Pareto e Gramsci

7/27/2019 Pareto e Gramsci

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ALVARO BIANCHI

LUCIANA ALIAGA

Pareto e Gramsci:itinerrios de uma cincia poltica italiana

Anlise Social , 203, xlvii (2.), 2012issn online 2182-2999

edio e propriedadeI t tut C c S c U L b . A . P f A b B tt c u t, 9

1600-189 L b P tug . c @ c .u . t


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Anl se Soc al , 203, xlvii (2.), 2012, 322-342

Pareto e Gramsci: itinerrios de uma cincia poltica italiana.A G msc V P , sp p c m

s c mp s p s c , z m p um m u s s s u s p c s, sp sp s c u s m c s s s mu-

s s c c s p c s. Es c c -sp c p m m s m s u s s s

s : m c c p c s s s. P c um c c s c c s, ss s mp c h s-

c . G msc , p u , u um c c p c s p s c c p p c u

s c s s c mp s s s s c s mp c s c s u u sup -

s u u .P s-ch : s s; c c p c ;A G msc ; V P .

Pareto and Gramsci: Itineraries of an Italian political science.A h u h h y w k s s c p -

, A G msc V P h p M ch p c s u s h c s w h

s c s h m c c u s s h mu p c c c p s. T s s sp c y

s w h h w m p cs m h sc : h m h y p c sc c h s c- w h h s wh . P p -

p s s sc c h s m c s, u mp c , h s c s . G msc , h h h ,h u h h p c sc c c u u u h

u s h y s c h y mus c ss y p h s c s u y h s c c s h mp c h c c w s uc u sup s uc u .

K yw s: h y; I p c sc c ; AG msc ; V P .

A B ch ch @ .c m. D p m C c P c , U s Es u C mp s.

Luc A u @u c mp. U s F - c s.


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ALVARO BIANCHI

LUCIANA ALIAGA

Pareto e Gramsci:itinerrios de uma cincia poltica italiana

Os s s G M sc V P scu s c s u um c h c m s p c u s s

p c cu m m c s u c c p cs ss scu . F u m , pu c p M sc sElement d

Sc enza Pol t ca, m 1898, p c m p m p ss p mss c c (B , 2002, p. 285). M s s m sm s c s c p M sc

u Sulla eor ca de Govern e Sul Governo Parlamentare , 1884. Ess p s m p c u m m M sc Pp s, u m c s p scu xx -s p c

p c c c Es c , u pc (A , 1985, p. 303).

C s u um c c p c s c , m m, pu s, c s p s s u mp , m s mu ,

s s um s c s c c p u s p . C m ss p c c s c m s s p s m p c

m s p c p m . E m s s s cm s u m um sp s u : sm s

s p s m G. W. H u su u s m m cu u Np s c m s c

p G m s V c , c p s s s sp Au us C m H Sp c , u m I z m

ju c (dem, pp.303-305).O sm s c fu c m sp c s

u s p u m p um c z m p p s cu u c c m u m s um

p c . O Es , ss p sp , c c c m


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324 ALVARO BIANCHI E LUCIANA ALIAGA

c u sc p ss u ss c s s c c . P p B

Es p c s s c c p p , su su s cs u s sp s s s s, u m um m c c mumsp s s s s (Sp , 1904, p. 159). A

p s m h p s m s B S Spu um c u fu c u m p s m

p c .Num u p , c m s c p s s . Es p

s h s p cp u p ssu um c, u s s p s m c sc

u c c m c Es m . C u , s s s ss c p m u c h

s c s m um m s c ,Ge st u Esp , u s c , s p s s s s m

S u R A , c c m-s usc s c s p ms p m : A u z s m s c s s m

u u s s u s ss m s, u ch m m s, p p c u u c (A , 1882, p, 75). A p

u sm s m h c m p um

ss m h u u u su m s u s m s u p ss (A , 1886, p. 246) p p s ss s s s c cu s s c s s s

1985, p. 305).P m , m c u p c p c m m p um ss m ju c . N I

c ju c c s u u -s h m c m sN s c , Es m m um c p u p

p c c c um s c s m ss m c m um ss m Es (A , 1985, p. 305-306). A c c Es , ps s p p m c c ju c , s , s u mp s c s . Um u j u s p s c m u m c mum um c c c cu s su s z s um p c sp c c m(A , 1985, p. 325).

