La Storia Della Chiesa, Medioevo, J. Lortz §§35-39

8/16/2019 La Storia Della Chiesa, Medioevo, J. Lortz §§35-39

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e k l e s i i s S u a s a u k u n e e b i s

i s t o r i a

I periodi

Suasaukuneebis saZirkvlebis

formirebaevangelizacia da pirveli saeklesio mowyoba

axali xalxebisa dasavleTSi.

merovingTa era

§ 35. momavlis ori ZiriTadi Zala: frankebi da papoba.grigol didi

I. frankTa eklesia

1. im germanuli tomebidan, romlebmac daikaves romis imperiisteritoriebi, erTma imarjva da sakuTari saelm!ifos "e#mniT Tavisi gavlena

gaavrcela. eseni i$vnen frankebi. orma garemoebam "eu!$o amas eli: a%frankebi &fri'ebTan da bavarebTan erTad% i$vnen erTaderTi germanuli tomebi,romlebic, i$vnen ra u"ualo me'oblebi romis imperiisa &sva ufro "oreulgermanuli tomebisgan gansvavebiT%, gadnen misi memkvidreebi na!ilobrivm"vidobiani "e(!eviT, na!ilobriv ki brZolebiT) maT, ase vT#vaT, ar mou!iaTsakuTari sam"oblos mitoveba. b% ma"in, roca sva germanelTa umravlesoba#ristianobas e'iara jer arianuli formiT, frankebma Tavidanve mii(es misikaTolikuri forma. aman misca maT "esaZlebloba "er!$moda romaelebisadgilobriv mosaleobas, romlebic i$vnen kaTolikeni. am aucilebeli #ristianulierTobis ar#ona gada erT*erTi mi'e'i, ris gamoc arianuli #ristianulisaelm!ifoebi daecnen.

+. a% frankTa samefos damaarsebeli i$o merovingi lodvigi &-1-+*511%,salis frankTa erTerTi mTavari, romlebic binadrobdnen d(evandeli belgiis

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merovingTa dap$robebi uco mi!eb"i i4reboda, unda "eecvalaT epar#iuligana!ilebac.

Tumcki erovnuli eklesia iurisdi#ciulad arsebiTad i'olirebuli i$o, igi aremu#reboda sa#ristianos moralur erTianobas: mfarvelTa "es!avlamgamoavlina !m. petresa da moci#ulTa kultis farTo gavrceleba galia"i

gvianantikursa da frankTa ana"i. erovnulma eklesiam icoda rom valdebuli i$odaecva moZ(vrebis erTianoba.

gare aketilobas "eesabameboda mtkice "inagani !esrigi, mefeTaavtoritaruli elmZ(vanelobiT, romlebic amgvarad, erTis mriv baZavdnen Zvelromael da a(mosavlel imperatorebs, meore mriv ki misdevdnen Zvelgermanul adaTebs &tomis kulti da me2s m(vdloba%. mefe i!vevda samefosa

Tu merovingTa erovnul krebebs, igi adgenda kamaTis sagans da adgenda!esebs, Tavisi survilisamebr mTeli samefosaTvis savaldebulo kanonebad.vestgotebis samefoebis mdgomareobisagan gansvavebiT frankebisepiskopatma ver "eZlo sasamarTlo Tu sva sa'ogadoebriv organi'm'e farTo'egavlenis mopoveba. amis miuedavad eklesiam (irs"esani"navi gavlenamoadina sa'ogadoebriv covreba'e Tavisi socialur*sa#velmo#medosa#mianobiT, Tav"esafris u0ebiT &damna"ave romelic Tavs "eafarebdaeklesias, ver daisjeboda 2'ikurad, an sikvdilis sasjeliT% da im !vliliT rac man"eitana mi!is monaTa gaTavisu0eba"i.

sasuliero pirad gadoma "esaZlebeli i$o molod me2s an gra2snebarTviT, rac, cadia, saTaves i(ebda sagadasaado Tu samedro intereseb"i.kidev ufro mni"vnelovani i$o episkoposTa investitura franki mefeebis mridan,rac Tavad lodvigis epo#a"i i(ebs saTaves. arevani sam(vdeloebisa damor!mune erisa, rasac moiTovda krebebis dadgenilebani, ar i$o gamoriculi,magram es i$o molod !inadadeba, romelic mefes "eeZlo "ee!$narebina an

uare$o.grigol turselis ivilidan ans, rom $ovelive ama"i i$o simoniisakenmidrekileba, vinaidan, ise kandidati, rogorc amomrevlebi sa'ogadode"urebodnen me2s keTilgan!$obis mopovebas, Zvirfasi Z(venebiT. mefes"eeZle episkoposis dani"vna pirdapirac da am "emTveva"i misi arevanierdeboda "irad saero pireb'e, iseve rogorc saeklesio #onebis mini4ebacsa'ogadod emorileboda mudam politikur motivebs. amboben, maglaiTad, romilperiis mefobisas molod cotaodenma sam(vdelom mii(o saepiskoposoarisi.

b% am (rma damokidebulebis gaTvalis!inebiT, arc episkoposTa rea#cia

mefeTa mridan eklesiis marTvis !inaa(mdeg $o2la erTiani. !inaa(mdegoba,rac arasdros am#rala, ver "ekav"irda serio'ul opo'iciad, rac ganpirobebulia,arc Tu mcired, im fa#tiT, rom frankTa mefeni * Tu medveloba"i ar mivi(ebTilperi I*is mcdelobas * ar areulan r!menis problemebis sfero"i.

samagierod, aravin 2#robda eklesia"i me2s po'iciis e4v#ve" da$enebas,maTi fun#ciebi a(#muli i$o rogorc eklesiis dacva, rac miineoda aramolodme2s u0ebad, aramed mis movaleobadac. episkoposebi amas ar jerdebian,rodesac, rogorc orlean"i 511 !els "ekrebili krebis mamani, a#eben lodvigismRvdlur suliskveTebas, an, rogorc remi reimseli, romelsac argumentadmo$avs me2s instru#ciebi, rogorc r!menis gamavrceleblisa da damcvelisa,romelsac ekuTvnis morileba. mefe ildeberts venancio fortunato u!odebs8mel#isedeki veni, mefe da m(vdeli9, romelmac, 8rogorc saerom a(asrulasa#me sar!munoebisa 9.

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meores mriv episkopati ar $o2la me2s monurad morili el#veiTi.sinodebi aa"karaveben mefeTa codvebs da episkoposma germane pari'elma

Tavad mefe aribertic ki gankveTa, imis gamo rom colad moe$vana(mrTiv"e!iruli mona'vnada(kvecili.

bunebrivia, rom me2s Zalau0ebisa da didebis kritikam maleve "ei'(uda

Tavi, rogorc amas gvidasturebs grigol turseli: 8Tu erTi vengani moisurvebssimarTlis g'is mitovebas, "en mas "eni"vnas miscem. magram, Tu "en"ege"ala g'a, vin gagkicavs ven "en gelaparakebiT, magram "en $ursugdeb molod imas, risi smenac gsurs... 9.

TviT papi grigol didic ki ;moergo< am garemoebas, rodesac otbiTa da#ebiT savse !erilebi mis!era ulmobelsa da sastik dedofals bruneildas, raTa igidasTanmeboda mas frankTa eklesiis reforma'e.

. lodvigis, mis "vilTa da "vili"vilTa dros frankTa erovnuli eklesiismdgomareoba ganviTarda, saerTo jam"i, dadebiTad. magram memkvidreebma,da!$ebuli dagobertidan &6 73/%, ve(ar "einarunes saTanado sima(le.

a% uTanmoebani da uunaroba &mag.: mmarTvelobis primitiuli formebi%i!vevs aramolod frankTa samefos, aramed agreTve misi eklesiis Zlierdakninebas,. marTalia kvlavac arsebobda umravles "emTveva"i epar#iebismo!$obis suraTi, romauli epo#is danatovari. magram 'omoTsenebulmatendenciebma uar$o2Tad imo#medes: sakrebulos &Temis% suliskveTebisa damTeli sakrebulosadmi msaurebis nacvlad arajansa(i saiT Tavs iens egoi'mi.monastrebis, saepiskoposoebisa da samrevloebis sa'iano Zarcva gavrceldafriad, me2dan da!$ebuli saeklesio #onebis umcires arendatoramde&!vrilmanebi "dr. § 3/%.

frankTa saelm!ifos amo$alibebis period"i eklesia i$o udidesi 'neobriviZala, romelic gamovlinda upirveles $ovlisa im 'egavlena"i, rac episkoposebma =&!mida, sam(vdlo asiaTi, Zveli tradiciebis !armomadgenlebi, administraciismcodneni, #velmo#medeba% i#onies adgilobriv mosaleoba'e. merovingebssurdaT am Zalis saelm!ifos, ese igi sakuTar samsaur"i a$eneba. Tavsienda Zal'e realuri sa"i>"roeba saeklesio saidumloTa da saarebis#adagebisaTvis. magram problema upirveles $ovlisa ama"i mdgomareobda:saepiskoposo msaureba a(esruleboda Tu ara aucilebeli religiuri da misioneruli

Tavisu0ebiT.

b% is fa#ti, rom Tavdapirvelad am sa"i"roebas orci ar "eusams saifaTo

proporciebis mi(ebiT, unda umadlodes saepiskoposo msaurebis gagebas,romelic romaelTa epo#idan momdinareobda. ?II s*is dasa!$is"i merovingTasamefos gaZlierebam "e#mna, mokle niT, frankTa eklesiisaTvis elsa$relisituacia. mo!veul i#na sinodebi neistria"i, avstria"i, burgundia"i. udaod,$vela'e mni"vnelovani amaTgan i$o 71 !lis sinodi, reformis mni"vnelovanikanonebiT, romlebic "eeeboda, svaTa "oris, episkoposTa kanonikur arevas,rac, garkveuli drois manZil'e, TiT#os gatarda kidec covreba"i, ra T#ma undame2s mridan aprobaciis aucileblobis e4v#ve" da$enebis gare"e. am aneb"iZal'e mravlad i$vnen !midanebi, romelTa sulieri a("enebis Zalac vermie!ereba, ra T#ma unda, molod frankTa eklesias &"dr. §3/%.

frankTa eklesiis daknineba, rac mo$va samefos da(masvlas dagobertissikvdilis "emdeg, gagrZelda mTeli saukune. a(mosavleTis samefo"i#ristiani'aciisa da evangeli'aciis procesi "eerda &"dr. §3@%) fri'ebi, politikuri

Tavisu0ebis mopovebiT, sruliad daubrundnen !armarTobas.

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g% aali politikuri gaZliereba unda umadlodes msaurTuucesT,maordomebs, da upirveles $ovlisa ki pipin eristalels &6 @1% da mis vas karlosmartels &6 @1%. magram eklesiis mdgomareoba mcired#ristian karlos martelis#ve", "ei#na Zlier #aoturi, $ovelgvari u!esrigobebiT &saeklesio #onebis

dataceba Tavis aristokrati politikuri mokav"ireebis sasargeblod. karlos marteliserTma naTesavma mii(o ruenis saepiskoposos garda pari'isa da beiossaepiskoposoebi da !m. vandrilisa da umieis saabatoebi, rogorcepiskoposebisa da abatebis laici'aciis "edegi%. !esrigis a(dgena da eklesiis"inagani reformis elis"e!$oba dara mis "vilTa iniciativasTan erTad &jer misi(mrTismosavi vai karlomani, romelic mogvianebiT "evida monaster"i, da"emdeg pipini% mTavari davaleba anglosa#sonTa eklesiis misionerTaTvis.

II. papoba

1. ?I da ?II ss*is areulobiTa da omebiT savse m!uare ami, rodesacsa'(vrebi ganu!$vetliv adgils icvlida da karsmomdgar germanelTa 'e!ola daiara(is ma sul ufro Zlierad ismoda italia"i, romisaTvis Zal'e Zneli i$ordiloeT"i mcovreb kaTolikeebTan konta#ti. amitom urTierToba i"viaTi i$o.eklesiis uZlevi Zalis efe#turi ni"ania is fa#ti, rom igi barbarosobis am amsac ki,rodesac sa4esTan $avda $ovlad umni"vnelo pirovnebani, ar daklebia arcgambedaoba da arc unari gaegrZelebina, garkveul!ilad mainc, evangeli'aciis

Tavisi misia $vela'e mni"vnelovan da perspe#tiul !ertileb"i, da am sa#me"imia(!ia (irs"esani"nav "edegebs.

+. adamiani, romelic Tavisi istoriuli damsaurebebisaTvis $vela'eu!inares imsaurebs senebas, aris papi grigol didi &5/A*7A%. es 2gura,romelic "eedreba antikuri anis mi!urulis ukanasknel did paps, leon dids, arispirveli didi papi aali droebis ganTiad'e. misi na(va!i saZirkvlad daedo mTel"ua saukuneebs. fundamentaluri fa#tobrivi sinamdvile dasavleT"i eklesiiskomple#suri ganviTarebisaTvis i$o germanuli teritoriuli eklesiebis arseboba.romaelma grigolma amoicno is u'arma'ari sa"i"roeba, rasac isini #mnidnen da

Tu ra "eiZleboda mo$oloda mas "edegad: sa$ovelTao eklesias emu#rebodadangreva. miT umetes, rom teritoriuli eklesiebis formas Tavs verc aaridebda daverc uars it$oda, s!oredac rom #ristiani'aciis gulisaTvis. papma grigolma Tavisi

mo(va!eobiT efe#turi ge'i ai(o gadarenisaTvis: sa4iro i$o ganeorcielebinais idea, romelmac ukve iina Tavi #ristianobis antikur ana"i, da romlis gare"ecver i#neboda "uasaukuneebi da sa$ovelTao eklesia, im saiT rogoriTacaa igid(es: mTeli ierar#iis mtkice eliT marTva petres memkvidres mridan. da Tukiu"ualo mka ver i$o am didi pirovnebis Tesvis proporciuli, srulebiTac araagada4arbebuli T#ma imisa, rom am pirvel grigol"i gamos4vivis didi ideadasavleTis #ristianuli samefosi, gacilebiT adre vidre karlos didi Tu grigol ?IIdagegmavdnen Tavis programas. da gansakuTrebuli religiuri mni"vnelobisaaeklesiis istoriisaTvis is fa#ti, rom uimedo politikur ususuroba"i, Tumc kisrulebiTac ar i$o moklebuli politikursa Tu ekonomikur*administraciul sibrZnes,aali spirituali'ebuli idea romisa aisaa da arsebiTad ganorcielda

sar!munoebis Zalebis mier.

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3. italiisaTvis #aoturi epo#a idga. ramodenime aT!leuls Zlivs gaevlo mas"emdeg, rac iustinianem Tvramet!liani omiT &535*553% italia gamoglija arianelgoTebs elidan da a(gava isini pirisagan mi!isa. romi erTi meores mi$olebiTal$a"i i$o mo#ceuli &am droidan romis mimdebare na$o2eri da a$vavebuliso0ebi gapartada da aorda%. am droisaTvis kvlav gaerTianda a(mosavleTisa

da dasavleTis imperiebi. 55 !els ravena"i amodis bi'antieli mmarTveli&eg'ar#osi%, rogorc #ve$nis &da masTan erTad papisac% politikuri Tavi. am

Tanamdebobam +AA !lis manZil'e iarseba.magram ukve 57- !els italia"i "emoi4rnen ariani langobardebi

&ukanaskneli !minda!$lis germanuli tomi, romelic damkvidrda romisteritoria'e%. maTi saiT romsa da "esabamisad papis damoukideblobasmudmivi sa"i"roeba "ee#mna. saukunenaevris manZil'e papi im$ofebodalongobardebis teritoriuli episkoposad gadomis mudmivi mu#aris #ve".

