1

;jf{]Rr cbfnt, ljz]if Ohnf;

dfggLo GofofwLz >L an/fd s]=;L=

dfggLo GofofwLz >L lu/Lz rGb| nfn

dfggLo GofofwLz >L k|sfz j:tL

cfb]z

l/6 g+= )^^–WS–))%)

ljifoM– pTk|]if0f ;d]t .

sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+ !! 3/ eO{ xfn n=k'=p=d=g=kf=j8f g++= # k'Nrf]s

a:g] clwjQmf ljho /fh zfSo–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!

sf=lh=sf=d=g=kf=j8f g+= !! a:g] clwjQmf sdn]z låj]bL–––––––––––––––––––! lgj]bs

lj?4

/fi6«klt /fda/0f ofba, /fi6«klt ejg zLtn lgjf;, sf7df8f}+ ––––––––––––––!

g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+–––––!

Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;lrjfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––!

cWoIf,;+ljwfg ;ef, ;+ljwfg ;ef ;lrjfno, l;+xb/jf/ sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––!

;+l3o dfdnf,;+ljwfg ;ef, ;+;bLo Joj:yf tyf ;+:s[lt dGqfno l;+xb/jf/–––! ljkIfL

sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfno, l;+xb/jf/, sf7df8f}+––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!

lgjf{rg cfof]u, axfb'/ ejg, sf7df8f}+–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––!

;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fpg] u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ul/Psf]

cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f #@ / !)&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd cdfGo

2

3f]lift u/L kfpFm eGg] ;d]t bfjL lnO{ o; cbfntdf bfo/ x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf]

;+lIfKt tYo / cfb]z o; k|sf/ 5 M–

xfdL lgj]bs g]kfn /fHosf] Ps ;r]t gful/s x'g'sf] cltl/Qm s'g} klg /fhg}lts

bnsf] sfo{stf{ g/x]sf] :jtGq sfg"g Joj;foL xf}+ . d'n'ssf] :yfoL zflGt ;d'Ggltsf]

nflu k|ToyL{ g+=& lgjf{rg cfof]uaf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] w/f ^$

adf]lhd @ jif{ sfo{sfnsf nflu ldlt )^$.!@.@* df ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg

eof] . d'n'sdf ;+s6sfn nfu" ePsf] sf/0f ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g g;s]df g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] w/f ^$ sf] k|ltaGwfTds afSof+zn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] Dofb

;+ljwfg ;ef :jo+n] k|:tfj kfl/t u/L 5 dlxgf a9fpg ;Sg] k|fawfg /x]sf] 5 . o;

eGbf afx]ssf] cj:yfdf la36g afx]s ;+ljwfg ;efsf] Dofb ylkg] / sfo{sfn a9fpg

ldNg] clVtof/L ;+ljwfgn] st} s;}nfO{ lbPsf] 5}g .

;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn cyf{t ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut] /ftsf] !@=)) ah] ;Dddf

;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f eO{ hf/L ug]{ sfo{ x'g ;s]g . of] huhfx]/ tYo xf] . o;cl3

;+ljwfg ;efsf] Dofb !) lbg afFsL 5Fbf k|ToyL{ g+= @ n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] Dofb ! jif{

yksf] ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ljw]os k|ToyL{ g+ # df c;+j}wflgs ta/n] btf{

u/fPsf]df pQm sfo{ k"0f{tof clwsf/If]q aflx/sf] cfTdlgi7 :j]R5frf/L x'Fbf cdfGo /

ab/ 3f]lift u/L kfpg xfdL lgj]bsdWo] clwjQmf ljho /fh zfSon] l/6 g+=@)^^–

WO–!)($ sf] pTk|]if0f ldl>t k/dfb]z ;d]tsf] l/6 lgj]bg ;Ddflgt cbfntdf btf{

u/fPsf]df ldlt @)^&.@.^ df lakIfLx?sf gfddf sf/0f b]vfp cfb]z hf/L eO{ pQm

lajfb ;Ddflgt cbfntdf larf/fwLg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

wf/f ^) sf] pkwf/f -!_ n] cbfntdf larf/flwg /x]sf] s'g} d'2fdf ;DaGwdf ;bgdf

5nkmn ug{ gkfpg] Joj:yfsf] k|lts"n ePsf] pQm sfo{ c;+a}wflgs 5 .

;a{dfGo Goflos sfg"gL plQm ( Jus ex injuria non oritur [A right does not

rise out of a wrong] sf] dfGotfn] ;d]t ;+/If0f gePsf] pQm ca}wflgs sfo{

3

colourable, malice 5 . ;fa{hlgs /fli6«o bfloTjaf6 Ro"t eO{ ;Qf / eQfsf] cfo'

nDjfpg] nfnr /fvL ab\lgotk"0f{ 9+uaf6 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePkl5

/ftsf] !M#) ah] ;+;bLo sfo{ Joj:yf lgodfjnLsf] law]os 5nkmnsf] nflu &@ 306f

;do lbg' kg]{ k|fawfg ;d]t lgnDag ePsf] 3f]if0f u/L ljw]os kf/Lt ul/Psf] 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yf / zt{ :joddf :jtGq 5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf]

k|fawfgn] of] wf/fsf] :jtGq x}l;otnfO{ k|lts"ntf lbg ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] Pp6f

wf/fsf] JofVof / k|of]u ubf{ csf]{ wf/fsf] pkl:ytL / dxTjsf] ;fy{stf klg x]l/g' k5{ .

k|ToyL{x?n] hfgLa'emL unt ?kn] cfk\mgf] lglxt :jfy{ l;l4sf] nflu ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

Dofb ! jif{ yk ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/L /fHosf] 9's'6Laf6 tna, eQf ;'ljwf lnO{ vfO{

;+ljwfg th'{df ug]{ gfddf x'g], ug]{ elgPsf] tdfd sfo{ ab\lgot / cdfGo Void ab/

efuL 5g\ . ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ gfddf o;cl3 /fHosf] 9's'6Laf6 &

cj{ / bfqL lgsfoaf6 k|fKt !) ca{ lagf pknlAw b'?kof]u eO{ ;s]sf] 5 . ca klg

sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsfx?nfO{ dfGotf lbg' eg]sf] /fi6«n] yk Jojef/ cgfxsdf Joxf]g'{

xf] .

ctM sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf ljw]os k]z u/L ;+ljwfg

;+zf]wg u/L ! jif{ Dofb yk ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/L oyfjt} kbdf a;L ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

gfdaf6 s'g} klg sfo{afxL cufl8 a9fpg] x}l;ot gx'Fbf clwsf/k[R5f, k|ltif]w ;d]tsf]

cfb]zaf6 cof]Uo s/f/ u/L /f]s nufO{, /fHosf] sf]ifaf6 tna, eQf, ;'ljwf vfg ;d]t

lgif]w u/L sfg"gL zf;gsf] cg'e"lt xfdL lgj]bs / s/f}8f}+ g]kfnL hgtfsf] lxtfy{sf]

nflu k|ToyL{x?af6 ;+ljwfg ;efsf] Dofb yksf nflu tdfd b"lift, sk6k"0f{ sfo{

lg0f{o, k|dfl0fs/0f ;d]t lemsL a'emL sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] gfdaf6

s'g} sfo{ cufl8 a9fpg gkfpg] u/L /f]s nufpg / o;cl3 ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:on]

kfl/>lds, eQf ;'ljwf afkt g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ e'mSofO{ lnO{ vfPsf] /fHo sf]ifsf] /sd

lkmtf{ ug{ / ca pk|fGt ;+ljwfg ;ef ;b:osf] gftfn] /fHo sf]ifaf6 Jooef/ x'g] u/L

4

tna, kfl/>lds, eQf, ;'ljwf pknAw gu/fpg' eGg] ;d]tsf] Joxf]/fsf] nflu pTk|]if0f

ldl>t clwsf/k[R5f, k|ltif]w, k/dfb]z nufot cGo pko'Qm cf1f, cfb]z k"lh{

k|ToyL{x?sf] gfddf hf/L u/L b]z / hgtfn] k"0f{ Gofo kpg] aGbf]a:tL u/L kfpmF . ;fy}

pk/f]Qm sfo{sf] cfwf/df ;+ljwfg;efsf] Dofb yk ePsf] ;+emL ;f] cfwf/df s'g} klg

sfo{ cl3 ga9fpg' egL ljkIfLx?sf gfddf cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L u/L k|:t't lgj]bgnfO{

cu|flwsf/ lbO{ l/6 hf/L u/L kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] l/6 lgj]bg kq .

o;df s] s;f] ePsf] xf] < lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cbf]z lsg hf/L x'g gkg]{

xf] < ljkIfLx?af6 lnlvt hjfkm dufpg' . ;fy} cGtl/d cfb]zsf] 5nkmnsf] ;DaGwdf

ljkIfLx?nfO{ ;"rgf lbO{ @)^&.@.@^ df k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt Ps

GofofwLzsf] Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.@.@) df ePsf] cfb]z .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 gof+F ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{

p2]Zon] hf/L ePsf] / ;f] ;+ljwfg hf/L geP ;Dd /fHo Joj:yf ;~rfng ug{sf] nflu

ul/Psf] cGtl/d Joj:yf xf] . ;+ljwfg ;ef g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] Ps

cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf (Basic Structure) leqsf] ljifo ePsf]n] ;+ljwfg ;ef lagf g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ;lsb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ df

;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;+ljwfg ;efsf] klxnf] a}7s a;]sf] ldltn] b'O{ jif{sf] x'g]

eGg] Joj:yf /x]sf] eP tfklg ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *@ cg';f/ ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf]

;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv dfq ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfd ;dfKt x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf]

kfOG5 . o; cltl/Qm ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$*-!_ cg';f/ ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg

jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 eGg] Joj:yf cg';f/

wf/f ^$ sf] ;f] Joj:yfnfO{ c;+zf]wgLo (Non-amendable) dfGg klg ;lsb}g .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ nfO{ dfq :jtGq ?kdf x]g{ jf cy{ / JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . wf/f ^$

sf] Joj:yfnfO{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf, wf/f *@ / wf/f !$* ;Fu ;fy}

/fvL JofVof ul/g' kb{5 . t;y{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfagfsf] dd{ /

5

efjgf, wf/f *@ / !$* ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L ;+ljwfg;ef dfkm{t cfk\mgf] nflu cfkm+}

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ gful/ssf] xssf] ;Ddfg / ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f

^$ sf] Joj:yfdf ;+zf]wg ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg

k|:tfj Joj:yflksf ;+;bdf btf{ ul/Psf] xf] . ;f] k|:tfj Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] b'O{

ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t eO{ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ df ;+zf]wg ;d]t eO{ ;s]sf]n] dfu

adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf]O{g . ;+;bLo sfo{jfxL ;DaGwL lgodfjnLnfO{

lgnDag u/]sf] eGg] ljifo Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ leqsf] ljifo ePsf]n] o;

ljifodf Goflos lg?k0f x'g ;Qm}g . ctM pk/f]Qm cfwf/ / sf/0f ;d]taf6 cf}lrToxLg

l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h u/L kfpFm eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] g]kfn ;/sf/, k|wfgdGqL tyf

dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

;Ddflgt ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgj]bsn] p7fpg vf]h]sf] ljifoj:t' / jt{dfg

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$* nfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ tTsfn cGtl/d

cfb]z hf/L ug{ k/]g egL l/6 g+= )^^—WO—!)($ df cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{

sfo{nfO{ dfu{ k|z:t ul//x]sf] cj:yf 5 . t;y{ Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 ldlt

@)^&.@.!$ df ePsf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f ^) k|lts"n ePsf] dfGg sbfkL ldNg] cj:yf 5}g .

;+ljwfg ;efaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ s'g} JolQmsf] j}olQm :jfy{sf] ljifo

geO{ g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] j[xQ/ lxt;Fu ufFl;Psf] ljifo xf] . ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f

u/]sf] ;dofjlw leq} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ k|of;sf afah'b ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ pQm

/fli6«o lhDd]jf/L k"/f x'g ;s]g eGb}df g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] nflu ;+ljwfg g}

cfjZos 5}g eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug' pko'Qm xf]O{g . jt{dfg ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 z'?jft

ePsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] ul/Psf] ;+ljwfgsf]

;+zf]wgnfO{ s'g} klg xfntdf ablgotk"0f{ eGg ldNb}g . ;+ljwfg ;ef afx]s cGo s'g}

klg dfWodaf6 ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g ;Sg] kl/sNkgf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^#

6

n] u/]sf] 5}g . o; cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cjlw a9fpg gldNg] eGg] d"n bfjL lnO{

bfo/ ePsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgsf] p2]Zo /rgfTds geO{ ljgfzs k|s[ltsf] /x]sf] :jtM

:ki6 5 .

Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] a}7s s'g ;dodf lgwf{/0f ug]{, s'g ;dodf k|f/Dedf ug]{

/ s'g ljlwaf6 ljw]os kfl/t ug]{ eGg] ljifo g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f

%^ sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] ljifo xf] . o;

;DaGwdf ;Ddflgt cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg} ldNg] xf]O{g . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f %& n] lbPsf] clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L ;+ljwfg ;efn] lgdf{0f u/]sf]

;+ljwfg ;ef -Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !%&

df lgodfjnLsf] s'g} lgodnfO{ Joj:yflksf—;+;b ;dIf ljrf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf]

;DaGwdf nfu" gx'g] u/L lgnlDat ug{ ;lsg] k|fjwfg adf]lhd g} pQm ljw]ossf]

xsdf ;+zf]wg /fVg ;lsg] k|fjwfgnfO{ lgnDag ul/Psf] xf] . of] sfo{ k"0f{tM lgod;+ut

/x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 ldlt @)^&.@.# df Joj:yflksf—;+;bdf btf{

ul/Psf] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]os dfly 5nkmn ug]{

k|of]hgsf] nflu ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut] ljxfg *=)) ah] Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] a}7s

af]nfOPsf], pQm a}7s /ftsf] !@ aHg' eGbf cl3 g} z'? eO{ lg/Gt/ rfn' cj:yfdf /xL

cToflws ax'dtaf6 ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] / kfl/t ljw]os g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg,

@)^# sf] wf/f *& adf]lhd ;DdfggLo /fi6«kltaf6 ;f]xL lbg g} k|df0fLs/0f ;d]t

ePsf] 5 . ctM tYodf cfwfl/t gePsf] l/6 lgj]bgaf6 s'g} cfb]z hf/L x'g ;Sg]

cj:yf g/x]sf]n] vf/]h u/L kfpg ;fb/ lgj]bg ub{5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] ;+ljwfg

;efsf cWoIf ;'jf;rGb| g]DjfËsf] / ;f]xL Joxf]/f ldnfgsf] Joj:yflksf—;+;b

;lrjfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] Ps} Joxf]/f ldnfgsf] k[ys—k[ys lnlvt hjfkm .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ^$ df ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

sfo{sfn @ jif{sf] 7fpFdf # jif{ sfod ug]{ u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* adf]lhd ;+ljwfg

7

;+zf]wg ePsf] ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ df Jojl:yt Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg

(Judicial Review) sf] kl/efiff leq k5{ jf kb}{g eGg] s'/f l/6 lgj]bgsf] k"0f{

;'g'jfO{af6 lg?k0f ug'{ kg]{ b]lvFbf xfn lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhd cGtl/d cfb]z hf/L

ul//xg' k/]g . o;} lgj]bg;Fu ;DalGwt lgj]bs e/td0fL h+ud lj?4 ljkIfL

k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqLkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/6 g+= !)&^

Pj+ lgj]bs clwjQmf ljho/fh zfSo lj?4 ljkIfL g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL tyf

dGqLkl/ifb\ sfof{no ;d]t ePsf] ;Dat\ @)^& ;fnsf] l/6 g++= !)($ sf lgj]bgx?

;d]t ;fy} /flv lgodfg';f/ k]z ug'{ eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] o; cbfnt ljz]if

Ohnf;sf] ldlt @)^&.#.# sf] cfb]z .

cfof]usf] s'g sfd sf/jfxLaf6 ljkIfL lgj]bssf] s'g ;+j}wflgs tyf sfg"gL xs

clwsf/sf] xgg\ ePsf] 5 . cyf{t xsdf c;/ k/]sf] 5 ;f] s'/f l/6 lgj]bgdf st}

pNn]v ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . ljgf sf/0f cfof]unfO{ ljkIfL agfO{Psf] / ljkIfLsf] xs

clwsf/df cfof]usf] lqmofsnfkaf6 s'g} cf3ft gk/]sf] :ki6 x'Fbf l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h

u/L kfpmF eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] lgjf{rg cfof]usf] tkm{af6 kg{ cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

@)^& ;fn h]i7 !$ ut] Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] a}7s a;L ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg

cg'?kg} ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn Ps jif{ yk x'g] u/L b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 lg0f{o eO{

;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] xF'bf ljkIfLn] pNn]v u/] cg'?k ;f] ljifo

c;+j}wflgs xf] eGg] s'g} ;+j}wflgs cfwf/ / sf/0f 5}gg\ .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f !$* sf] pkwf/f -!_ df ;+ljwfgsf]

s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf ;+;b;dIf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf

eP adf]lhd wf/f ^$ nfO{ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;f] ;DaGwL ljw]os Joj:yflksf—;+;bdf btf{

ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+ljwfgdf ckl/jt{gLo egL ls6fgsf ;fy pNn]v ul/Psf] Joj:yf

afx]s ;+ljwfgsf ;a} Joj:yfx? cfjZostfg';f/ ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] g} ePsf]n] pQm

ljw]os k]z ePsf] / k]z eP adf]lhd Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] @)^& ;fn h]i7 !$ ut]

8

a;]sf] a}7ssf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t eO{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

wf/f *& adf]lhd k|df0fLs/0f eO{ z+;f]wg k|f/De eO{ ;s]sf] x'Fbf ;f] ljifo c;+j}wflgs

ePsf] eGg] ljkIfLsf] lgj]bg lhls/ ljNs'n} lg/fwf/ / lg/y{s 5 .

ljkIfL lgj]bsn] Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] sfo{sfn ;Dat\ @)^& ;fn h]i7 !$ ut]

/ftsf] !@ ah] ;dfKt x'g]df !M#) ah] ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]os kfl/t u/]sf]n]

c;+j}wflgs ePsf] lhls/ lng' ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL ljw]os kfl/t

ug{ a;]sf] Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] a}7s /fltsf] !@ ah] cl3 g} a;]sf] / ;f]xL a}7saf6

g} pQm law]os kfl/t ePsfn] sfo{sfn 5+Fb} j;]sf] Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] a}7snfO{

sfo{sfn kZrft a;]sf] egL c;+j}wflgs eGg' ts{;+ut b]lvb}g .

hxfF;Dd ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox?n] lnPsf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf jfktsf] /sd

lkmtf{ ug'{kg]{ ljkIfLsf] dfu 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f *! adf]lhd

;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox?sf] To:tf] kfl/>lds / ;'ljwf sfg"gåf/f Joj:yf eP cg'?k

lng ;Sg] ePsf]n] o:tf] ljjfb/lxt ljifosf] xsdf lgj]bssf] dfu cg'?k cbfntaf6

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sg] cj:yf /x]sf] gb]lvFbf l/6 bfjL lg/y{s 5 eGg] ;d]t

Joxf]/fsf] ;+3Lo dfldnf, ;+ljwfg;ef Joj:yf tyf ;F:s[lt dGqfnosf] / ;f]xL Joxf]/f

ldnfgsf] sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqfnosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] k[ys—k[ys lnlvt

hjfkm .

;bgaf6 kfl/t ljw]os /fi6«klt åf/f k|df0fLs/0f ePkl5 P]g aGg]5 egL pNn]v

u/]sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf adf]lhd Joj:yflksf—;+;baf6 ldlt @)^&.@.!$ df kfl/t

eO{ k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu cg'/f]w eO{ cfP adf]lhd g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf]

wf/f *& adf]lhd ;Ddflgt /fi6«kltHo"åf/f g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg -cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg_

ljw]os @)^& nfO{ ;f]xL ldltdf ;f]xL ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf cg'?k k|df0fLs/0f ePsf]

Joxf]/f ;Ddflgt cbfnt ;dIf ;fb/ cg'/f]w ub{5' eGg] ;d]t Joxf]/fsf] /fi6«kltsf]

sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 k]z x'g cfPsf] lnlvt hjfkm .

9

lgod adf]lhd k]z x'g cfPsf] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bgdf :jo+ pkl:yt x'g' ePsf

ljåfg clwjQmf >L laho/fh zfSo / lgj]bssf] tkm{af6 /xg' ePsf ljåfg clwjQmf

>L /fdhL lji6n]] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]sf]

5 . ;+j}wflgs ;jf]{Rrtfn] /fHosf ;Dk"0f{ sfd sf/jfxL ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd x'g'

kg]{ s'/fsf] k|Tofe"lt ub{5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn b'O{ jif{

x'g] / ;f]xL k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zn] ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0faf6 ;f] cjlwleq

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;s]df 5 dlxgf a9fpg ;lsg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g eP kZrft g]kfndf ;+s6sfn gnufO{Psf] x'Fbf @)^&.@.!$ sf]

/ftL !@M)) ah] kZrft ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn :jtM ;dfKt ePsf] cj:yf 5 .

sfo{sfn g} ;dfKt e} ;s]kl5 /ftL !M#) ah] ;+ljwfg tyf Joj:yflksf—;+;b -sfo{

;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] k|lqmof ;d]t pNn3+g u/L yk Ps jif{ sfo{sfn yKg]

u/L ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] sfd sf/jfxL ;+ljwfg k|lts"n 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]

b'O{ jif{ leq gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ egL ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ lbPsf] sfo{fb]z

afWofTds xf] . olb tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ;+ljwfg agfpg g;Sg] xf] eg] gofF r'gfj x'g'

kb{5 . clgolGqt tj/n] cfˆgf] Dofb yKg] clwsf/ ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ 5}g . ylkPsf]

cjlwdf ;d]t ;+ljwfg aG5 eGg] s'g} lglZrttf gePsf] x'Fbf o:tf] sfo{n] j}wflgstf

k|fKt ug{ ;Sb}g .

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj s;n] k]z ug]{, s;/L kfl/t ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;+ljwfg /

Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnLdf k|i6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . h;

cg';f/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os ;/sf/n] k]z ug{ ;Sb}g . ;+;bsf] ;b:onfO{ dfq

;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os k]z ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . ;/sf/sf tkm{af6 k]z ul/Psf] k|:tfj g}

lgod ljkl/t 5 . To;df klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf klg s]xL ;Ldf /x]sf 5g\ . c;Lldt

9+un] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksf ;+;bnfO{ x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t

ljifoj:t'x? ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}gg\ . b'O{ jif{ leq gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg' kg]{ eGg] cGtl/d

10

;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf ePsf] xF'bf ;f] s'/f ;+zf]wg ug{ ldNb}g . c;Lldt 9+uaf6

;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fOPaf6 /fHosf] 9's'6L u}/sfg"gL tj/af6 gf]S;fgL x'g

uPsf] 5 . o:tf] u}/;+j}wflgs sfo{nfO{ cbfntn] lg/Gt/tf lbg ldNb}g . ;+ljwfgsf]

;+/Ifs ePsf] x}l;otn] ;+ljwfgsf] kfngf / sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L cbfntn] lng'

kb{5 . tf]lsPsf] ;dodf sfd gug]{ clg sfo{sfn a9fpg] s'/fsf] st}af6 cf}lrTo k'li6

ePsf] 5}g . ;+zf]wg b'/fzo'Qm ePsf] x'Fbf cdfGo 3f]ifLt u/L a}slNks Joj:yf ul/g'

kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; k|:t't ug'{ eof] .

k|ToyL{ g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dt]sf] tkm{af6 pkl:yt ljåfg pk—GofoflwjQmf >L

wd{/fh kf}8]nn] klxnf] l/6 lgj]bg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os k]z x'g nfu]sf]n] ;f]

kfl/t x'gaf6 /f]sL kfpF egL k/]sf] xf] . xfn ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg e} ;s]sf]n] To;sf]

k|of]hg 5}g . bf];|f] lgj]bgdf dfq xfn lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ cj:yf 5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]

wf/f *@ n] ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

sfd ;dfKt x'g] / ;+ljwfg ;ef lj36g x'g] eg]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ sf]

@ jif{ sfo{sfnsf] Psf+uL JofVof ug{ ldNb}g . wf/f *@ ;Fu ;dlGjt u/]/ dfq wf/f

^$ sf] JofVof x'g ;Sb5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* n] ;+ljwfgsf] h'g;'s}

wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os Jofj:yflksf ;+;bdf k]z ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf

u/]sf] x'Fbf k"j{jlt{ ;+ljwfgn] h:tf] s'g} klg ljifox?nfO{ cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf dfgL

c;+zf]wgLo agfPsf] 5}g . gofF ;+ljwfg gagfP klg x'g] eGg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]

efjgf / dgzfo geO{ h;/L ePklg ;+ljwfg ;efaf6} ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ eGg]

dfGotf cleJoQm ePsf] 5 .

