Teoria della traduzione. Breve panorama diacronico

Traduzione tra cultura e ideologia

Silvia Bruti

Cultural Turn 1

• Comunicazione e traduzione interculturale: perché, quali problemi, etnografia e antropologia;

• Cultural Turn in TS 1976, André Lefevere, Leuven Conference; lingua & cultura

• Importanza non solo del TESTO, ma del CONTESTO

Cultural Turn 2

• Cultural turn e gender studies:

Traduzione e scrittura al femminile, un parallelismo; testi inferori, derivati;

Lingua e identità di genere: gruppi ‘inferiori’

• Cultural Turn e testi post-coloniali; Letteratura del Commonwealth? Critica di Rushdie; paradosso: inglese lingua egemone e degli oppressori ma mezzo di massima diffusione

Contesto situazionale e culturale 1

• Cultural filter (House 1977 e 1981; Katan 1999/ 2004). Operazione di adattamento nel passaggio tra due sistemi linguistico-culturali diversi

• Un filtro descrive tutti i fattori che influenzano il modo di vedere le cose e di reagire alle azioni degli altri

• Quali fattori? Il contesto etnico e culturale, la famiglia, le credenze (religione, destino), il lavoro (e lo standard di vita), le esperienze personali, valori e scelte

Contesto situazionale e culturale 2

Juliane House

Dimensions of communicative preferences

(German vs. English)

Explicitness Implicitness

Orientation tw context tw persons

Directness Indirectness

Contesto situazionale e culturale 3

Exx from films (English original, German

backtranslation)

Where are the children? - Limitless suffering of a

mother

Whatever happened to Aunt Alice - A widow kills

softly

Shadow of the past - A corpse in the boot

Silent victim - Accusation: Abortion

Backlash - The secret of the five graves

Jack the bear - My dad: a totally incredible father

Contesto situazionale e culturale 4

• B. Malinowski, antropologo polacco/britannico: Una teoria scientifica della cultura (1944 - postumo), ricerca sul campo nelle Trobriand (Nuova Guinea). Cultura come insieme complesso, aspetto organicistico, un “tutto integrato”

• Kula: forma di scambio cerimoniale, periodiche spedizioni su canoe per fare visita alle comunità delle altre isole, con cui si scambiano doni. Spulava: collane di conchiglie rosse, e mwali, braccialetti di conchiglie bianche; baratto informale detto gimwali

Contesto situazionale e culturale 5

Contesto situazionale e culturale 6

Kwame Anthony Appiah: “traduzione spessa” (thick translation)

Esperienze rappresentate della commedia umana non sempre immediatamente condivise e condivisibili: idee, parole, modi di dire, ritmi. Legami intricati nella trama di una cultura particolare: NO agli stereotipi (superiorità, razzismo, sessismo); promuovere il rispetto dell’autonomia dell’Altro, l’accettazione di altre visioni del mondo

Contesto situazionale e culturale 7

Diversa conoscenza enciclopedica o del mondo, ‘pacchetti’ di

informazioni ordinate, alcune largamente condivise (i frames di Goffman, festa di compleanno), altre meno (strisce pedonali, zebra crossings).

Cf. Natalia Aspesi “Questioni di cuore”, Venerdì di Repubblica, “C’è Mina per voi” su Vanity Fair

vs Agony Aunt/Uncle (advice columnist in a magazine or newspaper) colloquially known as A.A./U. in British English

Donna di mezza età dispensatrice di consigli, da cui il nome aunt.

Culturemi

Kiewcinski (2001)

EXOTICISING PROCEDURE > quando si lascia un termine in versione orginale, falafel (arabo), macho (spagnolo/portoghese ma dal latino masculus), Weltanschauung, burqa (arabo)

RICH EXPLANATORY P. > spiegazione, anche tra parentesi e.g. «hot cotechino sausage», «Knesset (The Israeli parliament)»

RECOGNISED EXOTICISATION > per es. nei nomi geografici, Geneva > Genève, Genf, Ginevra; Tiziano Vecellio > Titian; Charlemagne > Carlo Magno, Charles the Great, Karl der Große; ma Apulia per Puglia non è più accettabile, così come Leghorn per Livorno! (cambia la percezione nel tempo)