As j s M sc P u m s sm

c M u m p s um u u c s. A s m s s p c s su c c u sp -s u m s s s mu m s c s , u u um p


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PARETO E GRAMSCI: ITINERRIOS DE UMA CINCIA POLTICA ITALIANA 325

u p m u c c p c u m z -s m c c s . P A c m M sc P c ss c

sm c u -s , p ss m scu xix scu xx, c mc u , u c um mu c

s s sp cu s p c s p s m p c (A , 19P s u , M sc P u m um pp u m m c c m s u s s I u p s

z u, m u u m s u -p cus u s cu u s, mp , ss m, s c s m

u c c z m p s s u s scu xix xx (A , 1985, p. 323).

O p c c M sc P c -s justeor a das el tes, u c s s m p s m s

um m ss p ss s z , s , s p s, c m um c . O c mum c c c

m m sm mp um c s p s m s (M c , 1990, p. 11; Hu hp. 253). S u Bu h m, c c sup s s sm ss , u m s c ss u s p ssu s u , u

u M u j h (Bu h m, 1943, pp. 59-61). O u sus

u s p s m u um mp c , m s c s s p s p ss s: p p mm c u s mp sm u s u m um m mp s s s c , m s, s u u s u

s p s s u p m cup- s s h u ss p u . O sp c s u m u s u s s p . A c c s c m , p , s

(Bu h m, 1943, p. 58). N s p sp , ss m c m s s us s u

M u sus u s s f um c u mp c .A h M u um p u m p s

c p c m I . N s -s m s A G msM c , u s um p cp s m M u s p c p s p s c c p

M sc , P G msc m c p s mc c m s c . E c D M s, p mp , m u u c

c c c m m , u m m M sc s u mp s c c s u c N c u M usm s p p s m c m u pc (apud M c , 1990, p. 7).


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C m A G msc , s m h u s s m s z p s m M sc P , ps c sm s u-s p m c c c p c ,

p m c pu m p c . N s s , m s s s m s u s s p c s p c mu s

um c c c c c m c c p c c , C c P M sc (C , 1976, p. 157). A c s u ss c c c c

G msc s s us c mp s -s , ss m , um mpch p c mp s s u p s m p c . N s

c s u c m V P sp s m s c c p c s s

CINCIA DAS UNIFORMIDADES SOCIAISE FILOSOFIA DA PRXIS

N m u scu xx m u c p m I um m m u p s s . F s s c m m s A s s s B C c G G cup

c ss m m . P S u Hu h s, c p s p s s u s Au us C m s H Sp

p s c c p scu c mp mm m s s s c c s u s um m c s ms s c 1890: s c m u s s m s z ju sp u u u scu p c h s(Hu h s, 1979, p. 37).

R ch B my c s u u M sc P z m p j m s mp c s m s c s p s sm , p s

ps c hum c um mp sm c u u p u

s s u m s s u s p c s (B my, 19M s c c p s s p s m p cp m s s u mp c s c c p c , p c s M sc , p mp , j m s u su p s s s p

ss m scu s s us p p s p ssup s s s c s. P , z, p h u c m p s sm s s u m s u m s u p s p c p c s s

m s c c s u s s p c s c

c c m u (F m , 2006, p. 16). A p ss u um p c ss p u m m c u crattato d Soc olog a Generale um p s s p m s

p s m c s um u u c m s m s p


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J s p m s p s rattato d Soc olog a Generale su m m s c mp , cuj p m 1916 u

c u u ju s m c p s sm C m . P s u m , s s, s p u

p cp s c s c m s m s s, s u s s pm s p mu h p s s s u s p ss c

c s. S s s h p s s s m c c m s c s c cc s, u s s s m c c m s (t, . 1, 42

N ss s , m u c mp mp c , s , s su s p cp s m s sc s c c s, p

c c s p m u s h m s scu m s su s s p cp s (dem).

