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56 :*-,#(%'I!1*1*4#,+0!@*&&+#20!J*4*('I!<+(+,#4+!$+4!1*1*4*!&*-,#(*!%('+&*!5*9+!%(&%+9+!$+%!5%''#$%(%!,%2(%'%!%(!2(!T('+!5*44+''%-*0!:21+,#!%4!5*(5+''*!$%!,#11,+&+('#()#0!

!X%(*!#!O2+&'*!12('*!$+44;+-*42)%*(+!$+44*!:'#'*!9*$+,(*!(*(!&%!#,,%-#!#! '+*,%))#,+!2(! 4%9%'+!&21+,%*,+!#44#!&*-,#(%'IG!2(#!4+<<+!7*($#9+('#4+!5#1#5+!$%!-%(5*4#,+!%4!1*'+,+!&*-,#(*0!!

2.2.3. La sovranità si evolve!!F*(!%4!&+5*($*!$*1*<2+,,#!&%!N!#-2'#!2(#!<+(+,#4+!#77+,9#)%*(+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$+44#!&*-,#(%'I!1*1*4#,+0!!"#!-%<+('+!5*&'%'2)%*(+!#77+,9#!5H+L!84#!&*-,#(%'I!#11#,'%+(+!#4!1*1*4*!5H+!4#!+&+,5%'#!(+44+!7*,9+!+!(+%!4%9%'%!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+8!S!#,'0!UG!5*99#!c0!!\#! $%-+,&#9+('+! $#! O2#('*! 1,+-%&'*! $#! @*&&+#2! 4#! &*-,#(%'I! <+(+,#49+('+! (*(! -%+(+! +&+,5%'#'#!$%,+''#9+('+G!9#!#'',#-+,&*!%4!&%&'+9#!,#11,+&+('#'%-*0!?(*4',+!4#!&*-,#(%'I!1*1*4#,+!(*(!N!%('+&#!%(!'+,9%(%!#&&*42'%G!9#!%(&+,%'#!(+%! 4%9%'%!$%!2(#!5*&'%'2)%*(+!,%<%$#0!K44*!&5*1*!$%!<#,#('%,+! 4#!&#4-#<2#,$%#!+!%4!,%&1+''*!$+4!$+''#9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!-%+(+!%&'%'2%'*!2(!4%-+44*!<%2,%$%5*!(2*-*!5*(!4#!F*,'+!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!=2+&'#!&#,+33+!4#!,%&1*&'#!$+44;*,<#(%))#)%*(+!&'#'2#4+!#44;+-*42)%*(+!142,#4%&'%5#!$+44#!1*4%'%5#!+!$+44#!&*5%+'I0!?(7#''%!%4!&%&'+9#!$+%!4%9%'%!+!$+%!1,%(5%1%!7*,(%&5+!<#,#()%+!#44+!9%(*,#()+!+!&'#3%4%&5+!$+%!$%,%''%!7*($#9+('#4%G!*!%(#4%+(#3%4%G!*!9%(%9%0!!"+!7*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!+-*4-*(*!*4',+!(+4!3%4#(5%#9+('*!$+%!-#,%!1*'+,%!',#!4*,*!7%(*!#!1,+-+$+,+!5H+!4#!F*,'+!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+!(*(!$%-+('%!#,3%',*!1*4%'%5*!$%!$%&12'+!1*4%'%5H+0!=2+&'+!7*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!&%!$%5*(*!3%4#(5%#'+!*112,+!&%!$%5+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%&9*!$+%!5*(',#11+&%0!!

2.2.4. Sovranità e organizzazione internazionale!!A,#$%)%*(#49+('+!4#!&*-,#(%'I!8+&'+,(#8!(*(!,%5*(*&5+!4%9%'%!&+!(*(!O2+44%!$+,%-#('%!$#!A,#''#'%!.5*(',#''%!7,#!:'#'%60! =2+&'#! 5*(5+)%*(+! ',*-#! %4! &2*! #1*<+*! (+44#! 1,%9#!9+'I! $+4! P*-+5+('*! +! 4#! &2#! 7%(+! 5*(! 4;24'%9#!<2+,,#!9*($%#4+0!!K(5H+!8+&'+,(#9+('+8!O2%($%!4#!'+($+()#!N!O2+44#!$%!4%9%'#,+!4#!&*-,#(%'I!$+44*!:'#'*0!?4!1,*5+&&*!&%!N!#--%#'*!5*(! 4#! 7%,9#! $+4! ',#''#'*! %&'%'2'%-*! $+44;BPD! (+4! UYe]G! 5*(! 4#! 7%(#4%'I! $+4!9#('+(%9+('*! $+44#! 1#5+! +! $+44#!&%52,+))#!%('+,(#)%*(#4+G!+!1*%!5*(!4#!>%5H%#,#)%*(+!2(%-+,&#4+!$+%!$%,%''%!$+44;2*9*!#11,*-#'#!(+4!UYeW0!K(5H+!&+! 4*! &'+&&*! ',#''#'*! %&'%'2'%-*! $+44;BPD! 7*($#! 4;*,<#(%))#)%*(+! &244#! &*-,#(#! +<2#<4%#()#! $%! '2''%! %! &2*%!9+93,%G!+&542$+($*!O2%($%!4;%(<+,+()#!(+44+!O2+&'%*(%!%('+,(+!$+!&%(<*4*!:'#'*0!!\#<<%*,+! 4#! 4%9%'#)%*(+! 1+,! 4#! &*-,#(%'I! $+44*! :'#'*! 1+,! O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#! 4#! 5,+#)%*(+! $+44+! *,<#(%))#)%*(%!&*-,#S(#)%*(#4%!+2,*1++0!!

2.2.5. Territorio!!"#! &*-,#(%'I! N! +&+,5%'#'#! $#44*! :'#'*! %(! 2(! $+'+,9%(#'*! '+,,%'*,%*0! "#! 1,+5%&#! $+4%9%'#)%*(+! $+4! '+,,%'*,%*! N!5*($%)%*(+! +&&+()%#4+! 1+,! <#,#('%,+! #44*! :'#'*! 4;+&+,5%)%*! $+44#! &*-,#(%'I! +! 1+,! #&&%52,#,+! 4;%($%1+($+()#!,+5%1,*5#!$+<4%!:'#'%0!!:+5*($*!4+!,+<*4+!$+4!$%,%''*!%('+,(#)%*(#4+!%4!'+,,%'*,%*!$%!2(*!:'#'*!N!5*&'%'2%'*!$#L!

• '+,,#7+,9#M!• 9#,+!5*('%(+('#4+M!• 1%#''#7*,9#!5*('%(+('#4+M!• &1#)%*!#'9*&7+,%5*!&*-,#&'#('+M!

• #5O2+!%('+,(+!• (#-%!+!#+,*9*3%4%!3#''+('%!3#($%+,#!O2#($*!&%!',*-%(*!%(!#,++!%('+,(#)%*(#4%M!• &+$%!$%14*9#'%5H+M!

!A+,,#7+,9#L!N!4#!1*,)%*(+!$%!'+,,%'*,%*!$+4%9%'#'#!$#%!5*(7%(%!&244#!3#&+!$%!',#''#'%!%('+,(#)%*(#4%0!!\#,+!5*('%(+('#4+L!N!4#!7#&5%#!$%!9#,+!5*&'%+,*!%('+,#9+('+!&*''*1*&'#!#44#!&*-,#(%'I!$+44*!:'#'*0!:+5*($*!4#!5*(-+()%*(+! %('+,(#)%*(#4+! $%! \*('+<*! E#f! .d%#9#%5#6! $+4! UYWc! %4! 9#,+! '+,,%'*,%#4+! '+,9%(#! #! Uc! 9%<4%#!9#,%(+!$#44#!5*&'#0!";%'#4%#!,+5+1%&5+!O2+&'#!,+<*4#!#44;#,'0!c!$+4!5*$%5+!$+44#!(#-%<#)%*(+0!!C%#''#7*,9#! 5*('%(+('#4+L! N! 5*&'%'2%'#! $#4! 5*&%$$+''*! )*55*4*! 5*('%(+('#4+G! +! 5%*N! O2+44#! 1#,'+! $+4! 7*($*!9#,%(*!$%!1,*7*($%'I!5*&'#('+!5H+!5%,5*($#!4+!'+,,+!+9+,&+0!"#!,+<*4#!*,9#%!<+(+,#49+('+!#55+''#'#!N!5H+!<4%!:'#'%!1*&&#(*!,%&+,-#,+!#!&`!4;2'%4%))#)%*(+!+&542&%-#!$+44+!,%&*,&+!(#'2,#4%!+&',#%3%4%!$#44#!1%#''#7*,9#G!12,5H`!&%#!<#,#('%'#!4#!4%3+,'I!$+44+!#5O2+0!!

2.2.6. Cittadinanza!!"#!5%''#$%(#()#!N!2(*!&'#'2&!#!52%!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!,%5*((+''+!2(#!&+,%+!$%!$%,%''%!+!$%!$*-+,%0!T&&#!N!5*($%)%*(+!1+,! 4;+&+,5%)%*!$+%!$%,%''%!5*((+&&%!#44#! '%'*4#,%'I!$+44#!&*-,#(%'I!.$%,%''%!1*4%'%5%6G!9#!N!#(5H+! %4! 7*($#9+('*!$%!#452(%!$*-+,%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!%'#4%#(#!&'#3%4%&5+!5H+!(+&&2(*!1*&&#!+&&+,+!1,%-#'*!$+44#!5%''#$%(#()#!1+,!9*'%-%!1*4%'%5%!.#,'0!cc60!!"#!5%''#$%(#()#!12b!+&&+,+!#5O2%&%'#!*!1+,$2'#!&+5*($*!O2#('*!1,+-%&'*!$#44#!4+<<+!YU_gcL!#6 %2&!&#(<2%(%&L!#5O2%&'#!5%''#$%(#()#!%4!7%<4%*G!#(5H+!#$*''%-*G!$%!#49+(*!2(!<+(%'*,+!5*(!5%''#$%(#()#M!36 %2&!&*4%L!#5O2%&'#!5%''#$%(#()#!5*42%!5H+!N!(#'*! %(! %'#4%#!$#!<+(%'*,%!#1*4%$%!*! %<(*'%G!*112,+!5H+!(*(!1*&&#!-+$+,&%!,%5*(*&5+,+!4*!%2&!&#(<2%(%&!$#44+!4+<<%!$+44*!:'#'*!52%!+&&%!#11#,'+(<*(*M!

