Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

L‘ENERGIA NUCLEARE:

Una risorsa sostenibile

EHT1

Diapositiva 1

EHT1 Enrique H. Toscano; 14/09/2010

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Un Paese industriale moderno ha bisogno di fonti di energ ia:

-Sicure-Economiche-Che tengano conto dell‘ambiente

Fatti :

-Le riserve, particolarmente quelle dei combustibili fossili, si stano essaurendo-I clima stà cambiando

L‘Energia Nucleare è una alternativa possibile (Energy mix)?

Cosa fa il mondo?

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Energia e Sviluppo

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

„On December 2, 1942, man achieved here the firstself-substaining chain reaction and thereby initiatedthe controlled release of nuclear energy“

Text engraved on a plaque affixed on the squash court of the University of Chicagowhere Enrico Fermi performed his historicachievement

Cenno storico

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Dove siamo oggi?

436 centrali nucleari di potenza operano in 30 paesi, 372,000 MWe di potenza installata

Giugno 27, 1954, entrata in operazione la centrale nucleare di Obninsk, ex-USSR’s

Forniscono il 15% della energia elettrica, rappresentando una produzione di base affidabile

56 operano 250 reattori di ricerca ed/o produzioni di isotopi

220 reattori nucleari forniscono propulsione a navi e sottomarini

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

1957 – 1973 : promedio installazione 2,500 MWe/anno (7 reacttori)

1973 – 1990 : 16,000 MWe/anno (18 reattori)

1979 – Three Mile Island

1986 – Chernobyl

From 1990 : promedio 3,000 MWe/anno (4 reactors)

Evoluzione:

Evoluzione del prezzodel petroleo

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Reactor type

In operation Under construction

Number Net capacity [Mwe] Number Net capacity [Mwe]

PWR 265 244,269 46 43,689

BWR 92 83,69 3 3,925

AGR, GGR 18 8,949 - -

CANDU/D2O-PWR

45 22,639 3 1,096

RBMK 15 10,219 1 925

SNR 1 560 2 1,22

total 436 370,326 55 50,855

Reattori Nucleari nel Mondo

Source: European Nuclear Society

40 Nazioni pianificano impianti nucleari ed altre 25 hanno expresso il loro interesse a costruirgli

Dal disastro di Chernobyl (1986) ad oggi la potenza elettronucleare installata nel mondo è aumentata del 48% (da 250 a 370GW).

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Nuclear Renaissance?

Per ragioni termodinamiche ed economiche, le fonti rinnovabili non sono oggi ancora in grado di sostituire le fonti fossili e il nucleare.

Nucleare, tecnologia ponte: “ So lang wie nötig so kurz wie möglich ”

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

NRC: - Started to review applications for design certification (5 different designs)- Licensing to build new reactors (20 reviews)

Location of Projected New Nuclear

http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors/col/new-reactor-map.html

Nuclear Power in USA

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

The Popular Republic of China has 11 nuclear power reactors in commercial operation and 20 under construction

Additional reactors are planned, including some of the world's most advanced, to give a sixfold increase in nuclear capac ity to at least 60 GWe or possibly more by 2020, and then a further s ubstantial increase to 160 GWe by 2030.

China is rapidly becoming self-sufficient in reacto r design and construction, as well as other aspects of the fuel cycle, includingHTR-technology

Nuclear Power in The Popular Republic of China

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Nuclear Power in Japan* Japan needs to import some 80% of its energy requir ements•Its first commercial nuclear power reactor began op erating in mid 1966, and nuclear energy has been a national strategic priori ty since 1973•The country's 54 reactors provide some 30% of the c ountry's electricity and this is expected to increase to at least 40% by 201 7•Japan has a full fuel cycle set up, including enric hment and reprocessing of used fuel for recycle.

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Nuclear Power in South Korea

Reactor Type Net capacity Start construction Commercialoperation

Shin Kori 1 OPR-1000 1000 MWe June 2006 Dez 10

Shin Kori 2 OPR-1000 1000 MWe June 2007 Dez 11

Shin Wolsong 1 OPR-1000 1000 MWe November 2007 Mrz 12

Shin Wolsong 2 OPR-1000 1000 MWe Sep 08 Jan 13

Shin Kori 3 APR-1400 1350 MWe October 2008 Sep 13

Shin Kori 4 APR-1400 1350 MWe Sep 09 Sep 14Shin Ulchin 1 APR-1400 1350 MWe March 2011 Dez 15

Shin Ulchin 2 APR-1400 1350 MWe March 2012 Dez 16

Shin Kori 5 APR-1400 1350 MWe 1. Aug. 2014 Dez 18

Shin Kori 6 APR-1400 1350 MWe 1. Aug. 2015 Dez 19

Shin Wolsong 3 APR-1400 1350 MWe Jun 20

Shin Wolsong 4 APR-1400 1350 MWe Jun 21

Total 12 14,800 MWe

La Korea del Sud ha venduto 4 reattori nucleari agli Emirati Arabi

Reactors under Construction

Today 20 reactors provide almost 40% of South Korea' s electricity

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Located in Province Shandong(east seashore)