. rodesac mkvlevarebi eZieben pasus, romelic asnida grigol I*ispirovnul asiaTs, misi programis formirebas am epo#a"i da mis !armatebaTa"esaZleblobas, mas pouloben mis romaelobaSi. romaeloba ara imdenad, rogorcromauli kultura, aramed rogorc romauli sibrZne da ma(ali umanuroba) massurda rom #ve"evrdomebs mo#ceodnen rogorc Tavisufal adamianebs: Cvenadamianebi, bunebiT yvelani Tanasworni varT . amas garda, grigoli arismemkvidre Zveli romis mmarTvelobis elovnebisa &"eis!avla is da pra#tikuladganaorciela saelm!ifos samsaur"i Tavisi u!indeli karieris dros%, romelicesoden genialurad !armarTa da mii'ida TavisTan erTmaneTisgan sruliadgansvavebuli da "ors m$o2 tomebi, TiTeuli maTganis TaviseburebaTa brZnulirespe#tiT, gafrTilebiT) gan!$oba, romelic ber grigol"i kidev ufro ga(rmavda!m. benedi#tes esoden ga!onas!orebuli !esdebis gavleniT.

magram es romaeloba, romlisTvisac gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia racionaluradgasagebi da pra#tikuli mo!esrigebisa da mbrZaneblobis dinamikuri kategoriebigrigol"i ga(rmavebuli i$o, araveulebrivi saiT, #ristianuli mimarTulebiT, iserom mas &am romaelobas% ar uarsebia da una$o2erebia sakuTari ZaliT, aramed#ristianul mcnebaTa dacvis ZaliT, mcnebebisa, romlebic TiT#osda erTi "eedviTesoden mcired konkretulia, da ararealuri rom maTes +3,11*"i naT#vamic kia:Tqvens Soris udidesi, iqneba Tqveni msaxurio

mTeli Tavisi covreba romaeli grigoli u(rmesad i$o dakav"irebuli imperiisZvel ideasTan da am imperiis !armomadgenelTan, a(mosavleTis imperatorTan.magram arc eklesiis damoukidebloba surda naklebad. lateranis sasalisterasidan piradad uelmZ(vanela romis, sakuTari sam"oblos dacvas,

langobardebis !inaa(mdeg. magram amis miuedavad "emdeg"i aria&imperatorisa da eg'ar#osis moTovnebis "esrulebis nacvlad% mefe agilul2sgan

Tavi daisna $ovel!liuri ma(ali arkis gadadiT. barbarosi da ulmobeli mtrebis!ina"e mas ar davi!$nia Tavisi m(vdluri misia, da 4e"marit r!mena'e maTmosa#cevad mcdelobebs mimarTa. amgvarad mia(!ia imas, rom me2sufrosma vama, tatis memkvidrem, mii(o naTlis(eba &mefe agilul2s coli,bavarieli me2s asuli, i$o kaTolike%.

5. grigolis saeli eklesiis istoria"i ganpirobebulia misi misionerulimo(va!eobiT. is mimarTuli i$o upirvelesad anglosa#sonebisken. magram masm"venivrad esmoda agreTve frankTa mni"vneloba da maTi roli. !$aroebisa"ualebas gvaZleven vT#vaT, rom britaneTis misiebi arapirdapiradfrankebisken i$o gami'nuli. grigolma, imave !els, romelsac dai!$o inglisismisioni &5/5%, mis!era avsta'iis mefe ilperi II*s !inas!armet$veluri sit$vebi:

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rogorc mefeTa Rirseba aRemateba yvela sxva adamianis Rirsebas, aseve!frankTa" samefos brwyinvaleba aRemateba yvela sxva samefosaso.

a% misca ra man rdiloeTis '(vis gada(mel als centrTan, romTan,m4idrod dakav"irebuli eklesia, "e#mna ori polusi romlebidanac kaTolikurma

saeklesio*religiurma covreba tal(asaviT daecema maT "oris mdebaregermanul mi!ebs, da amgvarad moam'ada momavlis didi samu"ao.adamianTa 4e"maritma moZ(varma, m"venivrad icoda, rom "inaganigarda#mna, namdvili mo#ceva mTeli alebisa, ver modeba verc ZaladobiT,da verc erT d(e"i. amitomac man airia namdvilad kaTolikuri principi, romlismiedviTac sa4iroa mii(o, da"vebulis fargleb"i, alebis tradiciuli veulebani,da, imis nacvlad rom moa"To isini &tradiciebi%, a(avso #ristianuli suliT:amoarTva yvelaferi gaunaTlebel erebs, Seu#lebelia. yoveli, vinc eswra$smwvervals, nabi% nabi% miemarTeba, da ara erTbaSad.

evangeli'acia"i arsebuli sulier*fsi#ologiuri mcire "esaZleblobebis esa(iareba mas ubiZgebs, magaliTad, neba darTos !mida ateb'e, rogorc a('rda*ganaTlebis sa"ualeba'e &da ara, rogorc religiuri mo!i!ebis sagneb'e% kiTvisarmcodne gaunaTlebeli alisaTvis &kalvini, Tavis puritanul a(tkineba"i, ver"eZlebs gaugos am sa( "orsm4vretelur ers%.

b% amave a's mi$veba grigolis brZnuli adaptacia germanel alTaeklesiur*teritorialuri mdgomareobis mimarT. miuedavad im TviTnebobisa daboroti gamo$enebisa, na!ilobriv !armoudgeneli asiaTisac ki, rac gvvdebamerovingTa eklesia"i &simonia saepiskoposoebis gana!ileba"i, sam(vdeloTau'neoba da a.".%, man pativi sca krebebis mo!vevisa da maTi dekretebisganorcielebis mefeTa kuTvnil u0ebebs. igi ecada moepovebina aucilebeli

reformebi maTTan erTad da maTi sa"ualebiT. ara sakuTari iniciativiT * rogorcamas i'amda mravali misi !inamorbedi da memkvidre * dani"na arlisepiskoposi samoci#ulo vikariusad, aramed molod mas "emdeg, rac Tavadmefe ildebertma sTova mas es. svaTa "oris, man gamonaa "edegiani eriimisaTvis, rom germanelebi "eveodnen papis gansakuTrebul avtoritets,magaliTad, mefes uboZa man moci#ulTa Tavadis sa0avis gasa(ebi, im ja4visrelikviiT, romliTac unda $o2li$o "eborkili petre sap$robile"i. !mida petresadmigermanelTa mo!i!ebisa da kultis ZaliT margamagrebulma, grigolma moipovamamobrivi avtoriteti, romliTac, paternalisturi trabaisa da kudab'ikobis gare"e,u!odebs Zlevamosil barbarosTa mefeebs Svilebs, da rogorc aseTebs,aucileblobis "emTveva"i, tu#savs kidec maT.

amgvarad moe#ca espaneTis vestgoTebis eklesias, romelic misiponti2katis da!$ebamde cota niT adre, moe#ca arianobidan kaTolikoba'e.

Tavis megobars leandro seviliels gaug'avna paliumi, mefe rekaredos ki,madlierebis ni"nad im mo!i!ebisaTvis, romelic am ukanasknelma gamoatamis mimarT, Zvirfasi relikviebi da erTi !erili, romelic "eeeboda #ristiani me2smovaleobebs. grigol dids arasdros augdia papis iurisdi#ciuli primati ifaT"iuadgilo an despoturi preten'iebiT.

7. a% amgvarad man misia im erTaderT na$o2er g'a'e daa$ena, romelic#ristianobis sasikeTod, a(arasodes unda mietovebina: romis deda eklesiismagaliT'e isti uni2cirebis nacvlad, man i#adaga farTe da brZnuli adaptacia,raTa #ristianuli r!mena ganorcielebuli$o namdvilad #ristesTan aalmosulerebis a'rovnebasa da covreba"i. am suliskveTebiTaa gams4valuli grigolissit$vebi avgustine ketnerberielisadmi: Sen uwyi, #mao, romis eklesiis adaT&

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wesebs, romlebSic aRizarde da romlebic, dae, mudam giyvardes. magram,Cemi wadilia, rom Tuki Sen 'poveb raimes romis an galiis, an sxva romelimeeklesiaSi iseTs, rac ufro metad eameba yovlismpyrobel RmerTs, mzrunvelobiT airCio da danergo is anglTa eklesiaSi, romelic %erac norCia rwmenaSi !...".rameTu ara adaT&wesebi arian saTnoni maTi warmoSobis adgilis gamo, aramed

adgilebi & adaT&wesebis gamo.

b% grigoli i$o didi sulTa m!$emsi. amas adasturebs is rac es*esaa iT#vaeklesiis gare agebulobisa da misi covrebis ZiriTadi formebis "esaeb &romlebisukanac, ra T#ma unda, dgas garkveuli sulieri koncepciebi%. magram mas"iupirveles $ovlisa a'gasasmelia * rogorc mokled a(vni"neT * "inagani religiuricovrebis m#one adamiani. misi Zalis $vela'e (rma fesvebi unda veZioT mis(mrTismosaoba"i, anu, mis r!mena"i.

mdidari ojais memkvidrem miatova Tavisi br!$invale kariera, raTa"esuli$o &ase vT#vaT, nabij*nabij% monaster"i &benedi#telTa%, romelic Tavaddaaarsa Tavis romaul sasale"i. ukve 5@5 !lisaTvis mona!ileobs berTasakrebulos covreba"i) magram molod apokrizariatidan &apokri'ari er#va imaneb"i pontife#sis legats bi'antia"i% dabrunebulma, mas "emdeg rac daarsakidev e#vsi monasteri Tavis siciliur latifundieb"i, 5-@ !els uari T#va Tavis jerkidev mni"vnelovan samemkvidreo u0ebeb'e da sabolood "edga berad.

aucilebelia imis gaa'reba, Tu ras ni"navda es nabiji. romis monastrebiBtaZrebisa da am2Teatrebis rom"i, !arsul"i mso0ios m0obeli romi, berebiromlebsac sZulT !uTisofeli da gaurbian masB da s!ored erTerTi aseTimonastridan gamodis, romis (irseuli tradiciebiT "emkuli suliT romis msneli,"uasaukuneebis eklesiis "em#mneliB

asketi'misa da sulTaTvis 'runvis &m!emsobis% "eTavseba ar $o2la tipiuri

arc adreuli, arc imdroindeli berobisaTvis) magram aseTad i#ca papi*berigrigolisaTvis. man miani4a berobas providencialuri misioneruli davaleba, rasacbenedi#te ar iTvalis!inebda Tavisi berebis speci2ur sa#mnianobeb"i.

g% asketur sul'e mo!moben agreTve misi na!erebi, romelTa erTmana!ilma "uasaukuneeb"i ufarToesi gavrceleba pova da mravalgvari saiTgamoi(o na$o2 &magaliTad misi sam!$so !esi sam(vdeloebisaTvis, misiomiliebi, -AA*'e meti !erili%. ra T#ma unda, ver vvdebiT antikuri aniseklesiis ma(alsa da (rma (mrTismet$velebis sulierebas. grigolis na"romebi,gind "inaarsiT, gind formiT, sakmaod sa"ualo dones ganekuTvneba &Tumca ki,Zvel berebs, TavianTi autaneli alegoriebiT "eeZloT, ven'e gacilebiT ukeT,

moepovebinaT am na!erebidan Zlieri da sa(i sa'rdo%. religiuri Zala udaoddidia, da gamoiateba im formebiT romlebic s!oredac rom "eesat$viseboda imdrois alebs &da maT "oris berebsac%.

@. a% grigolis Taviseburebas "eesat$visa papobis miseuli mo!$oba,romlis idealur !armomadgenladac "evida igi istoria"i. misi ponti2katisdamaasiaTebeli Tavisebureba mdgomareobs im fa#t"i, rom igi erTi mrivsrulebiT mi$veba leon didisa da grigol ?II*is damakav"irebel a's, meoremriv ki, arsebiT pun#teb"i TiT#os a"karad e!inaa(mdegeba istoria"igamarjvebul am mimarTulebas. sainteresoa, amis Taoba'e, grigolisa da ioanememarules &5/5% "oris kamaTi, romelmac, rogorc konstantinepolisepiskoposma, sakuTar titulebs miamata (mso)io patriarqis* tituli. es tituli Tavis

Tavad ar $o2la aali. imperiis deda#ala#is patriar#is (irsebis amgamoatulebas, patriar#isa, romelic i$o rangiT ma(la ale#sandriasa da

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antio#ia'e, didi nis manZil'e "em!$nareblurad ekideboda romica da grigolic,romelsac sul sa!inaa(mdego asiaTi #onda vidre leon dids. magram es tituli"eiZleboda gagebul $o2li$o agreTve rogorc «episcopus universalis», rac romisprimatis dau"vebel "e'(udvas ni"navda. amis !inaa(mdeg grigoli protestsgamoT#vams ioanesadmi mi!eril erT !eril"i, ioanesadmi, romlis piradi

megobaric i$o da romelsac didad afasebda misi (mrTismosaobisTvis. am!eril"i igi icavs petres msaurebis primats, magram amave dros ukuagdebssa$ovelTao episkoposis tituls, rogorc arasamarTliani TviTa('evebisa dasi$varuldaclil termins. bi'antiuri veulebis sa!inaa(mdegod da !m. petrespirveli !erilis &5, 1*3% namdvili mni"vnelobiT da sakuTari sam(vdelo dasisadmi

Tavisive moTovnis erTguli &msaxureba da ara batonoba% grigoli TavisTvisirevs titulad «Servus servorum Dei+. es tituli, romelic im droidan i#ceva romisepiskoposTa kuTvnil titulad, ar $o2la arc aali da arc 'usti mni"vnelobismatarebeli. jer kidev leon didi aasiaTebda Tavis msaurebas rogorc servitus da

Tavad eklesiis iseTi Zlieri mbrZanebeli, rogoric i$o imperatori iustiniane,miinevda rom Tavi unda aeTvala rogorc ultimus servus minimus. magramgrigolisaTvis es saeli mets ni"navs vidre devocionaluri formula an sakuTarimsaurebis gandidebisaTvis cru Tavmdabloba. mis mni"vnelobas gvisnisale#sandriis patriar# evlogisadmi 5/- !els mis mier mi!erili erTi !erili. am!elil"i ukuagdebs aramolod TavisTvis universalis papa*s !odebas, aramedmTeli sicadiT mosmenac ki ar surs fra'isa (rogorc Tqven br#aneT* , romliTacevlogi mimarTavs grigols erT*erT !eril"i. rameTu * ase a'ustebs grigoli * mas ar (ubr#anebia*, aramed mxolod izruna mieTiTebina patriarqisaTvis is, racsasargeblod miaCnda. "esabamisad, primati * romelsac Tavad grigolic, rogorcmisi !inamorbedni, mtkiced icavda * grigolis miedviT, unda gamoiatebodesmsaureba"i da ara batonoba"i. grigoli mefobs eklesia'e, imdenad,

ramdenadac emsaureba Zmebs &"dr. luk. ++, +7 da "md.%.

b% Servus servorum Dei*s am grigoliseuli gagebisgan unda ganvasvavoTmeore, romlis miedviTac papi emsaureba eklesias Tavisi &e.i. papis% mefobiT.aucilebelia am mni"vnelovani gansvavebis medveloba"i #ona, Tuki gvsursgavigoT is "inagani daZabuloba, rac arsebobs gamocadebasa da istorias"oris, papis pirvelobis &primatis% ideis ganviTareba"i grigol I*dan grigol ?II*mde,pirvel beri*papidan, romelic petres memkvidreTaTvisac ki uar$ofda titulsuniversalis papa, rogorc ampartavnulsa da TanamoZmeTa damamcirebels, meoreberamde moci#ulTa Tavadis sa$dar'e, romelic, miuedavad misi

Tavmdablobisa, ra"ic aravis "eparvia e4vi, da m'runvelobisa, romel"ic cotani

Tu "eejibrebian mas, cnobil Dictatus Papae*"i &§ -, a%, amave tituls acadebsromis papTa e#sklu'iur u0ebad. gardamavali epo#is am didi papisdamsaurebaa is fa#ti, rom man, romaelma, "eZlo gaTavisu0ebuli$o sulieri principatus*is romauli garsisagan, da ganaorciela petres pirvelobissaarebiseuli sisadave da avTentikuroba.

igive suli, realistur sa( politikasTan "eerTebuli, elmZ(vanelobs grigols,rodesac igi imperatoris Zalau0ebis !ina"ec ikavebs iseT po'icias, romelic Zal'e"ordeba rogorc mis !inamorbedTa, aseve mis memkvidreTa po'iciebs. rodesacsa#me r!menas eeba, grigoli udrekia. magram, rodesac laparakia iseTproblemeb'e &magaliTad jariskacTa monaster"i "esvlis "esaeb%, romlebic

erTnairad eeba, rogorc saeklesio, aseve saero sferos, an ganekuTvnebaipmeratoris ;saeklesio politikas<, igi kma$o2ldeba, Tu es aucilebelia tolerantulimorilebiT. amgvarad, pirdapir ucadebs imperator mavriciuss, rom jariskacTasamonastro covrebidan gamomricavi imperatoriseuli dekreti i$o (mrTis nebis

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!inaa(mdegi. magram am pirdapiri protestiT, mas miania rom "easrula Tavisivali da emorileba da a#ve$nebs imperatoris kanons. imperatori, gind rogorc#ristiani, gind rogorc eklesiis damcveli, Tavadaa pasuismgebeli (mrTis !ina"e

Tavisi #medebisaTvis.

