Master trentoinglese scientifico 250908 GRAMMAR CORNER tratto dallarticolo Care plans as the main...

master trento inglese scientifico 250908

GRAMMAR CORNER tratto dall’articolo

“Care plans as the main focus of nursing handover: information exchange model”


Il genitivo sassone


GENITIVO SASSONE

Il concetto di possesso, espresso in italiano mediante la preposizione di, in inglese viene reso con il genitivo sassone:

possessore + ‘s +cosa posseduta

es. Mrs. Brown’s new camera


VARIAZIONI1) nome del possessore al singolare terminante in

-s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -z, -x ’s = es. Lewis’s sister is a teacher.

2) nome del possessore al plurale terminante in-s

’= es. That’s my cousins’ house.

3) se il plurale è irregolare si usa ’ses. That’s my children’s school.


In presenza di più possessori

- se il possesso è condiviso, il genitivo sassone va solo dopo l’ultimo nome

es. Ken and Fred’s mother is German.

- se il possesso non è condiviso il genitivo sassone si applica a tutti i possessori

es. Ken’s and Fred’s mothers are friends


TROVATE DEGLI ESEMPI

ALL’INTERNO DEL TESTO!!


Genitivo sassone

“To report on nurse’s experience…”

“The nurses’ day traditionally starts…”

“Ethical governance was addressed within the Health Care Trusts’ clinical audit policy.”

“…the total number of patients’ problems identified from the sample…”

“…the nurse’s satisfaction and the improvement in

documentation.


La posizione degli aggettivi


“In one acute medical ward for older people, of a Health Care Trust in the UK…”


LA POSIZIONE DEGLI AGGETTIVI

Età

Forma

Dimensione

Origine

Colore

Opinione

MaterialeScopo


ESEMPIO

Opinion Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose

a silly young English man

a huge round metal bowl

a small red sleeping bag


Un uomo asiatico , calvo di 38 anni basso di statura ed ubriaco

a drunk, short, 38 year old, bald, Asian male patient

BLUE-EYED WOMANDARK-HAIRED MAN

I AM 38 YEARS OLD


ESERCIZI

1) Which is the correct order?

A) a small Canadian thin lady B) a Canadian small thin ladyC) a small thin Canadian ladyD) a thin small Canadian lady

2) Which is the correct order?

A) a carving steel new knife B) a new steel carving knife C) a steel new carving knife D) a new carving steel knife

3) Which is the correct order?A) a beautiful blue sailing boatB) a blue beautiful sailing boatC) a sailing beautiful blue boatD) a blue sailing beautiful boat

5) Which is the correct order?A) an new French exciting bandB) a French new exciting bandC) an exciting French new bandD) an exciting new French band


RISPOSTE

1) C 2) B 3) A 4) D


L’IMPERATIVO DEI VERBI


“Select quiet area.”

“Take notes onto priority form”


L’IMPERATIVOL’imperativo si usa per esprimere comandi, istruzioni, proposte, inviti e richieste. L’imperativo affermativo della seconda persona

singolare e plurale si forma con:

l’infinito senza to del verbo (il soggetto non viene espresso).

Per la forma negativa si premette don’t all’infinito senza to.


L’IMPERATIVO

Affermativo Negativo

2° persona sing/plurale Go home! Don’t go home!


L’IMPERATIVO

Don’t scompare in presenza di never(Never touch the oven when it’s on)


ȋ L’imperativo affermativo della prima persona plurale si forma con:

let’s (let us) seguito dall’infinito senza to

La forma negativa si ottiene premettendo let’s not all’infinito senza to.

LET’S DANCE !!!!!


Affermativo Negativo

1° persona plurale Let’s go home! Let’s not go home!


TROVATE DEGLIESEMPI ALL’INTERNODEL TESTO!!


“Make a note of omissions/needs for clarification”

“As a team go to the bedside, address the patient and make introductions.

Investigate care plans, observation charts and summary”

“Prioritise and where appropriate delegate specific responsibilities to team members.

Carry out care and update information.”


PRESENT SIMPLE

Il presente semplice


Riscrivi le seguenti frasi con la loro forma negativa ed interrogativa

1) The nurse’s day traditionally starts with the ritual of a nursing handover report.

2) This paper reports on the outcome of the style of nursing handover.