56 &2!,%5H%+&'#!$+44;%('+,+&&#'*M!!?!5#&%!1,+-%&'%!1+,!%4!12('*!56!&*(*L!U6 $#4!5*(%2<+!$%!2(!5%''#$%(*!%'#4%#(*!$*1*!^!#((%!$%!9#',%9*(%*!*!#49+(*!h!9+&%!$%!1+,9#(+()#!(+4!'+,,%'*,%*M!

c6 $#44*! &',#(%+,*! 5H+!1*&&#! -#('#,+!2(!#&5+($+('+! %(! 4%(+#! ,+''#!$%! &+5*($*!<,#$*! 5H+! &%#! 5%''#$%(*!%'#4%#(*!1+,!(#&5%'#M!

^6 $#44*!&',#(%+,*!5*(!9#<<%*,+!+'IG!#$*''#'*!$#!5%''#$%(*!%'#4%#(*!+!,+&%$+('+!(+4!'+,,%'*,%*!(#)%*(#4+!$#!#49+(*!]!#((%!#44;#$*)%*(+M!

e6 $#44*!&',#(%+,*!5H+!#33%#!1,+&'#'*!&+,-%)%*!#44+!$%1+($+()+!$+44*!:'#'*!1+,!#49+(*!5%(O2+!#((%M!]6 $#4!5%''#$%(*!$%!2(*!$+<4%!:'#'%!9+93,%!$+44#!FTG!$*1*!#49+(*!e!#((%!$%!,+&%$+()#!(+4!'+,,%'*,%*M!h6 $#44;#1*4%$+!$*1*!#49+(*!]!#((%!$%!,+&%$+()#M!V6 $#44*!&',#(%+,*!$*1*!#49+(*!Ug!#((%!$%!,+<*4#,+!,+&%$+()#!%(!%'#4%#M!

!

2.2.7. Cittadinanza UE!!?4! A,#''#'*! &244;D(%*(+! T2,*1+#! $+4! UYYc! .\##&',%5H'6! H#! %(',*$*''*! 4;%&'%'2'*! $+44#! 5%''#$%(#()#! $+44;D(%*(+0!C,+&211*&'*! 1+,! 4#! 5%''#$%(#()#! $+44;D(%*(+! N! 4#! 5%''#$%(#()#! $%! 2(*! :'#'*! 9+93,*0! "#! 5%''#$%(#()#!$+44;D(%*(+!85*914+'#!4#!5%''#$%(#()#!(#)%*(#4+!+!(*(!4#!&*&'%'2%&5+80!!A,#!%!$%,%''%!<#,#('%'%!#!4%-+44*!5*92(%'#,%*!$#44#!5%''#$%(#()#!$+44;D(%*(+!',*-%#9*L!#6 8%4!$%,%''*!$%!5%,5*4#,+!4%3+,#9+('+!(+!'+,,%'*,%*!$+<4%!:'#'%!9+93,%!i000j8M!36 8'2'+4#!$#!1#,'+!$+44+!#2'*,%'I!$%14*9#'%5H+!+!5*(&*4#,%!$%!O2#4&%#&%!:'#'*!9+93,*!i000j8M!56 $%,%''*!$%!1+'%)%*(+!#4!C#,4#9+('*!+2,*1+*!+!%4!$%,%''*!$%!,%-*4<+,&%!#4!9+$%#'*,+!+2,*1+*M!$6 $%,%''*!$%!+4+''*,#'*!1#&&%-*!+$!#''%-*!#44+!+4+)%*(%!5*92(#4%!(+44*!:'#'*!9+93,*! %(!52%!,%&%+$+!+!#44+!+4+)%*(%!$+4!1#,4#9+('*!+2,*1+*!(+44*!:'#'*!9+93,*!%(!52%!,%&%+$+0!

!

?4! $%,%''*! $%! +4+''*,#'*! #''%-*! +! 1#&&%-*! #44+! +4+)%*(%! 5*92(#4%! N! <#,#('%,*! #%! 5%''#$%(%! 5*92(%'#,%! &+5*($*!O2#('*!1,+-%&'*!$#4!$+5,+'*!4<&!UYV_UYYh!',#9%'+!4;%&5,%)%*(+!%(!#11*&%'+!4%&'+!+4+''*,#4%0!";+4+''*,#'*!1#&&%-*!N!4%9%'#'*!#44+!5#,%5H+!$%!5*(&%<4%+,+!5*92(#4+!+!#&&+&&*,+G!5*(!4;+&542&%*(+!O2%($%!$+44#!5#,%5#!$%!:%($#5*!+!$%!J%5+S:%($#5*0!!

2.2.8.1. Lo Stato apparato: apparato burocratico!!"*! :'#'*! &%! $%77+,+()%#! $#! #4',+! *,<#(%))#)%*(%! 1*4%'%5H+! 5H+! 12,+! H#((*! ,+#4%))#'*! %4!9*(*1*4%*! $+44#! 7*,)#!4+<%''%9#!%(!2(!$+'+,9%(#'*!'+,,%'*,%*!.+&0!F*92(%!&'*,%5%6!1+,!4#!1,+&+()#!$%!2(!#11#,#'*!*,<#(%))#'%-*!&+,-%'*!$#!2(#!32,*5,#)%#!1,*7+&&%*(#4+0!!";*,<#(%))#)%*(+! N! &'#3%4+! (+4! '+91*! +$! H#! 5#,#''+,+! %91+,&*(#4+! 1+,5H`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c6 ,+($+,+!$%&1*(%3%4%!#'',#-+,&*!4;%91*&%)%*(+!',%32'#,%#!%(<+('%!,%&*,&+!5*(!52%!9#('+(+,+!<4%!+&+,5%'%0!

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2.2.8.2. Lo Stato apparato: persona giuridica!!C+,! %(O2#$,#,+!<%2,%$%5#9+('+! 4#!,+#4'I!$+44;#11#,#'*!&'#'#4+G! 4#!$*'',%(#!<%2,%$%5#!'+$+&5#!$+4!&+5*4*!&5*,&*!%91%+<b!4#!(*)%*(+!$%!1+,&*(#4%'I!<%2,%$%5#0!!F%#&52(!*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!%($%-%$2#!5*(!(*,9+!&1+5%7%5H+!4+!1,*1,%+!7%<2,+!&*<<+''%-+G!#'',%32+($*!4*,*!4#!5#1#5%'I! $%! #<%,+! %(!9*$*! <%2,%$%5#9+('+! ,%4+-#('+! +! $%! 5*&',2%,+! 5+(',%! $%! %912'#)%*(+! $%! +77+''%! <%2,%$%5%0!=2%($%! *4',+! #44+! 1+,&*(+! 7%&%5H+G! 4;*,$%(#9+('*! <%2,%$%5*! 12b! #'',%32%,+! 4#! &*<<+''%-%'I! <%2,%$%5#! #! +('%'I!9#'+,%#4%0!!B3%+''%-*!$%!O2+&'#!5*&',2)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#!+,#!O2+44*!$%!<#,#('%,+!%91+,&*(#4%'I!+!*3%+''%-%'I!#44#!-*4*('I!$+44*!:'#'*0! =2+&'#!9+('#4%'I! (*(! N! 1,+&+('+! %(! d,#(! E,+'#<(#G! $*-+! (*(! &%! %('+($+! 2(#! -*4*('I! 2(%5#! 1+,! 4*!:'#'*G!9#!4+!&%(<*4+!-*4*('I!$+%!&2*%!*,<#(%&9%0!!K(5H+! *<<%! &1+&&*! &%! $%5+! 5H+! 4*! :'#'*! H#! 1+,&*(#4%'I! <%2,%$%5#G! 9#! &%! ',#''#! $%! 2(;#77+,9#)%*(+! 7#4&#0!d%2,%$%5#9+('+G! 4*! :'#'*! (*(! #<%&5+!9#%! 2(%'#,%#9+('+G!9#! #'',#-+,&*! &%(<*4%! +! &1+5%7%5%! +('%G! *,<#(%&9%! *!#11#,#'%0!C2,+!4#!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!5%-%4+!(*(!,%<2#,$#!4;%('+,*!:'#'*G!9#!2(!&2*!$+'+,9%(#'*!*,<#(*0!!=2%($%!4#!$+&5,%)%*(+!1%[!5*,,+''#!$%!:'#'*!12b!+&&+,+L!

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2.2.8.3. Lo Stato apparato: enti pubblici!!"*! :'#'*! (*(! +&#2,%&5+! %4! 9*($*! $+%! 812334%5%! 1*'+,%80! K55#('*! #$! +&&*! +&%&'*(*! (29+,*&%! +! $%-+,&%! +('%!12334%5%!5*9+!4+!@+<%*(%G!4+!C,*-%(5+!+!%!F*92(%G!'2''%!$*'#'%!$%!1+,&*(#4%'I!<%2,%$%5#0!

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!