-. amgvari Tvisebebis m#one pirovnebis el"i, "eiZleba iT#vas, TavisTavad unda gadasuli$o romi politikuri mmarTveloba, senatis ga#robis"emdeg.

imis gamo, rom papis garegani Zalac ga'rdili$o patrimonium etri*s &!m.petres memkvidreobis% simdidris 'rdasTan erTad, cadia rom langobardebismoaloebisas, ara ravenas eg'ar#osi, aramed papis soliduri 2gura miiniesromis a(mosavleTis imperiis namdvil !armomadgenlad: papebis politikuri presti-i izrdeba. Patrimonium Petri*s ekonomikuri reorgani'aciis sa"ualebiT&mi!ebi peruja, eprano da viterbos samkuTed"i%, grigolma saZirkveli a$aramomavali eklesiis saelm!ifosaTvis &amgvari instituciis "e#mnis gan'ravisgare"e%.

senebuli movlenaTa msvleloba "eiZleba !armovadginoT &Erich Caspar *ismiedviT% agreTve ise, rom, rodesac eklesiuri sakuTrebebis a#tiuri momarebiTpapi Zlevs ekonomikur*socialur*sa#velmo#medo kri'iss, misdauneburada(mondeba politikur lideradac, raT#maunda Tu cadad gvemasovreba dava(iarebT, rom grigol"i religiur*m(vdluri sa!$isi aranairad araa ekonomikur*politikuris "edegi. puri da fuli ga4irvebulTaTvis, ltolvilTaTvis da patimarTaTvis *es i$o misi ekonomikuri a#tivobis mi'ani. igi i$o mama glaakTa da amiT #mnis"uasaukuneebis episkoposis ideals.

mTeli misi covreba "roma"i gaiarja. da es "roma ujdeboda mTelicovrebis manZil'e sneulebiT dauZlurebul seulTan brZolis fasad. grigols didi

ga4irvebiT "eeZlo siaruli: r!meniT savse suli aZlevda mas Zalebs.

/. pontife#sis tat'e grigolis memkvidreeb'e gagvania mcire daumetesad bundovani cnobebi. garkveul!ilad saeli gaiT#va molod onorius I*ma &7+5*3-%, grigolis bejiTma da gavlenianma mo!afem, rogorc religiur, asevepolitikur areal'e, romlis !arumatebelma po'iciis gamoatvam monoTeliturkontroversia"i &§ +@, III, +% ?I mso0io krebasa da leon II*es a2#rebina rom igiSeecada rwmenis siwmidisaTvis #irisgamoTxras.

ma"in, roca aali !armatebebi m'addeba rdiloeTis da dasavleTisgermanelTa evangeli'acia"i, samreT*a(mosavleTiT ibadeba islami, ukiduresadsaifaTo Zala. am konte#st"i unda movia'roT grigolisa momdevno papTa

covreba.

§ 37. kelturi #ristianoba britanul kunZuleb'evestgoTebi, anglosa#sebi da sva germanelebi

romis ekelsiasTan maTi "eerTebis dasa!$isi

I. germanTa evangeli'aciis principebi

1. germanuli tomebis mo#ceva saerTo jam"i moicavs sul cota, -AA !lianperiods. cadia, rom is "evda gansvavebul garemoebebsa da "esabamisad

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gansvavebuli sae #onda dakninebuli romis imperiis dros, da"uasaukuneebis pirvel period"i) gansvavebuli antikur ana"i, markomanebisomisas, rodesac erTdroulad moda met*naklebad m"vidobiani im2ltraciagermanuli masebisa imperiis teritoria'e da Tavad biurokratia"ic ki) kidevsvanairad dasavleTis germanelebTan, d(evandeli germaniis mi!eb'e, da

rdilo germaniis teritorieb'e, daniasa da skandinavia"i, romlebmac umetesadgvian mii(es saareba) gansvavebuli saiT a(mosavleT germaneleb"i,romlebic maTi samreTisken da samC= D* a(mosavleTisken migraciiT"evidnen srulad romaul*#ristianuli gavlenis sfero"i. momavali germaniisteritoria'ec ki arsebiTi gansvavebebia ostfalis tomebis ga#ristianebasa&tomebisa, romlebic a(mosavlel germanelTa !asvlis "emdeg a(mondnensa"i" me'obloba"i mtrulad gan!$obil slavebTan% da frankebis mier dap$robilikolnisa da tririsa Tu maincis regioneb"i, sadac ngrevisa da gapartaebismiuedavad adgili #onda ukve mo(onierebul #ristianobasTan konta#ts.

+. germanelTa evangeli'acia"i veuli movlena i$o koleqtiuri moqcevebi,aristokratiis an mTavarTa mo#cevis "edegad. es masobrivi mo#cevebia(Zravdnen udides da urTules problemebs #ristianuli "efasebis TvalTaedviT.&136 masobrivi moqcevebi, romlebsac vxvdebiT antikur xanaSi, magaliTad ierusalemSisulTmofenobisas, ver gasweven Cvens SemTxvevaSi paralelis samsaxurs. imdroindelimoqcevebis motivaciebi da am moqcevis msvleloba, unda ve#ioT eSmaritebis Sinagan

miRebaSi.%. mo#ceva, saarebis miedviT, upirveles$ovlisa metanoiaa, sulis,a'rovnebis "ecvla. kole#tiur mo#ceva"i ki, a'rovnebis arasakmarisi "ecvlis,molod garegnuli a#tis "esrulebis sa"i"roeba Zal'e didia. "uasaukuneebispirvel saukuneTa religiuri covrebis istoria amas uvad gvidasturebs. magram:a% #ristianuli 'neobis covreba"i arasakmarisad gatarebis, an #ristianulisulierebis dakninebisa Tu srulad dabindvis sa"i"roeba am epo#a"i araa antikurianis iudevelTa Tu gnostikosTa mridan #ristinaobis mcdari interpretaciissa"i"roeba'e didi, piri#iT, aseTi sa"i"roeba naklebia) b% kole#tiur mo#cevas

Tavisi dadebiTi mareebic a#vs: tomis erTguleba"i beladisadmi mdgomareobdaam sa'ogadoebis is realoba, romelsac !midaTa !ildebulobis "u#"i, "eeZlo uvina$o2s motana. Tu germanelni, #ristes Zala"i dar!munebulni, &Tumcki molodi"viaTad srulad dar!munebulni gamocadebul 4e"mariteba"i%, misi saeliTerTad midiodnen mosanaTlad, igi realurad i$o maT "oris &"dr. maT. 1-,+A%.

germanelTa mo#cevis s!orad "esafaseblad, sa4iroa gavTavisu0deT imideisgan, rom 'neobrivi gada!$vetileba "eiZleba modes molod individualurisindisis sa"ualebiT, romelic Teoriulad gansjis, afasebs #ristianul do#trinas. ra

T#ma unda, mi(eba da gageba unda modes, $ovelTvis, garkveuli saiTpirovnebis mier. magram (mrTis sasufevlis mi(eba araa molod da molodbrZenTa da, kidev ufro naklebad, maTi sakuTreba, visac Teologiuri msjelobebiT"euZlia asnas sar!munoebis elementebi.

amas garda, viciT, rom araerTi kole#tiuri mo#ceva momdaramdgomareobis safuZvliani "efasebis "edegad & pro et contra%, rodesac#ristianobas avrcelebdnen da icavdnen ukve mo#ceuli an mo#cevisTvismom'adebuli pirebi, an rodesac mas #adagebdnen misionerebi. &'ogi !$arogvat$obinebs, rasakvirvelia, rom $ovelive amis miuedavad, mo#cevebi ar$o2la daculi religiis "ecvlis Zal'e garegnuli gada!$vetilebisagan%.

dabolos: naTlis(eba am sulierad mcire!lovani adamianebisaTvis i$o,

samarTlianad, dasawyisi maTi mo#cevisa. "eiZleba gaivlos paraleli vilTanaTlobasTan. germanelebi mi(ebul i#nen 'ebunebrivi sicoclis momni4ebelieklesiis !ia("i, gadaecaT maT r!mena, rasac mo$va angrZlivi periodi,

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damoZ(vrisa da a('rdis "emdgomi sa#me, misionerebis mridan, anu "inaganimo#ceva.

3. #ristianuli 4e"maritebis gavrcelebis sa#me"i, $ovel epo#a"i, udidesimni"vneloba #onda misioneris pirovnebas. ase i$o germaneleb"ic.

misionerebis umravlesoba germanelebi i$vnen, romlebsac "eeZloT imdroindelimisionebis d(eisaTvis !armoudgeneli simZimis tvirTva, #ve$nis u(rani t$eeb"iganu!$veteli mg'avrobiT. angrevdnen !armarTuli kultis adgilebs, 4amdnen!minda covelebis orcs da naTlavdnen !minda !$aroeb"i &mag.: vilibrordielgoland"i% (merTis Zalisa da kerpis uZlurebis dasamtkiceblad. amavdrouladisini avlendnen, umetes "emTveveb"i, garevis brZnul pedagogiur unars,grigol I*is ZiriTadi misioneruli miTiTebebis miedviT. dadasturebulia, rommisionerTa molod umni"vnelo ricvma gadauvia am miTiTebebs da u(alataadaptaciis brZnul suliskveTebas da miecnen fanati'msa da Zaladobas, racarasodes $o2la sasargeblo.

misionerebs esmodaT, rom isini mivlenil i$vnen iesos 'ebunebrivimisioneruli mandatiT. im drois siZneleTa gaTvalis!inebiT, ar "eiZleba ar a(iarogaocebiT, rom, gansakuTrebiT britaneTis kunZulebidan ganu!$vetel nakadad&miuedavad !arumeteblobisa da rea#ciebisa% mosuli misionerebi, !uTiso0issagnebis sruli ugulebel$o2T, 4e"maritad i$vnen anTebulni (merTis si$varuliT&o(ond amis gamo ar unda gamogvres medvelobidan anglo*sa#soni ber*mona'vnebis sruliad bunebrivi mis!rafeba maT mier daarsebuli monastrebis!armatebisaken%. amasTan dakav"irebiT, Zal'e met$velia is didi mni"vnelobarac eni4eboda locvas !m. bonifaciusis misionerul mo(va!eoba"i.

. a(ni"nuli garemoebani, pirvel rig"i eeba centraluri germanuli tomebis

mo#cevas. a(mosavlel germanelebisa da galia"i sabolood damkvidrebulifrankebisaTvis mo#ceva !arimarTa sruliad svagvarad. #ristianoba'e gadasvlaar $o2la #ristianTa (merTis siZlieris demonstraciis "edegi, vinaidan s!ored#ristiani romaelebi damarcdnen germanelebTan brZola"i. mo#cevaganapiroba im fa#tma rom es germaneli tomebi, mo#cevamde didi nismanZil'e i$vnen Zal'e m4idro konta#t"i #ristianobasTan, vinaidan maT mierdap$robil teritorieb'e ukve "esislorcebuli i$o sar!munoeba) maT, asevT#vaT, isunT#es #ristianuli aeri.

a% is rom, germanelTa Tundac sul mcire na!ils #ristianoba Tavs moaviesZaladobiT, fsi#ologiuri Tvalsa'risiT "euZlebeli debulebaa da !armoadgens'(apars. Zalas mimarTes, "edarebiT susti 'omebiT, norvegielebTan,

islandielebTan, variagebTan da na!ilobriv sa#sonebTan &§ A%. TavisTavad, 'ogierTi tomis mo#ceva'e &iseve rogorc !inaa(mdegoba'e%

gavlena i#onia politikurma mosa'rebebmac. ase deboda $ovelTvis mso0ioistoriis erovnuli gaerTianebebis formacieb"i: gaerTianeba deboda mudamreligiuri ideis saZirkvel'e. realisturi politikis mosa'rebebma Tavisi roli iTama"aromis imperia"i, konstantine didis gada!$vetileba"i, gavlena i#onia fritiger'e&vestgoTebi%, lodvig'e) es mosa'rebebi Tavis sit$vas amboben amamadfri'ebsa da sa#soneb"i da skandinaviis mkvidrTa ga#ristianebisas. magram, politikuri mosazrebebi araa TavisTavad aucileblad, an srulebiT, erTiani religiurimr!amsisa da misi si!midis !inaa(mdegi. ramodenime mcire "emTvevisgarda, erTel mo#ceuli tomebi erTgulni darnen mi(ebuli mr!amsisa.amitomaa "euZlebeli maT molod 'edapirulad, garegnulad mie(oT #ristianoba.garegnuli da molod dasanai elementebi kidev mravlad dareba maT"i didinis manZil'e. magram "eiZleba iT#vas, rom #ristianoba, 'ogadad mi(ebul

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i#na gul!rfelad, mtkiced gam$arda da sul ufro (rmad gaidga fesvebi. sa4iroamolod Tavi avaridoT Sinagani moqcevis cnebis 'edmetad abstra#tulada(#mas, da ar unda dagvavi!$des, rom sa#me gva#vs utilitaristuli a'rovnebis,bunebasTan Zal'e alos m$of da sulierad jer Zal'e aalga'rda alebTan.