ljw]os k]z ug]{ s'/f ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f *$-!_ df lgwf{/0f ePsf] 5 . k|]daxfb'/

l;+xn] sfg"g dGqLsf] x}l;otn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os k]z u/]sf] ePklg pgL

Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] ;b:o ;d]t x'g . ;ftf}+ clwj]zgsf] a}7s ;+Vof @! / @@ df

;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn b'O{ jif{ leq} ljw]os k]z ePsf] 5 . ;f] ljw]os pk/ 5nkmn

11

/ kfl/t ug]{ sfo{ /ftL !@M)) jh] kl5 ;lsPsf] sf/0fn] dfq cl3af6} k|f/De ePsf]

sfd sf/jfxLnfO{ cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf %*) hgfn] k|:tfjsf]

kIfdf dt lbPsf / hDdf % hgf ;b:on] dfq ljkIfdf dt lbPsf]n] b'O{ ltxfO{

ax'dtaf6 ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg / lgodfjnLdf

tf]lsPsf] k|lqmofaf6} k|:tfa k]z eO{ kfl/t ePsf] x'Fbf Procedural error 5}g . ;+;bLo

k/Dk/fdf k|:tfj btf{ eO{ 5nkmn k|f/De ePkl5 k|s[of z'? ePsf] dflgG5 . kfl/t s'g

;dodf eof] eGg] s'/f uf}0f xf] . sfg"g JofVof P]gdf ;do u0fgf ug]{ s'/f 5}g . of]

;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf] ljifo x'Fbf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g . ;+zf]wg k|s[ofdf

Constitutional legitimacy ePsf] / Procedural error gePsf]n] l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h

x'g' kb{5 eGg] ;d]t ax; ug'{ eof] .

ljåfg sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ug'{ ePsf] pk/f]Qm ax; ;'gL, l/6 lgj]bg, lnlvt

hjfkm nufot ;DalGwt ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfx?sf] cWogo u/L x]bf{ d'Votof

b]xfosf k|Zgx?df s]Gb|Lt /xL lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ b]lvof] M—

1. ;+ljwfg ;efsf] Dofb Ps jif{ yKg] u/L g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df

ePsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]os, @)^& d"n (Original) ;+ljwfgsf] Joj:yf /

efjgf k|lts"n 5 jf 5}g <

2. ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] pQm k|lqmofdf sfo{ljlwut q'6L (Procedural error) ePsf]

b]lvG5 jf b]lvFb}g < /

3. lgj]bssf] dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g' kg]{ xf] jf xf]O{g <

lg0ff{os k|Zgx?df k|j]z ug'{cl3 lgj]bssf] d'Vo bfjL / ljkIfLx?sf] lnlvt

hjfkm b[li6ut ug'{ jf~5gLo x'g cfPsf] 5 . lgj]bsn] vf;u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

sfo{sfn @ jif{sf] x'g] / ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] sf/0fn] ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{ k"/f x'g

g;s]sf]df ^ dlxgf cjlw a9fpg ;lsg] eGg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ df ePsf]

12

Joj:yf ljkl/t ;+s6sfn gnfu]sf] ;fdfGo cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;d]t

;dfKt e};s]kl5 /ftL !=#) ah] sfo{sfn Ps jif{ yKg] u/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf u/]sf]

cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL sfd sf/jfxL ;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf ljkl/t x'Fbf cdfGo

3f]lift u/L sfo{sfn ;dfKt ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox?n] /fHosf] 9's'6Laf6

vfPsf] tna, eQf / ;'ljwf lkmtf{ u/fO{ cj pk|fGt To:tf] /sd pknAw gu/fpg

pko'Qm cfb]z hf/L u/L kfpmF eGg] ;d]t bfjL lnPsf]] b]lvG5 . k|ToyL{ Joj:yflksf—

;+;b ;lrjfno ;d]tsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f

!$* n] ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} klg wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf—

;+;bdf k]z ug{ ;lsg]5 eGg] Joj:yf u/]sf] / ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 g} gofF ;+ljwfg

agfpg' kg]{ eGg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] d"n p2]Zo x'Fbf Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf b'O{ ltxfO{

;b:osf] ax'dtaf6 kfl/t ePsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]os ;+ljwfg

;Ddt /x]sf]n] lgj]bg vf/]h x'g' kg]{ eGg] ;d]t lhls/ lnPsf] kfOG5 .

plNnlvt lgj]bg bfjL / lnlvt hjfkm lhls/ ;d]tsf] kl/k|]Iodf dfly lgwf{/0f

ul/Psf] klxnf] k|Zgsf] lg?k0f ug'{ cyf{t ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn Ps jif{ yKg] u/L

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df ePsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ;+ljwfg cg's"n 5 , 5}g egL

ljrf/ ubf{ ljw]ossf] ;+j}wflgstf (Constitutionality Test) k/LIf0f x'g' af~5gLo

b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] k|:tfjgfdf cGo s'/fsf cltl/Qm

k|lt:kwf{Tds ax'bnLo nf]stflGqs zf;g Joj:yf, gful/s :jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/,

dfgj clwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjflws lgjf{rg, k"0f{ k|]; :jtGqtf, :jtGq

Gofokflnsf tyf sfg"gL /fHosf] cjwf/0ff nufot nf]stflGqs d"No / dfGotfk|lt k"0f{

k|ltj4tf JoQm ub}{ ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg gag] ;Ddsf] nflu cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# hf/L ePsf] eGg] pNn]vt ePsf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} g]kfnL hgtfn] cfk\mgf]

nflu cfkm}+ ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] clwsf/sf] ;d]t ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] k|Tofe"lt

lbPsf] 5 . k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm ePsf] plNnlvt k|ltj4Qf ;lxtsf] 3f]if0ff x]bf{

13

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] d'Vo p2]Zo /

nIo ;lxt hf/L ePsf] eGg] k|i6 b]lvG5 .

;+ljwfgsf] efu & df ;+ljwfg ;ef ;DaGwL k|fjwfg / wf/f ^# df ;+ljwfg

;efsf] u7gsf] Joj:yf pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# sf] pkwf/f -!_ df

g]kfnL hgtf cfkm}+n] gofF ;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] u7g ePsf] eGg]

pNn]v 5 . wf/f ^$ df ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn b'O{ jif{sf] x'g] eGg] / ;f]xL

k|ltjGwfTds jfSof+zdf ;+s6sfn 3f]if0ff ePsf] sf/0f k/L ;+ljwfg n]vg sfo{ k"/f x'g

g;s]df ^ dlxgf cjlw yk x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 .

wf/f ^$ n] sfo{sfn ;DaGwL pQm Joj:yf u/]sf] ePklg wf/f *@ sf] Joj:yf

klg x]l/g' kb{5 . wf/f *@ o; k|sf/ 5M—

;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfd ;dfKt

x'g]5 .

t/ ;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf] Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] lgjf{rg

geP;Ddsf nflu Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf] sfd sf/jfxL ;f] ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v

eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .

;+ljwfg ;efn] kfl/t u/]sf] ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] lbgb]lv dfq ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

sfd ;dfKt x'g]5 eGg] pk/f]Qm Joj:yf adf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 kfl/t ePsf] gofF

;+ljwfg nfu" geP ;Dd ;+ljwfg ;ef lj36g x'g ;Sg] cj:yf b]lvFb}g . ;+ljwfg

;efsf] sfo{sfn yKg ldNb}g eGg] lgj]bssf] egfO{, ts{ / lhls/ dfGg] xf] eg] ul7t

;+ljwfg ;ef ;dfKt x'G5 . ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm ePsf] g]kfnL

hgtfn] ;+ljwfg ;ef dfkm{t cfˆgf] nflu cfkm} ;+ljwfg agfpg kfpg] eGg] cGtl/d

;+ljwfgsf] dd{ / efjgf k/flht x'g k'Ug] dfq xf]Og g]kfn ;+ljwfg ljlxg cj:yfdf

x'g k'Ug] b]lvG5 . lgj]bssf] lhls/ dfGg] xf] eg] g]kfnL hgtfn] k|hftGq /

;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu u/]sf] cfwf ztfAbL eGbf nfdf] ;+3if{ tyf s]xL jif{ cufl8 ePsf]

hgcfGbf]ng åf/f k|fKt pknAwL cyf{t g]kfnL hgtfn] lgjf{lrt u/]sf] ;+ljwfg ;ef

14

dfkm{t gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|d'v nIo lg/y{s jf lg?2]Zo

(Frustrate) x'g hfG5 h'g s'/fsf] kl/sNkgf;Dd klg ug{ ldNb}g .

;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfn] ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, n}lËs ;d:ofx?nfO{

;dfwfg ug{ nf]sqGq, zflGt, ;d[l4, cfly{s ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;lxtsf] /fHosf]

cu|ufdL k'g;{+/rgf ug]{ ;+sNk / k|ltj4tf JoQm u/]sf] 5 . Toltdfq xf]Og /fhtGqsf]

ljlwjt cGTo u/L g]kfn Ps ;+3Lo, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub}{

cfh;Ddsf qmflGt / cfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt pknAwL / gful/s clwsf/nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{

;+ljwfg ;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] p2]Zo lnOPsf] b]lvG5 . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]

k|:tfjgfdf pNn]v ePsf pQm ljifox? ;dfj]zL, e]befj ljlxg / zf]if0f d'Qm

k|hftflGqs ;dfhsf] hu xf] . pQm s'/fx? cfhsf k|hftflGqs /fi6«x?n] cfk\mgf

gful/sx?sf] xs clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu ;+j}wflgs ljsf;qmddf ;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf

hfx]/ u/]sf 36gfx? x'g\ . To;}n] ;+ljwfg ;ef dfkm{t g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;+ljwfg agfpg]

clwsf/nfO{ ;fsf/ agfpg x/;+ej k|oTg ug'{ /fHosf] bfloTj xf] .

;+ljwfgsf] efu $ wf/f ## df /fHosf] o;} bfloTjsf] ;DaGwdf pNn]v ePsf]

5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ## sf] b]xfo v08 -s_ df g]kfnL hgtfdf cGt/lgxLt ;fj{ef}d

;Qfsf] Jojxfl/s k|Tofe"lt ug]{ ljifonfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ :jtGq / lgikIf ?kdf ;+ljwfg

;efsf] ;b:osf] lgjf{rfg ;DkGg ug{ /fHon] ;Dk"0f{ Wofg s]Gb|Lt ug'{ kg]{ s'/f pNn]v

ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L ;f]xL wf/fsf] b]xfo v08 -v_ df b]zdf cu|ufdL /fhg}lts, cfly{s

/ ;fdflhs kl/jt{g ;'lglZrt ug]{ ljifo pNn]v ePsf] 5 . v08 -u_ df ljZjJofkL

?kdf :jLs[t cfwf/e"t dfgj clwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stGq, :jtGq

Gofokflnsf cflb cjwf/0fx?sf] k"0f{ kl/kfngf ug]{ /fhg}lts k|0ffnL cjnDag ug]{,

v08 -3_ df /fHosf] jt{dfg s]Gb|Ls[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] cGTo u/L /fHosf] ;dfj]zL,

nf]stflGqs / cu|ufdL k'g;+{/rgf ug]{ cflb /fHosf bfloTjx? tf]lsPsf] kfOG5 .

/fHosf lt bfloTjx? / nIox? g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f ^# adf]lhd

15

ul7t ;+ljwfg ;ef åf/f aGg] gofF ;+ljwfg dfkm{taf6 k|fKt x'g] xf] t;y{ cGtl/d

;+ljwfgn] lglb{:6 u/]sf] pQm bfloTjaf6 /fHo kl5 x6g jf kG5g ldNg] kl/sNkgf jf

AofVof ug{ ldNb}g . To:tf] kl/sNkgf jf AofVof u}/ lhDd]jf/ x'G5 .