2.2.8.5. Lo Stato apparato: uffici e organi!!"#!7%<2,#!$+<4%!B@dKP?!FB:A?ADm?BPK"?!N!&'#'#!+4#3*,#'#!$#44#!$*'',%(#!1+,!%($%5#,+!<4%!*,<#(%!$*'#'%!$+44+!&+<2+('%!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+L!U6 (+5+&&#,%!$+44*!:'#'*M!c6 %($+7+''%3%4%!$+44*!:'#'*!.9*$%7%5#($*(+!4#!(#'2,#!&%!9*$%7%5#!4#!&'+&&#!$+44*!:'#'*6M!^6 &',2''2,#'%!#44#!3#&+!&+5*($*!%4!$+''#9+!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+M!e6 %(!5*($%)%*(+!$%!1#,%'I!<%2,%$%5#!5*(!<4%!#4',%!*,<#(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%M!

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!

3. Forme di Stato

3.1. Forma di Stato e forma di governo !F*(!4;+&1,+&&%*(+!XB@\K!>?!:AKAB!&%!%('+($+L!

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!

3.2.1. Evoluzione delle forme di Stato: Stato assoluto !"*!:AKAB!K::B"DAB!N!4#!1,%9#!7*,9#!$+44*!:AKAB!\B>T@PB0!!P#5O2+!%(!T2,*1#!',#!%4!Uegg!+!%4!U]gg!+!&%!#77+,9b!(+%!$2+!&+5*4%!&255+&&%-%0!!:%! 5#,#''+,%))#-#!1+,! 4;+&%&'+()#!$%!2(!1*'+,+!&*-,#(*!#'',%32%'*! %('+,#9+('+!#4!@TG!*!9+<4%*!#44#!FB@BPKG!5H+!&%!$%&'%(<2+!$#4!1,%9*!1+,5H`!(*(!+,#!2(#!1+,&*(#!7%&%5#!9#!2(!*,<#(*!$+44*!:'#'*0!!P+44*!:AKAB!K::B"DAB!%4!1*'+,+!&*-,#(*!+,#!5*(5+(',#'*!(+44+!9#(%!$+44#!FB@BPK!5H+!1+,5%b!+,#!'%'*4#,+!&%#! $+44#! 72()%*(+! 4+<%&4#'%-#! 5H+! $%! O2+44#! +&+52'%-#G!9+(',+! %4! 1*'+,+! <%2$%)%#,%*! +,#! +&+,5%'#'*! $#!F*,'%! +!A,%32(#4%!7*,9#'%!$#!<%2$%5%!(*9%(#'%!$#4!@T0!!"#! JB"BPAK;! >T"! @T! +,#! 4#! 7*('+! 1,%9#,%#! $+4! $%,%''*! +$! #-+-#! O2%($%! +77%5#5%#! $%! 4+<<+L! 8O2*$! 1,%(5%1%!14#52%'!4+<%&!H#3+'!-%<*,+980!?4!&2*!1*'+,+!#&&*42'*!(*(!%(5*(',#-#!4%9%'%!4+<#4%!.+,#!O2%($%!84+<%32&!&*42'2&86!+!(*(!1*'+-#!+&&+,+!5*($%)%*(#'*!$#%!&2$$%'%0!F%b!1+,5H`!%4!1*'+,+!,+<%*!(*(!$+,%-#-#!$#!&5+4'+!29#(+G!9#!+,#!,%'+(2'*!$%!*,%<%(+!$%-%(#0!!";K::B"DA?:\B!,+<%*!&%!#77+,9b!1%+(#9+('+!%(!O2+%!1#+&%!$*-+!,%2&5l!#!4%9%'#,+!$,#&'%5#9+('+!%4!1+&*!$+44+!5*,1*,#)%*(%!+!$+44#!(*3%4'I!7+2$#4+0!?(!#452(%!1#+&%!&%!#77+,9b!4;#&&*42'%&9*!%4429%(#'*G!&+5*($*!52%!%4!5*91%'*!$+4!:*-,#(*!+,#!O2+44*!$%!1,*92*-+,+!%4!3+(+&&+,+!$+44#!1*1*4#)%*(+0!K4!,%<2#,$*!&%!1#,4#!#(5H+!$%!:AKAB!>?!CB"?m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l! 9#(%7#''2,+! +! 9*(*1*4%! +! &-%4211b! 2(! +77%5#5+! &%&'+9#!',%32'#,%*0!!

3.2.2. Evoluzione delle forme di Stato: nascita dello Stato liberale !"*!:AKAB!"?ET@K"T!N!2(#!7*,9#!$%!&'#'*!5H+!(#&5+!',#!4#!7%(+!$+4!&+''+5+('*!+!4#!1,%9#!9+'I!$+44;*''*5+('*G!%(! &+<2%'*! #44#! 5,%&%! $+44*! :'#'*! #&&*42'*G! $+44*! &-%4211*! $+4! 9*$*! $%! 1,*$2)%*(+! 5#1%'#4%&'%5*! +!$+44;#77+,9#)%*(+!$+44#!3*,<H+&%#0!!?!FK@KAAT@?!:A@DAAD@K"?!5H+!$+7%(%&5*(*!4#!7*,9#!$+44*!:AKAB!"?ET@K"T!&*(*L!U6 4#!3#&+!&*5%#4+!,%&',+''#!#$!2(;2(%5#!54#&&+M!c6 %4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!4%3+,'IM!^6 %4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!,#11,+&+('#'%-%'IM!e6 4*!:AKAB!>?!>?@?AABM!

!>*529+('%!7*($#9+('#4%!(+44#!5*&'%'2)%*(+!$+44*!:AKAB!>?!>?@?AAB!72,*(*L!#6 X,#(5%#L!>%5H%#,#)%*(+!$+%!$%,%''%!$+44;2*9*!+!$+4!5%''#$%(*!.UVWY6M!36 ?(<H%4'+,,#L!>+54#,#'%*(!*7!@%<H'&!+!E%44!*7!@%<H'&!.UhWY6M!56 :'#'%!D(%'%L!>%5H%#,#)%*(+!$%!?($%1+($+()#!.UVVh6M!

!

3.2.3. Evoluzione delle forme di Stato: Stato liberale ed economia di mercato

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!

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!

3.3.1. Stato di democrazia pluralista: i partiti politici di massa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b!&*(*!(#'%!+!&%!&*(*!#77+,9#'%!%!9*$+,(%!CK@A?A?!>?!\K::KG!5#,#''+,%))#'%!$#!2(#!&*4%$#!&',2''2,#!*,<#(%))#'%-#!5H+!H#!5*(&+('%'*!4*,*!$%!+&&+,+!,#$%5#'%!(+44#!&*5%+'I!+!$%!$%-+('#,+!&',29+('%!$%!9*3%4%'#)%*(+!1*1*4#,+!+!$%!%('+<,#)%*(+!$+44+!9#&&+!(+44+!%&'%'2)%*(%!1*4%'%5H+0!?!1#,'%'%!$%!9#&&#!$#((*!-%'#!#$!2(#!ED@BF@Km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d*-+,(*0!!

3.3.2. Stato di democrazia pluralista: alternative allo Stato di democrazia nel XX secolo

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"*!:'#'*!#&&29+-#!4;#'',%32'*!$+44#!'*'#4%'#,%+'I!S!(+4!&+(&*!5H+!4#!5*44+''%-%'I!&%!%('+<,#-#!%(!9*$*!'*'#4+!(+44*!:'#'*!S!+!O2%($%!1+,'#('*!1*'+-#!*5521#,&%!$%!'2''%!<4%!#&1+''%!$+44#!-%'#!&*5%#4+!+$! %($%-%$2#4+G!#(5H+!<,#)%+!#44#!&*11,+&&%*(+!$+44+!',#$%)%*(#4%!4%3+,'I!4%3+,#4%0!!D(;#4',#!#4'+,(#'%-#!#44#!$+9*5,#)%#!142,#4%&'#! 5H+!H#!5*(*&5%2'*! %4! ;Ygg!N!&'#'#! ,#11,+&+('#'#!$#44*!:AKAB!:BF?K"?:AK!.+/!D@::60!=2+&'#!7*,9#!',*-#!*,%<%(+!(+44#!>?AAKAD@K!>T"!C@B"TAK@?KABG!5*(!4#!O2#4+!&%!&#,+33+!$*-2'*!+4%9%(#,+! 4#!54#&&+!#('#<*(%&'#!#4!1,*4+'#,%#'*G!5%*N! 4#!3*,<H+&%#G! %(!-%&'#!$+44;#((244#9+('*!$+4!1*'+,+!&'#'#4+!(+44#!&*5%+'I!&+()#!54#&&%!(`!5*(74%''%!&*5%#4%0!!

3.3.3. Stato di democrazia pluralista: affermazione dello Stato sociale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b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gSUYWg6! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! ,%5*($*''+! *,#! #4! <*-+,(*! $+4! 5%54*! +5*(*9%5*! .CB"?A?FnT! >?! A?CB!oTpPT:?KPB6!*,#!#44;%('+('*!$%!,%$2,,+!4+!$%&2<2#<4%#()#!$%!,+$$%'*!',#!%($%-%$2%!+!',#!<,211%!.CB"?A?FnT!>?!A?CB!@TdB"KA?JB!*!CB"?A?FnT!>?!A?CB!@T>?:A@?EDA?JB60!!