D s c c s m u c s p s u m : s s c s c s. As s c s m c ss c s c m u s u p

c sp c m s s c c s m s s c mm j m , s , s u m, su j

m , s c m p c [ c ] (t, . 1, 150, p. 65). As m c ss c s c m - c s, u s c u s

c s. C ss c um c m - c s c c hsc c u u s p p m

p c m s su mp .3

c ss sc cu , p u , m s c p s c s ssp s, s , c m c m s p s sp

h m s. O p m sp s j , s u , su j (t, . p. 64). A u , m sm u s s s u s

c s, s h m s m c mu p um c s su s s. P , ss , su h u u mp

m c , s s c , s s m s, ss m c m s c s

c s s m m c s su j s s s (t, . 1, 157, p. 7s z , ss m s u s u s s u mm um m c , m s m su j m , c sc c N s s , P p pu h um s u c s c u s -

s u s.

2 P s mp c c m s P rattato d Soc olog a Generaleu z , s u um c , p p .

3 P p ss c m s u mp , p s m h s s, P ss m m m s u m c s p (t, . 1,

Es p ssu um c s u c , m s j m m u p p .


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A c c c - p m s j j c c u .4 s s c c s m s -

s c m s c s s m u susc c s p p m , s s c c s s c s u ss

m s c u s s m . C m ss p ps , P z u um c ju s m c s p u s p s

u m u s s c c p s s c s.5 O c mp , p c hum c c , p

um c ju c s p ss s c h c m m s m sm s, mc m s u s j s, s m c s su j . P s m c c um c c s c z p

, c s c ss c h c m s u u u c s ,

m , um c u um , m s m um c u , s m p c c s s m hum a pr or u

rattato p pu h -s sc s c s, c ss c- s, s u su sc s u m s ( s) s su s s (t, . 1, 145, p. 63A c c m s c u s z p s s u s

p c p h p G msc , u cus u s sQuadern p s m s c s , c m m m m s c m

m s. Es p s m s c c mp m p um

c p c m p s s , c s u p c c u B C c h c m s s. F p m ss u u G msc s c c u um c

p s c u m u s p s c m PP G msc , c h c m s s p c s s m

s p m s c mp s s u m m h s c . S ss m, c c p c

c p s c p c ( c c c

(q13, 10, p. 1568).6

C u M u s u u s pc m c c u m , u p m s uum c c s s m c (c c s u ) mu m

s p s (dem). G msc ch m u p c ss

4 L c s c u m uz c s u c s s u c s s s. O j p m -s s s

m , c m p m . A c c p m p u s p c c m m c s s p p s s. Um p p s u c mp u u p p c c c (A , 2000, p. 375).

5 S s p cp s m c s P c su 69 rattato (t, . 1, pp. 26-29).6 P s mp c c m s G msc sQuadern del Crcereu z Q, s u p p c .


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c mp s s s m s u p c m sup c s c u c s s c s u z s (S m , 1977, p. 60

c ss c mp s s mp c s c -p c s c s c u s p u p s s c .

A s p s p m s s c m c c u s , u s c c s s h s ,

c m , s c m um u c (q11, 33, p. 1448). N s su j c p ssup s c m u m

p s c mp s c s u m mR u , p , s m s

c ju s m u s s m. Is p u c m su c c c p s c m

s m s ss c su s p s s s.S u G us pp P s p (2004, p. 55), p ss c G msc s us s c : c m m , u c c m

s c , c m s s c u c c mp s s u cu h s . N p m s , u z -s c Ensa o

Popular N k Bukh , c u u u c s uc c s p s s s s s c : s p , c ss cz s s, u s z s c c s u s.7 Qu sp

m m c c p m s c c s hum s, m c c c s u z mpu c s m s p m m p c ss h s c . Ess m c c s