;+ljwfg ;ef ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ ;ef xf] . o;sf] ljsNk 5}g . o;sf] d'Vo

sfo{ gofF ;+ljwfg dfkm{t cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] dfu{lgb]{z u/]sf] g]kfnL hgtfsf]

;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] Jojxfl/s k|Tofe"lt u/fpg' xf] . ljleGg sf/0fa; wf/f ^$ df

tf]lsPsf] sfo{sfnleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g ;s]g eGb}df cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] pk/f]Qm

dd{, p2]Zo / efjgfnfO{ /Qm ;~rf/ u/fO{ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] sfo{nfO{ hLjGt kfg'{

kg]{ bfloTj ePsf /fhgLlts bn / hgtfsf] k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg]

lhDd]jf/L lnO{ r'lgPsf :j+o ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox?n] pk/f]Qm lhDd]jf/L af]w gu/]sf]

eGg ldNb}g . olb To:tf] u}/lhDd]jf/Lkg slxF st} b]lvg cfPdf To; s'/fsf] Oltxf;n]

d"Nof+sg ug]{ s'/f xf] cbfntn] xf]Og . To;}n] tf]lsPsf] sfo{sfnleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]

sfo{ ;DkGg x'g ;s]g eGb}df g]kfnL hgtfsf] nflu gofF ;+ljwfg g} agfpg gkg]{ jf

;+ljwfg gaGb} ;+ljwfg ;ef lj36g jf ;dfKt x'g'kg]{ ts{ ug'{ ljj]s;Ddt x'g ;Sb}g .

o:tf] ;f]rfOn] ;+ljwfg adf]lhd lglb{i6 /fHosf] bfloTj k"/f x'g g;Sg] dfq xf]Og b]z

g} ;+ljwfg ljlxg cj:yfdf k'Ug hfG5 . To;}n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] 7"nf] / nfdf] ;+3if{ kl5

ul7t P]ltxfFl;s ;+ljwfg ;ef p2]Zo k|fKtL g} gu/L cfhsf] ;Gbe{df ;dfKt x'g

;Sb}g . cfhsf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg ;ef dfkm{t gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] s'/fsf] csf]{ ljsNk

x'g ;Sb}g .

g]kfn xfn /fhtGqfTds / PsfTds Joj:yfaf6 u0ftGqfTds / ;+3Lo

Joj:yfdf kl/0ft x'g] qmddf ;+qmd0f sfndf /x]sf] 5 / olx ;+qmd0fsfnnfO{ Manage

ug{ dfq g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# nfu" 5 . s'g} klg /fi6« nfdf] ;do

;+qmd0fsfn jf cGtl/dsfn jf clglZrtsfn ;Dd cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /xg ;Sb}g .

cfhsf] /fi6« hgtfaf6 cg'df]lbt ;+ljwfgaf6 zfl;t x'g' k5{ . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf

16

Joj:yf / efjgfx? ;+qmd0f sfnsf] cjlwdf sfd rnfpg] dfq xf] . tTkZrft\ gofF

;+ljwfgn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg k|lt:yfkg x'g kb{5 . ;dodf ;+ljwfg gagfO{ ;+qmd0f

sfnnfO{ cg'lrt tj/n] nDAofpg' x'Fb}g eGg] lgj]bssf] efjgf xf] eg] Tof] efjgf;Fu

c;dt x'g' kb}{g . nfdf] ;dob]lvsf] hgtfsf] ;+3if{ / alnbfgaf6 k|fKt clwsf/x?nfO{

;+ljwfg dfkm{t lz3| Joj:yfkg ug'{ g} b]z / gful/ssf] lxtdf x'G5 . o:tf] nIf gofF

;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0faf6 dfq k|fKt x'g ;+ej x'G5 . To;} sf/0fn] ubf{ ;+ljwfg ;efn] b'O{

jif{ leq gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg' kg]{ eGg] wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yf Mandatory geO{

Directory Joj:yf eGg k5{ . ljwflosfn] ;dfGo sfg"g agfpFbf jf Delegated

legislation cGtu{t lgodfjnL agfpFbf klg ;do nfU5 . ljw]os Draft ug{, k]z x'g,

;ldltdf 5nkmn x'g, ;f] 5nkmndf ljwfosx?af6 ;+zf]wg yk36 x'g, k"0f{ ;bgdf

5nkmn x'g, tTkZrft kfl/t ug{sf] nflu k"0f{ ;bgdf k]z ug{ tyf kfl/t ePkl5

/fi6«fWoIfaf6 k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ nufot ofjt s'/fx? ubf{ slxn]sFxL s'g} P]g aGg dfq}

klg Ps jif{ eGbf a9L nfUg ;S5 . w]/} bn ldnL b]zsf] ;+ljwfg h:tf] Ps k|sf/n]

:yflo Document agfpg] sfd ;lhnf] xf]Og .

xfldn] xfd|f] ;+ljwfg Joj:yf / /fHo Joj:yf x]g{ k5{ . g]kfn Plss/0f ePb]lv

g} g]kfn PsfTds, /fhtGqfTds / ;+;bLo Joj:yfdf /fHo ;~rfng eof] . ;+ljwfg

Tolx k|sf/sf] aGy] . s]xL jif{cl3 ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngn] PsfTds / /fhtGqfTds /fHo

Joj:yfsf] ;§f u0ftGqfTds / ;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] g]kfn agfpg] c7f]6 u/L cGtl/d

;+ljwfg hf/L eof] / Tolx Mandate n] ;+ljwfg ;ef u7g eof] . cfGbf]ngkl5 g]kfnL

hgtfsf] 7"nf] ;dfj]zL Aspiration b]lvPsf] 5 . o;eGbf cufl8sf] /fHo Joj:yf

s]lGb|s[t lyof] . @)$& ;fnkl5 g]kfn dfgj clwsf/ ;DaGwL @) eGbf a9L

dxf;lGwx?df kIf ag]sf] 5 . PsfTds /fHo Joj:yfdf ;a} /fHo zlQm sf7df08f}+

s]lGb|t lyof] . Power Devolution clwsf/ lbPsf] gfddf k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L tyf

lhNnf l:yt cGo ;/sf/L sfof{no Pjd\ ufpF ljsf; ;ldlt / gu/kflnsf dfkm{t

17

s]Gb|af6 clwsf/ 5fl8Psf] lyof] . t/ ca ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf ljleGg k|fGt jf /fHo -h]

eg] klg_ plgx?n] 5f]8]sf] jf lbPsf] clwsf/ s]Gb|n] k|fKt ug]{ x'Fbf Ps /fHo

Joj:yfaf6 csf]{ /fHo Aoj:yfsf] ;+ljwfg n]vg sfo{ hl6n sfo{ xf] . ;+ljwfg h:tf]

Document h;df l;Ëf] b]z / hgtfx?sf] eljZo 6fl;FPsf] x'G5 To:tf] Document

xtf/ u/]/ n]Vg] klg xf]Og, t;y{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f x'g] ;+u7g g} Wj:t ug]{ Joj:yf ug{

x'Fb}g .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ubf{ /flvPsf] b[li6sf]0f jf ul/Psf] kl/sNkgfdf Jojwfg,

sfa" aflx/sf] kl/l:ylt sf] r'gf}lt / hl6ntf pTkGg eO{ tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ldf leq gofF

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g;lsPsf] cj:yfdf ;+ljwfg ;efsf] Dofb gyKg' eg]sf] ;+ljwfg

;efn] b'O{ jif{ ;Dd u/]sf] k|oTg To;} v]/hfg] dfq xf]Og b]znfO{ ;+ljwfg ljlxg

cj:yfdf k'¥ofpg' xf] . o; cbfntn] b]z ;+ljwfg ljlxg cj:yfdf k'Ug] u/L xQklQ /

;lhn};Fu wf/f ^$ sf] AofVof ug'{ x'Fb}g . wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yfnfO{ Directory Joj:yf

dfGg k5{ / wf/f ^$ sf] AofVof ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, wf/f ## sf] vf;u/L v08

-3_ / wf/f *@ ;Fu ldnfP/ Purposive / Harmonious Interpretation ug{ k5{ .

wf/f ^$ df tf]lsPsf] b'O{ jif{sf] sfo{sfndf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k'/f x'g g;s]sf] cyjf

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ g;lsPsf] ca:yfdf lgj]bg lhls/ dfGg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf]

sfd cGTo x'G5 . o:tf] ;f+]rn] ;+j}wflgs ljsf; qmdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] geO{ k5fl8

ws]Ng] / /fHo Joj:yfdf c/fhstf l;h{gf x'g hfG5 .

;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] JofVof ubf{ s'g} Pp6f wf/f bkmfsf] Joj:yfnfO{ dfq 6kSs

l6kL Psf+lu jf k|fljlws JofVof ug{' Jojxfl/s / plrt x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] JofVof ubf{

o;sf] k|:tfjgfdf cleJoQm ePsf] efjgf / cGo k|fjwfg ;d]tsf ;du| Joj:yf tkm{

;d"lrt b[li6 k'¥ofO{ /rgfTds tl/sfn] ;dGjofTds (Constructive, purposive and

harmonious interpretation) JofVof ug'{ k5{ . ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fdf cleJoQm ePsf]

zJb jf afSof+zsf] JofVof ubf{ ;+ljwfgsf cGo Joj:yf k/flht jf lg:k|of]lht x'g]

18

u/L geO{ ;du| ;+ljwfg lqmofzLn x'g] jf ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfn] ultlzntf kfpg]

;sf/fTds kIfsf] vf]hL jf ck]Iff ug'{ k5{ .

b'O{ jif{ leq gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg' kg]{ eGg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] nIo xf] . wf/f

^$ sf] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] @ jif{sf] sfo{sfn nIf xf] . ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ;lhnf]

sfo{ xf]Og egL dfly elgof] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf; x]bf{ g]kfn aflx/L b]zsf] Colony geP

klg ztfAbLof}+ b]lv PsfTds / /fhtGqfTds Joj:yf ePsf] jf:tljs k|hftflGqs

cEof; @)$& ;fnkl5 dfq ;Dej x'g ;s]sf], PsfTds Joj:yf ePsf] sf/0f /

g]kfnsf] cfk\mg} ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s, hflto k/Dk/f cflbsf] sf/0f dlxnf, bnLt,

hghflt h:tf Marginalised ju{x?sf] Voice mainstream politics df unheard /x]sf],

;dfj]zL Culture ev/}{ bf];|f] hgcfGbf]ngn] dfq NofPsf] / Marginalised ju{x?sf]

cfsf+Iff, rfxgf Hofb} ePsf], ;+ljwfg cfkm}+df Ps Compromise document ePsf] /

^)! hgf ;ef;bn] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] /fhgLlts bnx?sf] ;xdlt x'gkg]{ Document

df ljleGg s'/fdf c;xdlt pTkGg eO{ n]vg sfo{ ;do ;Ldfleq x'g g;Sg'nfO{ o;

cbfnt cGoyf 7fGb}g .

csf]{ ljrf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] Jofks cfGbf]ng jf qmflGtkl5 /fHo Joj:yf

kl/jt{g x'G5 . kl/jlt{t cj:yfdf cfGbf]ngsf efjgf / cfsf+IffnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL

cfGbf]ngdf pq]sf hgtfsf] cfsf+Iff / efjgf g} ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z x'g k5{ . ;+ljwfg

eg]sf] rfF8\rfF8} 5f]6f] cjlwdf kl/jt{g x'g] j:t' xf]Og . ;+ljwfg tof/ eO{ ;+ljwfg

cg';f/ cg'df]bg ePkl5 qmdzM tof/ ul/Psf] ;+ljwfgsf sdhf]/LnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ dfq

;+zf]wg ul/G5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfg n]vg sfo{ ;lhnf] gePsf] / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] ;do

;Ldf ;dfKt x'g nfUof] eGb}df xtf/ u/]/ cfk\mgf] Mandate sf] ljkl/t x'g] u/L

;+ljwfg n]lvFb}g .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ df /x]sf] k|fjwfg ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ePsf] x'Fbf

;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g eGg] lgj]bg bfjL / lgj]bssf tkm{af6 ax; ug]{ sfg"g

19

Joj;foLx?sf] lhls/ /x]sf] 5 . t/ ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf eg]sf] lgj]bsn]

s;/L a'em]sf] xf] / wf/f ^$ s] s;/L cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf eof] lgj]bg klg df}g /xL

;'g'jfO{df ;d]t o;af/] lgj]bs df}g b]lvof] . cfwfe"t ;+/rgf eGgfn] b]zsf] Polity

h'g ;+ljwfg åf/f jf ;+ljwfg dfkm{t k|ltljlDat x'G5 Tof] Polity xf] . wf/f ^$ b]zsf]

Polity geO{ Mandate k"/f ug]{ Directory k|s[ltsf] cjlw xf] . To;}n] wf/f ^$ nfO{

cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf eGg]df ;xdt x'g ;lsPg .

g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] h:tf] jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn]] JoQm

?kdf (Expressly) ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf (basic structure) lgwf{/0f u/]sf]

kfOb}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$*-!_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfgsf s'g} klg wf/fnfO{

;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug{] ljw]os Joj:yflksf—;+;b ;dIf k]z ug{ ;lsg] / ;f]xL pkwf/f

-@_ adf]lhd tTsfn sfod /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox?sf]

ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf To:tf] ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf 5 .

pQm wf/f !$* sf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf x]bf{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;DaGwL ljw]os

Joj:yflksf—;+;bdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6

kfl/t x'g' kb{5 eGg] afx]s cGtl/d ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgdf cGo s'g} k"j{ zt{ jf aGb]h

/x]sf] b]lvFb}g .

