Italiano II Il 25 di ottobre 2017

Benvenuti!!!!

ObiettivoIrregular verbs and past participles

How to use verbs with irregular past participlesAccendere asseso

Aprire aperto

Chiedere chiesto

Chiudere chiuso

Comporre compost

Decidere Diceso

Dire Detto

Leggere letto

Mettere messo

Offrire offerto

Perdere perso

Prendere preso

Rispondere risposto

Scrivere scritto

Spegnere spento

Spendere speso

Vedere visto-veduto

Vincere vinto

Past Participles in Italian another look

Italian Grammar Lessons: Passato ProssimoThis lesson will show you how to use the principle Italian past tense, the “passato prossimo”.

Italian has a “near past” tense and a “remote past” tense. The latter is used mostly in narratives (novels and the like) so in normal conversation you will not normally need to choose between them. Just use the passato prossimo, as explained on this page.

For English speakers, there is one point of confusion: in English, you choose between the Simple Past tense (“I studied”) and the Present Perfect tense (“I have studied”).

When speaking Italian, both forms would translate as the passato prossimo, even though the passato prossimo LOOKS more like the second one (“Ho studiato” = “I have studied”??) because of the use of the auxiliary verb “avere”.

It’s confusing, but the thing to remember is that when you’re talking, you use the passato prossimo 99% of the time.

The “passato prossimo” is formed with the auxiliary verb essere OR avere + participio passato (past participle).

Just in case you’re still vague on the conjugation of “essere” and “avere”, here they are:

essere – to be

io sonotu seilui/lei ènoi siamovoi sieteloro sono

avere – to have

io hotu hailui/lei hanoi abbiamovoi aveteloro hanno

You probably don’t know the “participio passato”  (past participle) of the verbs you’ve learnt, but not to worry!

You can normally form the “participio passato” from the infinitive of a verb (this only applies to “regular” verbs) by changing the ending of verb:

-are → ato (mangiare-mangiato)-ere → uto (avere-avuto)-ire → ito (dormire-dormito)

So when you want to talk about a past action or event, you need to use avere or essere plus the past participle.  But which one? Avere or essere?

The majority of verbs use “avere”, just like in English (I have studied). For example:

Paola ha dormito a lungo.Mario ha visitato un museo.Io e Marco abbiamo pranzato in un locale tipico.I ragazzi hanno mangiato una pizza.

But essere is used with:

– verbs of movement– verbs of changing state– reflexive verbs

For example:

Paola è andata al cinema.Mario è andato al cinema.Io e Maria siamo andate al cinema.I ragazzi sono andati a casa.

Note that with “essere” the ending of the past participle changes to reflect the gender and singluar/plural of the subject.

The final thing you need to remember is that there are regular and irregular past participle forms.

Examples of regular past participle forms:

andare – (essere) andato/aavere – (avere) avutotornare – (essere) tornato/adormire – (avere) dormitocercare – (avere) cercatomontare – (avere) montatomangiare – (avere) mangiatopreparare – (avere) preparatoguardare – (avere) guardato

Examples of irregular past participle forms:

fare – (avere) fattomettere – (avere) messovenire – (essere) venutoprendere – (avere) presoessere – (essere)stato/aleggere – (avere) lettorimanere – (essere) rimastoaprire – (avere) apertodire – (avere) dettoscegliere – (avere) sceltoscrivere – (avere) scrittouscire – (essere) uscito/avedere – (avere) visto

Conjugating regular Italian verbs in the Passato Prossimo

The Passato Prossimo is most often used like what we would call the "Simple Past" or "Present Perfect". It is formed by using either the verb essere or avere in the present tense followed by the past participle of the verb you want to use. For Example if you wanted to say "I ate" you would first conjugate avere in the present tense and then follow it with mangiato, the past participle for mangiare. With the subject pronoun included it would look like this;

Io ho mangiato (I ate or I have eaten) 

Regular past participles are easy to form. You simple remove the infinitive ending and apply the past participle ending as shown below; 

Verbs ending in ARE use ATO, for example; mangiare - are = mangi + ato = mangiato Verbs ending in ERE use UTO, for example; credere - ere = cred + uto = creduto Verbs ending in IRE use ITO, for example; finire - ire = fin + ito = finito There are many verbs that use an irregular past participle. These you will need to commit to memory and many of these can be found on pages 54 & 55 of Italian Verb Drills by Paola Nanni-Tate I like to use math equations as an example but Here are the past participle endings for all regular verbs Verbs ending in ARE

ato

Verbs ending in ERE

uto

Verbs ending in IRE

ito

To conjugate the regular ARE verbs in the passato prossimo = conjugated auxiliary verb + (infinitive verb – infinitive ending = verb stem + past participle ending) = conjugated verb. Example; 