c p z c p c mp m c s s h s c s, us su s c s, u um c c uc

h s .8 N s s , mp sm u sup s m p cm s su c c , -s um m s c

m u c ss . O c m mp -

m m su p c sup c . S G msc , p s sm ssum um p p m c m 9

7 N Quadern 11, G msc ps um p u c c m u pu c p ch u m 1921 ( . m m Bukh , 1977).

8 A s Ensa o popular ( u h mp c ) p s ch m um sp s s , um p c m s m s s c c s s cA c us , p s u s u , m , u m

c h s c (q11, 14, p. 1403).9 S sm sp cu c c s c s s sa pr or sp ,

s , um m s -h s c s , s mp c Ensa o popular umsm , s u s c c s c ss c s mp c s

c s sp cu s, s s -h s c s u s s (q11, 14, p


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O m p s s s u G msc c c c c c mp s u s s, h s c s s, u s, u m s, c m u s c m V P G M sc , c m um m u pu s p m p c p sIs ss m h -s um s h s p sp s, u sc s h u m h s c c ss ss

s c c s u z su c p c p s p s mc c . A m p sp c c c c

u u s c , su c ss usc c us p mc us s c us s (q11, 15, pp. 1403-1404). P G msc , ,

p ss p c c m p s u , m s m m s c c s (dem). O u p cu u m s , ss m, u m

c c p p c f m m u sms p s c mp s s c s, m s

p s u su .As s c s m c u m m h s s m

u s u s s, um z u hu s m -s - c u m m u (dem). A u s -

u m s s s c c s uu c s m m z s, s , p m s p s s s

s s s c s) s s s c c s hum s, cuj c cu , m sum , p c m hum . N s c p ss p s h s c s p p s p u s c u c c m p c su

N u s p s, p s -s , p , c m cc h c m , m s c m p ss s s u s z, p c c c (dem). Es p c s m s u

sp c G msc , u s j , c , c m

u p c .P u , u c p s sm , c s u Bukh , p c u s c c s hum s , p cu

c c p c , c ss m um m p p s mp s m s s c c s u s up juz p c h c m s s s c s, p s m

u p uz m m um c , s p (dem). Is u zu s um p m .10 Um c c p c s p

10 D -s s c u s m s u m c s um c c m , u m s s u m c m s m u s c c ,


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s c c p p c u s c s c mp s s s s c s (q11, 15, pp. 1405-1406). Es

s s c s s mp c c s uc ss s su c s/ s p u ) sup s u u (

s s).11E s u um up mp c s u u u u . Is , m sm m m u m m

u ) um s s m s c (sup s u u ) c sps s m u s , - . C s u p

s sup s u u s, su , p c s j s p c m m s s m s h s c s. P u

s c s j s p sup um m s c

u m c m s m m um cm s ss s p ss p m p c . S ss m, z

c s up s su s s um m c ss p u s m s s c ss m su c p fp c ss s m s c . N s p c ss cu m-s ,

c , s , p c h s (q10, 2, p. 1241).Os s s m s s c s s m c ss m s um m

h s c , p s s m s s m s s c s u

s c (q11, 62, p. 1487). E s s m c c s h s m c m m s p u s supm s: s c c mu u s j -h s c . A

c m c c mu , um z m m m h s m c c m m , f -s s h m s,

c s m su p c . Is , p c , c m h s , -s - p s m s mp s s p s u u

s mu . C u , s p s s mu s

m m h s p c . N ss s , z

c m um c . Ac u s p z p um s p c - h um m p , sc h p u u s su s u s u s c , um u c s h u m m c mum c m

(q11, 15, p. 1404).11 G msc s s sQuadern p Pre c o contr -bu o crt ca da econom a polt ca 1859, M . D z u : c ss m -s m s p cp s: 1) u hum s c s p s p cuj s

s m s c s c ss s su c s, u u p m s s j m p c s s ; 2) u hum s c s ss p s

s u s h m s s s m s mp c s s su s (q13, 17, p. 1579).


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p c um h s , h s um p c [] h s p h s c mp , s , p c . p c s , c

sc uz p c G msc h s . Apc s , p c h s , s uz hum s s p m (P zz , 1967, p. 114).