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* sf] pk/f]Qm JofVof

ubf{ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf s'g} ;Ldf g} x'Fb}gg\, Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] cGtl/d

;+ljwfgsf] h'g;'s} wf/f ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] lg/k]If cy{ ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf]O{g .

lg/k]If 9+uaf6 s'g}klg ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg d"n ;+ljwfgsf]

;fk]Iftfdf g} x'g ;Sb5 . d"n ;+ljwfgnfO{ lg/k]If 9+un] ;+zf]wg ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf cfO{

k/]df ;+zf]wg xf]Og gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg] sfo{ u/L k'/fgf] jf sfd gnfUg] ;+ljwfgnfO{

k|lt:yfkg ug'{ >]o:s/ x'G5 . o;sf] b[i6fGtsf] ?kdf g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg,

@)$& nfO{ vf/]h ub]{ hf/L ul/Psf] jt{dfg cGtl/d ;+ljwfgnfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

20

To;}n] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf ;+;b s]xL JoQm jf cJoQm

;Ldfx? af6 afFlwG5 . ;+ljwfg :jo+n] ;+zf]wgsf] nflu s'g} k"j{zt{ /fv]sf] b]lvFb}g .

cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf ls6]sf] 5}g eGb}df ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t :j?k IftljIft kfg]{

clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] g} hGdfPsf] (Creature) cyf{t ljwflosfnfO{ x'Fb}g . cfk"mnfO{ hGd

lbg] cyf{t (Creature) ;+ljwfgsf] ;d;fdlos ;+zf]wg u/L ;+j}wflgs ljsf;nfO{ cl3

a9fpg] jf ultlzntf k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ljwflosfsf] xf] t/ ;+zf]wgsf] gfddf Orginal

;+ljwfgsf] df}lns :j?k jf rl/qnfO{ g} ;dfKt ug]{ clwsf/ o;nfO{ x'Fb}g .

Constituent Power cGtu{t jg]sf] ;+ljwfgn] :jtM a}wflgstf k|fKt ub{5 .

o;sf] j}wflgstfsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg cGtu{tsf s'g} klg lgsfodf k|Zg p7fpg

ldNb}g . o; cbfntn] wf/f !)& cGtu{t ug]{ Goflos k'g/fjnf]sgsf] dfkb08 g}

;+ljwfg xf] . ljwflosf ;+ljwfg cGtu{tsf] Pp6f c+Ë xf] . o;n] ;+ljwfgaf6 g}

a}wflgstf / clwsf/ k|fKt u/]sf] x'G5 . ljwflosf hgtfaf6 k|ToIf r'lgP/ cfpg] ;+:yf

ePsf]n] o;n] hgtfsf] k|ltlgwLsf] x}l;ot /fVb5 . Constituent Power n] hgtfsf]

zlQm jf hgtfnfO{ g} hgfpFb5 eg] legislative Power n] hgtfsf] k|ltlglw;Ddsf]

x}l;ot a'emfpFb5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cGtu{t u7g ePsf] ;+ljwfg ;ef /

Joj:yflksf—;+;bnfO{ qmdzM Constituent Power / legislative Power sf] k|of]u ug]{

lgsfosf ?kdf a'e\mbf of] s'/f yk k|i6 x'g hfG5 . b'j} lgsfodf k|ltlglwTj ug]{

;b:ox? Ps} ePsf] / Pp6} k|lqmofaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf] cj:yf ePklg ;+ljwfg ;ef /

Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] b'O{ cnu cnu cl:tTj, dfGotf / x}l;ot /x]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ gofF ;+ljwfg jgfpg] ;DaGwdf s'g} k"j{ zt{ jf aGb]h

Expressly /flvPsf] b]lvFb}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ug]{ tTsflng k'g{:yflkt

k|ltlglw;ef / ;+ljwfg cg'df]bg ug]{ cGtl/d Joj:yflksf—;+;b jt{dfg

Joj:yflksf—;+;b sf] ;+/rgf / >f]t km/s eP klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf

lt lgsfox?af6 Constituent Power k|of]u ePsf] dflgG5 t/ pk/f]Qm zlQmsf] cfwf/

21

hgtf / hgcfGbf]ng xf] . jt{dfg Joj:yflksf—;+;b cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] hGdfPsf]

;+:yf ePsf] x'Fbf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] s]xL cfwf/e"t d'No dfGotf kl/jt{g ug]{ clwsf/

o;nfO{ x'Fb}g .

John Burgess sf] Political Science and Comparative Constitutional Law

df k|foM ;+ljwfgdf b]xfosf tLg df}lns efu x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ M—

a) Organisation of the state for the accomplishment of future change

in constitution;

b) Constitution of liberty and

c) Constitution of Government.

klxnf] Joj:yf Amending Clause cyf{t ;+zf]wgsf] wf/fsf] Joj:yf xf] . olx

Joj:yfn] ;+zf]wg k|lqmof lgwf{/0f ub{5 / ;+zf]wg ug]{ clwsf/ klg olx wf/faf6 k|fKt

ub{5 . ;dfh ultzLn ePsf] sf/0f ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;do;fk]If / hgrfxgf cg';f/

agfpg ;+zf]wg cfjZos kb{5 . olb ;+zf]wg gu/L ;do ;fk]If gagfpg] xf] eg]

e}/x]sf] To:tf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ Tofu u/L csf]{ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ bafj l;h{gf x'G5 .

To;}n] ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;'wf/ Improvement jf kl/jt{g cyf{t Change ;+zf]wg dfkm{t

ug{ k5{ elgG5 .

;fljssf Joj:yfdf ;+ljwfgsf ;DaGwdf ;+zf]wgnfO{ ækm]/abnÆ,

æk'g/fjnf]sgÆ, ævf/]hLÆ, æyk36Æ jf æd]6g]÷x6fpg]Æ cy{df a'lemG5 . Herman Finer

n] Theory and Practice of modern Government Vol I df amends means to

deconstitute and reconstitute eg]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+zf]wg g} ug{ g;lsg] rigid

Joj:yfsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/jlt{t kl/l:yltsf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Qm}g elgG5 . olb ;+ljwfg

rigid x'g] xf] eg] To;n] /fi6«sf] growth g} k|efj kf5{ . cfhsf] ;dfh Dynamic

ax'cfofdL ;dfh xf] . cfhsf] /fHo hgsNof0fsf/L /fHo / cfhsf] sfo{kflnsf

;+ljwfgk|lt accountable ePsf] sf/0f k|hftflGqs ;dfhdf /fHo ;~rfngsf]

s]Gb|laGb' hgtfsf] socio-economic pGglt / /fli6«o Pstf dflgG5 . cfhsf] /fHo

22

;~rfng s]lGb|o sfo{kflnsfn] state power sf] ks8 xf]Og /fHosf] socio-economic

If]qdf ePsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;sf] sf/0f ;+ljwfgdf Enumerate ePsf ljleGg dfgj

clwsf/ / df}lns xsx? hgtfnfO{ k|bfg ug{ xf] . t;y{ ;+ljwfg rigid x'g ;Sb}g .

cfjZostf / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ kg]{ x'G5 . o; sf/0fn] ubf{

;+zf]wg x'g g;Sg] rigid Joj:yfsf] ;+ljwfgn] :yfloTj lbFb}g .

Crown ES sf] Constitution and what it means today df as a law it

derives its force and affects the present generation of American citizens and

should therefore be interpreted in the light of present conditions and with a

view to meet present problems eg]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+zf]wg ug{ g;Sg] rigid ;+ljwfgn]

kl/jlt{t ;dfhnfO{ cope ug{ ;Sb}g egL Garner J.W n] Political Science and

Government df "A permanent static Constitution is logically untenable, for

human societies grow and develop with a lapse of time and unless provision is

made for such constitutional readjustments as their internal devlopments

require they must stagnate or retrograde" eg]sf] b]lvG5 .

Lane PH n]] Annotated constitution of the Australian commonwealth df A

constitution which does not contain provision for its amendment with the

development growth and expansion of the community is the most inadequate

and imperfect deed of partnership eg]sf] b]lvG5 .

;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg k|lqmofsf ;DaGwdf k|foM h'g;'s} b]zsf] ;DaGwdf klg Ps

wf/ ;+zf]wg k|lqmof flexible x'g kg]{ JofVof / csf]{ ;+zf]wg k|lqmof nrs x'g gx'g]

Rigid x'g kg]{ opposite wf/0ff Pjd\ Joj:yf ePsf] kfOG5 . t/ h] ts{ eP klg

ablnFbf] ;do / kl/l:yltnfO{ ;do ;fk]If 9+un] Cope ug{ ljwfosx?sf] xft gafFlwg]

u/L ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sg] AofVof x'g kg]{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg g} x'g g;Sg] Joj:yf ug]{

xf] eg] ;+zf]wg k|lqmofsf] abnf cbfntaf6 JofVof dfkm{t ;+zf]wg x'g k'U5 . pbfx/0f

cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfg xf] . cd]l/sfsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg k|lqmof Hofb} s7f]/ ePsf]

23

sf/0f cd]l/sL ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg k|lqmofaf6 eGbf cbfntsf] AofVofaf6 a9L km]/abn

ePsf] b]lvG5 .

;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wgdf ;fwf/0ftof cbfntaf6 b]xfosf] cj:yfdf afx]s Goflos

k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Fb}g M—

a) Procedural ground /

b) Implied or Express basic structure.

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)& -!_ cGtu{t ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg dfly plNnlvt

sf/0f / cj:yfdf afx]s Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ul/Fb}g . Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] sfg"g

lgdf{0f klg ub{5 / ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg klg ub{5 . sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu * Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw cGtu{t wf/f *$ / *% sf] clwsf/

k|of]u u/L sfg"g lgdf{0f ub{5 . wf/f *$ / wf/f *% sf] clwsf/ cGtu{t ag]sf] sfg"g

;fdfGo sfg"g xf] . ;fdfGo sfg"g lgdf{0f ubf{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] cfk"mdf ePsf]

ljwflosL clwsf/ Legislative Power k|of]u u/L ub{5 . o;/L agfOg] sfg"g ;+ljwfg

cg's"n ;+ljwfg;Fu gaflemg] u/L aGg kb{5 . wf/f !)&-!_ cGtu{t o; cbfntn]

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ubf{ o:tf] ;fdfGo sfg"gsf] Procedural / Substantial b'a}

kIfsf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;S5 . Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ cfwf/ To:tf] sfg"g lgdf{0f

ubf{ Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ljwflosL clwsf/ cyf{t Legislative Power k|of]u ub{5 .

t/ wf/f !$* cg';f/ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] s'g} wf/f ;+zf]wg ubf{

Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] Legislative Power k|of]u gu/L Joj:yflksf ;+;bn]

Constitutional Power cyf{t ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] wf/f !$*

adf]lhd ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ljw]os ;fdfGo sfg"g xf]Og . wf/f !$* cGtu{t

Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] cfk"mdf ePsf] Constitutional Power cGtu{t u/]sf] ;+ljwfgsf]

;+zf]wgdf Procedural error / cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf s'g} Express basic structure

24

gePsf]n] hg cfGbf]ngsf] efjgfdf k|ltljlDat Implied basic structure ljkl/t

;+zf]wg ePsf] 5 sL egL Tolt;Dd dfq Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg ug{ ;S5 .