3.3.4. Stato di democrazia pluralista: omogeneità e differenze !P+44+! &+5*($#! 9+'I! $+4! ;Ygg! 4;#,+#! *55%$+('#4+! $+44;T2,*1#G! :'#'%! D(%'%G! @+<(*! D(%'*G! F#(#$#G! K2&',#4%#G!P2*-#! m+4#($#G! d%#11*(+! +! ?&,#+4+! 7*,9#(*! 2(! 5*914+&&*! $%! *,$%(#9+('%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! %&1%,#'%! #! 1,%(5%1%!&*&'#()%#49+('+!2(%7*,9%G!'%1%5%!$+44+!5*&l!$+''+!>T\BF@Km?T!BFF?>TPAK"?0!!"#!&277%5%+('+!*9*<+(+%'I!$%!O2+&'%!*,$%(#9+('%! 5*(&+('+!$%!+4#3*,#,+! %4!9*$+44*!8:AKAB!>?!>T\BF@Km?K!C"D@K"?:AK8M! '2''*! 5%b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f0!!

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l! $%,+G! 81,+$*9%(#()#!+5*(*9%5#!1,%-#'%&'%5#8!9+(',+! %(!#4',%G!',#!52%!4;%'#4%#G!2(#!81,+$*9%(#()#!+5*(*9%5#!12334%5%&'%5#80!K!1#,'%,+!$#<4%!#((%!;Yg!O2+&'#!$%77+,+()#!H#!%(%)%#'*! &*&'#()%#49+('+! #! 4%-+44#,&%! (+44#! $%,+)%*(+! 1,%-#'%&'%5#! 1+,! %4! 1,+-#4+,+! $%! 2(;+5*(*9%#! $%! 9+,5#'*!5*(5*,,+()%#4+0!!K! &+<2%'*! $+4! 5,*44*! $+4! 9*$+44*! &*5%#4%&'#! &%! N! &-%4211#'#! 2(;*($#'#! $%! $+9*5,#'%))#)%*(+! 5*(! 2(#!5*(&+<2+('+!$%772&%*(+!$%!F*&'%'2)%*(%!%&1%,#'+!#4!9*$+44*!$%!:'#'*!$%!$+9*5,#)%#!142,#4%&'#0!!

3.3.5. Stato di democrazia pluralista: tra società post-classista e globalizzazione

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3.6.2. Democrazie maggioritarie e democrazie consociative !K(5H+! &%&'+9%! +4+''*,#4%! 5H+! (*(! &*(*! 3#&#'%! &244#! ,+<*4#! $%! 9#<<%*,#()#! 1*&&*(*! ,%2&5%,+! #$! +&1,%9+,+!9#<<%*,#()+!&'#3%4%!+!d*-+,(%!#2'*,+-*4%!.:1#<(#!+!d+,9#(%#60!C+,5%b!1%[!5H+!4#!$%&'%()%*(+!',#!*,$%(#9+('%!3#&#'%! &2%! $%-+,&%! 1,%(5%1%! $%! ,#11,+&+('#()#! .9#<<%*,%'#,%*! *! 1,*1*,)%*(#4+6G! N! 2(s#4',#! $%&'%()%*(+! 5H+!#&&29+!%91*,'#()#!&244+!$%(#9%5H+!$%!72()%*(#9+('*!$+%!$%-+,&%!&%&'+9%!$+9*5,#'%5%0!!?(! 1#,'%5*4#,+! *55*,,+! $%&'%(<2+,+! ',#! >T\BF@Km?T! \Kdd?B@?AK@?T! .DoG! d+,9#(%#G! X,#(5%#G! :1#<(#G!F#(#$#!+!%(!2(!5+,'*!O2#4!9*$*!<4%!D:6!+!4+!>T\BF@Km?T!FBP:BF?KA?JT!.E+4<%*!+!B4#($#60!!P+44+! $+9*5,#)%+! 9#<<%*,%'#,%+! 4#! ,+<*4#! $%! 9#<<%*,#()#! $%-+('#! C@?PF?C?B! >?! B@dKP?mmKm?BPT! $+%!,#11*,'%!',#!&*<<+''%!1*4%'%5%!.^v!#55+)%*(+60!?(!O2+&'%!5#&%!4#!5*(',#11*&%)%*(+!+&%&'+!$2,#('+!4+!+4+)%*(%G!$*-+!%4!5*,1*!+4+''*,#4+!N!1*&'*!$%!7,*('+!#44s#4'+,(#'%-#!&+55#!',#!$2+!5#($%$#'%!#44#!5#,%5#!$%!F#1*!$+4!<*-+,(*!*!',#!$2+!1#,'%'%!*!5*#4%)%*(%!$%!1#,'%'%G!+!5*('%(2#!$*1*!4+!+4+)%*(%G!1+,!52%!&%!5,+#!2(#!$%&'%()%*(+!72()%*(#4+!',#!4#!9#<<%*,#()#! 1*4%'%5#! +$! %4! d*-+,(*G! $#! +&&#! &*&'+(2'*G! %(! 52%! &%! 5*(5+(',#(*! %! 1*'+,%! $%! %($%,%))*0! "#!9%(*,#()#! #&&29+! 4#! XDPm?BPT! >?! BCCB:?m?BPT0! ?(! O2+&'%! &%&'+9%! &%! 12b! ,+#4%))#,+! 4sK"AT@PKPmK!F?F"?FK!$+%!1#,'%'%!(+%!,2*4%!$%!9#<<%*,#()#!+!*11*&%)%*(+0!!>%-+,&#9+('+! 4+! $+9*5,#)%+! 5*(&*5%#'%-+! '+($*(*! #! %(5+('%-#,+! 4s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`!1#,'+5%1#(*!#44#!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44+!$+5%&%*(%0!!

3.6.3. Le minoranze permanenti !P*(!-%!&*(*!&*4#9+('+!4+!9%(*,#()+!1*4%'%5H+G!9#!+&%&'*(*!#452(+!\?PB@KPmT!CT@\KPTPA?G!5H+!&%!5,+#(*!&244#!3#&+!$%!$%77+,+()%#)%*(%! &'#3%4%!1,+&+('%!(+44#! &*5%+'I!+!$*-2'+!#! 7#''*,%! ,+4%<%*&%G!+'(%5%!*! 4%(<2%&'%5%0! "+!F*&'%'2)%*(%!$+44+!$+9*5,#)%+!142,#4%&'+!&%!1,+*5521#(*!$%!$%7+($+,+! 4s+&%&'+()#!$%!O2+&'+!9%(*,#()+!+!$+44+!4*,*!',#$%)%*(%!524'2,#4%0!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!%'#4%#(#!1,+-+$+L!U6 %4!$%-%+'*!$%!$%&5,%9%(#)%*(+!%(!,#<%*(+!$+44s2'%4%))*!$%!2(#!4%(<2#!$%-+,&#!$#!O2+44#!(#)%*(#4+M!c6 %4!$%-%+'*!$%!$%&5,%9%(#)%*(%!%(!,#<%*(+!$+44#!,+4%<%*(+!1,*7+&&#'#M!^6 %4!$%-%+'*!$%!$%&5,%9%(#)%*(+!%(!,#<%*(+!$+44s#11#,'+(+()#!#44s2(#!*!#44s#4',#!,#))#M!

!

3.7. Stato unitario, federale e regionale !"#! &+1#,#)%*(+! $+%! 1*'+,%! +$! %! 4%9%'%! #44#! ,+<*4#! $%! 9#<<%*,#()#! 1*&&*(*! ,+#4%))#,&%! (*(! &*4*! #! 4%-+44*!*,%))*('#4+G!9#!#(5H+!#!4%-+44*!-+,'%5#4+0!C+,!O2+&'*!&%!$%&'%(<2+!',#!:AKAB!DP?AK@?B!.5+(',#4%&'#6!+!:AKAB!FB\CB:AB0!!"*!:'#'*!2(%'#,%*!H#!5#,#''+,%))#'*!#! 42(<*! 4s+&1+,%+()#!+2,*1+#!.5*(! 4+!+55+)%*(%!$%!d+,9#(%#!+!:-%))+,#6G!9+(',+! %4! '%1*! $%! :'#'*! 5*91*&'*! H#! 5#,#''+,%))#'*! 4s+&1+,%+()#! $+<4%! :'#'%! D(%'%0! >#! #452(%! #((%! #(5H+! %(!T2,*1#!%4!9*$+44*!$+44*!:'#'*!5*91*&'*!H#!#-2'*!&255+&&*!%(!$2+!-#,%#('+L!U6 :'#'*!7+$+,#4+M!c6 :'#'*!,+<%*(#4+M!

!?!5#,#''+,%!'%1%5%!$+44*!:AKAB!XT>T@K"T!&*(*L!

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36 4#!1,+-%&%*(+!$#!1#,'+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!7+$+,#4+!$%!2(#!,%1#,'%)%*(+!$%!5*91+'+()+!',#!%!4%-+44%M!56 4s+&%&'+()#!$%!2(!C#,4#9+('*!3%5#9+,#4+G!%(!52%!2(#!$+44+!$2+!5#9+,+!,#11,+&+('#!<4%!:'#'%!9+93,%M!$6 4#! 1#,'+5%1#)%*(+! $+<4%! :'#'%! 9+93,%! #44#! ,+-%&%*(+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +! 4#! 1,+&+()#! $%! 2(#! F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!1+,!,%&*4-+,+!4+!5*(',*-+,&%+!',#!%!-#,%!4%-+44%M!