S u P , h um s u c c p p m c u u z s c (A , 2000, p. 379). N su , c c p c p c m c mp s s p s hum

c mp c c sp p m s p c s. Qu u c p c s c c h u j s

p u , u h um c sh s . mp ss s p - s, p s c mp s s s c

c h c s m su c mp . N s sm s s u - s u m s c c s p uz m s u um .12 P p ss c -

c c m um cu , s p m p s c um u c u p u , s

(Z , 1990, p. 268).

GOVERNANTES E GOVERNADOS

Em 1901, V P pu c uLes systmes soc al stes, u p -s u um c c s s p c s. A su p s u s p p c s p cp s s s c , s

s u u z j p s s uCours d conom e pol t que.S u m , m ss cu c su c

s u c c s c s s c s ps c c s s hum , , p u , c m s sc h s s p s h m s c m s

c c s c s c m s s cu s u c m p p us u s p c m p c . Cu s s m s p s m u s c c s c s c m c , mus cm , c., m s s m sm s u s cup m s m sm s p s

s u s. As p s s cup s s cu s s u

12 P s m c su q19 5. N , G msc s p u cR sorg mento, s u s s G M sc :Sulla eor ca de Govern e Sul Governo Parlamentare , 1884. O u sQuadern cu um spc c ss c ,p cu sc c u u s u s s c s s, sp

u c , s m s c mp m s c m p c . P ss s c m : s s s s s u u c s s


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s u p p c u s c s m, u mu p m s: As c ss s ssuper oress , m , m m s

m s c s. Ess s c ss s c s u m umel te, um ar stocrac a (P , 1974,p. 131).

C m s , c c s c p ss p P ms c s s c s p s m um u m : A c s

c ss s u m s c s u u m sm(P , 1974, p. 184). P s m , s c L us chc s um c p ss c mp h s c : s hum s f -s - m s s c , m s s mp s,

s sup s c mum s s, um s s c m s s (t, . 3, 2047, p. 260). A s

u s u s um s sup , s s, u s u s um c m s s c p c s um c z s u u c p c p up s c

19--, p. 21).Em m ss rattato p um c m , p c s u p ss (t, . 3, 2028, p. 256), s

ss m c m p c , jus m um c c c p c sel te.Ch m u p p P s j um sup s

h m s, , u m m hum s u c u um c u u su c p c , m s u m s c m s s p s s m s s m s um sc (t, . 3, 2027, p.

E, s u , p um s s s c mum u s c m s s p s su s h

u u s u m s c s m s s s m s su c m m c ss (el te) (t, . 3, 2031).O j P rattato um s el te.

Em m s u um z ss c s l te s p s z s s, s s s u s c u m m s s . O mss u s c . D ss m , P ju c ss

s u s u su l te m u s p s, p um u s u , u m , m p c s u m classe ele ta de

governo, s s c ss - . (t, . 3, 2032, pF s c ss u su c u ps m c cu c ss (c rculat on des l tes), u s j ,

s s s u c m up s s.O m c cu s s sc p P c u h s (c . p. . P , 1974, p. 149 t, . 3, -2341, pp. 467-475). O c u s s


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ss c c c m um c c s c u m m s s mmp c m c mu u -h s c ss s up s s

s c c s u m, sc u P mLes systmes soc al stes, m-m, rattato (P 1974, p. 131 t, . 3, 2053, p. 262). A c c

ss s s c c s s m s u m s p , m m su s m . EmLes systmes soc al stes u p c m

um s c us s ss c c , m s m m p z us p s s c c p c ss m

s s s sc m s, m s m m s mc mp m, s s c c s p m s s c m

s s m s ch s (P , 1974, p. 132).A c cu s s u m -s c p c

m -s , s , su c p c c pc m s m s. A c cu s

m s , s u , c , scsc (Bus , 19--, p. 21). A m s s s

s m ss s s u s c c , u s c u s c , p s s s p c ss

u c m s s m . Um c cu s s c p c up u m p

s mu s m s s s u s u sup s c ss s su s (P , 1974, p. 133. C . 3, 2055, p. 263).

