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EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE:

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CharacteristicsArchitectural elementsItalian RenaissanceFrench Renaissance

Characteristics:Revival of classical Greek and Classical Roman Architecture

•Revival of five classical Roman orders as classified by Vitruvius (architect of Classical Roman times 1st century A.D.)•Superficial and decorative use of classical elements. This over shadowed their constructive use. Most of the times, especially in the early phase, Gothic construction practices continued, although visually and in terms of organization of architectural elements and spaces it was renaissance style.

Characteristics:

•The geometrical organization of plans, sections and elevations was quite thorough.•Horizontality dominated as opposed to verticality in gothic architecture. Two reasons for this:1. The renaissance movement was an age

of humanity as opposed to emphasis on God and his institutions in Gothic times of this world rather than aspiring to heaven

2. Climatically, it was stronger in southern Europe where high sun casts a stronger shadow of horizontal elements as against the low sun of northern Europe where vertical influence of ruins of ancient Rome was stronger in Italy and in south Europe.

foundling hospital Florence

Santa Maria Novella, Florence

Characteristics:

•In the country of its origin (ITALY), the pioneers in the architecture style were often artists and silver smiths, gold smiths – people who had almost no building construction on background but whose visual senses were strong.•Renaissance was often the style of visual effect rather than constructional origin. Also much of Roman knowledge of constructional practices had fallen into non use in the dark ages.

foundling hospital Florence

Characteristics:

•Renaissance was often organized around individual architects who had groups of followers around them, so whims and fancies of these individuals resulted in sub styles that formed the renaissance style.•In the later phase it degenerated in to excessive decoration and ornamentationand geometrical rigor that characterized earlier phase was absent.•As building types, buildings of the civic use tended to be built more than just churches which had to do with God.

Brunelleschi

Michelangelo

Architectural elements:Roof:

•Classical orders used constructively as well as decoratively•Dome (with or without peristyles around them) rather than vaults as the main roofing forms.•Lanterns at top of domes to provide light.•Low pitched roofs with balustrade terraces in south Europe and high pitched roofs in northern Europe

Columns:• With twisted shafts mainly in the

baroque phases • Pediment – ends (triangular, semicircular

and segmental) to roofs and openings with columns or pilasters flanking the opening, often supporting them.

•In baroque times these pediments tended to be broken.

St.Paulcathedral

Palazzo inRome

Architectural elements:Horizontal cornices

•Used in bands of moldings at floor levels.•The buildings were usually topped with a grand cornice on top often projecting as much as 2.5 meters (1/10th to 1/12th of the height of the building)•They often tended to be broken in baroque architecture

Openings and Roofs:•Semicircular and sometimes segmental arches unlike pointed arches of Gothic.•The pointed shape and form in arches and vaults were discarded and reverted to semicircular and segmental.

Palazzo Medici Riccardi

Architectural elements:Openings and Roofs:

•Cross Vaults (especially in interiors) were constructed on unequal base so that vaults in one direction would be semi elliptical and profiles and groins worked out with help of coordinates.•Openings were placed at regular intervals or one above the other.•Positioning worked out with the help of organize geometry or motifs like paladins motif.

Architectural elements:Miscellaneous:

•Frequent use of arcades, colonnades and civic squares.•Use of sculptures, fountains etc. increased. Paving and geometrical patterns in it were often used to unite civic spaces.•In the churches religious accessories were added during these times.

Renaissance architecture in ItalyFlorence, Rome and Venice

Palazzo refers to an architectural style of Palazzi (palaces) built by wealthy families of the Italian Renaissance. The term refers to the

general shape,proportion and a cluster of characteristics:

they are a symmetrical, corniced, basements and with neat rows of windows.

"Palazzo style" buildings of the 19th century are sometimes referred to as being of Italianate architecture but this term is also applied to a much more ornate style, particularly of residences and public buildings.

They are also called “square donut” means a square building with courtyard at the center. With the clear indication of the stories of the structure. Often rustic to refine from bottom to top.

Florentine architecture:Dome of Florence Cathedral, by BrunelleschiPalazzo Riccardi, by Brunelleschi and MichelozzoPalazzo Strozzi, by CronacaPazzi chapel, and San Lorenzo by BrunelleschiPalazzo Pitti, by Brunelleschi

Roman architecture:Palazzo Farnese, by Antonio Da SangalloTempietto, by BramanteSt.Peter, RomeThe Capitol, by Michelangelo

Venetian architecture:Palazzo Vendramini, by Peitro LombardoPalazzo Grimani, by San MicheliSt. Giorgio Maggiore, by PalladioIl Redentore, by PalladioPalazzo corner SpinelliThe basilica Vicenza, by PalladioVilla Carpa, Vicenza, by PalladioDoge’s Palace, by Scarpagnino and Ant.Bregno

French architecture:Cateau de ChambordThe Pantheon, ParisArc the Triumph, Paris

Palazzo Riccardi, by Brunelleschi and Michelozzo

The Palazzo Pitti is a vast, mainly Renaissance, palace in Florence, Italy.The town residence of Luca Pitti, an ambitious Florentine banker.

Palazzo Farnese, by Antonio Da Sangallo

Tempietto, by Bramante

Dome and drumPiazzaSuccessive designs

space for clergylonger nave for masssculpture and paintings

ForegroundAppearance of pope

Palazzo Vendramini, by Peitro Lombardo

Site is on the island in lagoonApsidal transeptsTurrets and a campanile

St. Giorgio Maggiore, by Palladio

Palazzo corner Spinelli

Similar to St.Giorgio Maggiore in planApsidal transeptsSide chapels instead of islesThe dome in perspective is less visible because of long nave (as St.Peter dome)

All Venetian churches have narrow sites and therefore they are long in plan with a longer apse and some time no isles.They normally have Byzantine type domes over crossings.The ornaments are refine and with freedom of lines and sculptures carvings often have reference of marine life.

The design is for a completely symmetrical building having a square plan with four facades, each of which has a projecting portico.The whole is contained within an imaginary circle which touches each corner of the building and centresof the porticos.The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome. The dome is semicircular from inside but appears saucer from outside.Each portico has steps leading up to the circular domed central hall.

In order for each room to have some sun, the design was rotated 45 degrees from each cardinal point of the compass. Each of the four porticos has pediments graced by statues of classical deities. The pediments were each supported by six Ionic columns. Each portico was flanked by a single window. Service spaces are within the podium where as living spaces are above