FUTURO: Generation IVReattori ad alta temperatura, intrinsicamente sicuri

Six HTR Modular Reactors Planned

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PRODUZIONE DI ENERGIA ELETTRICA NEL MONDO

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Generazione elettrica nucleare

Vantaggi:

* Diverse and stable geopolitical distribution ofUranium resources• Energy density of Uranium • Strategic stockpiles of fuel can be mantained • Cost: 60% Capital investment• 25% Operation & Maintainance• 15% Fuel cycle (Uranium 5%)

IB1

Diapositiva 15

IB1 Ihr Benutzername; 23/03/2008

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Generazione elettrica nucleare

Questioni:

• Costo, finanziamento• Accettazione pubblica:• Sicurezza• Rifiuti nucleari• Rischio percepito• Proliferazione• De-commissioning (costo?)• Risorse• Questioni medio-ambientali

IB1

Diapositiva 16

IB1 Ihr Benutzername; 23/03/2008

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Tonnes UPorcentaje del

Mundo

Australia 1,243,000 23%

Kazakhstan 817,000 15%

Russia 546,000 10%

South Africa 435,000 8%

Canada 423,000 8%

USA 342,000 6%

Brazil 278,000 5%

Namibia 275,000 5%

Niger 274,000 5%

Ukraine 200,000 4%

Jordan 112,000 2%

Uzbekistan 111,000 2%

India 73,000 1%

China 68,000 1%

Mongolia 62,000 1%

Other 210,000 4%

World total 5,469,000

Source: OECD NEA.

URANIUM NATURALe: Reserve rasonabilmente acertate

Existing reactorsExisting technology~ 60 years

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Ciclo del Thorio

Tecnologia BREEDER

Vantaggi:- Maggiore abbondanza- Proprieta fisiche e nucleari superiori- Resistente alla Proliferazione- Minore produzione di Pu e MA

+ 3 ppb U nel mare(~ 4,5·1012 t)

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Reprocessing:

From:„Sustainable Nuclear Power“Galen J. SuppesTruman S. Storvick Eds

Elsevier/Academic Press 2010

Fission Products1,800 metric tons is the fission product content of the spent fuel stored at USnuclear power plants. This is 93 cubic meters (uranium density)about one-third the size of a small house

Fissionable Spent Fuel Rods50,000 metric tons of un-used uranium in spent fuel stored as waste fuel atU.S. nuclear power plants. If power plants continue to burn fuel at samerate, this is an 850-year supply of fuel

200,000–280,000 metric tons depleted uranium (at refiner or with military) that can also be used as nuclear fuel (assuming same rate of fuel use) for 3,500 to 4,800 years

I Rifiuti nucleari possono costituire una risorsa

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Generazione elettrica nucleare

Questioni:

• Costo, finanzamento• Accetazione pubblica:• Sicurezza• Rifiuti nucleari• Rischio percepito• Proliferazione• De-commissioning (costo?)• Risorse• Questioni medioambientali

IB5

Diapositiva 20

IB5 Ihr Benutzername; 23/03/2008

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Pilot or Passenger?

“In the second half of the 20th century, when human beings were for the firsttime able to see their home planet as a sphere suspended in space, theyacquired a new perspective of Earth – figuratively as literally.” Prof. Andreae

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Evoluzione della CO 2 – nella Atmosfera

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Effetto serra – Riscaldamento Globale

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Problem I :

Plants:

There is the so-called “CO2 fertilization”: plants do better under increased carbon dioxide levels, although with large differences among species.

This may affect the diet and feeding habits of anim als that feed on that plants, that may produce eventually a change in the FAUNA spectrum

The protein content will drop as plants require fewer enzymes in their leaves to help with photosynthesis

Hence, the mixture of trees, herbs, etc., in natural ecosystems will change , favoring responders to elevated CO2 concentration and disfavoring those species that benefit only slightly. Our FLORA will change

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Oceans:

It has been estimated that about 25% of the CO2 emitted from all anthropogenic sources currently enters the ocean, where it reacts with water to produce carbonic acid. Carbonic acid dissociates to form bicarbonate ions and protons, which in turn reacts to produce more carbonate ions to form more bicarbonate ions, reducing the availability of carbonate to biological systems

Carbon dioxide taken up by oceans as carbonate will change the acidity (pH-change) of the oceans. This is alreaDy causing problems like the so-called “coral bleaching”, being intensi vely study in Australia

Problem II :

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

Coral Bleaching

Ravenna 2010, 01.10.2010

“To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the w orse consequences of climate change, we'll need to increa se our

supply of nuclear power. It's that simple."

US President Barack Obama2010, Press Conference

"The energy issue is too important to be reduced to a partisan weapon.Sweden needs to develop - not dismantle - all carbon-free energy

sources, including nuclear power."

Kenneth ErikssonPresident of SKGS