PRESENT SIMPLE

Affermativo:I

You

We start at eight o’clock

They

He

She starts at eight o’clock

It

Negativo:I

You do not

We don’t

They

He

She

It

start at 8

does notdoesn’t

start at 8


Interrogativo:

I

you

Do we start at 8?

they

he

Does she start at 8?

it

Nota bene:Il verbo essere non

ha bisogno dell’ausiliare alla forma negativa ed

interrogativa!!!

Es. You are in Rome. You are not/aren’t in Rome. Are you in Rome?


esercizio

Riscrivi le seguenti frasi con la loro forma negativa ed interrogativa

1) The nurse’s day traditionally starts with the ritual of a nursing handover report.

2) This paper reports on the outcome of the style of nursing handover.


RISPOSTE

1A) The nurse’s day traditionally does not start with the ritual of a nursing handover report.

1B) Does the nurse’s day traditionally start with the ritual of a nursing handover report?

2A) This paper does not report on the outcome of the style of nursing

handover.

2B) Does this paper report on the outcome of the style of nursing handover?


VARIAZIONI

Con he/she/it si aggiunge –s alla maggiorparte dei verbi: walk→ walks get→gets

Ma ci sono delle eccezioni:

Verbi che finiscono in –sh, -ch, -ss, o –osi aggiunge – es finish→finishes

Verbi che finiscono in –y cambiano incry→ cries

Ma si aggiunge –s ai verbi che finiscono in –ay, -ey, -oy, -uyplay→plays


PAST SIMPLE

Il passato semplice


PAST SIMPLE

The risk reduction strategy included concordance to the process of information exchange


PAST SIMPLE

Si usa il passato semplice per parlare di un evento che si è

concluso nel passato.


COME SI FORMA

Si forma il passato dei verbi regolari, aggiungendo –ed al verbo:

walk→ walked ask→ asked


COME SI FORMA

Ci sono delle eccezioni!!!

Verbi che finiscono in –y

-y→ -ied apply→applied


COME SI FORMA

La maggiorparte dei verbi che finiscono con una vocale ed una consonante:

-p→ -pped stop→stopped


COME SI FORMA

Ma molti verbi sono irregolari!!!

Es. do→did buy→bought


Negativo

Si forma il negativo con didn’t + l’infinito del verbo

Es. I didn’t understand.

Interrogativo

Si forma delle domande con did + l’infinito

Es. Did you watch the film?


Il passato del verbo essere:

I/he/she/it was/wasn’t

You/we/they were/weren’t


Trova 5 verbi regolari al passato

Trova 5 verbi irregolari al passato


Background

The nurses’ day traditionally starts with the ritual of a nursinghandover or report, often in an office space (Walsh & Ford1989). In one acute medical ward for older people, of a Health

Care Trust in the UK, office-based handover drew all the

incoming team and a large number of the outgoing team awayfrom the ward area at least three times each day. This was timeconsuming thereby having a negative impact on the continuity of

patientcare.


Patient documentation was rarely referenced at

handover despite significant efforts to complete it. To make

improvements to the practice, a project plan was prepared that

anticipated the change phases from traditional to new handoverstyle, setting short-and long-term goals and an evaluation

strategy. The risk reduction strategy included concordance to

the process of information exchange (Fig. 1).


Methods

Ethical governance was addressed within the Health CareTrusts’ clinical audit policy. A series of audits undertakenafter one, three, and six months through self-reportquestionnaires identified staff perceptions of theirexperience of the new handover process. The team of 24staff voluntarily completed structured perceptionquestionnaires.


Furthermore, an independent audit of care plans wascarried out across the Trust. This involved comparativeanalysis of a 10% sample of all patient’s documentation in 12other wards (acute medical, palliative care, rehabilitation,and continuing care) with the ward in focus in this report.

The aim was to identify whether the new form of handoverhad affected the completeness of patient documentation or

generated any additional risks.


All documentation audited was of patients admitted morethan two days prior to the audit and randomly selected bythe ward staff on request at the time of the audit. Quantitativedata was gathered through a structured questionnaire. Thefocus of the audit was in identifying whether there wasalignment of all identified patient problems with the care planthrough analysis of the medical admission notes, admissionassessment, care plans and daily summary. To avoid bias,no prior notice was given and two auditors gathered andcross-checked the data.


Results

The first audit results from the staff perception questionnaires

identified both advantages and disadvantages in the new

handover process. The reported advantages identified that the

process challenged their usual practice and encouragedreflective practice. It prevented office dwelling and therefore

improved priority and time management. This also led toincreased nurse/patient contact time leading to a more seamlessservice; and improved care plans and patient documentationoverall.