b% kidev ufro naklebadaa damo!mebuli Zaladoba !amebulTa sisliT,romelic, TiT#osda, maT da(vares germanul*!armarTuli r!menisaTvis.magaliTad ocva*letasa da sislis mdinareebs kan"tat"i, alemanebisevangeli'aciisas, saerTod arasodes #onia adgili. germanelebSimisionerobis istoria icnobs qristian da ara warmarT wamebulebs.misionerul iara(ad martooden politikur 'e!olas angrZlivi gamocdisaTvisverasodes gauZlia. merovingTa me2s dagobert I*is mcdelobam, fri'ebigae#ristianebina ubralod maTi monaTvlis brZanebiT &am brZanebis istoriulobaZlieri e4vis #ve"aa%, 2asko ganicada. im mcirericovan "emTveveb"i ki,rodesac molod saso!arkveTilma sagareo politikurma mdgomareobam aiZulaesa Tu is tomi #edi moeara gamarjvebulTa religiisaTvis, rogorc ki icvlebodapolitikuri mdgomareoba, ma"inve Tavs ienda rea#cia) ase moda fri'ebis"emTveva"i radbodis dros, pipinis sikvdilis "emdeg. saboloo angari"iT, aalireligiis molod da molod Tavisufali mi(eba dagvirgvinda !armatebiT. es argamoricavs, rom Zal'e Zlieri da sakmarisad angrZlivi politikuri 'egavleniT,

Tavidan nebis !inaa(mdeg mi(ebul aal religias kargad gaedgas fesvebi.

g% a# anali'"i "emodis erTi Zal'e mni"vnelovani 'ogadi "eni"vna. frank*merovingTa mefeebs ar miu(iaT romis epo#is mkacri da isti kanonebieretikosTa !inaa(mdeg) anu, maT ar icodnen, principiT, araviTari religiuriiZuleba. maTi kanonebi ukrZalaven #ristianebs !armarToba'e dabrunebas da

mis propagandas. ario'eli vestgoTebi, galiis im mi!eb'e, romlebic frankebmadaip$res, ar i$vnen valdebulni kaTolike r!mena'e gadasuli$vnen) amoerTvaT,marTalia, kultis Tavisu0eba, eklesiebi da saeklesio nivTebi &ris !inaa(mdegac,bunebrivia, venis ar#iepiskoposma avitus venelma, 6 daa.5+@, protestigamoT#va%. arc iudevelebs ganucdiaT am dros devna &vestgoTebissamefosagan gansvavebiT%.

amgvarad gagebuli Tavisu0ebis $vela'e damajerebel sabuTs vpoulobT imukve a(ni"nul fa#t"i rom germanelebma "edarebiT s!rafad, da 'ogjergasaocrad s!rafadac, "eiTvises #ristianoba. $vela'e met$vel sabuTs amjeradacgvaZlevs is tomi, romelmac $vela'e ucvlelad "einaruna germanuli Tvisebebida ibrZola $vela'e jiutad #ristianobis !inaa(mdeg, sa#sonebi.

II. calkeuli tomebis mo#ceva

irlandia da inglisi

1. vestgoTebs #ristianobasTan pirveli "eeba #ondaT bi'antiasTan"evedrisas &§ +7, @ a: vul2la%. bi'antia im dros arianuli i$o. mravalma

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germanulma alma arianelobasTan erTad gaiTavisa a(mosavleTis svadamaasiaTebeli ni"nebi: svaTa "oris, misi politikuri koncepciac. is srul"esabamisoba"i i$o gvian*antikur anis tradiciasTan) arc erT"i am alTagan ar"eini"neba aali, "emo#medebiTi dasa!$isi, rac "emdeg"i migvi$vanda"uasaukuneebamde. s!oredac rom vestgoTebis mTavris ataul2s uZluri,

movenebiTi da maleve mitovebuli mcdeloba Romania*s Gothia*Ti anacvlebisagvivenebs "inagani damokidebulebis ma(al ariss, sulier uunarobas, racreligiur da#sa#sulobasTan erTad momavlis g'as mou4rida am saelm!ifoebs.

a% vestgoTebi, romlebmac romis gaZarcvis "emdeg g'a ganagrZesespaneTisken da a# damkvidrdnen, umetes!ilad ukve #ristianebi i$vnenarianuli a(msareblobisa) maTgan sva germanulma alebma * svevebma daburgundebma * mii(es #ristianuli r!mena. amgvarad, ?I s*is espaneT"i,kaTolike mosaleobasTan erTad, i$o ori germanuli samefo: svevebi davestgoTebi.

kaTolikuri r!menisaken g'a am aleb"i ar $o2la ioli. vestgoTebis me2s!uls hermenegildes &6 5-5% colad $avda franki didgvarovani kaTolikes asuli.am ukanasknelma aramolod uari ganacada arianelobis mi(eba'e, aramedmisma #marma mii(o kaTolikoba da Tavis mamas aumedrda &frankebTan dabi'antielebTan konta#tiT%. samedro "etakeba"i arianelma mefe leovigildemgaimarjva da (alatisaTvis dasaja sikvdiliT "vili. magram me2s umcrosi "vili datatis memkvidre, rekaredic moe#ca kaTolikoba'e 5-@ !els da misi mefobisperiod"i ?I s.*is dasasruls moda vestgoTebis eklesiasTa "eerTeba.

espaneT"i mni"vnelovania eklesiis !mindad erovnuli stru#tura, ori sferos TiT#mis sruli "er!$miT saepiskoposoebisaTvis kandidatebis "erevis, krebebismo!vevis &romleb"ic saeronic i(eben mona!ileobas: concilia mixta% da maTi

msvlelobis gansa'(vris me2seuli u0ebiT. magram is, rac gadam!$vetia$oveliva ama"i, am erTobis fun#cionirebaa) igi srulebiTac ar ni"navsmoloddamolod eklesiis damokidebulebas, aramed religiuri efe#turobisga'rdasac. isidore sevilielis miedviT &i. #vemoT% me2s saeklesio politika"emoisa'(vreboda misi Zalau0ebiT &terrore suo%, raTa m(vdelmsaurTa sit$vas"esaferisi mo!i!ebiT mokidebodnen da rom ali daecva borotebisagan.episkoposTa gavlena didi i$o upirveles $ovlisa im mi'e'iT, rom isini me2sareva"i mona!ileobdnen, vinaidan vestgoTeb"i ver damkvidrda mefobismemkvidreobiToba.

b% drois mokle monakveT"i, rasc dasasruli daudo mamadianTa

"emosevam &@11% espaneTis eklesia"i adgili #onda imdroisaTvismni"vnelovan intele#tualur a(mavlobas. amas gvidasturebs ar#iepiskoposiisidore sevilieli &6 733%, ?II s.*is $vela'e mni"vnelovani laTini m!erali,romelmac "ekriba da momavals "emounaa antikuri #ristianuli codna, daimavdroulad erTerTi !armomadgeneli ma(al*"uasaukuneebis papebis ideisa.

arabTa "emo4ris "emdeg adgilobrivi romael*iberielebi da goTebi#ristianobis erTgulni rebian mosarabebis saeliT &mosta rabi * gaarabebulni%.danareni eklesiisagan i'olaciia els "eu!$obs gansakuTrebuli ritis "e#mnas&mosarabiuli riti%, romelic iarsebebs EI s.*is dasasrulamde. erTaderTi #ristianulisamefo, romelmac "einaruna damoukidebloba naevarkunZul'e, i$o asturia,

saidanac mogvianebiT dai!$ebareconquista

.

+. dasavleTis istoriisaTvis "eudareblad ufro didi mni"vneloba #ondabritaneTis kunZulebis ori eklesias. orive eklesia, jer pirveli da mogvianebiT *

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meore, Tavis gadam!$vet sit$vas it$vis kontinent'e germanelTa evangeli'aciissa#me"i.

meTodebica da "edegebic am ori eklesiis mo#medebisa i$o Zal'egansvavebuli. irlandiur-Sotlandiuri misioneroba mog'auri m#adageblebismier orcieldeboda. mni"vnelovani i$o gavlena bermona'vnoba'e, monaniebis

disciplinis amo$alibeba da #ristianuli covrebis safuZvlebis "e#mna. magramman ver "eZlo mieca kontinentisaTvis is, rac arc Tavad, rogorc samonastroeklesias ar gaanda. #ristianobis formireba saeklesio organi'eba"i,gadam!$veti saiT, moda anglo-saqsonTa misionis dros.

a% britaneli keltebi arian am kunZulebis uZvelesi #ristianebi. romaelebisdap$robebisas unda "emoetanaT a# r!mena lionidan an vienidan ga#ceul#ristianebs. tertuliane gvamcnobs rom r!mena gascda imperiis sa'(vrebs &II s*is dasasruli%. britaneli &londonis, linkolnis, iorkis% episkoposebis das!reba I? s.*is krebeb'e galia"i, bulgareT"i &sardika% da italia"i &ariminianumi, 35-%gvimtkicebs britaneTis kunZuleb'e eklesiuri organi'aciis arsebobas.

am eklesiis mier gansaierebuli #ristianoba kvdeba &da masTan erTadromauli kulturac% romaul batonobasTan erTad I?s*is bolosa da ?*s dasa!$is"i,rdiloeTidan !armarTi piktebis, dasavleTidan &irlandiel * gelebis% daa(mosavleTidan &anglebisa da sa#sonebis% "emosevebis "edegad. 1A !.romis legionebi ukan ieven da maT kontinentamde mi$vebian adgilobrivi#ristianebi &keltebi%. maT vvdebiT aramolod alo bretania"i, aramed ?I s*"i *espaneT"ic &rdiloespaneTis galisia%, sakuTari britaneli episkoposebiT.

b% britaneTis eklesiis sicoclisunarianoba vlindeba mis misionerulsa#mianoba"i irlandiasa da "otlandia"i. udidesi mni"vneloba #onda

Tavidanve roms.britaneli niniani, rom"i a('rdili, pap siriciusis mier nakurTi episkoposad,ukve 3/5 !els tursis !m. martinis monastris modeliT aarsebs Candida Casa*s&samreT*dasavleTi "otlandia menis kunZulebis pirdapir% "otlandiis piktebisevangeli'aciis centrad.

irlandiuri misionis bundovan dasa!$is"ic ki vvdebiT romis gavlenas)ninianis garda episkoposi paladic, pap celestines &6 3+% davalebiTmo(va!eobs irlandiis skoteb"i.

g% irlandiis namdvili mo#ceva moda erTi britaneli diakvnis "vilis !m.patrikis mier. irlandieli $aa(ebi mas gaitaceben, m!vane kunZulidan gaurbis

maT da midis kontinent'e. adis italia"i, sadac s!avlobs Teologias, albaTlerinssa da oser"i.

a#edan 31 !els, ramodenime britanel da galel megobarTan erTadmiemg'avreba irlandiis evangeli'ebisaTvis. mo(va!eobs, Tavidan, rdiloirlandia"i &!. aarsebs armas, momaval"i sametropolo centrs%. samreT*a(mosavleT"i da samreT*dasavleT"i mo(va!eoben patrikis mo!afeebi, galeliepiskoposebi. patrikma, Tavidan, galiis magaliTiT, irlandiis epar#iebadmo!$oba gani'raa. ori mi'e'iT ver damkvidrda amgvari mo!$oba. jer erTi,rom irlandia"i arasodes ubatoniaT romaelebs, amitomac misTvis uco i$oadministraciuli da$o2s is formebi, romlebsac saeklesio mo!$oba moergo im

teritorieb'e, romlebic erT dros romis imperias ekava) da meore, monastrebiimdenad Zlieri i$vnen, rom maTi damaasiaTebeli ni"nebi, ?I s*is "emdeg,mkvidrdeba eklesiur stru#tura"i) amgvarad, sabolood mivi(eT !mindadmonastruli eklesia, anu monastrebi i$o erTaderTi centrebi eklesiuri

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administraciisa da berebi i$vnen sulTa m!$emsebi &moZ(vrebi%, saepiskoposo Tu sam(vdlo aris"i.

irlandiis misioneruli eklesia, amas garda, i$o srulad aluri da adgilobrivieklesia. samonastro epar#ia emTveoda klanis sa'(vrebs, klanisa, romlis Tavici$o monastris damaarsebeli, mfarveli da m0obeli. abatis !odeba gadadioda

memkvidreobiT Taobidan Taoba"i, pirdapiri an gverdiTi "toebiT. klani sakuTarpasuismgeblobad miinevda sakuTari samonastro sakrebulos "enavasa damis !evrTa 'rdas: $oveli meaTe "vili ekuTvnoda monasters. monasteri ki alsemsaureboda rogorc eklesia da skola.

irlandiuri monastrebi met!ilad e#vemdebarebodnen abatebs, romlebic ari$vnen m(vdlebi da romlebic a(asrulebinebdnen aucilebel liturgiul #medebebsber*episkoposebs. es episkoposebi TavianTi mog'aurobebisas uvad &'ogjer'edmetadac% i$enebdnen m(vdladkurTevis u0ebas, ris gamoc i!vevdnenmravalricovan kon0i#tebs kontinentalur ierar#iasTan.

d% am eklesias, romis jarebis ga$vanisa da im i'olaciis gamo, racgamoi!via !armarTi sa#sebis, anglebisa da iutebis "emo4ram 5A !lismidamoeb"i, cota sa"ualeba dara romTan konta#tis "esanaruneblad.magram mis !armomadgenlebs sva ara surdaT ra, Tu ara moci#ulTa mTavarTamier gadmocemuli r!menis "enaruneba da romelTa mimarTac #ondaTu(rmesi mo!i!eba da romelTa sa0avebic i#ca molocvis umni"vnelovanesmi'nad. pap bonifacius I?*is dros &7A-*715% Tavad kolumban umcrosi,kontinent'e misionerad mo(va!e, adasturebs keltTa eklesiis m4idro kav"irsromis sa$darTan. Tumca es els ar u"lis mas, pirdapir uTras paps misi!inamorbedis, virgiliusis "ecdoma: ;samoci#ulo sa$dris mni"vnelobaavaldebulebs mas srul si!mide"i "einaos r!mena, svagvarad Tavi kudad

i#ceva da ubralo #ristianebs eZlevaT sa"ualeba gansajon papebi<.kunZulTa kelturi eklesia araa romisagan Tavisufali, Tumca ki igiinarunebs sulieri sa!$isis pirvelobas iuridiul sa!$is'e, ufro didans vidre svadasavleTis eklesiebi.

e% amitom, miuedavad imisa, rom a#ac sa"i"ad mefobs eklesiurisa dasaeros "uasaukuneebisaTvis damaasiaTebeli Tanaarseboba da episkopossmsvil memamuled gada#ceva emu#reba, irlandiis samonastro #ristianobamdasabamidanve mia(!ia araveulebriv m!vervals da Zlier gavlenas eklesiisistoria"i &!midanTa kunZuli%. a# gamovlinda &rogorc mogvianebiT ?II da ?III ss*eb"i anglosa#sonTa monastreb"i%, #ristianuli Tvalsa'risiT samagaliTo da Zal'e

saintereso "uasaukuneebis eklesiis a(m"eneblobisaTvis, sinTe'i intele#tualurikulturisa da religiuris asketi'misa. irlandiis monastrebma unikaluri roli"easrules berZnul*romauli kulturis "enarunebisa da gadmocemis sa#me"i.irlandia"i arc erT romaul legions ar daudgams fei. miuedavad amisa isa(monda na$o2er niadagad romauli civili'aciis mravli kulturulifaseulobisaTvis. imis gamo rom alTa migracia ar "eebia am kunZulsdasavleT"i, a# ar "e!$vetila romauli tradiciis ganviTareba. es realoba,sa#sonTa da anglTa "emosevebiT gamo!veuli i'olaciiT kidev ufro gaZlierda daeli "eu!$o mTeli rigi eklesiuri TviTm$ofadobebis ganviTarebas &pase#is Tari(isangari"i, ev#aristiis !esi, samosi, varcniloba) da $vela'e mni"vnelovani:sinanulis pra#tika, i. #vemoT%.

kulturuli upiratesoba gamoiata, magaliTad svebisgan davi!$ebuliberZnuli enisa da platonur da neoplatonuri na"romebis codna"i. maTigavrceleba dasturdeba "uasaukuneebis s!avluleb"i, romlebic atareben Scotus

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saels. &eriugena skoti 6 daa.-@@, sedulius skoti 6 -5-, marian skoti 6 1A-+,duns skoti 6 13A-) irlandieli i$o agreTve didadganaTlebuli episkoposi virgilius'alcburgeli, §3-, II%.