Ess p c p c p p sel tes c msu um su up s u s p c

s s s (c . t, . 3, 2055-2059, p. 263; A , 2000, p. 418). A c c ss c m u s cumu ss m m

p ssu m c p c c ss p m - p

u u m us , u s s s s cm s u p ssu m ss c p c u u s m sp sc m (t, . 3, 2057, p. 263). M s um u mp c um su

s s s s u s. O c f s s s mp um c f

u p (B , 1994, p. 30). S u u rattato : m s u s s u s s s s s s

s p s u s s s s sup s, p u s s s s

c u s s p p p h (t, . 3, 2058, p. 263).E , p , um c s s c u c m us c u um u . E c h c sel tes P , m

c m c ss p c p s p M sc s s usElement d


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Sc enza Pol t ca.13 Ass m c m mu s, m s s p m u m s c c s M sc P , m h s c h c ss

s. O us s p ss sel te c ss p c sQuadern c m s . C , , c m u s u

m s. A s p c ss m c p j msc s h s s c u s mp p c mp

p p msc ss s c c s. P m s s , m c ss p c M sc s c c us c m . O c c el te P , p su z, s u

[s m h ] p m h s c s u s s c (q8, 24, p. 956).

A p m s c c s c ss p c c c

c u , G msc p m u um mp s mu s P . A p m p p c mp p

p p c , u mp u sElement mm s p c s c c c ss p c (q8, 52, p. 972). M s mc c p s P , m ss s

s , R M ch s, u z c c el te ch p s u s us s p s p c s. A us c um f s s p

c s M sc sc um c c u s c

p ss p c um Es , u u s m c uu p m s s m p s . P , p su z, mc ss s el te el te m ss m

Les systmes soc al stesc c s u c s m , c m c c um z u ss s c u s u c s s p

s c m , c c - s m z s s.

E p m p p c u p u , p G

c um c ss p c u p ss ss um mz . E p m m sel tes, s c u s s c ss s su -s, u m s s h m m . Ess um p

P , u c s sel tesc m p s c c s c s s c s ps c c s u p m m s u - s s hUm um c m s p s c p G msc , u

m m u z hum p s m Mc m u u p s s s s s w sm s c

13 S u V G , m M sc h s c ss G msc c u c ss u c su u u su p

(q, p. 2782). D P , G msc p ssu um cp Fatt e eor e(F z , V cch , 1920).


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s P . C p , m P c p um h m m c , s , c h s c um

c z , uc um c ss p c u j m c ( dem).

E ss c h s c -p c u G msc s c pu h m s u -p s s, m sc ss u

s s ss um p c . Ess sc c , m sm , c m p p u s p ssum c c p c . S su s u M ch . E m

c sc u G msc : O m u m u s m s s, s s. c c

c s s s m s c p m , u ( m c s c

A m ss s s s u p h s u m s u : u u s p c m

N h m P um u s p c p p m , uc m sel tes. M s u s p c c m

m G msc . F m s m h s s um s c c p c . M s m c m u j ? R sp

p u um p m ss u m p G msc :

N m s s, u m p m ss : p -s u s mps s u p -s c s c s s u s c ss

s s p ? Is , p -s p m ss s p p u c -s u p s um c h s c , c sp c s c s?p. 1752].

m-s u ch p c c G msc P u sQuadern , ss s um mu ,

u z hum s m p u s u s c c s, u s m h s m s s up s s c . Es mp s h s c p c p m c uz

um p c u s c cu sel tes m m m s .C m s c m , p P s um p m c c

u s c . A c cu sel tes, c c z p um pu m s s up um s s

s s up s s s s m um s

, u s c u s s s c s. A u u L us z ss m s c , p , c m s p sc . A c cu sel tes s p s um

c . S um c s j .


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G msc u ss m s c su s sO s m sm u u-s cu u p c u

s n stra stor ca A s D p s, c p s sm s s p ss s s sestra stor ca 1882, m

um c m m m u mp u p c p s m s c s P m .14 A p m z u G msc u z u

p ss s c ss el tes s s usQuadern , jus m , pscu m s m sm P Az :

Os m s c u m P Az m sm p s s m sm p ss p c ss ; p c[18]70 h j c c z p s m sm , s , p classe

d r gente s u s s p s m s p s 1848, c m s s m s s, s c ss s s c m s m s. A p c

sp c m , u s sel tes s c ss s m s p uz c p - s s p p mp c . P -s -s s um h m p

s G s p c s c s m c m p u s p p c u h m p c . D p c p c c s s u ss p m u u p ss R sorg mento

m s m s s u s c u, u s m u [ u

p ss s u p ss . Cu c ] [q1, 44, p. 41. I c s ss s].