Abbiamo (to have for we) + [Parlare (To Speak) - are = Parl + ato (past pariciple ending)] = Abbiamo Parlato (We spoke or we have spoken) 

Parlare conjugated in the passato prossimo Io Tu Lui/Lei Noi Voi Loro

Ho parlato Hai parlato Ha parlato Abbiamo parlato Avete parlato Hanno parlato

I spoke or have spoken You spoke or have spoken He/She/It spoke or has spoken We spoke or have spoken Y'all spoke or have spoken They spoke or have spoken

To conjugate the regular ERE verbs in the passato prossimo = conjugated auxiliary verb + (infinitive verb – infinitive ending = verb stem + past participle ending) = conjugated verb. Example; Abbiamo (to have for we) + [Credere (To Believe) - ere = Cred + uto (past pariciple ending)] = Abbiamo Creduto (We believed or we have believed) 

Credere conjugated in the passato prossimo Io Tu Lui/Lei Noi Voi Loro

Ho creduto Hai creduto Ha creduto Abbiamo creduto Avete creduto Hanno creduto

I believed or have believed You believed or have believed He/She/It believed or has believed We believed or have believed Y'all believed or have believed They believed or have believed

To conjugate the regular IRE verbs in thepassato prossimo = conjugated auxiliary verb + (infinitive verb – infinitive ending = verb stem + past participle ending) = conjugated verb. Example; Abbiamo (to have for we) + [Sentire (To Hear) - ire = Sent + ito (past pariciple ending)] = Abbiamo Sentito (We heard or we have heard) 

Credere conjugated in the passato prossimo Io Tu Lui/Lei Noi Voi Loro

Ho sentito Hai sentito Ha sentito Abbiamo sentito Avete sentito Hanno sentito

I heard or have heard You heard or have heard He/She/It heard or has heard We heard or have heard Y'all heard or have heard They heard or have heard

Choosing the correct auxiliary verb when using Passato Prossimo

The book "English Grammar for Students of Italian" says regarding auxiliary verb selection for the Passato Prossimo: "1. All transitive verbs (the verbs which can take a direct object...) use the auxiliary avere. 2. All reflexive verbs use the auxiliary essere ... 3. Intrasitive verbs ... can use avere or essere ..." 

Due to the third point, some memory work is required to determine which verbs use essere. You can find a list of common verbs conjugated with Essere in the Passato

It is important to note here than when you use a verb in the Passato Prossimo with the verb essere, the past participle must agree with the subject in gender and number. For example the verb andare or "to go"

Lui è andato (he went) or Lei è andata (she went) Gli uomini sono andanti (the men went) or Le donne sono andate (the women went) 

As is always the case with gender when the plural subject is a mix of masculine and feminine you use the masculine. Now lets look at the verb Andare in the passato prossimo = conjugated auxiliary verb + (infinitive verb – infinitive ending = verb stem + past participle ending that agrees in gender and number) = conjugated verb. Example; siamo (to be for we) + [Andare (To go) - are = And + ati (past pariciple

ending for masculine plural)] = Siamo Andati (We went or we have gone) 

Andare conjugated in the passato prossimo Io Tu Lui/Lei Noi Voi Loro

Sono andato or andata Sei andato or andata È andato or andata Siamo andati or andate Siete andati or andate Sono andati or andate

I went or have gone You went or have gone He/She/It went or has gone We went or have gone Y'all went or have gone They went or have gone

Piu’ Esempi:

Dopo pranzo Marco ha letto il giornale. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Quest'anno siamo andati in vacanza a Barcellona. (quest'anno è ancora in corso) 

Hai studiato all'estero? (un'esperienza di vita)

Sono stata a Parigi due anni fa. (un'esperienza di vita)

Oggi, Luigi e Simona hanno fatto la spesa. (oggi non è ancora finito) 

Sono uscita da scuola mezz'ora fa. (azione passata avvenuta poco tempo fa)

Sono sposato da 14 anni. (sono ancora sposato, rapporto con il presente)

Nota: Per la maggior parte dei verbi si usa l'ausiliare avere; per molti verbi di movimento si usa l'ausiliare essere.

Passato prossimo dei verbi mangiare, credere e partire:

Mangiare Credere io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

mangiato

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

creduto

Quando il Passato prossimo è costruito con l'ausiliare essere, occorre concordare il participio in genere e numero con il soggetto.