3. asketuri motivebiT mravali beri sakuTari monastridan, jguf*jgufad,

miemg'avreba "or #ve$neb"i &mni"vnelovani da mravalmrivi istoriul*religiurida eklesiuri motivebi religiuri momlocvelobisa: peregrinatio: § 31, 5 g%

a% iseve, rogorc sam"oblo"i, uco #ve$neb"ic sulTa m!$emsebaddarnen. $velgan, sadac ki !armarTebs vdebodnen, i#ceodnen misionerebad.mTeli maTi samu"ao, met!ilad dakav"irebulia ori kolumbanis saelTan:kolumban ufrosi &6 5/@%, is, anu ionas saelganT#muli monastridan, piktebismoci#uli "otlandia"i. "emdeg misioneruli mo(va!eoba ganavrco samreTiTacanglebsa da sa#soneb"ic, Tem'is rdiloeTiT.

kolumban umcrosi &6 715% irlandiis bangoris monastridan, frankTaeklesiis ganmaalebeli. 5/A*dan 71+ !lamde, grigol I*is ponti2katisas daaarsamonastrebi galia"i, alemanebis teritoria'e da rdilo italia"i. $vela'e cnobili i$oluqsoi burgundia"i da bobio rdilo italia"i. isini i#cnen galur*frankulimisionebis kerad, misionerebisa, romlebic ganmaalebeli gavlena i#onies maT,frankul eklesia'e da irlandiel misionerebTan erTad, #ristianoba mia!odes jerkidev !armarT germanebs, romlebic frankTa sa'(vreb"i a(mondnen. irlandiiseklesiis damaasiaTebeli ni"nebi gadanergil i#na galia"ic da mogvianebiT,germania"ic da sakuTari kvali daanies samonastro covrebas, #ristianulasketikas.

gansakuTrebuli mni"vneloba #onda maT gavlenas monaniebis

pra#tika'e) es ni"navs, arc meti, arc naklebi, Zvel eklesia"i mo#medi pra#tikis,"ecvlas, saalo a(sarebis piradiT "ecvlas, satisfa#ciuri &codvis "esaferiepitimiis gansa'(vra% sinanulis Zlieri a'gasmiT. amgvarad !esad "emoi(es,magaliTad, "iri a(sareba da monaniebis !ign"i dadginda normebi, romlebica!esrigeben sasjelis saes $oveli calkeuli codvisaTvis.

kolombanos emarebodnen irlandieli megobrebi, romelTaganac viciTramodenime $vel'e cnobili saeli. masTan erTad kontinent'e movida gali &6daa.7A%, romelmac daaarsa udabno im adgil'e, sadac "emdeg sankt*galenis&!m. galis% monasteri a"enda. wm. kilianem &6 7-/% i#adaga saarebad(evandeli frankoniis mi!eb'e &viurcburgi%

b% irlandiel*"otlandielTa am misionis na$o2 ar $o2la erTgvari. man, ra T#ma unda, berTa asketuri da msverplga(ebiT savse covrebis "edegad ZlieribiZgi misca dasavleTis frankTa samefosa da germania"i #ristianuli covrebisga(rmavebas) "Tambe4davi i$o mo#ceul !armarTTa ricvic. magram naklicmravlad i$o:

vinaidan mioni frankTa pirdapiri mfarvelobis #ve" mo#medebda,arafrankul germania"i ganda e4vi rom misionerebi emsaurebodnen frankTainteresebis. amis gamo !armo"obili politikurma dapirspirebebma Zlieridanakargi gamoiZvia.

irlandielebi 'edmeti sijiutiT icavdnen sakuTar erovnul Taviseburebebs,

magaliTad pase#is Tari(s adgendnen irlandiuri !esiT. isini, erTgvarad, uconidarnen kontinent'e) arasakmarisad miesadagnen adgilobriv ierar#ias da arcsaero elisu0ebas, romelTanac mudmivi uTanmoeba #ondaT.

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sam"oblodan misionerebis modineba ar $o2la regularuli da sakmarisiraodenobiT.

evangeli'acias aklda erToblivi gegma) calkeuli misionerebi armu"aobdnen urTierT"eTanmebiT, arc episkoposebs u'runiaT "ee#mnaTsaepiskoposoebi, raTa adgili mieinaT maT mier nakurTi m(vdlebisaTvis. a#

vlindeba irlandiel*"otlandielTa evangeli'aciis mTavari, arsebiTi nakli:mom!esrigebeli da damcveli safuZvlis ararseboba. konkretuli istoriuli

TvalTaedviT "eiZleba iT#vas rom aklda sa$ovelTao eklesiuri fa#tori: Tanam"romloba centrTan, romTan &1A kolombanma miemarTa grigol didisaTvis romSi

frank episkoposTa winaSi mxardaerisaTvi%, erTaderT instituciasTan romel"icuniversali'ms "eeZlo momavlisaTvis aucilebeli "inagani erTobis u'runvel$ofa.s!ored am urTierTobam ganapiroba 2ri'iasa da germania"i anglo*sa#sonebismisiis angrZlivi "edegi.

. a% inglis"i "e(!euli anglosa#sebis mo#ceva, daaloebiT 5A !lisaTvis,dai!$o britaneTis eklesiam da gaagrZela irlandiisam. irlandiel*"otlandielebmaionisa da lindisfarnes britanuli monastridan nordumbria"i moa#ciesanglosa#sebis didi raodenoba.

Tumca istoriulad ufro mni"vnelovani i$o darenili kentisa da sase#sisanglosa#sebis mo#ceva da gansakuTrebiT kelti britebis maTTan "er!$ma&frankebis ga#ristianebis "emdeg $vela'e didi !armateba eklesiisaTvis%.romTan m4idrod dakav"irebuli anglosa#sebis eklesiis "e#mna grigol didisdamsaurebaa. #ristianuli inglisi misi misionerebis #mnilebaa. es eklesiagadeba $vela'e a"karad romauli dasavleT"i. asi !lis "emdeg misgan gamovabonifaciusi, romelic moadens frankTa eklesiis reorgani'acias da masdaakav"irebs mtkiced eklesiis centrTan.

b% evangeli'acia"i papi grigoli mi$veba 'ust gegmas. ambavi, romlismiedviTac grigoli TiT#os $idulobda anglosa#son monebs da 'rdida maT, raTa"emdgom"i maTiT esargebla "emdeg"i misiisaTvis, efuZneba legendas. TumckisimarTlis marcvals isic "eicavs. grigolma 5/5 !els ubrZana galia"i pontife#sissakuTrebis gamgebels gamoes$ida ramodenime anglosa#soni monamonaster"i samu"aod. ans, rom grigolma "eit$o anglosa#sonebis m'ad$ofnis"esaeb mo#ceuli$vnen #ristianoba'e, da piradi iniciativiT gamovida, vinaidanfrankebis rdiloeTis episkoposebi ar 'runavdnen misieb'e. "emdeg, 5/7 !els,imavlina britaneTis kunZuleb'e, !m. andrias romis monastridan, A benedi#teliberi, romelTa "orisac i$o 2ci avgustine. 5/@ !elsve moda pirveli masobrivi

mo#cevani. 7A1 !els mefe etelbert kenteli moe#ca #ristianoba'e frankikaTolike colis bertas !$alobiT &11 dazustebiT misi naTlisRebis TariRi ucnobia. %er kidev

/01 wels man Tbili maspin#loba gauwia qristian misionerebs%. sva mriv, #ristianoba&miuedavad !armarTuli rea#ciisa etelbertis sikvdilis "emdeg 717 !els% neli,magram mtkice nabijebiT vrceldeboda, Tumc ki is grandio'uli eklesiuriorgani'eba, rac a2#rebuli i$o &londoni da iorki mitropoliebad, 1+ dammareepiskoposiT TiTeuli% ar ganorcielebula. a#ac monastrebi i$o misionerulimo(va!eobis centrebi. im mo!i!eba'e, romelic al"i #ondaT monastrebs,met$velebs is fa#tic, rom mefeni da dedofalni tats tovebdnen da ber*mona'vnebad a(ikvecebodnen. #ristianuli sa!$isi enTu'ia'mis saukuneeb"i 33gvirgvinosani "edis monaster"i) ?II*EI ss*"i anglosa#sTa @ samefo"i vvdebiT+3 !midan mefesa da 7A !midan dedofalsa Tu princesas.

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g% misioneruli sa#mianoba, grigol didis universaluri gasnilobiTsuliskveTebis molod mcire na!iliT Tu ganagrZes misma "emcvlelebma.anglosa#snoTa misions Zlieri sa"i"roeba daemu#ra gauTavebeli davebiTa dakontroversiebiT anglosa#sonur*romaul da irlandiur*"otlandiur eklesiebs "oris.kelturma jiutma tradicionali'mma erTi mriv da uni2cirebisaken romis

midrekilebam meore mriv, gamoi!via kontrasti, ramac Zal'e daamZimaeklesia da daakargvina Zalebi. amao i$o erTiani sinodebis mcdeloba &7A+*7A3%a(dgomisaTvis saerTo Tari(i moeZebnaT, gaeerTianebinaT naTlobisa damironcebis !esebi. arc eresis samarcvino braldebebi daklebiaT &irlandiuritonsuris forma da pase#is Tari(is angari"i miineoda eresis gamoatulebadB%.anglosa#seb'e sasargeblo gavlena i#onia irlandiel*"otlandielTa asketur*religiurma covrebam, romlebmac kunZulis rdiloeTidan moadines Tem'isrdiloeTiT mosale anglebisa da sa#sebis evangeli'eba.

d% gadam!$veti "emobruneba moda uiTbis sinod'e &77%, romel'ecanglosa#sonma vilfrid iorkelma imsjela sadao sakiTeb'e irlandiel episkopos*abatTan kolman lindisfarnelTan, mefe osvinis Tandas!rebiT. saboloogada!$vetileba mefem mii(o, gada!$vetileba, romelic srulad gadmoscemssinodis atmosferos: ;me geubnebiT T#ven: vinaidan mas &!m. petre% kliteniup$ria, me ara msurs masTan uTanmoeba..., raTa odes mival samoTis karTanm$avdes karib4is gamsneli da 'urgi ar ma#cios s!ored iman, visac a#vsgasa(ebi.< amis "emdeg abatma kolmanma Tavis TanamoZmeebTan erTadmiatova #ve$ana, vilfridma da misma memkvidre akam, me2s marda4eriT,daundobeli omi gamoucades $ovel kuTe"i irlandiur tradiciebs. $ovelive undadaregulirdes romauli modelis miedviT.

irlandielebma ganagrZes brZola avtonomiisaTvis. sruli integracia moda

molod EI*EII saukune"i, sam!uarod, uZvelesi da pativdebuli irlandiiseklesiisaTvis saelis gatevis kampaniisaTvis Tavis arideba ver moerda,eklesiisa, romelsac mravali naklis miuedavad, didi !vlili miuZ(vis#ristiani'aciis sa#me"i. tragi'mi da ugunuri siZulvili kidev erTel "ei#nenel"esaebi, rodesac ale#sandre III*m &115/*-1% ingilisis mefes daumorilairlandielTa ;barbarosi eri<, raTa igi, aucilebeli a('rdisa da gamos!orebis"emdeg, (irsi gamdari$o ;momavlisaTvis, #ristiani eris saelis samarTlianadtarebisa<B

e% inglisis evangeli'ebas mni"vnelovnad "eu!$o eli dedaTamonastrebma maTi abatesebiT, romlebic Zal'e "irad rogorc socialurad aseveintele#tiTa da kulturiT ma(al done'e idgnen. inglisis eklesia Tavisi dafuZnebis

asi!lisTav'e $vela'e a$vavebul eklesias !armoadgenda dasavleT"i. igigamoiateba Zal'e intensiuri sulieri covrebis m#one monastreb"i,s!avluleb"i, misionereb"i da !midaneb"i &§ 3@%. s!avlulTa "oris senebis(irsia beda (irsi &venerabilis% &6 @35%: da!era inglisis eklesiis istoria, eg'egeturi

T'ulebani da reuli “questiones”, romelic ukve "eicavs Teologiuraddamoukidebel Tavebs Tavisufal neba'e, rac sa"ualebas iZleva mas s#olastikis!inamorbedi e!odos &beda eklesiis mas!avleblad * Doctor ecclesiae *gamoacada papma leon EIII*m%. am na$o2erebiT, upirveles $ovlisa ki Tavisi,4e"maritad sa$ovelTao*istoriuli mni"vnelobis, grandio'uli misionerulimo(va!eobiT kontinent'e, am eklesiam avena Tu raoden s!rafad daip$ro

#ristianobam si(rme"i da "emo#medebiTad na$o2eri gaada am germanTasulebi. &1! anglosaqsonTa misioneruli impulsi kidev erTxel gamovlinda, didi xnis Semdeg,CrdiloeTis sxva germanebTan2 SvedebTan da norvegielebTan !aq, inglisSi qristianulad aRzrdili

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maTi me$s olaf trigvasonis, 3 4555, RvawliT, romelsac umadlian gaqristianebas islandilebic".

marTalia, zog SemTxvevaSi, am germanelma mefem mimarTa #aladobasac.%

§ 3@. eklesiis covreba da sa'ogadoebrivi mo(va!eobamerovingTa epo#a"i

1. #ristianoba iTvalis!inebs intele#tualuri, socialuri da moraluri !esebisarsebobas sa'ogadoeba"i. am elementebis ararsebobis "emTveva"i (mrTissit$vis na$o2, misi iluli, el"esaebi mridan, naklebi i#neba.

.............

+. 557 !. frankTa samefo"i aikrZala !armarTuli saalo kulti.dakanonda kvira da sad(esas!aulo d(eebi.eklesia Tavis kvals tovebs $oveld(iur covreba'e, !eli!ad'e, adaT*

veveb'e.a(sareba * didmarvis dasa!$is"i.!m. 'iareba * 3*jer &an sul cota erTel% !eli!ad"i.sakvirao 'iareba * veulebrivi movlenaa. 'iareba deba orive &orcisa da

sislis% saiT &purs aZleven marjvena el'e%sakvirao !irva'e das!reba erTferovani araa $velgan, damokidebulia

garemoebeb'e da m!$emsTa gulmodgineba'e, sinodebisa da san#ciebisefe#turoba'e. !irva'e das!reba, saerTo jam"i "eiZleba damakma$o2leblad, ankargadac "efasdes.

r!mena frankTa samefo"i kore#tulad damkvidrda, ufro s!ored a(dga,dacemis "emdeg, mravali sub#ristianuli gadmona"TiT &§ 3-%. magram(mrTismosavoba da 'neoba jerac "ors i$o srul$o2lebisagan.

3. !midanTa kulti gamoatuli reli#viaTa kult"i.bav"vuri r!mena.?II*?III ss*"i reli#viaTa #urdoba veulebriv ambavi i$o mTel sa#ristiano"i.magiuri obie#tivi'acia.momlocvelobis adgilebi &reformaciamde%: romi &!m. petres sa0avi%, konki

* !m. 2des, !m. iakob kamposteleli kenterber"i, martin turseli &3171@*3/@%,romelic ukve lodvig I*dan mo$olebuli i#ca erovnul !midanad.