They reported to having increased time released fortheir professional development opportunities. Twodisadvantages included; the uncertainty of their role inthe process was especially perceived by health-careassistants; and the new process did not directlyaddress all the traditional functions of handover,Especially those relating to socialization.


The second audit results from the patient-careplans and associated documentation found

thatof the total number of patient’ problemsidentified from the sample, a variablepercentage of contemporary care plans wereavailable. The ward in focus had care planspresent for all patient problems identified to88% completeness.


This was compared with five other similar acute wards where they were identified to 10% and 72% completeness. Whilst 88% completeness compared

favourably to other similar areas as well as all other associated areas in the Department, the success of the new handover relied

on complete and contemporary documentation, leaving more room for improvement.


The risk of an absence of documentationwas addressed through the process of theInformation Exchange Model (Fig. 1), no

other risks were identified. A number of variables might have

influenced the findings including the staffing levels and the number of patients admitted into an area in the two days preceding the audit.


ConclusionsThe change from the traditional office-based nursing

handoverto utilizing documentation at the patient bedside

significantly improved not only the accessibility of nurses for

patients but also the nurse’s satisfaction and the improvement

in documentation. The importance of considering the context

of nursing and best practice of handover from a range of

options appeared to be significant in this study.


Relevance to clinical practice

The confidence in the change in handover was sustainedthrough staff thinking beyond the traditions of handover, todraw on principles and accountability for professionalpractice (Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) 2004).Traditional handover provided mainly retrospective

informationand health-care assistant tasks for care of a group ofpatients were often assumed and/or delegated by the

nursein charge as the shift progressed, depending on theirseniority and experience..


The new handover style required analysis and interpretation of planned care and evaluation documentation, which required facilitation from the nurse in charge of each team as well as positive action in setting out roles and responsibilities for the period of duty.


LA FORMA PASSIVA

The Passive Form


Ethical governance was addressed within the Health Care Trusts’ clinical audit policy.


LA FORMA PASSIVA

Come in italiano, anche in inglese nella trasformazione dalla forma attiva a quella passiva il complemento oggetto diventa il soggetto della frase passiva e il soggetto diventa il complemento d’agente/causa efficiente.


LA FORMA PASSIVA

Il passivo si costruisce con l’ausiliare to be alla forma, modo, tempo appropriati al contesto, seguito dal participio passato del verbo


ALCUNI ESEMPI

Tempo Forma Attiva Forma Passiva

simple Present makes is made

present cont. Is making is being made

simple past made was made

present perfect has made has been made

past Perfect had made had been made


In inglese la forma passiva viene preferibilmente usata:

a) Nella descrizione di esperimenti scientifici, procedure, funzionamento di apparecchi ecc.

es. When air is warmed it expands. Quando l’aria viene riscaldata si espande.


b) Con disposizioni, divieti, istruzioni ecc.

es. Smoking is not allowed here. Non è permesso fumare qui.


c) Quando si vuole evidenziare un fatto più che l’autore/origine dello stesso.

es. The exhibition will be held from 18th March to 30th September.

La mostra si terrà dal 18 marzo al 30 settembre.


Trasforma le seguenti frasi dalla forma passiva alla forma attiva

1) Ethical governance was addressed within the Health Care Trusts’ clinical audit policy.

2) Quantitative data was gathered through a structured questionnaire.

3) The risk of an absence of documentation was addressed through the process of the Information Exchange Model, no other risks were identified.


To identify identified identified


RISPOSTE

1) The Health Care Trusts’ clinical audit policy addressed ethical governance.

2) A structured questionnaire gathered quantitative data.

3) The process of the Information Exchange Model addressed the risk of an absence of documentation, it did not identify other risks.


To give- to tell

To give gave givenPatients are given information when time allows

To tell-told-toldI am told to be a strict teacherPatients are told not to accept visitors after eight


Today I have learnt….

GRAMMAR CORNERGLOSSARIO GENERALEGLOSSARIO SCIENTIFICOARCHIVIAMO LE REGOLE DI GRAMMATICA, I VOCABOLI GENERALI E I VOCABOLI SCIENTIFICI CHE VOLETE MEMORIZZARE

Master trentoinglese scientifico 250908 GRAMMAR CORNER tratto dallarticolo Care plans as the main...

Documents

Transcript of Master trentoinglese scientifico 250908 GRAMMAR CORNER tratto dallarticolo Care plans as the main...