Partire

 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

partito/a

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

partiti/e

Passato prossimo dei verbi essere e avere:

Essere Avere

 io sono

 tu sei

 lui/lei/Lei è

stato/a

 io ho

 tu hai

 lui/lei/Lei ha

 noi abbiamo

 voi avete

 loro/Loro hanno

avuto

 noi siamo

 voi siete

 loro/Loro sono

stati/e

 

Vedi anche:

Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer italiano: Cinderella man

Passato Prossimo Esercizio di lingua italiana - Trailer in Italiano: Crazy, Stupid, Love

Corso di Italiano: Unità 8 La formazione del participio passato e il passato prossimo

Dettato: Il viaggio di Paolo Verbo passato prossimo e participio passato

Esercizi di Italiano: Passato Prossimo - verbo STARE

https://michaelpellas.wordpress.com/tag/view/page/2/

A compound tense -that uses the helping verb avere and a past participle

How to form a past participle:

Compound tenses such as the passato prossimo are formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle (participio passato). The past participle of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -are, -ere, or -ire and adding the appropriate final ending: -ato, -uto, or -ito(see tables below).

USING AUXILIARY VERB (HELPING VERB) AVEREThe appropriate tense of avere or essere (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase.

Avere is used in a myriad of grammatical and linguistic situations. Learning the many conjugations and uses of the verb is crucial to the study of the Italian language.

In general, transitive verbs are conjugated with avere. Transitive verbs express an action that carries over from the subject to the direct object: The teacher explains the lesson.

The past participle is invariable when the passato prossimo is constructed with avere.

Oggi Anna non lavora perchè ha lavorato ieri.Today Anna isn't working because she worked yesterday.The others worked yesterday too.Anche gli altri hanno lavorato ieri.

When the past participle of a verb conjugated with avere is preceded by the third person direct object pronouns lo, la, le, or li, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number.

Avere is an irregular verb (un verbo irregolare); it does not follow a predictable pattern of conjugation.

USING AUXILIARY VERB ESSEREWhen using essere, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb. It can, therefore, have four endings: -o, -a, -i, -e. In many cases intransitive verbs (those that cannot take a direct object), especially those expressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere.

The verb essere is also conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.

Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere include:

andare —to go arrivare—to arrive cadere—to fall, to drop costare—to cost crescere—to grow diventare—to become durare—to last, to continue entrare—to enter morire—to die nascere—to be born partire—to leave, to depart restare—to stay, to remain tornare—to return uscire—to exit venire—to come

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -ARE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcamminare (to walk)—camminatoimparare (to learn)—imparatolavare (to wash)—lavatotelefonare (to telephone)—telefonato

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -ERE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcredere (to believe)—credutosapere (to know)—saputotenere (to keep)—tenuto

REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -IRE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcapire (to understand)—capitofinire (to finish)—finito(to accept)—graditosentire (to feel, to smell)—sentito

Below are examples of the passato prossimo with conjugated forms of the verb avere.

PASSATO PROSSIMO WITH REGULAR VERBSPERSON IMPARARE (TO

LEARN)CREDERE (TO

BELIEVE)CAPIRE (TO

UNDERSTAND)(io) ho imparato ho creduto ho capito(tu) hai imparato hai creduto hai capito(lui, lei, Lei)

ha imparato ha creduto ha capito

(noi) abbiamo imparato

abbiamo creduto

abbiamo capito

(voi) avete imparato avete creduto avete capito(loro, hanno imparato hanno creduto hanno capito

PERSON IMPARARE (TO LEARN)

CREDERE (TO BELIEVE)

CAPIRE (TO UNDERSTAND)

Loro)

Watch Now: How to Order Coffee or Cappuccino in Italian

Obiettivo 4B parte IV

PARTE I

IL PASSATO PROSSIMO!

The Passato Prossimo

The Passato Prossimo is one of the most commonly used past tenses in Italian. It is a compound tense, therefore the auxiliary verbs avere and essere are used in conjugation. Note that the following conjugations are both irregular.Avere- to have

Io hoTu haiLui/Lei haNoi abbiamoVoi aveteLoro hanno

Essere- to beIo sonoTu seiLui/Lei èNoi siamoVoi sieteLoro sono

The Past Participle

The past participle is used with the verbs avere and essere to form the passato prossimo. To form the past participle, the ending of the verb (-are, -ere, -ire) are changed as follows:

verbs ending in -are take -ato for their past participle (example: parlare changes to parlato)verbs ending in -ere take -uto for their past participle (example: vendere changes to venduto)verbs ending in -ire take -ito for their past participle (example: finire changes to finito)

Note that the past participle of avere is avuto and the past participle of essere is stato.Formation of the Passato Prossimo with Avere

To form the passato prossimo, you have to use avere or essere plus the past participle. Most verbs take avere for the passato prossimo; all reflexive verbs take essere and a few select verbs of motion take essere.For now, we’ll deal with the verbs that take avere. First, you conjugate avere for the appropriate subject, then place the past participle after it.