. 'neoba. da(mavloba ?II s*"i. ?III*es dasa!$is"i $velaferi rac!amoi!$o eklesiam da(upvis sa"i"roebis !in dadga.

a% grigol turseli a(gvi!ers frankTa mefeTa mkvlelobebis veul asiaTs.mi'e'i: germanuli koncepcia, romlis miedviTac samefo &rogorc nebismierisakuTreba% mde2s sikvdilis "emdeg Tanabrad unda gana!ilebuli$o $velavai"vils "oris.

-/ merovingidan &lodvigis "vilebidan da!$ebuli% +1 * mokles.col#mruli 'neoba.col#mrobis politi'ireba. eklesiis mridanac gverdiTi "tos me*@ Taobamde

#or!inebis akrZalva mis baTilad cnobas aZlevda safuZvels.mona'vnebis colad mo$vana.s#esobrivi gadagvarebani.

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b% usindisoba da sisastike) Tav"esafris u0ebis "elava an gverdis avla.loToba a(visasniloba da u'neobani. mo$vasis sicocles fasi ar edo, 2ci "iradavi!$debodaT an aras!orad interpretacia eZleoda.

g% gar$vnilebsa da mkvlelebs "oris vvdebiT m(vdlebsac da

episkoposebsac. ?II s*"i safrangeT"i arseboben coliani episkoposebi dasaepiskoposos 0oben ojaur #onebad. bonifaciusis cnobiT @AA*@5A !!.episkopatis (rma laici'aciis periodia.

italia"ic @3 !*is romis sinodi a(ni"navs moralurobis dacemassam(vdeloeba"i.

5% a% boroteba ufro mauriania vidre sikeTe. dacema da ama(leba.

b% 6istoria 7rancorum, grigol turselisa.leodegaris, otenis episkoposis gmiruli sikvdili.neistriis maordomi erboini.

7% eklesiis do#trina, dogmaturad 2#sirebuli da u$o$manod daculi.regularuli kulti.romaelebisgan danatovari epar#iuli mo!$oba &upiratesoba arianelebTan

mimarTeba"i%?I s*is bolos frankebTan 1+5 episkoposi da 11 mitropolitia.511*71 !!*"i 3A*'e meti kreba moe!$o.

@% germaneli alis so0uri covreba5AA !*dan * so0is samrevloebisakuTari eklesiebi da m(vdlebi.

-% a% !mida episkoposebi: ce'ar arleli &5A3*5+%, avit vieneli&6 51-%, remireimseli&6 533%, niceti trireli &6 577) teudeberti da lotari gankveTa man%, !m.germane pari'eli &senermeni) 555*5-7, gankveTa ariberti mona'vnis"erTvisaTvis%) riari &7+5, daaarsa benedi#telTa saabato centula, pikardia"i%,odueni &normandia 6 7-%, didie &vienis episkoposi 6 7A@%, elua &eligi, nuaionis

episkoposi, 7A*75@%

b% grigol turseli &6 5/%, venancius fortunati &daib,. trevi'o"i, a(i'ardaravena"i, 6 71A*mde%, puaties episkoposi.

/. gmiruli asketi'mibermona'vnuli sastiki asketi'mi, erTaderTi met$veli forma gauTlelei

alisaTvis.

a% leonardo &?II%goari &daa. 5AA%uberti &6 @+@%lamberti &6 daa. @A5%emerani &6 daal. @3A%

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korbiniani &6 @+5%prae#ti &6 7@7%ruperti &albaT frankTa aristokraciis ojaidan, 6 @3+%puatie"i radegondas daarsebuli monasteri, misi sikvdilisaTvis, iTvlida +AA

mona'ons.

b% 'ogi sinodis iniciativa si(atakis !inaa(mdeg. lepro'oriumebi daorfanotro2ebi.

monebis mdgomareoba. mona i#ca $ma glead. ar momdara revoluciuricvlilebebi, magram, magram monebs adamianurad ep$robian. episkoposebicdiloben maT gaTavisu0ebas. Tumca $ovelTvis ar $o2la s!ora'ovani. monurimdgomareoba "eicvala eklesiisadmi svagvari msaurebis damokidebulebiT.

sam(vdeloebis sa#velmo!medo !amo!$ebebi &arc Tu $ovelTvisuangaro%

meva"eobis !inaa(mdeg brZola. procentis a(ebis srulma akrZalvam,momaval"i, gamoi!via uar$o2Ti "edegi.

g% araTavisufalTa sam(vdlo arisebipapebma leon I*ma da gela'im sam(vdlo arisis mi(ebisaTvis kondiciad

dades maTi gaTavisu0eba.....#alebis dacva, gansakuTrebiT #vrivebisa. makonis #alTmoZule krebis

'(apari &frankebis sa'ogado kreba, 5-5 !els mefe guntranis mier mo!veuli%,romelmac TiT#os ara scno, rom #alebs suli gaaniaT, efuZneba mcdarinterpretacias, erT*erTi mamis arguentebisa, romlis miedviTac ar "eiZleba #alsu!odo hominem) magram is gulismobda homo * mamakacs da ara adamians.

1A. am epo#as ar mo$olia m$ari a(mavloba.bonifaciusis miedviT amis mTavari mi'e'i frankTa episkopatis

!arumateblobaa, da gansakuTrebiT ki misi ZiriTadi mimarTebis obie#tur nakl"iunda veZioT. igi ar $o2la universalur*eklesiuri da kanonikuri, aramed gajerebulii$o egoisturi Zalau0ebisken s!rafviT. ar arsebobda kav"iri romelsac bonifaciusisasicoclo mni"vnelobisad eklesiebisaTvis, Tanm"romloba samoci#ulo TavTan,eklesiis centrTan, papTan. bonifaciusic, rogorc im droindeli papebi, miinevdaeklesiuri organi'ebas calkeul #ve$neb"i, aucilebel !inapirobad eklesiis!armo#nmnisaTvis. magram romisagan i'olacias mo#onda svadasvagvaripartikulari'mis sa"i"roeba.

§ 3-. anglosa#suri misia germaneleb"iga#ristianebuli alebis "emokreba papis tatis irgvliv

I. vilibrordi1. ?III s*is dasa!$is"i #ristianuli dasavleTis safuZvlebi jerac srulebiT ar

$o2la gam$arebuli.

a% ar $o2la eklesiuri*#ristianuli mriv) s!ored am se#tor"i gamovlindakontinent'e am period"i Zlieri sisusteebi &i. #v.%. fri'iisa da sa#soniis

!armarTebi dasavleTisken mii!evdnen mu#ariT. erovnuli avtonomiuri eklesiebipartikularisturi mimarTulebiT viTardebodnen)

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b% ar $o2la politikuri mdgomareobis mrivac: "ors i$o saimedo!onas!orobisagan. erTi mriv mso0io mas"tabis politikuri Zala emu#reboda#ristianobas, meore mriv safrTe emu#reboda mis erTianobas. sa"i"roebiscentrebi i$o: islami, bi'antiis antipapuri politika &atTmebrZoli imperatori leoni,§ 3/%, "ida brZolebi frankTa samefo"i da me'obel samTavroebTan maTi

"ejaebebi) langobardebis preten'iebi rom'e da italia'e.frankTa samefo"i mdgomareoba stabiluri gada arabeb'e gamarjvebis

"emdeg &puatie, @3+%, romelic moipova karlos martelma, aristokratiis &maT"oris episkopatis% damarebiT. &...% frankTa teritorialuri eklesia kidev ufrom4idrod daukav"irda samefos politikur status-s.

+. kiTva * romelsac vsvamT d(evandeli gadasaedidan * mdgomareobsima"i, "eeZlo Tu ara frankTa samefos, da Tu o, am "emTveva"i rogor,gamdari$o dasavleTis #ve$nebis gamaerTianebeli centri. frankTa teritorialurieklesia Zal'e i'olirebuli i$o amisaTvis. molod sa$ovelTao eklesiuri gaerTianeba"eZlebda erTobis realobad #cevas.

am integraciis mom'adebaa s!ored !m. bonifaciusis damsaureba. manimdenad daalova papoba da frankTa samefo erTmaneTs, romelTac manamdeerTmaneT'e molod bundovani !armodgenebi Tu #ondaT, rom gandanamdvilad m$ari aliansis "e#mnis "esaZlebloba. "emdgom"i politikuri dineba"easams orcs am "esaZleblobas. marTalia, rom rodesac papma grigol III*m@3/ !els pirvelad mimarTa karlos martels mfarvelobis TovniT, langobardebTan"ekrulma maordomma &msaurTuucesi% uari uTra. magram pap stefanes II*sa da mefe pipins "oris @53*5 !*"i dam$arebuli mtkice "eTanmebiT dadgamso)io istoriis erT&erTi yvelaze didi momenti8 am momentidan Camoyalibdaklerikalur&samxedro saxelmwifo, romelic safu#vlad daedeba mTeli evropis

ganviTarebas & Ranke%.

3. benedi#telma misionereba anglosa#sTa eklesiidan pirvel rig"i fri'ebsmimarTes &fri'ebi * rdiloeTis '(vis napir'e, belgiidan ve'eramde%. amalisaTvis damaasiaTebeli damoukideblobis "egneba i$o didi nis manZil'emaTi ga#ristianebisaTvis elis"em"leli fa#tori. iorkis episkoposis vilfridisa &6@A/% da svaTa u"edego Zalismevis "emdeg, 7-/ !els am maris napirebsmiadga vilibrordi &6 @3/%, vilfridis mo!afe, 11 megobarTan erTad. igimo#medebda frnak maordomTan pipinTan "eTanmebiT, romelsac piradadestumra, da papTan kav"ir"i. orjer avida rom"i. 7/5 !els meore mg'avrobisdros papi sergi &7-@*@A1% mas ar#iepiskoposad akurTebs. Tavis re'idenciad,

pipinis miTiTebiT, utre"ti airia. 7/- !els, !m. irminam &franki keTil"obili%mas uboZa mi!a, romel'ec man daaarsa e"terna"is monasteri &d(evandelilu#semburgis saercogo"i%. man es monasteri a#cia misionerTa centrad.eternai i#ca, "eiZleba iT#vas, d(evandeli germaniis saboloo #ristiani'aciiskerad. albaT, s!ored am monastridan miavlina @1/ !els vilibrordma bonifaciusia(mosavleTisken, rodesac am ukanasknelma uari T#va sul mudam fri'ebs "orismu"aoba'e. a#ve daasa0aves frizTa mociquli vilibrordi, na$o2eri "romiTa da!armatebebiT savse covrebis "emdeg. eternai momdevno saukuneeb"iganviTarda da i#ca umni"vnelovanes centrad sar!munoebisa da #ristianulikulturisaTvis &!ignebis gada!era% da araerTi saukunis manZil'e i$o imperiis

mni"vnelovani saabato.

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II. bonifaciusi

vilibrordis mo!afesa da Tanamo(va!es e!era daerdila Tavisimas!avlebeli. bonifaciusia is, romelmac ganavrco, gan!mida da moa!$oeklesia germaniasa da frankTa dasavleT samefo"i.

1. a% vinfridi &ase er#va mas% daibada daaloebiT 7@+ !. &"esaZlebeliakeTil"obil anglosa#sonTa oja"i%. mo'ardis asak"i "eimosa !m. benedi#tessamosi. A !lis asak"i miatova monasteri da gaemg'avra misionerad, rasacdarenili TiT#mis A !eli uZF(vna. misi pirveli mog'auroba fri'ia"i, u"edegoddasrulda. s!ored ma"in, @17 !. fri'Ta !armarTma ercogma radbodma #ristianfrankebs !aarTva fri'ia. meore mog'aurobisas vinfridi inglisidan pirdapir rom"iadis. a# @1/ !els papma grigol II*m, mas "emdeg rac mas romauli saeli

bonifaciusi &kilikiis erTi !amebulis saeli% daar#va, mii(o igi papis oja"i, Tumcki jerjerobiT ara o2cialurad, da miavlina germania"i evangeli'aciis 'ogadimandatiT &@+1 !*mde fri'eb"i vilibrordTan erTad, @++ !. esen"i) pirvelimonastris ameneburgis daarseba%.

b% bonifaciuss, rogorc anglosa#sonTa monastrebis $vela bers, (rmad#onda gamdgari fesvebi Tavis al"i. mas, axal sa#sons, Zlierad i'idavda

Tavisi naTesavebisken kontinent'e, sa#sonebisken. da miuedavad imisa, romman ver "eZlo am tomis ga#ristianeba &vinaidan papi grigol III @3@*3- !!.*"isifrTilis gamo ar dasTanmda mas mis gegma'e%, sa#sonebis misioni misTvisdara did ocnebad mTeli covrebis manZil'e, risTvisac daucromlad loculobdaigi da misi Tana"em!eni. misi mravalricovani misioneruli sa#mianoba sa4iroaganviiloT, rogorc sa#soniisTvis mosam'adebeli etapebi.

+. a% rom"i meore mg'avrobisas @++ !. bonifaciusma grigol II*s "e2caerTguleba &aseTs 2cs a#amde molod romis mimdebare epar#iis episkoposebidebdnen% da akurTes igi misioner episkoposad &2#sirebuli tatis gare"e%.

b% a#edan mo$olebuli i!$eba did !armatebaTa ana. geismarTan, donarismua ecema misioneris eliT) gaocebuli !armarTebi edaven am ni"an"i(mrTis msjavrs. esenis misionis gvirgvini i$o geismaris monastris daarseba.

@+ !liT !armarTTa namdvili evangeli'acia "eiZleba aiTvalos dasrulebulad.amas mo$va Zalismeva #ristianuli covrebis gan!medisa dagaZlierebisaTvis. esen"i da kidev ufro turingia"i i$vnen "emorenilni adrindeli#ristianebi. magram am arasruli Tu Tavis dineba'e mitovebuli #ristianobis donesa"inlad dabali i$o. mis ue" forma"i atarebda !armarTobisa da crur!menismraval saes. bonifaciuss mouda mTeli covrebis manZil'e brZola didi niTu$urad(ebod datovebuli sam(vdeloebis !inaa(mdeg, romlebisganac didad argansvavdebodnen frankTa samefo"i coliani mesakuTre episkoposebi.

g% bonifaciusma inglisidan momaval Tanamo(va!e mamebTan erTad&maT "oris arian luli, burardi%, romelTac daemata inglisis dedaTa monastrebis

reuli !armomadgenlebi &!m. Tekle, !m. lioba, bonifaciusis naTesavi damegobari%, moadina reinis a(mosavleTisa da d(evandel frankoniisevangeli'acia monastrebis daarsebiT &maT "oris dedaTa monastrebic:

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tauberbi"ofsaimis, kitcintenis da oksenfurtis, romlebic i#cnen germania"igogonaTa a('rdis pirvel da!esebulebad%. samu"aos mas"tabebma aiZules igiarasakmarisad mom'adebuli berebisaTvisac miendo !amo!$ebul sa#meeb'epasuismgebloba, rac misi gulis!uilis mi'e'i i$o.

3. papis kar'e ki amasoba"i a(iares bonifaciusis mo(va!eobismni"vneloba da ar#iepiskoposad a(i$vanes igi &@3+%, saar#iepiskopososmini4ebis gare"e. @3-*@3/ !leb"i rom"i mesame mog'aurobisas "emu"avdamomavali mo#medebis gegma. laparaki i$o eklesiis organi'eba'e. samu"aodai!$o bavariis ercogis odilonis damarebiT.

miuedavad rupert vormselis mo(va!eobisa 'alcburg"i, emeranisareensburg"i da korbinianisa frai'ing"i, im droisaTvis bavaria"i i$o erTaderTiepiskoposi pasau"i. oT saepiskoposod da$o bonifaciusma bavaria &'alcburgi,pasau, frei'ingi, reensburgi%. mogvianebiT daemata ei"teti. aali monastrebii#cnen religiur*eklesiuri covrebis kerebad. adgilobrivi sinodebi emarebodnenmankierebaTa a(mofvrasa da saTnoebaTa !aaliseba"i.

