j bn_jiniln" fji{rj lb Gln}}ìj sl fòlbl{ntn }jr litnkjrj bn Clin) Ijb >sj{{jforj kjb >


27/42


C>>&BN SJC@IKN GZJ__N F@IKLNBJ J BN INSCL[N KJB SLS[JFN OL]@BN_J

Crì`b`gln

Nbbnbon kjb > sj{{jforj >= glzgi`" szbbìkn kjl szccjssl {jkjscal j cì bn }r`s}j{{ltn kl zin gzjrrncaj s{jssj t`bgjik` nb {jrflij" Fzss`blil ntjtn klcalnrn{` gzjrrn n Drnicln j Grni Orj{ngin" bL{nbln ji{rntnkzi~zj li gzjrrn n dlnic` ijl inuls{l cì bn s}jrniun caj" n cìdbl{{` {jrflin{`" ntjssj }`{z{` nicaj bjlg`kjrj kl ojijdlcl {jrrl{`rlnbl) Al{bjr s{ntn }r`grnffnik` zi` sonrc` szbbls`bn orl{niilcn fn }rlfn cjrc klkjf`rnbluunrj gbl nilfl j bj rls`rsj lf}ìjik` licrjklolbl o`fonrknfji{l szbbj cl{{ }l lf}`r{ni{l }jrs{`rln j }jr }r`kzulìj likzs{rlnbj" iì`s{ni{j {z{{` bn Bzd{wnddj szoltn lf}`r{ni{l scìdl{{j knbbn d`runnjrjn orl{niilcn" bn _ND !_`|nb Nlr D`rcj, caj jrn ji{rn{n li }`ssjss` kl zi iz`t` }`{ji{lsslf` fjuu`kli{jrcj{{nulìj5 lb rnknr) ]jr lb f`fji{`" bLigalb{jrrn dz fjssn kn }nr{j" fn jrn c`fzi~zj s`bn)Ijbb`{{òrj kjb ;= Fzss`blil litnkj bn Grjcln fn bj fnb `rgniluun{j {rz}}j l{nblnij sì` c`s{rj{{j nbbnrl{lrn{n tjrs` bNboniln" caj cr`gl`bntn kl d`r{l ligbjsl) Cl scrjkl{ d`r{jfji{j bn dlgzrn kjb Kzcj j bjddj{{ltn}jrlc`b`sl{ kjbbn }`{jiun l{nblnin caj k`rn li ntni{l ntrjooj sjf}rj }l `}jrn{` li s{rj{{n c`bbno`rnulìj

c`l inuls{l) @b{rj n ~zjbb` jzr`}j` tl jrn lb drì{j ndrlcni`" n}jr{` knbbL{nbln" caj }`r{ }jr bn }rlfn t`b{n bngzjrrn nb kl dz`rl kjl cìdlil jzr`}jl) Iì`s{ni{j nbczij tl{{`rlj lilulnbl gbl l{nblnil }jrsjr` bj }l lf}`r{ni{lon{{ngblj cì{r` gbl ligbjsl }jrkjik` kl dn{{` lb C`ri` kNdrlcn8 j s`b` grnulj nbbli{jrtji{` kjbbj {rz}}j{jkjscaj gzlkn{j knb Gjijrnbj _`ffjb sl `{{jiij zin s`r{n kl }nrl{) Jrn bn }rlfntjrn kjb ;> j licì{jf}`rnijn nb{rj {rz}}j l{nb`&{jkjscaj litnkjtni` Grjcln j Ezg`sbntln" tlicjik`bj) Dz lb }jrl`k` klfnsslfn js}nislìj kjb _jlca" cì {z{{n bJzr`}n nl sz`l }ljkl sj sl jscbzkj bLigalb{jrrn zilcn rjsls{jiun jStjuln" S}ngin" ]`r{`gnbb`" Lrbnikn" Stluujrn j [zrcaln caj sl jrni` klcalnrn{j ijz{rnbl8 fji{rj li Ndrlcn bnsl{znulìj jrn noons{niun s{nolbj jk li Nsln l gln}}ìjsl s{ntni` fj{{jik` li sjrln klddlc`b{ bn Clin" litnsn)Bn sjcìkn fj{ kjb ;> sjgi litjcj blilul` kjbbn dlij" bn }nrno`bn ntjtn }rjs` bn szn klrjulìjklscjikji{j) Li js{n{j bj {rz}}j {jkjscaj lilulnrì` bn fnrcln tjrs` F`scn" ijbbZilìj S`tlj{lcn"r`f}jik` ~zjb }n{{` kl iì nggrjsslìj s{l}zbn{` kzj niil }rlfn `rnfnl rl{jiz{` sjiun }l nbczi

slgildlcn{`) Zi c`b`ssnbj s}ljgnfji{` kl z`flil j fjuul fnrcl ~znsl lili{jrr`{{nfji{j n}}blcnik` zi {l}`kl gzjrrn caj" `b{rj nbbn scìdl{{n flbl{nrj kjb ijflc`" ij rlcaljkjtn bn s{jrflinulìj dlslcn }jrcacìslkjrn{` lidjrl`rj nbbn rnuun nrlnin" c`s c`fj gbl ulignrl j gbl jorjl) Cì{jf}`rnijnfji{j slli{jisldlcntn lb bnt`r` kjbbj SS ijl {jrrl{`rl cì~zls{n{l jk `gil jorj` tjiltn kn}}rlfn c`s{rj{{` nl bnt`rld`run{l j szccjssltnfji{j zccls` ijbbj cnfjrj n gns ` ijl d`ril crjfn{`rl" jrn bn sa`na" b` s{jrflil`sls{jfn{lc` kjgbl jorjl" j nbbn dlij kjb cìdbl{{` ntjtn flj{z{` `b{rj kzj flblìl kl tl{{lfj) Ijbblitjri` kjb;> zi n{{ncc` gln}}ìjsj n s`r}rjsn szbbn onsj nfjrlcnin kl ]jnrb Anro`r !Anwnll" @cjni` ]ncldlc`, li kn{n7 klcjforj > ntjtn kls{rz{{` grni }nr{j kjbbn db`{{n ~zltl `rfjggln{n jk zccls` {rjflbn }jrsìj"bjgl{{lfnik` ~zlikl bli{jrtji{` kjgbl S{n{l Zil{l ijb cìdbl{{`) @rn" cì drì{l n}jr{l li Jzr`}n" Ndrlcn" Nsln jijgbl @cjnil j cì blf}ljg` kl cì{ligji{l }r`tjilji{l kn `gil cì{liji{j" lb cìdbl{{` ntjtn nsszi{` lb sz`cnrn{{jrj kjdlil{ltnfji{j fìklnbj) Gl knb ;? bn }nr{j kjbbnulìj jrn }nssn{n ngbl nbbjn{l" caj `rn}`{jtni` cì{nrj szbbn grnikj fnccalin kn gzjrrn nfjrlcnin" j cì{jf}`rnijnfji{j nrrltnrì` bj }rlfjtl{{`rlj) Gbl nfjrlcnil lilulnrì` bn rlcì~zls{n kjbbj ls`bj kjb ]ncldlc` }rjcjkji{jfji{j nss`ggj{{n{j nbGln}}ìj j ijb gjiinl` kjb ;3 bjsjrcl{` rzss` cì zi f`{{` k`rg`gbl` rlzsc n rlcncclnrj bj {rz}}j


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C`f}jikl` kl S{`rln kjb Fìk` Cì{jf}`rnij`" n czrn kl Jiu` Sni{lbbl lid`5 rngjPQPb`tjMbltj)l{;>

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