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3.8.1. Unione europea: definizioni !"sDP?BPT! TD@BCTK! .DT6! N! 2(#! &',2''2,#! %&'%'2)%*(#4+! 5H+! N! ',#$%)%*(+! $+&5,%-+,+! ,%5*,,+($*! #$! 2(#!9+'#7*,#L!t2(!'+91%*!<,+5*!5H+!1*<<%#!&2!',+!1%4#&',%k0!!?4!1%4#&',*!5+(',#4+!N!O2+44*!$+44#!F*92(%'I!+5*(*9%5#! .FT6!5H+!5*91,+($+! 4+!^!5*92(%'I!*,%<%(#,%+! .FTTG!FTFKG!TD@KAB\60!?!$2+!1%4#&',%!4#'+,#4%!&*(*!5*&'%'2%'%!$#44#!1*4%'%5#!+&'+,#!+!$#44#!&%52,+))#!5*92(+!.CT:F6!+!$#44#!5**1+,#)%*(+!(+4!&+''*,+!$+44#!<%2&'%)%#!+!$+<4%!#77#,%!%('+,(%!.FdK?60!!"#! $%77+,+()#! &*&'#()%#4+! ',#! %4! 1,%9*! 1%4#&',*! +! <4%! #4',%! $2+! &%! +-%$+()#! (+%! 1,*5+&&%! $+5%&%*(#4%0! ?(7#''%!(+44s#93%'*!$+44#!FTT! 4#!9#<<%*,!1#,'+!$+44+!$+5%&%*(%!(*(! ,%5H%+$*(*! 4s2(#(%9%'I!$+<4%!:'#'%G!9+(',+!1+,! 4#!CT:F!+!%4!FdK?!N!,%5H%+&'*!%4!-*'*!2(#(%9+!$%!'2''%!<4%!:'#'%!9+93,%0!!F*(! %4!A,#''#'*!$%!K9&'+,$#9!N!&'#'*! %(',*$*''*! %4!1,%(5%1%*!$+44#!5**1+,#)%*(+!,#77*,)#'#!5H+!5*(&+('+!#<4%!:'#'%!9+93,%!$%! %(&'#2,#,+! 7*,9+!$%! 5*44#3*,#)%*(+! &1+5%7%5H+G!O2%($%!2(! &%&'+9#!#!<+*9+',%#! -#,%#3%4+!*!#!$2+!-+4*5%'I0!!=2%($%L! 4sDT! &%! 7*($#! &244+! ^! 5*92(%'I!1,+S+&%&'+('%G! &%! #<<%2(<+!#!O2+&'+!+$!2'%4%))#! 4+! 4*,*! %&'%'2)%*(%!1+,!4s+&+,5%)%*!$+44+!&2+!72()%*(%!+!1+,!%4!1+,&+<2%9+('*!$+<4%!*3%+''%-%!1,+-%&'%!$#4!A,#''#'*0!!

3.8.2. L’organizzazione !"s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!5*92(%'#,%#!&%!#,'%5*4#!%(!$%-+,&+!%&'%'2)%*(%L!#6 %4! FBP:?d"?B!TD@BCTB!N! 4s*,<#(*!$%! %9124&*! $+44sDTG! 5H%#9#'*! #! $+7%(%,+! <4%! *,%+('#9+('%! 1*4%'%5%!<+(+,#4%0!Ts!5*91*&'*!$#%!5#1%!$%!:'#'*!.*!$%!d*-+,(*6!9+93,%!+!$#4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!F*99%&&%*(+0!Ts!'+(2'*!#$!%(7*,9#,+!%4!C#,4#9+('*!+2,*1+*!$+%!,%&24'#'%!$%!*<(%!&2#!,%2(%*(+M!?4!FBP:?d"?B!N!4s*,<#(*!'%'*4#,+!$+4!1*'+,+!$%!#$*''#,+!<4%!#''%!(*,9#'%-%!+!$+4!5*91%'*!$%!5**,$%(#,+!4+! 1*4%'%5H+! <+(+,#4%! $%! '2''%! <4%! :'#'%! 9+93,%0! Ts! 5*91*&'*! $#! 2(! ,#11,+&+('#'+! 1+,! *<(%! :'#'*!.&+5*($*!4s#93%'*!$%!5*91+'+()#6!+$!N!1,+&%+$2'*!$#!5%#&52(*!$+%!&2*%!9+93,%!#!,*'#)%*(+!1+,!2(!1+,%*$*!$%!h!9+&%!5%#&52(*0!"+!$+4%3+,#)%*(%!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!&*(*!<+(+,#49+('+!#&&2('+!#!9#<<%*,#()#!&+914%5+!#(5H+!&+! %(!#452(%!5#&%! %4!A,#''#'*!FT!1,+-+$+!4#!9#<<%*,#()#!O2#4%7%5#'#!5#45*4#'#!5*(!2(!9+55#(%&9*!$%!-*'*!1*($+,#'*!5H+!#'',%32%&5+!2(!1+&*!$%-+,&*!#$!*<(%!:'#'*0! ?(!5#&%!1#,'%5*4#,%!N!,%5H%+&'#! 4s2(#(%9%'I0! K4! F*(&%<4%*! N! #77%#(5#'*! %4! FB\?AKAB! >T?! @KCC@T:TPAKPA?! CT@\KPTPA?!.FB@TCT@6G! *,<#(*! 5*91*&'*! $#%! ,#11,+&+('#('%! 1+,9#(+('%! $+<4%! :'#'%! 9+93,%G! %(5#,%5#'*! $%!1,+1#,#,+!%4!4#-*,*!$+4!F*(&%<4%*M!

36 4#! FB\\?::?BPT! &%! 12b! 5*(&%$+,#,+! 5*9+! %4! 5+(',*! $+%! 1,*5+&&%! $%! $+5%&%*(+! +! 5*9+! 4s*,<#(*! $%!1,*124&%*(+! $+44s*,$%(#9+('*! 5*92(%'#,%*0! >%&1*(+!$%! 1*'+,%! $s%(%)%#'%-#! (*,9#'%-#! .&2! %($%,%))*! $+4!F*(&%<4%*6G! $%! 1*'+,%! $%! $+5%&%*(%! #99%(%&',#'%-#! +! $%! ,+<*4#9+('#)%*(+! +! $%! 1*'+,%! $%! 5*(',*44*! (+%!

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!"+! #'',%32)%*(%! $+44#! F*92(%'I! +2,*1+#! +! $+44sDT! &*(*! &*4*! O2+44+! +&1,+&&#9+('+! 1,+-%&'+! $#4! A,#''#'*G! +!,%<2#,$#(*!5#91%!,%4+-#('%&&%9%L!4#!4%3+,#!5%,5*4#)%*(+!$%!9+,5%G!4#-*,#'*,%G!5#1%'#4%!+!&+,-%)%M!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44#!5*(5*,,+()#M!4s#<,%5*4'2,#M!%!',#&1*,'%M!4#!1*4%'%5#!9*(+'#,%#!.+$!+5*(*9%5#6M!4s*5521#)%*(+M!+55a!!?4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!'#&&#'%-%'I!$+44+!#'',%32)%*(%!N!1#,)%#49+('+!'+91+,#'*!%(!#49+(*!$2+!5#&%L!U6 4#!FT!12b!+&+,5%'#,+!%!1*'+,%!(+5+&&#,%!#4!,#<<%2(<%9+('*!$+<4%!&5*1%!$+4!A,#''#'*G!12,!&+!O2+&'*!(*(!4%!1,+-+$+!+&1,+&&#9+('+!.1,%(5%1%*!$%!#2'*%('+<,#)%*(+6M!

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!

4. Forme di governo

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4.1.2. Parlamentarismo dualista e monista !"#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!1#,4#9+('#,+!&%!N!#77+,9#'#!(+44*!:'#'*!4%3+,#4+!#'',#-+,&*!2(!4+('*!1,*5+&&*!&'*,%5*G!#4!$%! 4I! $+44+! 1,+-%&%*(%! 7*,9#4%! $+%! $*529+('%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0! T&&#! H#! 5*(*&5%2'*! $2+! 7#&%! $%&'%('+0! ?4! &%&'+9#!1#,4#9+('#,+!$+44+!*,%<%(%!+,#!2(!CK@"K\TPAK@:?\B!>DK"?:AKL!#6 %4!1*'+,+!+&+52'%-*!+,#!,%1#,'%'*!',#!%4!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*!+!%4!d*-+,(*!.+&+52'%-*!3%5+7#4*6M!36 %4!d*-+,(*!$*-+-#!#-+,+!2(#!$*11%#!7%$25%#G!O2+44#!$+4!,+!+!O2+44#!$+4!C#,4#9+('*M!56 #! <#,#()%#! $+44s+O2%4%3,%*! ',#! 1*'+,+! +&+52'%-*! +! 1*'+,+! 4+<%&4#'%-*G! #4! F#1*! $+44*! :'#'*! +,#!,%5*(*&5%2'*!%4!1*'+,+!$%!&5%*<4%9+('*!#('%5%1#'*!$+4!C#,4#9+('*G!5*9+!5*(',#11+&*!#44#!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!1*4%'%5#!$+4!d*-+,(*M!

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!