O s m sm , s m , u s sel tes s p su . M s ss , p G msc , um s c sm m u c s u s u s p c s s u s s p c ss u

c , u s j , m m u u s u s u, u s m u s c , s p m s p

s. A m u ssum u h m p c ss sel tes -

s, u p ss , p u , z u s m s m m u s .15 A s s s c ss ssu s up m , p c cu sel tes, c mc s u c p ss sm ss s c ss s su s.

R mp c m p ss sm s s c ss s um p m u pp s . S u G msc , um z u s m

s s, s s, u s p

14 N s p s s s F c sc C sp G G ss p c s c u . P h s s m sm . R (1998), S V (2004).

15 S c c msc u p ss . B ch (2006).


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m m m m s u p s s c . (q15, 4, p. 1753). M s p p p s p uz -s - c m um c c c . C m , , c cp s p c m s s u ? A u s p s m

c c z sp s s p s m s m zz s j s m s. P sup s

s, s s s s s p . C s c s p c s p

s s s c , m m, cus p cp c us ch s.G msc p c , s p , um c c s sm

p s ch s u s c s s m s s s mp sm p

s ju m jus s c s m p G msc c s mp c um h c m s c s m s

s c c s s (dem).16 -s um h c m s p u puz m p s s s s c s m scu . Q

s p s z m h s sm u c ? C m h , G msc m U Sm c u s m c . M s ss m c u

u sc u C m C P C mu s U S

m 1926, u u su m p cu ss c m sm m u z ss m s c ss s (G mscpp. 461-462).

CONCLUSO

A G msc c m s s P m c p pc s u u s um s m u

c mum s sm sp s p um s s m c s s c c p u s.17 E , sp s s, sm m u s u p u s s u s. P

c s , G msc um c mu s uc . C u , Z , c ss s c p s s m p

16 R c Lu C , m ch I c m sup m 1914 1917. C h c p su s s p s s m s s uss c m u s p s s, m 1917, hum h m C p

us - m s (c . . G msc sp C m q, p. 259).17 F cch (1999, p. 16) m s m c s u G msc s s m um m sm c c , u c s s sm m c c , s u

mp um u p s . V. m m G (1967, p. 201).


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c ss s c s p m p m h s c A c ss m p s s mp um m s z c s , u m c p s c (Z , 1990, p.

s z , s c mp c m u s s s p ss c m. F s s u s m u u u G msc

u m p s sm M u , s m mp hmu um c c p c . A u z s su s p c

p m h s c m, c s s, u c p m c .

Em m s s u s z ss m s s s, s c s u c s c s p c s ss

mu s m u s c s s p s s. C m s p u c m

p u p uz um c c s uG msc , p u , p cu u s um s h s c

m s p c s. O c c ss s u s c f s s s p s s p s s sm

s u s m c m p s m p c s c xix c xx. E u p m s p uz u um m - p m c m s c c s , s u z

h s c s u u p cu u sc

P u , s c c -p c G msc P-s p s s s m s s ps s h s . A s s, s m , c

c m c mp c p s m s G msc P . p ss L us , s s

m h s p s s c s u p c su h ps hum u s u p ssu m c p c s

u s u p ssu m c ss s m s. E u

G msc , s c h s c s s s p s c c f s c p c h s .18P s s u s s p s m p c c mp , c s u

c c c p c c m m u s ssum u pm s Es s U s, P G msc p m s c m

p s. P m s uc z ss c c m c , s -s , m I , um s . As

18 A s -s u z hum , m s s cm m u , m s jus m ss s c m u h p mc m ss p s m c s u- s m um s p s.


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s s m s s p ss s: sm m u s . Um p c u cus c f c m s u j c c

. R s - p ju sup s mp ss s c cc mp .

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