Example: parlare- to speakIo ho parlatoTu hai parlatoLui/Lei ha parlatoNoi abbiamo parlatoVoi avete parlatoLoro hanno parlato

The literal translation of this is I have spoken, you have spoken, he/she has spoken, etc. However, this tense is the main past tense used in Italian and can

be loosely translated as I spoke, you spoke, he/she spoke, etc. Note that almost all verbs are conjugated this way with the passato prossimo.

PASATO PROSSIMOItalian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).

The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.

Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)

Italian regular “participio passato”

-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito

Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part

–

Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary (helping verb) “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when: The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi =

transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g.

“mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”

Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.

[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]

-are -ere -ire

Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito

Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito

Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito

Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito

Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito

Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito

Some examples:– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.

– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino

– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)

– Irregular past participles

Italian irregular “participio passato”

Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive

Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open

Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink

Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask

Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close

Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook

Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide

Dire > detto Ho detto To tell

ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be

Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make

Leggere > letto Ho letto To read

Mettere > messo Ho messo To put

Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die

Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born

Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose

Prendere > preso Ho preso To take

Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain

Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose

Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write

Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off

Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen

Vedere > visto Ho visto To see

Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come

Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win

SAPERE/CONOSCERE

IndicativoPresenteio sotu sailui sanoi sappiamovoi sapeteloro

Sanno

Passato prossimoio ho saputotu hai saputolui ha saputonoi abbiamo saputovoi avete saputolorohanno saputo

“I know how to play the piano” and

“I know him.”

While the main verb “to know” in those two phrases doesn’t differ in English, it does in Italian.

In fact, the two verbs you would use would be either “sapere” or “conoscere.” Both mean "to know," but have different implications.

Sapere means "to know” in the sense of "to be able to," or "to know how to." It can also be understood as knowing about a situation or a fact, like “Non sapevo che tu fossi qui.

- I didn’t know that you were here.”

Conoscere, on the other hand, means “to know” in the sense of “to know someone” or “to know an area, town, restaurant, etc.

Take a look at these examples with "sapere" in the present tense:

Non so sciare. - I don’t know how to ski. So cantare. - I know how to sing. / I am able to sing. Non lo so. - I don’t know. Non so la risposta giusta. - I don’t know the right

answer. Lei sa quando il treno arriva? - Do you know when the

train arrives? (formal) So la lezione. - I know the lesson.

TIP: The last example could also be used with the verb conoscere: “Conosco la lezione. -  I prepared for today’s lesson.”

Other tenses:

(Il condizionale) Credo di sì, ma...non saprei. - I believe so, but...I wouldn’t know.

(L’imperfetto ) Sapevi che Marco frequenta qualcuno? - Did you know that Marco is dating someone?

(L’imperfetto) Non sapevo che tu volessi imparare l’italiano! - I didn’t know that you wanted to learn Italian!

TIP: If you want to say something like “I’m able to speak Italian,” you would use the verb “riuscire” instead. For example, “Riesco a parlare bene Italiano. - I’m able to speak Italian well.” You can read more about how to use the verb “riuscire” here.

Here are some examples using the verb “conoscere” in the present tense:

Non conosciamo Bologna molto bene. - We don't know Bologna very well. / We aren’t very familiar with Bologna.

Il ristorante si chiama L’archetto? Mhh, non lo conosco. - The restaurant is called L’archetto? Hmm, I don’t know it.

Quel film con Hugh Grant? Quello in cui conosce un’attrice e si innamorano? - Do you know that Hugh Grant movie? The one where he meets that actress and they fall in love?

Other tenses:

(Il passato prossimo) Ho conosciuto Francesca a casa di Giuseppe. - I met Francesca at Giuseppe's house.

(Il passato prossimo) Li Abbiamo conosciuti tre anni fa. - We met them three years ago.

(L'imperfetto) Da bambino conoscevo bene New York, ma tutto era cambiato da quel periodo. - When I was a kid, I knew New York well, but everything has changed since that time.

TIP: Unlike the verb “conoscere,” which means the same thing when conjugated in the present, past, or imperfect tenses, the

meaning of “sapere” changes when in the passato prossimo form. For example, when you say “Ieri sera ho saputo che lei viene qua. - Last night I found out that she’s coming here.” So, you could define “sapere” in the past tense as “to find out.” If you’re curious about more differences in verbs between the past tense and imperfect tense.

VERBS are like a subway systemThey take you far and to many places

They are the TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM of LANGUAGE!