4.2. Forme di governo nella democrazia pluralista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4.3.1 Il sistema parlamentare e le sue varianti: caratteri !"#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!1#,4#9+('#,+!&%!5#,#''+,%))#!1+,!4s+&%&'+()#!$%!2(!@KCCB@AB!>?!X?>DF?K!',#!d*-+,(*!+!C#,4#9+('*! $*-+! %4! 1,%9*! ,#11,+&+('#! &*4*! 2(s+9#(#)%*(+! $+4! &+5*($*0! P+4! 5#&*! $%! &%&'+9%! 3%5#9+,#4%G! N!%91*,'#('+!&'#3%4%,+!&+!+(',#93%!H#((*!%4!1*'+,+!$%!&7%$25%#!+!5*92(O2+G!(+4!5#&*!(+<#'%-*G!O2#4+!$+%!$2+0!!P+44s24'%9*! $*1*<2+,,#G! #44*! &5*1*! $%! +-%'#,+! 4#! $+3*4+))#! 9#(%7+&'#'#! $#4! 1#,4#9+('#,%&9*! +! %$+('%7%5#'#!5*9+!2(#!$+44+!5#2&+!$+4!'*'#4%'#,%&9*!+2,*1+*G!H#!1,+&*!5*,1*!2(#!'+($+()#!#44#!@Km?BPK"?mmKm?BPT!>T"!CK@"K\TPAK@?:\B0!B--+,*!#44#!',#&7*,9#)%*(+!%(!5*$%5+!&5,%''*G!5*('+(2'*!(+44+!5#,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%G!$+44+!1,#&&%!&-%4211#'+&%!(+4!&%&'+9#!1#,4#9+('#,+0!!=2+&'*!<+(+,%!$%! %('+,-+('*!(+44+!5*&'%'2)%*(%!N! ,%(',#55%#3%4+!1%[!5H+!#4',*-+!(+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! '+$+&5#!$+4!UYeYG! $*-+! #4! F#1*! $+4! d*-+,(*G! 5H%#9#'*! F#(5+44%+,+! 7+$+,#4+G! &%! #'',%32%&5+! 4#! 5+(',#4%'I! 1*4%'%5#0! ?4!F#(5+44%+,+! N! +4+''*! &2! 1,*1*&'#! $+4! C,+&%$+('+! 7+$+,#4+! 5*(! -*'#)%*(+! #! 9#<<%*,#()#G! 9#! &+()#! #452(#!$%&52&&%*(+G! $#44#! F#9+,#0! :+! O2+&'*! (*(! *''%+(+! 4#! 9#<<%*,#()#! 4#! F#9+,#! H#! Ue! <%*,(%! $%! '+91*! 1+,!+4+<<+,(+! 2(! #4',*! #!9#<<%*,#()#! #&&*42'#0! :+! +(',*! O2+&'*! '+,9%(+! (*(! -%+(+! ',*-#'#! 2(#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#G! %4!C,+&%$+('+!12b!5*(7+,9#,+!#44#!5#,%5#!$%!F#(5+44%+,+! %4!5#($%$#'*!1%[!-*'#'*!*112,+!&5%*<4%+,+! 4#!F#9+,#0!D(s#4',#! 1#,'%5*4#,%'I! N! O2+44#! $+44#! :X?>DF?K!FB:A@DAA?JKG! 5H+! 5*(&%&'+! (+44#! 1*&&%3%4%'I! 1+,! 4#!F#9+,#!1*4%'%5#!$%!&7%$25%#,+!2(!F#(5+44%+,+!&*4*!&+!5*('+&'2#49+('+!N! %(!<,#$*!$%!+4+<<+,+!#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#! 2(! &255+&&*,+0! C+,! O2+&'+! 1+524%#,%'I! 1+,! %($%5#,+! 4#! 7*,9#!$%! d*-+,(*! '+$+&5#! &%! 2&#! %4! '+,9%(+!FKPFT""?T@KAB0!!

4.3.2. Il sistema parlamentare e le sue varianti: maggioritario e compromissorio

!?4!CK@"K\TPAK@?:\B!\Kdd?B@?AK@?B!.*!#!C@TJK"TPmK!>T"!dBJT@PB6!&%!5#,#''+,%))#!1+,!4#!1,+&+()#!$%!2(!&%&'+9#!1*4%'%5*!3%1*4#,+G! 5*(!$2+!1#,'%'%!*!$2+!5*#4%)%*(%G! 7,#! 4*,*!#4'+,(#'%-%0!"+!+4+)%*(%!1+,9+''*(*!$%!$#,+!-%'#!#$!2(#!9#<<%*,#()#!1*4%'%5#G!%4!52%!4+#$+,!#&&29+!4#!5#,%5#!$%!C,%9*!\%(%&',*G!<*$+($*!O2%($%!$%!2(#!7*,'+!%(-+&'%'2,#!1*1*4#,+0!?4!d*-+,(*!H#!%4!&*&'+<(*!$+44#!9#<<%*,#()#!5H+!$%!,+<*4#!4*!&*&'%+(+!7%(*!#44#!7%(+!$+44#!4+<%&4#'2,#!.d*-+,(*!$%!4+<%&4#'2,#60!!?4! d*-+,(*! $%&1*(+! 5*&l! $+44s#11*<<%*! $+44#! 9#<<%*,#()#! 5H+! 12b! $%,%<+,+! 1+,! *''+(+,+! 4s#11,*-#)%*(+!1#,4#9+('#,+! $+%! $%&+<(%! $%! 4+<<+! 5H+! 1,*1*(+! .d*-+,(*! 5*9+! 5*9%'#'*! $%,+''%-*! $+4! C#,4#9+('*60! K44#!9#<<%*,#()#! &%! 5*(',#11*(+! %4! 1#,'%'*! *! 4#! 5*#4%)%*(+! $%! 1#,'%'%! 5H+! 5*&'%'2%&5+! 4sBCCB:?m?BPT!CK@"K\TPAK@T0!?4!&%&'+9#!&%!5*(',#$$%&'%(<2+!1+,!4#!1,#'%5#!$+44sK"AT@PKPmK!5%54%5#!$+%!1#,'%'%!(+%!,2*4%!$%!9#<<%*,#()#! +! $%! *11*&%)%*(+0! =2+&'*! 5*(5+''*! N! 5*&l! ,#$%5#'*! %(! dE! 5H+! N! &'#'*! %&'%'2)%*(#4%))#'*! %4!dKE?PTAAB!B\E@KG! 5*(',#11*&'*!#!O2+44*!<*-+,(#'%-*G! 5*91*&'*!$#%! 4+#$+,!$+&'%(#'%! $%-+(%,+!9%(%&',%! %(!5#&*!$%!,*-+&5%#9+('*!#4!&255+&&%-*!'2,(*!+4+''*,#4+0!!>%-+,&#!N!4#!&%'2#)%*(+!(+44+!&*5%+'I!$%-%&+!$#!7,#''2,+!1,*7*($+!(+44+!O2#4%!1+,!+-%'#,+!4s+&14*&%*(+!-%*4+('#!$%!5*(74%''%!+!4+!'+($+()+!$%&<,+<#',%5%G!$+-+!+&&+,+!,%5+,5#'*!4s#55*,$*!',#!4+!1#,'%!1*4%'%5H+!&244s%($%,%))*!+!4#!&2#!,+#4%))#)%*(+0!?(!'#4%!'%1%!$%!$+9*5,#)%#!&%!N!#$*''#'#!!2(#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!1#,4#9+('#,+!$%!'%1*!$%-+,&*G!5H+!1,+($+! %4! (*9+! $%! 1#,4#9+('#,%&9*! #! 1,+-#4+()#! $+4! C#,4#9+('*! *! #$$%,%''2,#! $%! 1#,4#9+('#,%&9*!5*91,*9%&&*,%*0!!

?4!CK@"K\TPAK@?:\B!K!C@TJK"TPmK!>T"!CK@"K\TPAB!N!5#,#''+,%))#'*!$#!2(!&%&'+9#!1*4%'%5*!5H+!*1+,#!&+<2+($*!2(!9*$24*!924'%1*4#,+0!:*(*!%!1#,'%'%!$*1*!4+!+4+)%*(%!#!5*(542$+,+!#55*,$%!#'',#-+,&*!52%!&%!7*,9#!4#!9#<<%*,#()#!1*4%'%5#!+!&%!%($%-%$2#!4#!5*91*&%)%*(+!$+4!d*-+,(*!+!4#!1+,&*(#!5H+!$*-,I!#&&29+,+!4#!5#,%5#!$%! 1,%9*! 9%(%&',*0! =2+&'*! '%1*! $%! &%&'+9#! 1#,4#9+('#,+! &%! 5#,#''+,%))#! 1+,! 4#! $+3*4+))#! +! 4s%(&'#3%4%'I! $+4!d*-+,(*G!9+(',+! 5,+&5+! %4! ,2*4*!$+4! C#,4#9+('*! 5*(! 52%! %4! d*-+,(*!1+,!9#('+(+,+! 4#! 7%$25%#!N! 5*&',+''*!#!5*(',#''#,+!%4!5*('+(2'*!$+44+!4+<<%0!!?(!5+,'%!&%&'+9%!4#!1,*5+$2,#!1#,4#9+('#,+!N!,+<*4#'#!%(!9*$*!'#4+!$#!7#-*,%,+!4#!,%5+,5#!$+4!5*91,*9+&&*!',#!9#<<%*,#()#! +! 9%(*,#()#0! ?(! O2+&'*! 5#&*! %4! &%&'+9#! 12b! +&&+,+! $+(*9%(#'*! CK@"K\TPAK@?:\B!FB\C@B\?::B@?B0!!

4.4.1. Presidenzialismo !"#!XB@\K!>?!dBJT@PB!C@T:?>TPm?K"T!N!O2+44#!%4!52%!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*L!#6 N!+4+''*!$#44s%('+,*!5*,1*!+4+''*,#4+!(#)%*(#4+M!36 (*(! 12b! +&&+,+! &7%$25%#'*! $#! 2(! -*'*! 1#,4#9+('#,+! $2,#('+! %4! &2*! 9#($#'*! 5H+! H#! 2(#! $2,#'#!1,+&'#3%4%'#M!

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4.7.1. La legislazione elettorale !P+44#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!+4+''*,#4+!5*(742%&5*(*!',+!$%-+,&+!5*91*(+('%L!#6 4+! (*,9+! 5H+! $+7%(%&5*(*! 4s#,+#! $+44#! F?AAK>?PKPmK! CB"?A?FKG! *&&%#! 4s%(&%+9+! $+44+! (*,9+! 5H+!&'#3%4%&5*(*!%!&*<<+''%!5H+!<*$*(*!$+44s+4+''*,#'*!#''%-*M!