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^# cGtu{tsf] ;+ljwfg ;efnfO{ hgcfGbf]ngsf]

efjgf ljkl/t x'g] u/L afx]s cGo s'/fdf ;+ljwfg n]vgdf s'g} ;Ldf x'Fb}g . t/

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ubf{ Joj:yflksf—;+;bnfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf s]xL cJoQm t/ d'Vo

;+/rgf eTsfpg] clwsf/ x'Fb}g . lgj]bs clwjQmf ;'af]wdfg gflkt lj?4 k|wfgdGqL

tyf dlGqkl/ifbsf] sfof{no ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] l/6 g+=@)^$–ws–))@ sf] pTk|]if0f

d'2fdf o; cbfntsf] ljz]if Ohnf;af6 ldlt @)^&.!.@ df lg0f{o x'Fbf g]kfnsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df JoQm ?kdf (Expressly) cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf (Basic

Feature) g/fv]sf] ePklg s]xL cJoQm (Implied) cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf /x]sf] x'Fbf ;f] sf]

ljkl/t x'g] u/L Joj:yflksf—;+;bn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g eGg]

l;åfGt sfod ePsf] 5 . pQm d'2fdf vf; u/L g]kfnnfO{ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqaf6

/fhtGqdf kmsf{pg] / ;+3Lo /fHo Joj:yfaf6 PsfTds /fHodf kl/jt{g ug]{ u/L

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g eGg] l;åfGt sfod ePsf] 5 . ;fy} g]kfnn]

cg'df]bg u/]sf Core Human rights treaties ;d]taf6 k|Tofe"t ul/Psf gful/ssf

cfwf/e"t dfgj÷df}lns clwsf/ s6f}lt ug]{ tyf tL clwsf/sf] pNn+3g ePdf :jtGq

/ ;Ifd Gofonoaf6 pkrf/ k|fKt ug]{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf df}lns xs / :jtGq

Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yfx? ;d]t ;+ljwfgsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftf x'Fbf ltgdf

;+zf]wg x'g ;Sb}g eGg] ljifodf lg0f{o e} l;4fGt sfod e};s]sf] x'Fbf To;df åljwf

x'g' kg]{ l:ylt cj sfod 5}g . lgjb]sn] k|:t't lgj]bgdf lrGtf / ;/f]sf/ JoQm u/]sf]

;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;DaGwL wf/f ^$ sf] Joj:yf ;+ljwfg ;efaf6 gofF ;+ljwfg

agfpg' kg]{ eGg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|:tfjgfsf] Joj:yf, wf/f ^# / wf/f *@ ;d]tsf

k|fjwfgx?sf] ;se/ sfo{sfnleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L ;Sg] ;+j}wflgs nIo eGg

;lsG5 .

25

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wgn] gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg gkg]{

u/L jf nf]stflGqs u0ftGqnfO{ /fhtGqdf jf ;+3LotfnfO{ PsfTds /fHodf jf :jtGq

GofokflnsfnfO{ ePsf clwsf/ jf df}lns xs s6f}lt u/]sf] 5}g . pQm ;+zf]wg

ljw]osn] klxnf] a}7s j;]sf] ldltn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{ sfn @ jif{ x'g]5 eGg] wf/f

^$ sf] k|fjwfgdf ;+zf]wg u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn Ps jif{ yk u/]sf] 5 .

;+ljwfgn] tf]s]sf] @ jif{sf] sfo{sfn;Dd ;+ljwfg gagfpg] dfq xf]O{g agfpg]

k|oTg} g} gu/L :j]R5frf/L 9+uaf6 cfˆgf] sfo{sfn cfkm} + a9fpFb} hfg kfpg] xf] eg]

;+ljwfg ;efn] slxNo} klg ;+ljwfg agfpg ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfg ;efn] k6s k6s cfˆgf]

Dofb a9fO{ cgGtsfn ;Dd /fHosf] 9's'6L l/Tofpg] sfo{ ub}{ /xG5 . To;}n] @ jif{sf]

nflu lgjf{lrt ePsf] ;+:yf ;+ljwfg ;efn] tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{

;Sb}g eg] :j]R5frf/L 9+un] sfo{sfn a9fpg] xf]Og gofF lgjf{rg u/L csf]{ ;+ljwfg

;ef u7g ug'{ kb{5 eGg] klg lgj]bssf] lgj]bg bfjL /xg'sf ;fy} lgj]bs tkm{af6

jx; ug]{ sfg"g Joj;foLx?n] ax;df o:tf] lhls/ lng' ePsf] 5 .

;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ;dfGo cj:yfdf @ jif{ x'g] / ;+s6sfn nfu]sf] sf/0f

pQm cjlwdf gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;s]df ;+ljwfg ;efn] k|:tfj

kfl/t u/L ^ dlxgf sfo{sfn yk ug{ ;Sg] eGg] wf/f ^$ sf] ;f]emf] cy{ xf] . o;/L

wf/f ^$ df ;dfGo cj:yfdf @ jif{ / ljz]if kl/l:yltdf yk ^ dlxgf u/L a9Ldf

hDdf @ jif{ ^ dlxgf sfo{sfn x'g] egL ;+ljwfgdf g} k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] cj:yfdf

;+ljwfg ;efn] clgolGqt / :j]R5frf/L ?kdf cfˆgf] sfo{sfn yk ug]{ u/L cGtl/d

;+ljwfgdf ;+zf]wg ub}{ hfg] sfo{n] lg/Gt/tf kfpFb} uof] eg] s] xf]nf < eGg] k|Zg

lgj]bsn] o; cbfntdf p7fPsf] 5 . o:tf] Hypothetical ts{ / s'/fdf o; cbfnt

k|j]z g} ug{ rfFxb}g . olb lgj]bsn] nufPsf] cf/f]k ;fFrf] x'g] xf] eg] cyf{t lgj]bsn]

cf/f]k nufP ;/x ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox?sf] lghL :jfy{jz :j]R5frf/L 9+un]

tf]lsPsf] cjlwleq sfd gu/L sfo{sfn a9fpg] u/L lg/Gt/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{

26

ug]{ xf] eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf ljrf/0fLo x'g ;Snf t/ To:tf] cj:yf cfO g} k/] To;sf]

pkrf/ o; cbfntdf vf]Hg] jf ;fj{ef}d g]kfnL hgtfaf6 vf]Hg] xf] of] Tolta]nf ljrf/

ug]{ s'/f xf] . lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg ;efn] cfˆgf] sfo{sfn yKb} uP :j]R5frfl/tfsf] l:ylt

pTkGg eO{ ;+ljwfg aGg g;Sg] egL 8/nfUbf] cj:yfsf] lrq0f u/fpg vf]h]sf] b]lvG5 .

lgj]bsn] cfz++sf hgfPsf] pQm l:ylt jf:tljstf eGbf klg lgj]bssf] dgf]ut

efjgf;Fu a9L lgs6 b]lvG5 . Pp6f ;r]t gful/ssf] bfloTj ;dodf ;+ljwfg agf]; /

b]zdf lbuf] zflGt / l:y/tf sfod xf]; eGg] /xg' kb{5 .

;+ljwfg ;efn] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f sfo{df em]Ng kg]{ ;d:of / cfOkg]{ sl7gfOnfO{

o; k|;+u / kl/k|]Iodf x]g{ k5{ . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# k"j{ zf;g Joj:yfdf

/x]sf /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs / cfly{s lj;+ult / c;Gt'li6k|ltsf] hgtfsf] pkh xf]

eGg]df ljjfb x'Fb}g . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ 6'+uf]df k'¥ofO{ ljutsf]

s]lGb|s[t, PsfTds / /fhtGqfTds zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ ;+3fTds, nf]stflGqs /

u0ftGqfTds /fHo Joj:yfdf kl/jt{g / ;+:yfut ug]{ nIo / bfloTj af]s]sf] 5 .

oltdfq geO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] nfdf] ;do;Ddsf] s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g Joj:yfn] l;h{gf

u/]sf b':kl/0ffdx?sf] sf/0f /fHosf] d"n k|jfxaf6 aflx/ k/]sf / kfl/Psf dlxnf,

bnLt, hghflt nufot cfly{s, ;dflhs / ;fF:s[lts ?kn] lk5l8Psf ju{ / If]qsf

;LdflGts[t gful/sx?nfO{ /fHo ;~rfngsf] d"n k|jfxdf ;dflxt ub}{ pgLx?sf]

cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;fF:s[lts ljsf; jf pGgltsf] k|ultzLn k|Tofe"lt ;d]t ug'{ kg]{

nIf ;d]t af]s]sf] 5 . Psftkm{ nfdf] ;od ;Dd rn]sf] ;z:q åGåsf] 3fpsf kL8fx?

;fDo e} ;s]sf 5}gg\ . To;af6 kLl8t x'g] gful/sx?nfO{ /fHon] oyf]lrt Joj:yfkg /

;+af]wg ug{ ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . csf]{tkm{ ljleGg ju{ / hghfltx?n] cfk\mgf] hfoh

clwsf/sf] dfu ul//x]sf] 5g\ . /fHosf] zf;g k|0ffnL s:tf] sfod ug]{, ;/sf/sf]

:j?k s] x'g], ;+3Lotfsf s'g df]8]n cjnDjg ug]{, zflGt k|s[ofnfO{ s;/L 6'+uf]df

k'¥ofpg] cflb dxTjk"0f{ ljifox? xfn;Dd cg'Ql/t g} /x]sf 5g\ . blIf0f clk|msf

27

nufotsf s]xL d'n'sx?df ^—& jif{ nufP/ åGå ;dfwfg / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ePsf]

b[i6fGt kfOG5 eg] ;'8fg, s+uf] nufot w]/}h;f] d'n'sx?df åGåsf] Joj:yfkg g} x'g

g;sL cGtlxg åGå / u[xo'4sf] df/ v]lk/xg' k/]sf] cj:yf klg gePsf] xf]O{g . sltko

d'n'sdf ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3Lo / cGo dWo:ystf{sf] k|of; / e"ldsf ;d]t k|of]hgxLg /

c;kmn ePsf] y'k|} pbfx/0f kfpg ;lsG5 .

;+qmd0fsfndf o:tf ck]lIft / cgk]lIft b'j} kl/l:yltx? pTkGg x'G5g\ . ck]lIft

kl/0ffdsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ t'ngfTds ?kdf ;xh xf]nf t/, ;+qmd0fsfndf cgk]lIft

?kdf b]vf kg]{ kl/0ffdx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ Tolt ;lhnf] gx'g ;S5 . o;sf]

nflu 7"nf] dfqfdf >f]t ;fwg dfq xf]Og OdfGbf/Ltf tyf Joj:yfkg Ifdtf ;d]tsf]

plQs} cfjZostf k5{ . g]kfn h:tf] d'n'sdf ;|f]t ;fwgsf] sld /xg' c:jefljs

xf]Og t/ ;DalGwt kIfx? OdfGbf/ x'g' klg plQs} h?/L 5 . g]kfndf h'g avt zfGtL

;Demf}tfx? eP, cGtl/d ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/of] To; ;do ck]Iff gul/Psf y'k|} gofFgofF

cj:yf / 36gfqmdx? To;kl5 ljsl;t x'Fb} uPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L hftLo / eflifs

cfwf/df k|b]zx?sf] lgwf{/0f ug'{ kg]{ eGg] ljleGg hghflt ;Da4 clwsf/ ;+:yfx?sf]

dfun] hflto ;befj vNjlng] xf] ls eGg] lrGtf klg plQs} dha't eP/ uPsf] 5 .