ASSIMILATIVE P. > adattamenti sulla base di somiglianze, Prime minister > premier ministre, Presidente del gobierno

Culturemi 1 Paese dei balocchi

Poi [il conduttore del carro] disse al burattino:

- Rimonta pure a cavallo, e non aver paura. Quel ciuchino aveva qualche grillo per il capo: ma io gli ho detto due paroline negli orecchi, e spero di averlo reso mansueto e ragionevole

(Capitolo XXXI)

Then he said to the puppet, ‘Get up astride your mount again; don’t be afraid. That donkey must have had some bee in his bonnet; but I’ve whispered a couple of words in his ear, and I hope I’ve tamed him so that he sees reason.’

(Lawson Lucas 1996: 126)

He then said to the puppet:

‘Mount him now without fear. That little donkey had got some whim into his head; but I whispered two little words into his ears which have, I hope, made him gentle and reasonable.’

(Murray 1892: 130)

Culturemi 2a - Cacio

• E facendo finta di non essersi accorto di nulla, gli domandò sorridendo:

-Come stai, mio caro Lucignolo?

-Benissimo: come un topo in una forma di cacio parmigiano

• And pretending not to have noticed anything, he asked him, smiling, ‘How are you, my dear candle-wick?’

‘Fine! Like a mouse in a cheddar cheese.’

(Lawson Lucas 1996: 133)

Culturemi 2b - Cacio

• E facendo finta di non essersi accorto di nulla, gli domandò sorridendo:

-Come stai, mio caro Lucignolo?

-Benissimo: come un topo in una forma di cacio parmigiano

• And pretending to have noticed nothing he asked him, smiling: ‘How are you, my dear Candlewick?’

‘Very well, as happy as a mouse in a Parmesan cheese.’

(Murray 1892: 136)

Culturemi 3a – risotto & maccheroni

La mattina dopo, svegliandosi, cercò subito nella greppia un altro po’ di fieno; ma non lo trovò, perché l’aveva mangiato tutto nella notte.

Allora prese una boccata di paglia tritata; e in quel mentre che la stava masticando, si dové persuadere che il sapore della paglia tritata non somigliava punto né risotto alla milanese né ai maccheroni alla napoletana (Capitolo XXXIII).

Culturemi 3b1 – shepherd’s pie & kidney pudding

As soon as he woke up the next day he searched in the manger for another bit of hay, but he could not find any because he had eaten it all in the night.

So he took a mouthful of chopped straw, and while he was chewing it he had to admit that it tasted nothing like either shepherd’s pie or steak or kidney pudding.

(Lawson Lucas 1996: 138)

Culturemi 3b2

Shepherd’s pie / Cottage pie [from Wikipedia], Cottage pie with minced beef Cottage pie refers to an English or Irish meat pie made with beef mince and

with a crust made from mashed potato. A variation on this dish using lamb mince is known as shepherd's pie. Unlike standard pies, cottage or shepherd's pie does not include a bottom pastry crust.

The term cottage pie is known to have been in use in 1791 when potato was being introduced as an edible crop affordable for the poor (cf. ‘cottage’ meaning a modest dwelling for rural workers).

In early cookery books, the dish was a means of using leftover roasted meat of any kind, and the pie dish was lined with mashed potato as well as having a mashed potato crust on top. The term "shepherd's pie" did not appear until the 1870s, and since then it has been used synonymously with "cottage pie", regardless of whether the principal ingredient was beef or mutton. There is now a popular tendency for "shepherd's pie" to be used when the meat is mutton or lamb, with the suggested origin being that shepherds are concerned with sheep and not cattle. This may, however, be an example of folk etymology.

Culturemi 3b3

Steak and kidney pudding is a pudding made by enclosing diced steak and beef, lamb’s or pig’s kidney pieces in gravy in a suet pastry. Some regional preparations omit kidney.