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4.7.4. Disciplina delle campagne elettorali !?(!2(!&%&'+9#!$+9*5,#'%5*G!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!&5+4'#!$+44s+4+''*,+!+!4#!1#,%'I!$%!5H#(5+&!$+%!5#($%$#'%!5*&'%'2%&5*(*!1,%(5%1%! %,,%(2(5%#3%4%!.#,''0!eWS]g!$+44#!F*&'060!D(#!1#,'+!%91*,'#('+!$+44#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!+4+''*,#4+!$%!5*('*,(*!H#! 1,*1,%*! 4s*3%+''%-*! $%! $%&5%14%(#,+! 4#! 7#&+! 5H+! 1,+5+$+! 4#! -*'#)%*(+! -+,#! +! 1,*1,%#! 5*(! 4s*3%+''%-*! $%!#&&%52,#,+! 5H+! %4! -*'*! &%#! 4#! <+(2%(#! +&1,+&&%*(+! $+44#! &5+4'#! 1*1*4#,+! +! 4s+<2#<4%#()#! $%! *11*,'2(%'I! $+%!5#($%$#'%0!!

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4.7.8. Le elezioni del Parlamento europeo !"+!+4+)%*(%!$+4!C#,4#9+('*!+2,*1+*!&*(*!&-*4'+!#!1#,'%,+!$#4!UYVY!&244#!3#&+!$%! 4+<<%!+4+''*,#4%!$%-+,&+!1+,!5%#&52(*!:'#'*0!?(!%'#4%#!N!,+<*4#'*!$#44#!4+<<+!UW_VWG!2(%5*!+&+91%*!$%!(*,9#!+4+''*,#4+!#(5*,#!12,#9+('+!1,*1*,)%*(#4+0!?!&+<<%!#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!&*(*!,%1#,'%'%!&2!]!9#5,*S5%,5*&5,%)%*(%!%(!3#&+!#4!9+'*$*!$+4!O2*)%+('+!+!%!,+&'%!-+(<*(*!',#''#'%!5*(!%4!9+'*$*!$+%!,+&'%!1%[!#4'%0!!

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!

5.0. L’organizzazione costituzionale in italia !

5.1. La forma di governo: fiducia e maggioranza !"#!XB@\K!>?!dBJT@PB!?AK"?KPK!$+4%(+#'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!N!2(#!7*,9#!$%!dBJT@PB!CK@"K\TPAK@T!K!>TEB"T!@Km?BPK"?mmKm?BPT0!!"#! ,#)%*(#4%))#)%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+4! ,#11*,'*!$%! 7%$25%#! .#,'0!Ye6!N!$%,+''#!#!<#,#('%,+! 4#!:AKE?"?AKs!>T"!dBJT@PB0! "#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 5*('+914#! 4#!\Bm?BPT!>?! :X?>DF?KG! 1,+5%&#($*! 5H+! $+-+! +&&+,+!9*'%-#'#! +!-*'#'#! 1+,! KCCT""B!PB\?PK"T0! =2+&'s24'%9#! (*,9#! N! -*4'#! #$! %91+$%,+! 4s#)%*(+! $+%! 5*&%$$+''%! X@KPFn?!A?@KAB@?0!"#!&'+&&#!9*)%*(+!$+-+!+&&+,+!7%,9#'#!$#!#49+(*!U_Ug!$+%!$+12'#'%!+!(*(!12b!+&&+,+!9+&&#!%(!$%&52&&%*(+!1,%9#!5H+!&%#(*!',#&5*,&%!^!<%*,(%!$#44#!$#'#!$%!1,+&+('#)%*(+0!!?4! -*'*! 5*(',#,%*! $%! 2(#! $+44+! $2+! 5#9+,+! (*(! 5*91*,'#! 4#! &7%$25%#! .#,'0! Ye0e60! A2''#-%#! 4#! ,%5H%#9#'#!,#)%*(#4%))#)%*(+! $+44#! 7%$25%#! (*(! H#!9#%! *1+,#'*! +! O2%($%! (*(! H#! $#'*! #452(! 5*(',%32'*! #44#! &'#3%4%'I! $%!d*-+,(*G! %(! O2#('*! (+44s+&1+,%+()#! ,+12334%5#(#! 4+! 5,%&%! $%! d*-+,(*! &*(*! (#'+! (*(! <%I! #! &+<2%'*! $+44#!1,+&+('#)%*(+!$%!2(#!9*)%*(+!$%!&7%$25%#!3+(&l!#!5#2&#!$+44#!,*''2,#!$+<4%!#55*,$%!',#!%!1#,'%'%!5H+!$#-#(*!-%'#!#44#!9#<<%*,#()#!$%!<*-+,(*0!!"s*,$%(#9+('*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! (*(! 1,+-+$+! &*4'#('*! 4s%&'%'2'*! $+44#! &7%$25%#G! 9#! #(5H+! O2+44*! $+44#! 7%$25%#G!*--+,*! $+44#! 1#4+&+! #55+''#)%*(+! $#! 1#,'+! $+4! C#,4#9+('*! $+44s+&+52'%-*! (*9%(#'*! +(',*! Ug! <%*,(%! $#4! &2*!<%2,#9+('*!',#9%'+!-*'*!(*9%(#4+!.#,'0!Ye0^60!:%!5*(7%<2,#!2(#!\Kdd?B@KPmK!CB"?A?FK!5H+!(*(!N!1%[!&*4*!#,%'9+'%5#! #4! 7%(+! $+44+! -*'#)%*(%! 1#,4#9+('#,%G!9#! 2(#!9#<<%*,#()#! &'#3%4+! 5H+! &%! #<<,+<#! #''*,(*! #$!2(!$+'+,9%(#'*!%($%,%))*!1*4%'%5*!+!5H+!1+,'#('*!&%!%91+<(#!1*4%'%5#9+('+!#!,+#4%))#,4*0!!?(7#''%! 4#! F*&'0! 7#! +&14%5%'*! ,%7+,%9+('*! #! 2(#!\Bm?BPT!>?! X?>DF?K!9*'%-#'#G! %4! 5H+! 1,+7%<2,#! 2(! #55*,$*!1*4%'%5*!5*(!2(!%($%,%))*!1*4%'%5*G!+!#4!-*'*!(*9%(#4+!1#4+&+G!*--+,*!2(#!1,+5%&#!#&&2()%*(+!$%!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!$+%!&%(<*4%!1#,4#9+('#,%!+!$+%!<,211%!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$+4!5*,1*!+4+''*,#4+0!F*&l!%(!2(!C#,4#9+('*!$%!1#,'%'%G!5*9+!O2+44*! %'#4%#(*G! &%! 5,+#! 2(#! $%-%&%*(+! 7*($#9+('#4+! ',#! 4#! 9#<<%*,#()#! 1*4%'%5#! +! 4#! 9%(*,#()#! .*! 4+!9%(*,#()+6!5H+!1,+&211*(+!(+44#!&*&'#()#!5H+! %4! ,#11*,'*!$%! 7%$25%#! 4+<#! %4!d*-+,(*!&*4*!#44#!9#<<%*,#()#!1%2''*&'*!5H+!#44s%('+,*!C#,4#9+('*0!!"#!=DT:A?BPT!>?!X?>DF?K!12b!+&&+,+!1*&'#!$#!2(!<*-+,(*! %(!5#,%5#!&2!&2#! %(%)%#'%-#!,+4#'%-#9+('+!#!2(!>$"! 1+,! ,%5H%+$+,(+! 4s#11,*-#)%*(+! 1#,4#9+('#,+0! P+4! 5#&*! %4! >$"! 1*&'*! %(! -*'#)%*(+! 5*(! 4#! O2+&'%*(+! $%!7%$25%#!$*-+&&+!+&&+,+!3*55%#'*!$#4!C#,4#9+('*G!4*!&'+&&*!d*-+,(*!-+,,+33+!#2'*9#'%5#9+('+!&7%$25%#'*0!!

5.2. Trasformazione del sistema politico e della forma di governo !"#!,+#4'I!&*5%*S1*4%'%5#! %$+*4*<%))#'#!+!$%-%&#!<+*<,#7%5#9+('+!H#!$#'*!*,%<%(+!#$!2(!:?:AT\K!CB"?A?FB!K!\D"A?CK@A?A?:\B! T:K:CT@KABG! %('+($+($*&%! (*(! &*4*! 2(! +4+-#'*! (29+,*! $%! 1#,'%'%! 9#! #(5H+! 2(#!(*'+-*4+!$%&'#()#!1*4%'%5#! ',#! 4*,*0!T&%&'+-#!2(#! 5*(-+()%*(+! '#5%'#! .FBPJTPA?B!K>!TZF"D>TP>D\6G!1+,!+&+91%*G! 5H+! H#! +&542&*! 1+,! 9*4'%! #((%! '#42(%! 1#,'%'%! $#44#! 7*,9#)%*(+! $+%! <*-+,(%L! O2+%! 1#,'%'%! +&',+9%G!&244s2(#! +! &244s#4',#! #4#G! (*(! +,#(*! ,%'+(2'%! 2'%4%))#3%4%0! "+! 5#,#''+,%&'%5H+! $+4! &%&'+9#! 1*4%'%5*! %91+$%-#(*!4s#77+,9#)%*(+!$%!2(#!$+9*5,#)%#!9#<<%*,%'#,%#!+!,%5H%#9#-#(*!&+91,+!1%[!2(#!$+9*5,#)%#!5*(&*5%#'%-#0!!?(!O2+&'*!5*('+&'*L!#6 +,#(*! %91,#'%5#3%4%! &%#! 4#! $%(#9%5#! 3%1*4#,+! $+4! &%&'+9#! 1*4%'%5*G! 5*(! 4#! 5*(',#11*&%)%*(+!9#<<%*,#()#S9%(*,#()#G!&%#!4s%(-+&'%'2,#!1*1*4#,+!$%,+''#!$+4!d*-+,(*M!

