FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI (1377-1446)

INT470 History 1Fatma El Zahraa Mohamed-201210448Instructor: Dr. Seif Khiati Date of Submission: 12-8-2016

Introduction • Brunelleschi was a designer from Italy and an important figure in

architecture.

BornFilippo di ser Brunellesco di Lippo Lapi

1377Florence, Italy

Died April 15, 1446 (aged 68–69)'Florence

Known for Architecture, sculpture, mechanical engineering

Notable work Dome of Santa Maria del FioreMovement Early Renaissance

History• Brunelleschi was born in Florence, Italy. There are fiw information about his early

life, his father Brunellesco di Lippo, a lawyer, and Giuliana Spini was his mother. • Filippo had two brothers and he was the middle one. He was literary and

mathematically educated that planned to allow him to trail his father’s path, by being a civil servant.

• Being artistically motivated, he registered in the Arte della Seta, which is the silk merchants' Guild, that included also metalworkers, bronze workers, and goldsmiths.

• He took place in a design competition to construct a design for the new set of bronze doors for Florence Baptistery in 1401.

Brunelleschi known as

• known as the first modern engineer, organizer and only construction supervisor.

• one of the founding fathers of the Renaissance.• he’s well known for creating method for linear perspective for

building and in art.• constructing dome of the famous Florence Cathedral.

Brunelleschi as an architect • Maybe he was just inspired by his environments, ever since it

was between 1402-1404 that he with his friend and sculptor Donatello supposedly went to Rome for studying ancient ruins.

Key Projects:• The first architecture work for Brunelleschi

was Ospedale degli Innocenti from 1419 to1445.

• The long terrace was a rare view in the streets of Florence, as well as its extraordinary arches, the height of each arch is 8 meters.

• The structure was honorable and clear-headed; no demonstrations of fine decorative or marble tiles.

• His design was based on many types of architecture such as Classical Roman, Italian Romanesque and late Gothic.

• As well as, the circular arches and the segmented sphere-shaped domes at the back of them.

• all elements were in grey stone and are put against white color of the walls. This theme was then known as pietra serena which is Italian for serene stone.

Key Projects:

Picture Styles Plans Location Age Building Name

Gothic, Renaissance Piazza del Duomo, 50122 Firenze, Italy March 25, 1436 Florence Cathedral

RenaissancePiazza di San

Lorenzo, 9, 50123 Firenze, Italy

1470 Basilica di San

RenaissancePiazza Santo Spirito,

30, 50125 Firenze,

Italy

1487 Santo Spirito

Key Projects:

Florence Cathedral:• The new cathedral in the city was the Santa Maria del Fiore , and by

the year 1418 the dome was still to be well-defined. • During the time that building was being designed in the earlier

century, nobody knew how a dome was built, agreed that it would be bigger than the dome of the Pantheon in Rome and there was not any dome of that size that has ever been built ever.

Key Projects:

Florence Cathedral:• He wanted to make the dome more stronger and higher,

with no center supporter to hold it up during construction.• With an octagonal base with no through center.• So, it will be two domes as a replacement for of one, an

inner and outer shell, whispered together by brick arches and inter looking rings (stone and wood).

• And rings holing the dome to make it stand out to the world.

Key Projects:

Florence Cathedral:• There were 2 theories about placing the brick

Key Projects:

Flower path growing Wooden templets. Running from the dome center

tracing a circle of cones that goes

smaller.

Florence Cathedral:Brick Pattern:• Brunelleschi started using a special pattern of layered bricks that he

invented himself.• This horizontal bricks by other side vertically other than continuing in

one straight line.• So, the bricks are in a zigzag in the space between the two domes

where pattern is noticeable today, but only in small areas and the pattern is simple.

Key Projects:

Florence Cathedral:• Workers were about 220, 230 feet high and they were hanging over

nothing, so if they fell it would definitely be their death, and so Brunelleschi surely needed to have his men believe in him, so he asked them to trust him with their lives, and this trust came from making a small prototype of the dome with the same system.

Key Projects:

• This dome was done in 16 years, but when Brunelleschi died he didn’t leave behind any sketches or details to know exactly how he achieved his master piece.