;+3Lotfdf hfFbf k|b]zx?sf] :yfloTj / cfTdlge{/tf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] afF8kmfF8,

clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0f cflb ljifox? s'g tl/sfaf6 x'g' kg]{ xf] eGg] ljifodf cBflk;Dd

6'Ëf] nfu]sf] b]lvFb}g . To;}u/L zf;sLo :j?k, /fhg}lts k|0ffnL, Gofo k|0ffnL ;DaGwdf

klg 6'Ëf] nfu]sf] b]lvFb}g . lo / o:t} cGo b[Zo / cb[Zo sf/s tTjx?n] ;+ljwfg

lgdf{0fdf cK7]/fx? cfOk/]sf klg x'g ;Sb5g\ . To;}n] o:tf k|lts"n / sl7gfO{x?nfO{

;d]t o; k[i7e"lddf lj;{g ldNb}g .

pk/f]Qm cfwf/e"t ljifox? dxTjk"0f{ ljifox? x'g / ;+3Lo /fHo k|0ffnLdf pQm

ljifox? emg} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t;y{ lt ljifox?sf] l5gf]kmfgf] geO{ gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

sfo{n] k"0f{tf kfpg ;Sg] l:ylt x'Fb}g . ;f] ljifox?df ;+ljwfg ;ef / ;DalGwt

28

;/f]sf/jfnf kIfx?af6 ljut b'O{ jif{ cjlw leq s] slt sfd ePsf 5g\ jf 5}gg jf

To:gf] k|of; ;fy{s / k|efjsf/L 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;+ljwfg ;efleqsf ljifox?df o;

cbfnt k|j]z ug{ x'Fb}g . ;+ljwfg ;efsf ;b:ox? hgk|ltlglw ePsf] x'Fbf plgx?sf]

klxnf] / k|fylds lhDd]jf/L jf pQ/bfloTj cfk"mnfO{ lgjf{lrt ug]{ gful/sx?k|lt

/xG5 . ;dodf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{] k|of;} gu/]sf] eGg] lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf /fhg}lts

k|Zgx?sf]] hjfkm o; cbfnt xf]Og . To:tf] /fhgLlts cf}lrTotfsf] ljifodf o;

cbfntaf6 s;}nfO{ pQ/bflo agfpg] u/L x:tIf]k x'g zlQm k[ysLs/0f /

;+ljwfgafbsf] l;4fGt ;d]taf6 pko'Qm x'Fb}g .

hxfF;Dd cbfntn] x:tIf]k gug]{ xf] eg] eljZodf klg o:t} k|lqmofaf6

cgGtsfn ;Dd Dofb yKb} u}/lhDd]jf/ / cg'Q/bfoL tl/sfn] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn

nDofpg] vt/f /xg ;S5 eGg] lgj]bgdf p7fOPsf] cfz+sf / lgj]bs tkm{sf sfg"g

Joj;foLx?sf] ax; lhls/ /x]sf] 5, cbfntn] ;DalGwt ldl;n sfuhftsf]

cWoogaf6 ljjfbdf k|o'Qm x'g] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL Joj:yfsf] jf:tljstf /

j:t'lgi7tfaf6 cfb]z lg0f{o ug]{ x'Fbf eljZodf cfpg ;Sg] ;+efljt jf sfNklgs

s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cfb]z hf/L ug{ ;St}g .

cj ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] pQm k|lqmofdf sfo{ljlwut q'l6 (Procedural error)

/x] ePsf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5 jf 5}g eGg] bf];|f] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf larf/ ubf{

lgj]bsx?n] ldlt @)^&.@.!$ sf] /ftL !@M)) ah] ;Dd dfq ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn

/x]sf]df cbfntdf larf/fwLg /x]sf] ljifodf pQm cjlw ;dfKt e} ;s]kl5 ;+;bLo

sfo{ Joj:yf lgodfjnLsf s'g} klg k|lqmof k"/f gu/L /ftL !M#) ah] Dofb yKg] u/L

ePsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg c;+j}wflgs / sk6k"0f{ ePsf] eGg] ;d]t lhls/ lnPsf]

b]lvG5 . o; cbfntdf l/6 lgj]bg ljrf/fwLg 5Fbf5Fb} ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] eGg]

;DaGwdf lgj]bs ljho/fh zfSo lj?4 g]kfn ;/sf/ k|wfgdGqL Pj+ dlGqkl/ifb\sf]

sfof{no ;d]t ljkIfL ePsf] nufpsf] l/6 g+=@)^^–WO–!)($ sf] pTk|]if0fsf] l/6

29

lgj]bgdf d'VotM g]kfn ;/sf/n] ldlt @)^&.@.# df Joj:yflksf—;+;b ;dIf k]z u/]sf]

cGtl/d ;+zf]wg cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]os cdfGo / ab/ 3f]lift u/L ;f] pk/ s'g} lg0f{o /

sfd sf/jfxL cl3 ga9fpg' eGg] cGtl/d cfb]z ;d]tsf] dfu u/]sf]df cGtl/d cfb]z

hf/L ePsf] b]lvPg .

g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] efu * Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlw cGtu{t wf/f

*$ df ljw]os k]z ug]{ / wf/f *% df ljw]os lkmtf{ lng] sfo{ljlw pNn]v ePsf]

b]lvG5 . h; cg';f/ wf/f *$-!_ df Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] s'g} klg ;b:on] ljw]os

k]z ug{ ;Sg], pkwf/f -@_ df cy{ ljw]os tyf ;'/Iff lgsfo;Fu ;DalGwt ljw]os

;/sf/L ljw]ossf] ?kdf dfq k|:t't x'g ;Sg] cflb ;+a}wflgs Joj:yf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

To;} u/L wf/f *% sf] pkwf/f -!_ df ljw]os k|:t't ug'{ eGbf & lbg cufa} ;f] sf]

;"rgf ;+;bsf] dxf;lrj jf ;lrjnfO{ lbg' kg]{, pkwf/f -@_ df ljw]os k]z x'g] lbg

eGbf b'O{ lbg cufj} k|To]s ;b:onfO{ ljw]ossf] k|lt pknJw u/fOg], pkwf/f -#_

cg';f/ ljw]os k|:t'tstf{ ;b:on] ;bg ;dIf ljw]osdfly larf/ ul/of]; eGg] k|:tfj

ug{ ;Sg], pkwf/f -$_ df To:tf] k|:tfj :jLs[t ePdf bkmfjf/ 5nkmn z'? x'g],

bkmfjf/ 5nkmn ;d]t ePkl5 pkwf/f -%_ adf]lhd ljw]os kfl/t ul/of]; eGg] k|:tfj

k|:t't ug]{ / To;/L k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj ;bgsf] s"n ;b:o ;+Vofsf] ;fdfGo

ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 eGg] ;d]t pNn]v ePsf]

b]lvG5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] k|:tfj k]z ug]{ / kfl/t ug]{ ;DaGwdf

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* df ePsf] Joj:yf ;d]tnfO{ b[li6ut ubf{ wf/f !$* sf]

pkwf/f -!_ df ;+ljwfgsf] s'g} wf/fnfO{ ;+zf]wg jf vf/]h ug]{ ljw]os Joj:yflksf—

;+;bdf k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] / To;/L k]z ePsf] ljw]os tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;b:o

;+Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ ltxfO{ ;b:ox?sf] ax'dtaf6 :jLs[t ePdf kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]

Joj:yf ePsf] bl]vG5 . ;+ljwfgdf pNn]lvt pQm Joj:yf cg'?k g} Joj:yflksf—

30

;+;bsf ;b:o ;d]t /x]sf sfg"g dGqLn] g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg

ljw]os @)^& ldlt @)^&.@.# sf lbg Joj:yflksf—;+;b ;dIf btf{ u/fO{ ;+lwfgsf]

wf/f !$* sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd ;+ljwfg ;efdf tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;b:o

;Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 ldlt @)^&.@.!$ df kfl/t e} ;f]xL lbg /fi6«kltaf6

k|dfl0fs/0f ul/Psf] eGg] k|ToyL{ Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] lnlvt hjfkmdf pNn]v ePsf]

b]lvFbf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ePsf] Joj:yf Amending

clause ljkl/t sfo{ljlwut q'l6 u/L ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]os kfl/t ePsf]

egL dfGg ldNg] cj:yf b]lvPg .

lgj]bsn] ;+;bLo sfo{ Joj:yf lgodfjnLn] s'g} klg ljw]os 5nkmnsf] nflu

k]z ug{ &@ 306fsf] ;do lbg' kg]{ k|fjwfg ;d]t lgnDjg u/L !@ ah] kl5 sfo{sfn

g} ;dfKt e} ;s]sf] Joj:yflksf—;+;bn] /ftL !M#) ah] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$

;+zf]wg u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn a9fPsf] sfd sf/jfxL lgodfjnL k|lts"n ePsf]

eGg] klg bfjL lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ljkIfL Joj:yflksf—;+;b ;lrjfno ;d]tsf] To;

ljifosf] lnlvt hjfkm x]bf{ Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] a}7s s'g ;dodf lgwf{/0f ug]{, s'g

;dodf k|f/De ug]{ / s'g ljlwaf6 ljw]os kfl/t ug]{ eGg] ljifodf g]kfnsf] cGtl/d

;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f %^ sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf]

ljz]ifflwsf/sf] ljifo xf] . o; ;DaGwdf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ldNb}g . ;+ljwfg ;ef

-Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !%& adf]lhd

lgodfjnLsf] s'g} Joj:yfnfO{ Joj:yflksf—;+;b ;dIf larf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf]

;DaGwdf nfu" gx'g] u/L lgnDjg ug{ ldNg] e} ;f] adf]lhd ePsf] sfd sf/jfxL lgod

;Ddt 5 . pQm ;+zf]wg k|:tfj ldlt @)^&.@.# df btf{ ul/Psf], ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut]

ljxfg *=)) ah] ;f] ljw]osdf 5nkmn ug]{ k|of]hgnfO{ Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] a}7s

af]nfOPsf] / pQm a}7s /ftsf] !@=)) aHg' cufj} z'? eO{ lg/Gt/ rfn" cj:yfdf /xL

31

ljw]os kfl/t ePsf]n] s'g} sfo{ljlwut q'6L gePsf] eGg] ;d]t lhls/ ul/Psf]

b]lvG5 .

/fHosf k|d'v c+ux? sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / GofokflnsfnfO{ cf—cfˆgf]

sfo{If]q leq kg]{ cfwf/e"t ljifox? Jojl:yt ug]{ s'/fdf ;+ljwfgtM s]xL lglZrt

ljz]if clwsf/ k|bfg ul/Psf] x'G5 . zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGtn] sfo{sf/L k|s[ltsf

sfdx? sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yfksLo sfo{x? Joj:yflksf / Goflos sfo{x?

Gofokflnsfaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g' kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . lt lgsfox?sf] cf—cfˆgf] If]qflwsf/

leq kg]{ cfwf/e"t k|s[ltsf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf] nflu Go"gtd :jtGqtf jf :jfoQQf

pQm tLg} lgsfox?nfO{ cfjZos kb{5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)) n] Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfntnfO{ x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5

eGg] wf/f !)@ sf] pkwf/f -$_ n] ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf] clGtd JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ o;

cbfntdf lglxt /fv]sf] 5 . To;sf] nflu ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !)&-!_ / -@_ adf]lhd

c;fwf/0f clwsf/ ;d]t k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ Goflos sfo{ljlw

Jojl:yt ug{ lgod agfpg] clwsf/ ;d]t k|fKt 5 .

;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $# df g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;~rfng ;DaGwL Joj:yf e}

pkwf/f -@_ n] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t lgodfjnL adf]lhd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfo{

ljefhg / ;Dkfbg x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f]xL pkwf/f -#_ df pkwf/f -@_ cGtu{tsf]

lgodfjnLsf] kfngf eP gePsf] k|Zg s'g} cbfntdf p7fpg g;lsg] Joj:yf ePsf]

5 . of] Joj:yf g]kfn ;/sf/ cyf{t g]kfnsf] sfo{sf/L0fLnfO { cfˆgf] b}lgs sfo{

;~rfngsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] ljz]ifflwsf/ xf] .

To;} u/L ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %^ df Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] ljz]ifflwsf/sf ;DaGwdf

Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . pQm wf/f %^ sf] ljleGg pkwf/fx?sf] Joj:yfx? dWo] pkwf/f -@_

df Joj:yflksf—;+;bnfO{ cfˆgf] cfGtl/s sfd sf/jfxL lgoldt ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ /xg]

/ s'g} sf/jfxL lgoldt jf clgoldt 5 jf 5}g egL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksf—

32

;+;bnfO{ dfq x'g] tyf o; ;DaGwdf s'g} cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g eGg]

;d]t pNn]v ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %& n] Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] sfo{

;~rfng ;DaGwL lgodfjnL Joj:yflksf—;+;b cfkm}n] agfpg ;Sg] eGg] Joj:yf

ePsf] 5 .

zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] l;4fGt cg'?k ;+ljwfgdf ul/Psf] pk/f]Qm Joj:yfx?sf]

ljlzi6 dxTj /x]sf] 5 . ;fdfGotM cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw cfkm}+ Jojl:yt ug]{ ;DaGwdf

/fHosf tLga6f lgsfox?nfO{ k|fKt pQm Go"gtd tyf cfwf/e"t clwsf/df csf]{

c+uaf6 x:tIf]k ug]{ ul/Fb}g . lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ngsf] dfGotf cg';f/ lo lgsfox?af6

;Dkfbg ePsf sfo{sf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfg adf]lhd Ps csf]{ lgsfosf] checks /xg

;Sb5 . t/ cfˆgf] sfo{ljlw Jojl:yt ug{ kfpg] s'/fdf x:tIf]k :jLsfo{ x'Fb}g .

k|:t't lgj]bgdf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf] ljw]os k]z u/L kfl/t ug]{ ;DaGwdf