The pudding is then steamed for many hours until cooked. In making a pie, the steak and kidney is usually pre-cooked with chopped onions etc. by simmering for a few hours, before placing it in a pie and baking in the oven. With Steak and Kidney pudding, the suet [=grasso di rognone] pastry is used to line a bowl into which the uncooked steak and kidney mix is placed with onions, stock etc. A suet pastry lid is then placed on top and sealed tightly. The top is then covered with muslin cloth which is tied round the bowl. This is placed in a covered saucepan and steamed for about four hours or until the pudding is cooked. Some recipes then stipulate making a small opening in the top and pouring rich stock into the pudding ten minutes before serving.

Among the various vernacular rhyming slang names for steak and kidney pudding are Kate and Sidney pudding, snake and kiddy pudding, or snake and pygmy pudding.

Culturemi 3c1 – macaroni or rice

The next morning when he woke he looked in the manger for a little more hay; but he found none, for he had eaten it all during the night. Then he took a mouthful of chopped straw; but whilst he was chewing it he had to acknowledge that the taste of the chopped straw did not in the least resemble a savoury dish of macaroni or rice.

(Murray 1892: 141)

Macaroni and cheese, also known as "mac and cheese", "macaroni cheese" in British English, or "macaroni pie" in Caribbean English, is a common casserole consisting of cooked macaroni with a cheese sauce. Macaroni and cheese is often prepared using a package food mix such as Kraft Dinner.

Macaroni is mentioned in various medieval Italian sources, though it's not always clear whether it's a noodle or a prepared dish. However, pasta and cheese casseroles are recorded in cookbooks of the time such as the Liber de Coquina showing that they were a known style of dish. A cheese and noodle casserole known as Makerouns was recorded in an English cookbook in the 14th century. It was made with fresh hand-cut noodles which were sandwiched between a mixture of melted butter and cheese. It was apparently considered an upperclass dish even in Italy until around the 18th century.

Culturemi 3c1 –macaroni and cheese

Pratiche culturali 1

Cornice ristorante

Italia vs UK

Voglio cambiare tavolo

I’m afraid this table is not entirely convenient

Cornice libreria

Non l’abbiamo

We are very sorry but… / It will be available from next week

Pratiche culturali 2

Michel Bond’s famous children book

A Bear called Paddington > German BT Paddington unser kleiner Bär (House)

[Mr Brown offers Paddington some cakes]

I’m sorry they haven’t any marmalade ones, but these were the best I could get

BT There is nothing with marmalade

Pratiche culturali 3

Mr Gruber took Paddington into his shop

and offering him a seat…

BT Then he pulled the little bear into the shop: «Sit down!»

Small talk

«Hallo Mrs Bird» said Judy «It’s nice to see you again. How’s the rheumatism?» «Worse than it’s ever been» began Mrs Bird

ZERO REALISATION in the German translation

Pratiche culturali 4 David Houndshell «Two Paths to the Telephone», Scientific American,

June 1981

As Alexander Graham Bell was developing the telephone, Elisha Gray was doing the same. Bell got the patent, but the episode is nonetheless an instructive example of simulatenous invention.

BT from German «The race for the telephone patent», Spektrum der Wissentschaft, August 1981

Independent of each other, Alexander Graham Bell and Elisha Gray handed in nearly identical construction plans for a telephone in 1876 - but only Bell received the patent and became rich and famous. Gray on the other hand misjudged the importance of his invention and had moreover been badly advised.

Pratiche culturali 5 It. Le figure e lo spazio

Le figure sono sempre rigorosamente volumetriche, più vicine al

rigore spaziale della scultura che alle estenuate cadenze melodiche medio-bizantine.

English (lit.) Figures are always rigorously volumetric, closer to the spatial rigour

of sculpture than to the extenuating melodic rhythms of the Middle Byzantine.

English (from high to low context; less poetry, more facts)

The figures have a disciplined geometry, closer to sculpture than to the sweeping curves of Middle Byzantine.

Pratiche culturali 6 Correzioni di traduzioni dall’inglese all’italiano (più

semplicità = più chiarezza; Katan 1999: 272) Top quality espresso coffee machine > top quality espresso machine

Thank you for your preference > thank you for choosing Saeco

Avoid direct skin contact with hot components > avoid direct contact with hot components

The machine has been devised for domestic use and is not indicated for continuous professional use > the machine has been designed form domestic use only

In case an extension cord is used, check that it is adequate > in case an extension cord is used, be certain that it meets or exceeds all safety standards.