GTavad frankTa samefo"i bonifaciusma "eZlo dae!$o eklesiuri mo!$obissa#me aali epar#iebis amo$alibebiT molod karlos martelis sikvdilis "emdeg&@1% karlomanisa da pipinis el"e!$obiT, Tumc ki es ukanaskneli naklebadbejiTi i$o eklesiis mimarT. esensa da turingia"i daaarsa vurcburgis, erfurtisada buraburgis saepiskoposoebi &@+%. maT dasamtkiceblad sagangebo bulebiiTova papisagan, rac manamde arasodes momdara. man sakuTari erTgulebis2ci ganavrco mTel frankTa eklesia'e, riTac papis iurisdi#cia"i moa#cia igi. es i$o!armoudgeneli mni"vnelobis fa#ti.

bonifaciusi gada namdvili primasi, e.i. episkoposTa Tavi a(mosavleTisfrankeb"i &avstra'ia%. es pirveloba gamoiata im gadam!$vet rol"i, romelic

man iTama"a @3 !els a(mosavleTis frankTa kreba'e &Concilium Germanicum,romelic moi!via karlomanma da romlis gada!$vetilebebsac manve miani4akanonis Zala maTi gamo#ve$nebiT%. a# bonifaciusma episkoposebs papiserTgulebis 2ci daadebina: pontife#sis iurisdi#ciis morigi gafarToveba.monastrebs daevalaT !m. benedi#tes !esdebis "emo(eba) sam(vdeloebisa daepiskopatis a('rda, &bonifaciusis a(!eriTve viciT, rom done, umetes!ilad,saocrad dabla i$o dacemuli% mkacrad daregulirda &nadirobisa da samedrosamsauris akrZalva%. eklesiis #oneba unda dabrunebuli$o &rac verganorcielda%.

. "emdeg"i !midanis mo#medebis areali kidev ufro gai'arda. suasonis

krebisa &@% da sruliad frankTa eklesiis pirveli sinodis &@5% sa"ualebiT,bonifaciusi !armodgeba &ra T#ma unda molod da molod maordomisaprobaciiT% rogorc neistriis eklesiis uma(lesi meTauri da, krebis dadgenilebebisZaliT, rogorc misi reformatori.

mitropolituri mo!$oba, Zveli episkopatis !inaa(mdegobis gamo verdamkvidrda, miuedavad papis marda4erisa. bonifaciusic ar gamdara,rogorc i$o gada!$vetili, mitropoliti re'idenciiT koln"i, aramed mii(o maincissaepiskoposo &@7%.

u(irs sam(vdeloTa !inaa(mdeg Tavis mkacr #medebeb"i, raT#maundaigi !inaa(mdegobasac !aa!$da. franki episkoposebi, umetesad colianebi,

verclis, siameTa da Zalau0ebis mo$vareni, i$vnen mo!inaa(mdegenimisionerisa misi mo(va!eobis pirvelive !lebidan mis sikvdilamde. man ver"eZlo !inaa(mdegobis bolomde daZleva, magram ise "orsm4vreteluraddai!$o reforma da kanonikuri organi'eba, rom misi sa#me organulad

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ganviTarda "emdegac. misi mi'nebi, ganealebina germaniisa da galiiseklesiebi da, romis mier dafuZnebuli misi sam"oblos eklesiis tradiciis miedviT,daekav"irebina isini (vTis nebiT dadgenil centrTan, mi(!eul i#na. @@ !lis erTsinod'e man "eZlo eT#mevinebina frnak episkoposebisaTvis, rom maT gadawyvites mtkiced SeinarCunon erToba romis eklesiasTan da misdami

morCileba.

5. mTeli germaniisaTvis misionerTa kerad da samagaliTo skoladbonifaciusma @7 !els daaarsa fuldas monasteri, romelsac abatad daudginabavarieli Sturmi. monastrisaTvis papis nebarTviT moipova sruli eg'empcia, anukanonikur*eklesiuri damoukidebloba nebismieri episkoposisagan &pontife#sisZalau0ebis kidev erTi mni"vnelovani gafarToveba frankTa eklesia"i%. fuldasmonasteri &inglisis monastrebis msgavsad% i$o agreTve kulturis centric. fuldai#ca mouci misioneris siarulad da religiuri, ekonomikuri, mecnieruli daelovnebis a#tivobis centrad. fulda"i dakrZlaes igi, rodesac daubrunda Tavisipirvel si$varuls da elala scada fri'ia"i misioneruli mog'auroba &maincissaepiskoposo Tavis mo!afes lulis aabara% @5 !els da -A !els mitanebulma

Tavis megobrebTan erTad mo!ameobrivi sikvdiliT pova.

7. germanelTa mociqulis sapatio titulis samarTlianoba bolo aneb"ie4v#ve" daa$enes, vinaidan d(evandeli germanelis mcneba ar emTveva imgermanebs, romlebsac bonifaciusma u#adaga. arc erTaderTi $o2la, vincsaareba mia!oda im tomebs, romlebisganac !armodgnen d(evandeligermanelebi) arc martooden !armarTebis evangeli'aciasTan gva#vs sa#me.magrm es tituli "eiZleba samarTlianad miekuTvnos mas, a% mo(va!eobisteritoriis gamo &fri'iis, esenis, turingiis !armarTebi% b% imis gamo, rom

gan!mida da gamoacocla ukve arsebuli eklesiuri centrebi, g% eklesiuriorgani'ebis sa"ualebiT man pirvelma miani4a frankTa eklesias stabilurisicoclisunarianoba. d% da rac $vela'e mni"vnelovania: 1. man frankTa eklesiis"egneba"i elala "Tanerga, (rmad da !aruocavad, #ristianuli ideali da ufro'ustad m(vdluri ideali, pirveladi eklesiis normebis Tanamad, da +. mTeli misimo(va!eoba, misive sit$vebiT i$o legatio romana, man i(va!a rogorc papisvikariusma. sva sit$vebiT rom vT#vaT, igi alos i$o #ristianobis mTavarcentrTan. molod amgvarad "eZlo man uZluri teritorialuri eklesiebisaTvissa$rdeni mieca. sayveduri imisaTvis, rom bonifaciusma, rogorc papislegatma germaniis eklesiaSi, romelsac edga igi saTaveSi, ganamtkicaromis gavlena masze, SeiZleba momdinareobdes mxolod da mxolod

antiistoriuli metalobis mqone adamianisgan &Heussi%. marTlac, amiTi manmisca, rogorc germaniis aseve mTel dasavleTis saqristianos, is Zlieri da nayoeri gadamwyveti sasicocxlo impulsi, romelic iqca eklesiisgabrwyinebisa da masTan erTad SuasaukuneTa civilizaciis sawindarad &Sohm%.

ar unda dagvavi!$des rom bonifaciusi reformas atarebda teritorialurieklesiis "egnebiT gansa'(vrul areal"i. karlomansa da pipins reforma miandaTmaT, sakuTar sa#med. gancadebani, romlebic gaakeTes avstra'iismaordomma @3 !els Concilim Germanicum*'e da misma Zmam pipinma @!els suason"i, molod amgvari interpretaciis sa"ualebas gvaZlevs. "ekrebili

episkoposni mrevelTa rols asruleben, maordomi a#ve$nebs krebis dekretebs Tavis capitularia*"i, rogorc kanonebs. am principiT saeronic mona!ileobdnensinodeb"i.

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@. Tu gadavedavT frankTa samefo"i 'neobriv*religiur mdgomareobasbonifaciusamde, "egviZlia "esaferisad davafasoT misi (va!li dasavleTissamefosTvisac: sinodebis elaali gamococleba, 'omebi !armarTuli adaT*!esebis !inaa(mdeg, reformist episkoposTa dani"vna da ar#iepiskoposTadani"vnis mcdeloba. es ukanasknelni (ebulobdnen TavianT Zalau0ebas pirdapir

papisagan paliumis mi(ebiT. aman saTave daudo mudmiv da "ir kav"irebsZveli eklesiis ideebis $vela'e mni"vnelovan da u0ebamosil damcvelTan dasa$ovelTao eklesiis a'risa da #medebis centrTan, imisaTvis rom mie(!iaTdasavleTis esoden nanatr da aucilebel erTobamde #ristianobis jansa(iganviTarebisaTvis.

$ovelive es ar ni"navs imas rom bonifaciusis mier evangeli'ebuli tomebi,umetes!ilad moe#cnen srul #ristianoba'e saarebiseuli gamocadebisamebr.!mida misioneris gviani gamonaT#vamebis miedviTac ki misi sam!$sos'neobriv*religiuri mdgomareoba met*naklebad @+ !lis "efasebasimsaurebda: germaniis xalxebma garkveulwilad gamoiRvi#es da daiwyesmo#raobao.

§ 3/. papebis aliansi frankebTaneklesiis saelm!ifo. bi'antiasTan kav"irebis ga!$veta

1. a% jer kidev grigol did'e saubrisas vnaeT Tu rogor ap$robda igi Tavism'eras evropis barbaros tomeb'e, raTa evangeli'aciis g'iT "emoekriba isinisromis irgvliv, petres sa$darTan. es tendencia aitaces da ganaviTaHf ﾤ ?III s*ispapebma. is viTardeba a(mosavleTis imperatorebTan davisa da maTgan

progresuli da"orebis paralelurad da gamoiateba sit$veb"i: (mTeli dasavleTidid imeds amyarebs CvenSi da wmida petreSi, romelsac dasavleTis yvelasamefoni pativs miageben rogorc RmerTs dedamiwaze* , da rom m'ad ariandaicvan papi atTmebrZoli imperatorisagan. marTlac pentapolisa da veneciis

jarebma upasues leon III*is mimarT mimarTuli am sit$vebis avtoris pap grigolII*is momobas.

"euZlebelia ganvsa'(vroT, aris Tu ara msgavsi gancadebebi dasavleTisaali imperiisa da eklesiis masTan aliansis ideiT a(Zrulni, Tu a(mosavleTidanmomdinare politikurma da ekonomikurma mu#aram !armo"va, rdiloelTaevangeli'aciis &bonifaciusis legatio romana% religiur ideasTan fedafe, frankTamTavrebis #ve" da maTi Tanam"romlobiT, eklesiis aali politika. nebismier"emTveva"i movlenaTa realuri ganviTareba met$velebs ima'e rom fa#tiuradsaboloo "edegi am ideaTa i$o jer papebisa da frankTa kav"iri, olo "emdegdasavleTis aali imperia da papebis kav"iri masTan.

a# ven jerjerobiT gvainteresebs molod pirveli etapebi: grigol II*s a'rad#onda mog'auroba rdiloeTis aleb"i. grigol III*m @3/ !els amaod moumokarlos martels !m. petres dacvisaken. am kav"iris ganorcielebas dasa!$isimisca pap 'a#arias &i. #v.% gada!$vetilebam, papebis rdiloeT"imog'aurobam da "emdeg rdiloeTis mefeTa rom"i amosvlam, rom"i, sadac!m. petres memkvidris elidan da mis sa0av'e (ebuloben, 'eTiscebissa"ualebiT, imperatoris sa$ovelTao (irsebas.

b% Tavidanve arsebobs mni"vnelovani daZabuloba, dapirispireba&istoriisaTvis gadamwyveti% erTi mriv romis episkoposisa da meore mriv

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frankTa dasaul mi'nebsa da maT ideebs "oris. papebma frankTa maordomi jermefeebad, olo "emdeg imperatorebad aama(les raTa mas, rogorc romaelpatriciuss, daecva !mida petres eklesia. frankTa me2s TiT#mis absoluturavtoritets Tavis eklesia'e, romelic sul male i#ceva imperiis eklesiad, sursgacilebiT meti. es ki, Tavis mriv, srulebiT ar eTanmeba sa$ovelTao eklesiis

papebiseul ideals.konkretuli politikuri situaciis miedviT erTisa Tu meore maris preten'iebi

an ufro Zlier !amoi!even !in, an sulac ukana plan'e gadadian: daZabuloba dadapirispireba reba da amoZravebs im evolucias, romlis mo!menic vdebiT"uasaukuneTa istoria"i. papebsa da frankebs, mogvianebiT ki papebsa daimperias "oris aliansis !$alobiT "uasaukuneebi mia(!evs Tavis m!vervals.magram im problemebs, romlebsac atarebs, ver gada!$vetvs bolomde daamitom "uasaukuneebi, ase vT#vaT, reba ga$o2li Tavis Tav"i.

g% es anali'i da msjeloba, ar unda i#nas gagebuli 'edmetad realisturipolitikis sibrt$e"i. frankebma daikaves <berZnebis<, anu a(mosavleTisromaelTa adgili) o(ond isini arsebiTad gansvavdebodnen maTgan, ukvenasenebi si$varuliT savse da "vilobrivi mo!i!ebiT petres, 'ecis darajismimarT, da a#edan gamomdinare realuri &ara Zal'e vi!ro gagebiT% a(iarebiTda cnobiT misi memkvidreebisa da !armomadgenlebisa, romis papebisa.

+. bonifaciusma frankTa eklesia m4idrod daukav"ira roms. romisepiskoposs, pap 'a#arias mimarTa pipinma @51 !els. mas "emdeg rackarlomanma uari T#va mmarTveloba'e, pipini i#ca politikuri Zalau0ebiserTaderT m0obelad, magram sruliad ar $o2la daculi karlomanis !amo'rdili"vilebis konkurenciisgan. molod me2s (irseba daicavda realurad da

angrZlivad mis elisu0ebas. man, frankTa erovnuli eklesiis batonma, kiTapaps: (gana is, vinc )obs me$s #alau)ebas ar unda iyos kidec mefe* *o. pasui"eicavs, papis avtoritetiT, manamde arsmenil, politikur*saelm!ifoebriv done'esavaldebulo arapirdapir a(iarebas. 'a#aria dasTanmda franki maordomismefed ama(lebas. pipini airies mefed. episkoposebma sces mas 'eTi, racaZlevda frankTa samefos eklesiur*#ristianul kurTevas da amasTan erTad aalavtoritets. imdroindeli garemoebebis "esabamisad, es ni"navda erTdroulad,frankTa me2s romTan "ekvras.

ara a#vs mni"vneloba im fa#ts, pipini akurTa bonifaciusma Tu svaepiskoposma) nebismier "emTveva"i es movlena i$o bonifaciusis $vela'epersonaluri sa#mis gagrZeleba da "em'adda is grandio'uli aliansi karlos didisa

eklesiasTan, romlidanac i!$eba namdvili "uasaukuneebi.