Joj:yflksf—;+;bn] cjnDjg u/]sf] sfo{ljlw ;DaGwdf ljjfb p7fOPsf] 5 . vf;u/L

k|:tfj k]z ug{ ;+ljwfg;ef -Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^%

adf]lhdsf] k|lqmof lgnDjg u/L k|:tfj kl/kSj x'g lgodn] tf]s]sf] Go"gtd cjlw;Dd

klg gklv{Psf] tyf sfo{sfn ;dfKt e} ;s]kl5 k|:tfj kf/Lt ePsf] eGg] s'/fx?

p7fOPsf] 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f %^ n] ;+ljwfg ;efsf] a}7s s'g ;dodf k|f/De ug]{,

s'g ;dodf ;dfKt ug]{, 5nkmn s;/L ug]{, dt ljefhg s;/L ug]{ cflb h:tf

ljifox?sf] cfGtl/s sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug]{ clwsf/ Joj:yflksf—;+;bnfO{ lbPsf]] k|i6

5 . To; ljifodf cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsFb}g . t/ ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf

cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{l/t u/]sf] sfo{ljlw cjnDjg eP gePsf], ;+zf]wg ljw]os

;DaGwL k|:tfj kfl/tsf nflu tf]lsPsf] dt k'u] gk'u]sf] h:tf ljifox? Goflos

k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sb5g\ . lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !$* sf] pkwf/f -@_ adf]lhd

Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] tTsfn sfod /x]sf] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtaf6 k|:tfj

kfl/t x'g g;s]sf] eGg g;sL k|ToyL{x?sf] lnlvt hjfkmdf b'O{ ltxfO{af6} ;+zf]wg

33

ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] eGg] b]lvFbf ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf ;DaGwdf ;+ljwfgn] lgwf{/0f

u/]sf] sfo{ljlwut q'l6 ePsf] eGg] b]lvFb}g .

hxfF;Dd ;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng lgodfjnL lgnDjg ul/Psf] eGg] k|Zg 5,

;+ljwfg ;ef Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] - sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod !%&

n] ;f] clwsf/ Joj:yflksf—;+;bnfO{ k|bfg u/]s} b]lvFbf k|:tfljt ljw]os kfl/t ug]{

;DaGwdf lgodfjnLdf ePsf s]xL Joj:yf cfjZostf cg';f/ ljlw k'¥ofO{ lgnDjg

u/L 5f]6f] sfo{ljlw cjnDjg u/L ljw]os k]z ug]{, 5nkmn ul/of]; egL k|:tfj /fVg],

k|:tfj pk/ 5nkmn ug]{ / kfl/t ug]{ sfo{ljlwx? cjnDag x'g g;Sg] l:ylt b]lvFb}g .

To;df klg cGtl/d ;+ljwfg cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]os ldlt @)^&.@.# df g}

Joj:yflksf—;+;bdf btf{ ul/Psf] tyf ;f] k|:tfjdf 5nkmn ug{ ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut]

ljxfg *M )) ah]sf nflu a}7s cfJxfg eO{ /ftL !@ ah] cufj} a}7ssf] sf/jfxL

cf/De e} k|:tfj pk/ 5nkmn u/L kf/Lt ug]{ sfo{ !@ jh] kl5 ;DkGg ePsf] eGg]

b]lvG5 . s'g} klg sfo{ lgwf{l/t ;doleq} cf/De ePsf] 5 eg] s'g ;dodf ;DkGg

eof] eGg] s'/f uf}0f x'g hfG5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] sfo{sfn ldlt @)^&.@.!$ ut] /ftL

!@=)) ah] ;Dd ePsf] s'/fnfO{ lgjbgdf g} :jLsf/ ul/Psf] x'Fbf ;f] ;do eGbf cufj}

k|f/De ePsf] Joj:yflksf—;+;bsf] a}7sn] !@ jh] kl5 k|:tfj kf/Lt u/]sf] sfo{nfO{

cGoyf eGg ldNb}g . ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfo{ ;+ljwfg cg';f/ x'g] ;+j}wflgs sfo{

ePtf klg a}7s a:g], 5nkmn ug]{ cflb sltko sfo{ k|zf;lso k|s[ltsf sfo{ x'g\ .

o:tf k|zf;sLo k|s[ltsf] sfo{ 3l8 x]/]/ ul/g] / l7s === ah] z'? eO{ l7s === ah]

;dfKt ePsf] x'g' k5{ egL Mathematical Precision df ;DkGg ug'{ kg]{ sfo{ xf]Og .

To;}n] lgj]bsn] p7fPsf] !@ ah]sf] s'/f ck|fzf+lus / sfg"gL eGbf dgf]ut cf/f]k

b]lvG5 .

Joj:yflksf ;+;baf6 sfg"g lgdf{0f x'g] ;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfd ljwflosL sfd xf] .

Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ sfd klg ub{5 . ;f] sfd legislative-cum-

34

constitutional sfo{ xf] . t/ k|zf;sLo ;xof]uaf6 ljwflosfn] ;Dkfbg ug]{ ljwflosL

sfo{ ;DkGg x'G5 . pbfx/0f ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljw]os ;+ljwfg ;ef - Joj:yflksf

;+;bsf] sfo{ ;~rfng_ lgodfjnL, @)^% sf] lgod *$-@_ cg';f/ k]z x'G5, pklgod

-#_ cg';f/ 5nkmn x'G5 / pklgod -$_ / -%_ cg';f/ kfl/t ul/G5 cflb cflb . lo

k|lqmofut sfo{df k|zf;sLo sfo{ ;+nUg x'G5 . ljwflosf leq x'g] ljwflosL sfo{

eGb}df k|zf;sLo sfo{nfO{ afx]s u/L ;Dej x'g ;Sb}g . oxfF ef/tsf] ;jf]{Rr

cbfntsf] Tamil Nadu Education Dept. V State of Tamil Nadu & others sf] d'2fdf

k|zf;sLo sfo{df ul0ftLo accuracy x'g ;Sb}g eGg] JofVof ePsf] 5 . x'gt pQm

km};nfdf sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ cGtu{tsf] k|zf;sLo sfo{ ab/ ;DaGwdf Precision

eg]sf] b]lvG5 t/ k|:t't lgj]bgdf lgj]bsn] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ePsf] ldlt @)^&.@.!$

sf] /ftsf] ;do u0fgf u/L ;+zf]wg k|lqmofg} c;+j}wflgs 3f]if0ff ug{ dfu u/]sf]n]

;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug]{ ljwflosL sfo{ eP klg k|zf;sLo ;xof]uaf6 ljwflosL sfo{

;DkGg x'g] x'Fbf pQm JofVof oxfF pNn]v x'g ;fGble{s b]lvof] . pQm d'2fdf M—

Mathematical Precision in administrative actions is not being possible.

Court cannot analyse minute administrative details-overall view of the

matter and essense and not form material eGg] JofVof ePsf] b]lvG5 .

t;y{ ljwflosL sfo{leqsf] ;do u0fgf ;DaGwL k|zf;sLo sfo{sf] accuracy df

Goflos k'g/fjnf]sg x'g ;Sb}g .

ca lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L x'g] xf] jf xf]O{g eGg] lg0f{o lbg' kg]{ x'g

cfPsf] t];|f] tyf clGtd k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf larf/ ubf{ cGo k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf dfly

k|s/0f k|s/0fdf ul/Psf] ljZn]if0faf6 g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg

ljw]ossf ;DaGwdf Joj:yflksf—;+;baf6 canDjg ul/Psf] sfo{ljlw / k|lqmofdf

s'g} Procedural error /x]sf] b]lvPg . cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f ^$ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf]

@ jif{sf] sfo{sfnleq gofF ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{ ;DkGg x'g g;s]sf] sf/0f ;+ljwfg

;efsf] sfo{snf yk Ps jif{ a9fpg] u/L cf7f}+ ;+zf]wg ljw]os k]z eO{ ;+ljwfgsf]

35

wf/f !$* sf] k|lqmof cg'?k ;f] ljw]os kfl/t ePsf] cj:yfdf /ftL !@=)) ah] kl5

k|:tfj kfl/t ePsf] eGg] cfwf/df pQm k|lqmofnfO{ cdfGo 3f]lift ug{ ldNg] b]lvFb}g .

g]kfndf ljBdfg ;+qmd0fsfn Joj:yfkg u/L /fHo k'g;{+/rgf ;lxtsf] gofF

;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ;+ljwfg ;efaf6} x'g' kg]{ eGg] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/e"t

ljz]iftfsf] ;fy} g]kfnL gful/ssf] xs ;d]t xf] . To;}n] ;+ljwfg ;ef afx]ssf] lgsfo

/ zlQmaf6 g]kfnL hgtfsf] nflu ;+ljwfg agfpg] s'/fsf] cfhsf] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf

sNkgf ;Dd klg ug{ ;lsFb}g . ;+qmd0fsf s]xL cgk]lIft b':kl/0ffdx?n] ubf{ gofF

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf s]xL ;'':ttf jf l9nfO{ ePsf] x'g ;Sb5 . o; k|lts"n cj:yfnfO{

lrb}{ hlt;Sbf] l56f] gofF ;+ljwfg agfOg' k5{ eGg] s'/f ljj]s;Ddt x'g ;Sb5 . t/

;dodf ;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{ x'g ;s]g eGg] s'/fnfO{ xltof/ agfO{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf]

sfo{sfn Ps jif{ yKg] u/L ePsf] pQm ;+zf]wg k|lqmofnfO{ g} cdfGo ubf{ d'n'sdf

c/fhstf / ;+j}wflgs ;+s6 jf hl6ntf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] tkm{ klg plQs} ;hu /xg'

kb{5 . ;+ljwfg ;efsf] cj;fg ug'{ ;d:ofsf] xn xf]Og a? ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] nflu

;a} If]qaf6 kxn / bjfa x'g' ;sf/fTds xf] . b]zdf ;+j}wflgs ;+s6 / c/fhstf x'Fbf

sf]xL s;}sf] clei6 ;fWo xf]nf t/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgaf6 clwsf/ kfO{ u7g ePsf] o;

cbfntn] ;+ljwfgnfO{ g} ;dfKt kfg]{ cfb]z hf/L ug]{ s'/f ;+ljwfgsf] dd{, efjgf /

Joj:yf cg'?k x'g ;Sb}g . ;+ljwfgaf6 l;lh{t lgsfox?n] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfnfO{ g}

;dfKt kfg]{ ge} To;nfO{ ultlzntf k|bfg ug]{ /rgfTds e"ldsf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{

ePsf]n] cf—cfˆgf] ;+j}wflgs bfloTj lgjf{x ug{ k|oTgzLn / OdfGbf/ /xg' kb{5 .

;+ljwfg ;efn] klg p;sf] bfloTjaf]w u/L ylkPsf] ;do;Ldf leq gofF ;+ljwfgsf]

lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L d'n'snfO{ nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg k|bfg ug]{5 eGg] ljZjf; /

ck]Iff of] Ohnf;sf] /x]sf] 5 .

;ef;bx?n] vfPsf] tna eQf nufotsf cGo ;'ljwfx? lkmtf{ u/fO{ kfpFm eGg]

klg lgj]bssf] dfu b]lvG5 . of] dfu dgf]ut / cfj]zsf] dfu b]lvG5 . ;ef;bx?n]

36

k|fKt ug]{ /sd Joj:yflksf ;+;b ;dIf cfly{s ljw]os k]z e} Joj:yflksf ;+;bn] ;f]

ljw]os kfl/t u/L agfPsf] sfg"g adf]lhd k|fKt ug]{ /sd xf] . b]zsf] nflu gofF

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug{ ;ef;bx?n] sfg"g adf]lhd k|fKt ug]{ /sd lkmtf{ u/fO{ kfpFm eGg]

dfusf] cf}lrTo gb]lvPsf]n] o; tkm{ o; Ohnf; k|j]z ug{ klg plrt 7fGb}g .

t;y{ lgj]bg dfu adf]lhdsf] cfb]z hf/L ul//xg' kg]{ cj:yf ljBdfg

gb]lvPsf]n] k|:t't l/6 lgj]bg vf/]h x'g] 7x5{ . bfo/Lsf] nut s§f u/L ldl;n

lgodfg';f/ clen]z zfvfdf a'emfO{ lbg' .

GofofwLz

pQm /fodf ;xdt 5f}+ .

GofofwLz GofofwLz

O{lt ;Djt\ @)^& ;fn sflQs !* ut] /f]h %z'ed\––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––.

Ohnf; clws[tM– gf/fo0fk|;fb ;'j]bL

sDKo"6/ ;]l6ËM– ;'Gb/axfb'/ sfsL{