• Brunelleschi's interests stretched also to math, engineering and the study of ancient memorials. He developed hydraulic equipment and extravagant clockwork, unfortunately both not survived.

Other Works:

• He designed also defenses used by Florence in its military against Pisa and Siena. In the year1424, he was at work in Lastra a Signa, a village shielding the path to Pisa, and in the year 1431in Italy, particularly the south, on the village walls of Staggia. The walls still well-preserved, but it’s uncertain if they are by Brunelleschi specifically.

Other Works:

Sculptor:• we now think of him as the greatest architect

of Florentine Renaissance style, but he also spent many years trying to put his name into the sculpting design.

• Crucifix of Christ

Theatrical machinery:• He designed equipment to be used in

churches through theatrical religious recitals that recreated miracle stories from the Bible. Devices were formed by which characters and angels were created to fly in the air in the middle of huge blasts of light and fireworks. These events were during state and church visits.

• It isn’t really known for sure how many has Brunelleschi designed, but at least one for the church of San Felice is stated in the records.

Discovery of linear perspective• Brunelleschi stood just inside the main doors of the

cathedral of Florence when he showed his first perspective experiment.

• Brunelleschi experiment demonstrated that linear viewpoint could produce an incredibly a very realistic illusion of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface.

• The notion that we can develop the system that would be easy to follow, but highly accurate through time, onto a frozen two-dimensional surface is really an strange success.

• There is a discussion among scholars as to whether or not there was linear perspective in the antient creation. but if there was any, it was missing, and linear viewpoint was shaped, by Brunelleschi in the 15th century, around 1420 at least in the modern world.

• Some people said that Brunelleschi revived linear viewpoint after the ancient Greeks and romans had it before him.

• romans had it before him. • Brunelleschi had gone to Rome and studied antiquity, some have hypothesized

that developed the basis for linear viewpoint in an attempt to be able to exactly portray the building he was looking at, with drawing and sketching. This help designers in the 13000s, they were creating forums and human figures that were 3 dimensions then adding this figures to a real space.

Discovery of linear perspective

What does Brunelleschi make?• He created a perceptively accurate image of baptistery and what

surround it, so Brunelleschi develops a system with a few essential basics and through these elements it is able to construct accurate scientifically, one point viewpoint.

• They contain a vanishing point which is at the horizon line. As well as, a serious of orthogonal, or illusionistic ally receding diagonals.

• Then Brunelleschi painted and draws an image of the baptistery with linear viewpoint and puts a small hole in the center. He takes the small painting or drawing and puts a handle on them, and hold it in front of his face but facing away from him. Then he takes a mirror and holds it in back of it in back of that. The painting has a small hole to see through straight to the vanishing points. Holding the mirror an arm’s length, and if he pulls the mirror away he can see the actual baptistry and bring the mirror back to see the drawing, move the mirror away to see the actual baptistery, and see those linear well organize.

What does Brunelleschi make?

Conclusion:• Filippo Brunelleschi was a great man in every aspect. You can find his

touches in many things (machines, decoration, architecture, sculpture, prospective even new ways of construction)

Filippo Brunelleschi Important Quotes:• “Do not share your inventions with many; share them only with the

few who understand and love the sciences.”• “I propose to build for eternity.”• “Many are ready, when listening to the inventor, to belittle and deny

his achievements so that he will no longer be heard in honorable places, but after some months or a year, they use the inventor's words in speech or writing or design.”

Filippo Brunelleschi Death:• Brunelleschi's body is in the vault of the Cathedral of Florence. As clarified

by Antonio Manetti, who knew Brunelleschi and wrote his biography, he said Brunelleschi “was granted such honors as to be buried in the Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore, and with a marble bust, which was said to be carved from life, and placed there in perpetual memory with such a splendid epitaph.” In the entrance of the cathedral is his epitaph: "Both the magnificent dome of this famous church and many other devices invented by Filippo the architect, bear witness to his superb skill.

• Therefore, in tribute to his exceptional talents, a grateful country that will always remember him buries him here in the soil below.“

Lived a long, full, revolutionary life