3. papebsa da frankebs "oris aliansi dam$arda jer kidev pipinsa da stefanII*s &@5+*@5@% mier. italia formalurad jer kidev a(mosavleTis romis imperiasekuTvnoda) ravena"i #onda re'idencia imperatoris !armomadgenels &§ 35, II,3%, romlis politikuri gavlena Zal'e susti i$o. papi jerac a(mosavleTis romispolitikur #ve"evrdomad iTvleboda) papis dokumentebic bi'antiuri stiliT

Tari(deboda, da amdroindelma papebma, bi'antiis imperatorebis mTeli(varZlisa da mtruli damokidebulebis miuedavad, gasaocrad didans "einaesmaTdami erTguleba. meore mriv, papis saero avtoritetic da misi realuripolitikuri mni"vnelobac gai'arda &35, II, -%. longobardebi es!rafodnen ravenasda romis, da Tu es "esaZlebeli i#neboda mTeli italiis dap$robas. pirveli papi,romelmac damareba da mfarveloba sTova karlos martels, i$o grigol III,magram amaod. rodesac langobardebis !insvlam sikvdil*sicoclis !ina"e

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daa$ena romi &mefe aistulfma daip$ro ravenas eg'ar#ati da pentapoli @/*@57!!*"i% da imperators araviTari damareba ar a(mouenia, stefan II*m mimarTaim elm!ifes, romelic Tavis gvirgvins, met!ilad, papebs umadloda. frankilegatebis TanlebiTa da mfarvelobiT pavia"i igi amo"ordeba, rogorclangobardebis mefes &miuedavad am ukanasknelis protestebisa%, ise

a(mosavleTis imperatoris legatebs, da frankTa samefo"i, ponTionsa da "emdegkier'i"i "evdeba pipins mso0io istoriis mni"vnelobis "evedreb'e.molaparakebebi dasrulda @5 !lis a(dgoma d(es !m. diogenes &sen deni%samefo saabato"i, sadac papma elala sco 'eTi pipins &masTan erTad miscolsa da or vas, e.i. momaval karlos dids%.

. is fa#ti rom amiT ar a(mofvrila mTlianad sakmaod (rma!inaa(mdegobebi, gasakviri sulac araa da gasagebia mocemul istoriulgaremo"i. ganviiloT es sakiTi ufro da!vrilebiT.

a% Tavad aliansic &da masTan erTad dasavleTis momavali erToba% ar i$oerTel da samudamod garantirebuli. papebis da#vemdebareba a(mosavleTisromis u'enaes politikur meTaurTan ar $o2la sabolood ga!$vetili. papebi kidevdidi nis manZil'e TavianT dokumentebs basilevsis &Cveni u)is% mefobis !lebismiedviT aTari(ebdnen) konstantinepol"i a("foTdnen romis episkoposis#medeba'e, magram mis aleanss frankebTan, upirveles $ovlisa, saerTo mtris,langobardebis !inaa(mdeg Tavdacvis mcdelobis asna mouZebnes. realuradsa"i"roeba am mriv serio'uli i$o: (mrTismosavi karlomani moulodneladtovebs monasters, raTa, aistulfos !a#e'ebiT, !in a(udges papisa da pipiniskav"irs) !armateba !aadgeboda mis a! ukve srul!lovan vaebs. pipinTan"eTanmebiT, papi erT frankul monaster"i daat$vevebs ltolvil bersa da mis or

vas. arc frankebi miinevdnen am kav"irs, rogorc ur(vevsa da upirobos)magaliTad, patriciusis mni"vnelovani tituliT molod ma"in dai!$es sargebloba,rodesac, langobardebis samefos dap$robis "emdeg, es tituli a(ar ni"navdamolod valdebulebebs, aramed u0ebebsac. "inagani kontrasti Sacerdotium*sa da

Imperium*s "oris a"karad ans aliansis dasa!$is"ive: romauli a(!era ponTion*kier'is movlenebisa arsebiTad gansvavdeba, gind toniTa da gind "inaarsiT,frankulisagan.

miuedavad amisa a# moda ra(ac gadam!$veti. momavali orientirebuli#na eklesia*saelm!ifos "uasaukunebrivi aliansis mimarTulebiT.

b% "esrulda mTeli rigi simboluri estebisa da gamoiT#va survilebi,mokav"ireTa statusis urTierTa(iareba da urTierTvaldebulebebi: pipinma papismimarT "easrula mejinibeTuucesis esti, romelic, bi'antiis karis ceremonialismiedviT molod imperators ekuTvnoda &esaa pirveli mkrTali ni"ani papisa,rogorc imperatorisa%. Tavis mriv stefan II, jvaloTi "emosili da Tav'e nacriT,ganerTo meore d(es pipinis ferTiT da, moci#ulTa Tavadis damsaurebaTaTvis,"eevedra esna igi langobardebis elidan. a(sani"navia is fa#ti, rom is, vincdebs kav"irs pipinTan, araa papi, aramed * petre, 'ecis daraji, romlismotacebuli sakuTrebac unda daubrundes legitimur mesakuTres. pipini kisrulobs petres u0ebebis dacvas. &pipini am koncepciis miedviT imave !els frankTa

samefo"i savaldebulos gadis romis liturgias, Zveli da pativdebuli galuriliturgiis nacvlad%.!$aroebi ar gva!vdian erTian da 'ust suraTs. alis gverdiT dgas Zveli

u"ualod, da "irad erTmaneTTan "euTavseblad. realurad sagrZnobia jer kidev

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gaum$arebeli sinamdvile. 'ogjer TiT#osda ans, Tundac mkrTalad, "inagani!inaa(mdegoba Tu uTanmoeba, 'ogjer ki gaugebroba da areuloba, TiT#osdasruliad "egnebul arevanad gveveneba.

magram, rogoric ar unda $o2li$o mTavari gan'ravani, romlebic ido ama#tis safuZvel"i, cadia, rom m(vdelmTavris !inas!armet$velur*m(vdlurma

Zalau0ebam !armo"va politikuri legitimacia: eklesiur*papuri elementi"ea(!evs u"ualod da farTed saero*politikur sfero"i. araTu erToba, aramed ufrometic, ori sferos a(reva, !iTel a'ad rom ga$veba "uasaukuneebs, gvevlinebafa#tad, orive maris nebis gamoatulebad, miuedavad imisa, rom, rogorcvnaeT, mravali gaurkvevloba alavs mas Tan da upirveles $ovlisa(rmadgamjdari !inaa(mdegobebi da kon0i#tebi ar gada!$vetilan.

g% pap stefanes mo#medeba formalurad Tu ara, fa#tiurad a(ni"navdabi'antiasTan, anu Zveli romis imperiasTan kav"irebis ga!$vetas: ammomentidan papoba politikur sfero"i mi$veba, sul ufro da ufro metad, sakuTarg'as. papma ganacada Tavisi u0eba imperiis teritoriis erT na!il'e, rogorc Taviskanonier sakuTreba'e, pipins miani4a patriciusis tituli, rasac manamde molodimperatorebi atarebdnen, da amiT frankTa mefesa da mis ojas miani4amfarvelis fun#cia, romelsac 0obda imperatoris eg'ar#osi ravena"i. marTlacpipinma orjer gadalaa alpebi &@5*57% papis dasacavad. teritoriebi, romlebicman !aarTva langobardebs gadaeca romis tats &pipinma dap$robili #ala#ebisgasa(ebebi petres sa0av'e daadebina%. papi gada saero elm!ife) pipinis #Rvenis &@57% safuZvel'e "ei#mna eklesiis saxelmwifo, romelic moicavdaromsac. politikurad papi im$ofeboda frankTa mefeTa mfarveloba"i. magram"ors ar i$o ami, rodesac mfarveloba politikur batonobad gadai#ceoda. &ruka1@%.

5. mravali Tvalsa'risiT gansvavebulma, magram Tavidan arc Tu bolomdegarkveulma "eedulebebma ori uzenaesi Zalau0ebis bunebasa da davalebeb'eda maT urTierT mimarTeba'e, poves saukuneTa ganmavloba"i sul ufro mdidariliteraturuli gamoatuleba, Tavidan &namdvili Tu $albi% dokumentebis saiT,"emdeg ki Teoriul tra#tateb"i, dabolos bro"urebsa da polemikur na!ereb"i.

rogorc $ovleTvis msgavs rTul ganviTarebeb"i, $vela'e mni"vnelovanifa#torebi adebulia safuZvel"i, romlebic gansa'(vraven "emdgomiganviTarebis tendenciebs. ganviiloT isini.

a% is rac $vela'e metad adardebda romis eklesias, i$o saelm!ifosu(lisagan, anu romis &a(mosavleTis romis% imperatorisagan, gaTavisu0eba,

damoukidebloba. es motivi aisaa wmida silibistros legendaSi, anu mogonilmoTroba"i, romlis miedviTac pap silibistro I*s mounaTlavs konstantine didida ganukurnavs igi keTrisagan) madlierebisaTvis imperators Turmedausau#rebia papi Zvirfasi Z(venebiT &magaliTad, lateranis sasaliT%.

b% es legenda, kidev ufro gadamu"avebuli da gafarToebuli, literaturuladda2#sirda erT $alb dokument"i, romelsac e!era gamdari$o fatalurimni"vnelobisa dasavleTis ganviTareba"i da kerZod ki Sacerdotium*isa da Imperium-

is urTierToba"i. laparakia e.!. konstantines sabo#varze. sam!uarod, amdokumentis "e#mnis arc dro da arc adgili ver dgindeba mTeli si'ustiT. papis

tendenciebis gverdiT "eini"neba mas"i frankTa gavlenac. es falsi2kaciagamo$enebul i#na politikur da politikur*eklesiur sferoeb"i molod papebis mier,sporadulad E s*"i, ufro "irad EI*"i, da TandaTan sa$ovelTaod EII*danmo$olebuli. jer kidev oto I da "emdeg oto III &1AA1 !lis erT*erT dokument"i%

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ameldnen am dokuments rogorc $albs. magram "emdeg mTeli"uasaukuneebis manZil'e mas miineven namdvilad. E? s*"i daamtkices&svaTa "oris nikolo' ku'anelmac § @1, % rom sa#me #ondaT $albdokumentTan.

g% dokuments a#vs imperatoris dekretis sae pap silibistrosa da mismomdevnoTa sasargeblod am wuTiso)is aRsasrulamde. mis miedviT, Turmesamdlobelod im sikeTeTaTvis &maT "oris naTlobisTvisac%, rac silibistrossa"ualebiT miu(ia moci#ulTa Tavadisagan, imperators, Tavis didebulebTan daromis alTan "eTanmebiT, unebebia gadaeca am#ve$nad Ze(mrTisasvikariusisaTvis, imperiuli Zalau0ebis mini4ebiT, (irseba da pativi, srulisuverenuli Zalau0eba da amisaTvis a(ema(lebina petres tati sakuTar'ema(la. eklesiurad paps unda #onoda pirveloba oT patriar#'e &antio#ia,ale#sandria, konstantinopoli da ierusalimi% da dedami!is $vela eklesia'e:macovris eklesia, romelic konstantinem aago Tavis sasale"i &lateran"i%caddeba mso0ios $vela taZris Tavad.

samadlobeli konkretdeba "emdeg Z(veneb"i: silibistro da misimemkvidreni (ebuloben re'idenciad, laterans) (ebuloben agreTvesaimperatoro (irsebis insignaciebs &romelTagan silibistro Tanmdeba molod

TeTr mosasam'e, rogor u0is a(dgomis ni"an'e%) romis sam(vdeloebaseni4eba senatorTa socialuri rangi, $vela privilegiiT.

!m. petresadmi mo!i!ebis ni"nad, naT#vamia, dokument"i,konstantines papis cenis a(viri dau4eria, mejinibeTuucesis msgavsad.

amasgarda, konstantine uTmobs paps lateranis sasalis gareT, roms,italiis provinciebsa da mTel dasavleTs. "esabamisad donatio sruldeba

konstantines gada!$vetilebiT gadaitanos sakuTari tati bi'antia"i. rameTu ari#neboda samarTliani, saero imperators emefa i#, sadac 'eciurma imperatormadaa!esa m(vdelTa pirveloba da #ristianuli sar!munoebis Tavi.

es konstantines Z(veni mogvianebiT "evida fsevdoisidores dekretalebiskrebul"i, rogorc $vela'e mni"vnelovani dokumenti &"dr. § 1, II, 3%.

7. cadia, unda davikavoT po'icia am $albi monaTrobis mimarT,romelsac esoden gadam!$veti "edegebi mo$va.

a% falsi2kaciebs "uasaukuneeb"i "irad vvdebiT &1#6 pirdapir istoriul&eklesiur sferoSi %er kidev papi nikoloz 9, Tavis gr#el saprotesto werilSi miqel 999&sadmi !:1/",

sayvedurobs ber#nebs pontifeqsebis werilebis gayalbebas, movlenas, romelic Cveulebadqceuliyo. fotiusis droindeli krebebis masalebi gvidastureben am braldebas.%. Tumc kidokumentebis ga$albebis Tanamedrove gageba uco i$o im saukuneebisaTvis,romelTac ar gaaniaT istoriuli mentaloba. "irad laparaki i$o namdvili u0ebisformali'eba'e, romelic ar i$o garantirebuli dokumentiT. sva "emTveveb"ilaparaki i$o sakuTari po'iciis ganmtkiceba'e mogonili dokumentebiT.fsevdoisidores "eT'ul na!ereb"i es orive idea gamos4vivis. gadam!$vetielementia aras!ori daTari(eba &da #veli dokumentebis "e#mnac% imisaTvis,rom dasacavi ierokratiuli ideebisaTvis mieca samoci#ulo an adre#ristianuli(irseba.

fsevdoisidores dekretebs #ondaT mogvianebiT mni"vnelovani roli papis

u'enaesobis organi'eba"i, gansakuTrebiT ki "uasaukuneeb"i. is fa#ti rom amdokumentis umni"vnelovanesi adgilebi $albia, arc Tu mcire braldebad rebakaTolikobas. istoriuli Tvalsa'risiT, evolucia speci2kurad "uasaukuneebis papebis

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sruli Zalau0ebisaken, ganorcielda am $albi na!erebis sa"ualebiTac. sruladsulieri po'icia miinevs, rom amiT e4v#ve" dgeba papebis realuri Zalau0eba.magram s!oredac rom d(evandelobis amgvari msjeloba !arsulis movlenebisirgvliv $ovlad antiistoriulia) "euZlebelia am daskvnebis gakeTeba, TukigaviTvalis!inebT im urTierTkav"irebs, rac arsebobda ma"in materialur,

politikur da sulier Zalau0ebebs "oris &rogorc sacerdotium*is, iseve regnum*isada imperium*is !armomadgenleb"i%. amas garda mTeli am tendenciiscentraluri birTvi i$o eklesiur*religiuri sferos, kerZod ki papebis ama(leba, saerosfero'e. miuedavad mTeli problemebis simZimisa rasac vvdebiT, ar "eiZlebae4v#ve" daa$eno am birTvis istoriuli legitimuroba.

b% upirveles $ovlisa: iurisdi#ciis dogmatur primats araviTari kav"iri araa#vs istoriuli ganviTarebis gadavevebTan da srulebiTac ar em$areba am $albdokumentebs. bibliuri fundamenti &ganviTarebis organuli tendenciisgaTvalis!inebiT, rac arsebiTia eklesiisaTvis% maTgan damoukidebelia. meoremriv, is fa#ti, rom am $albma dokumentebma TavianTi !vlili "eitanes papobisideis ganmtkiceba"i, aris damo!meba imisa rom (mrTiuri gamocadebis gavlaistoria"i da misi istoriuli 'rda $ovelTvis i$o kondicirebuli "esabamisi istoriulirealobebiT. am evoluciis erT*erTi "edegi, papebis absoluturi #alau)eba saerosferoSi, eklesiurisa da saeros "uasaukunoebrivi gadalarTva, adreul da gvian"uasaukuneeb"i gadaa4arbebs imdenad, rom, "irad avnebs kidec eklesiisreligiur mares. magram $vela'e arsebiTi "edegis gaTvalis!inebiT, romelicaaiurisdi#c3+ primati, es evoluciac "edis elix culpa*s saidumlo"i.

La Storia Della Chiesa, Medioevo, J. Lortz §§35-39

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Transcript of La Storia Della Chiesa, Medioevo, J. Lortz §§35-39