36 +,#(*! +&542&%! $#44+!9#<<%*,#()+! %! $2+! 1*4%! +&',+9%M! %! <*-+,(%! &%! %91+,(%#-#(*! &+91,+! &244#! >F! #!5#2&#!$+44#!&2#! 7*,)#!1#,4#9+('#,+!+!$+44+!&2+!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+! %$+*4*<%5H+!+!&*5%#4%! '#4%!$#!,+($+,4#!5*91#'%3%4+!5*(!O2#4&%#&%!#4',*!1#,'%'*M!

56 4+! 9#<<%*,#()#! -+(%-#(*! 7*,9#'+! $*1*! 4#! 5*(&24'#)%*(+! +4+''*,#4+! +! 1*'+-#(*! 7%(%,+! 1+,! #'',#,,+!#(5H+!4sWgx!$+44+!7*,)+!1#,4#9+('#,%!5*(!2(#!(+''#!'+($+()#!5*(&*5%#'%-#M!

!K! 5#-#44*! ',#! 4#! 7%(+! $+<4%! #((%! sWg! +! %! 1,%9%! #((%! sYg! %4! &%&'+9#! 1*4%'%5*! N! 92'#'*0! F*(! %4! 5#99%(*! $%!2(%7%5#)%*(+!+2,*1+#!5*9%(5%#-#(*!#!7#,&%!&+('%,+!%!-%(5*4%!%('+,(#)%*(#4%!1+,!2(#!7%(#()#!12334%5#!t&#(#k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

5.3. La formazione della coalizione !"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 1,+-+$+! 5H+! 2(#!9#<<%*,#()#! <*-+,(%! %4! 1#+&+0! ?(! 2(! &%&'+9#! 142,%1#,'%'%5*! 5*9+! O2+44*!%'#4%#(*!(+&&2(!&%(<*4*!<,211*!1*4%'%5*!<*$+!$+44#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!$+%! &+<<%!#4!C#,4#9+('*G!O2%($%! 4#!9#<<%*,#()#!&#,I!(+5+&&#,%#9+('+!7*,9#'#!#'',#-+,&*!4s#55*,$*!',#!1%[!1#,'%'%!*--+,*!&#,I!2(#!FBK"?m?BPT0!!C+,'#('*!%4!d*-+,(*!5H+!&%!3#&#!&244#!7%$25%#!$%!2(s2(%5#!7*,)#!1*4%'%5#!&%!5H%#9+,I!dBJT@PB!\BPBFB"B@TG!&2!1%[!7*,)+!1*4%'%5H+!',#!4*,*!5*#4%))#'+!dBJT@PB!>?!FBK"?m?BPT0!!>%-+,&*! N! &+! 4+! FBK"?m?BP?! &*(*! 5*&'%'2%'+! >KJKPA?! K"! FB@CB! T"TAAB@K"T! *112,+! %(! :T>T!CK@"K\TPAK@T0!!

5.4. Le crisi di governo !"#!F@?:?!>?!dBJT@PB!5*(&%&'+!(+44#!1,+&+('#)%*(+!$+44+!$%9%&&%*(%!$+4!d*-+,(*! 5#2&#'+!$#44#! ,*''2,#!$+4!,#11*,'*! $%! 7%$25%#! ',#! %4! d*-+,(*! $#! 2(#! 1#,'+! +$! %4! C#,4#9+('*! $#44s#4',#0! A,#$%)%*(#49+('+! &%! &2*4+!$%&'%(<2+,+! 4+! F@?:?! CK@"K\TPAK@?! $#44+! F@?:?! TZA@KSCK@"K\TPAK@?0! "+! 1,%9+! &*(*! 9*'%-#'+!$#44s#11,*-#)%*(+!$%!2(#!9*)%*(+!$%! &7%$25%#!*!$#44#!9#(5#'#!#11,*-#)%*(+!$+44#! 7%$25%#!+!&*(*!O2%($%!#''%!<%2,%$%5#9+('+! *334%<#'*,%0! "+! &+5*($+! &*(*!9*'%-#'+! $#44+! -*4*('#,%+! $%9%&&%*(%! $+44s+&+52'%-*! 1+,! ,#<%*(%!%('+,(+!#44#!9#<<%*,#()#!5H+!4*!&*&'%+(+0!:%9%4+!N!%4!5#&*!$+44+!$%9%&&%*(%!$+4!&*4*!C,+&%$+('+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*0!!P+44#!&'*,%#!,+12334%5#(#!%'#4%#(#!4#!9#<<%*,!1#,'+!$+44+!5,%&%!&*(*!&'#'+!+/',#S1#,4#9+('#,%G!5%*N!5*(&29#'+!#4!$%!72*,%!$+4!$%3#''%'*!12334%5*!1#,4#9+('#,+0!C+,!*--%#,+!O2+&'#!9#(5#()#!$%!',#&1#,+()#!1*4%'%5#G!#!1#,'%,+!$#<4%! #((%! sWg! 5%! 72! %4! '+('#'%-*! $#! 1#,'+! $+%! C,+&%$+('%! $+44#! @+12334%5#! $+7%(%'*! $+44#!CK@"K\TPAK@?mmKm?BPT!>T""T!F@?:?0!B--+,*!$+44s*334%<*!1+,!%4!<*-+,(*!-*4*('#,%#9+('+!$%9%&&%*(#,%*!$%!1,+&+('#,&%!#!2(#!$+44+!$2+!5#9+,+!1+,!9*'%-#,+!4#!&2+!&5+4'+0!!"s#&&+()#! $%! 1,#&&%! +! 5*(-+()%*(%! 5H+! #&&%52,%(*! 2(! 5+,'*! <,#$*! $%! $2,#'#! #44+! 5*#4%)%*(%! %(742%&5+! &244#!:AKE?"?AKs!>T"!dBJT@PB0!?4!1*'+,+!$+%!1#,'%'%!$%!,+5+$+,+!$#<4%!#55*,$%!$%!9#<<%*,#()#!#1,+($*!4#!5,%&%!H#!$+'+,9%(#'*!4#!(*'+-*4+!%(&'#3%4%'I!$+%!<*-+,(%!%'#4%#(%0!!K(5H+!&+!(*(!+&14%5%'#9+('+!1,+-%&'*!$#4!',#''#'*!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+!.#,'0!Ye!1#,4#!$%!&7%$25%#!#44s%('+,*!<*-+,(*6G!4#!1,#&&%!1#,4#9+('#,+!H#!7%(%'*!1+,!#55+''#,+!4#!1*&&%3%4%'I!$+44#!:X?>DF?K!?P>?J?>DK"T!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$%!2(!&%(<*4*!9%(%&',*0!!

5.5. Il Governo !?4! dBJT@PB! N! 2(! *,<#(*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 5*914+&&*! 7*,9#'*! $#4! C,+&%$+('+! $+4! F*(&%<4%*! $+%! \%(%&',%! +!$#44s*,<#(*! 5*44+<%#4+!F*(&%<4%*! $+%!\%(%&',%0! ?4! d*-+,(*! +&+,5%'#! 2(#! O2*'#! ,%4+-#('+! $+44s#''%-%'I! $%! %($%,%))*!1*4%'%5*G!$+44#!72()%*(+!+&+52'%-#!*4',+!5H+!#!1*'+,%!(*,9#'%-%0!!

B4',+! #%! $+4%5#'%! +O2%4%3,%! &2! 52%! &%! ,+<<+! 4#! 7*,9#!$%! <*-+,(*G! #4',%! 7#''*,%! %(! <,#$*!$%! %(742+()#,(+! ,2*4*! +!72()%*(%!&*(*L!

• 4#!&1%('#!-+,&*!%4!$+5+(',#9+('*G!*!7+$+,#4%&9*G!*!&2&&%$%#,%+'IM!• 4#!'+($+()#!#!,%$2,,+!4#!1,+&+()#!12334%5#!(+44s+5*(*9%#!$%!9+,5#'*M!• %4!',#&7+,%9+('*!$%!%91*,'#('%!72()%*(%!+5*(*9%5H+!#4!4%-+44*!5*92(%'#,%*!$+44#!DTM!

!

5.5.1. Le regole giuridiche del Governo !!?4!$%-+,&*!#''+<<%#,&%!$+4!,2*4*!$+4!d*-+,(*G!+!$+44+!&2+!9*$#4%'I!$%!7*,9#)%*(+!+!$%!72()%*(#9+('*G!N!&'#'*!,+&*!1*&&%3%4+!$#44s+4#&'%5%'I!$+44#!$%&5%14%(#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!5H+!4*!,%<2#,$#L!

• 7*,9#)%*(+!$+4! <*-+,(*G! #,''0! Yc0cG! Y^!+! YeL!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!(*9%(#! %4! C,+&%$+('+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!+!%!9%(%&',%G!O2+&'%!24'%9%!&2!%($%5#)%*(+!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*0!"s%('+,*!d*-+,(*!<%2,#!(+44+!9#(%!$+4!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*!+$!+(',*!Ug!<%*,(%!&%!1,+&+('#!#44+!5#9+,+!1+,!*''+(+,+!4#!7%$25%#0!"#!7%$25%#!N!#55*,$#'#!+!,+-*5#'#!9+$%#('+!9*)%*(+!9*'%-#'#!-*'#'#!1+,!#11+44*!(*9%(#4+M!

• &',2''2,#G!#,'0!Yc0UL!5%'#!&*4'#('*!<4%!*,<#(%!<*-+,(#'%-%!(+5+&&#,%G!*--+,*!C,+&%$+('+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!+!\%(%&',%!5H+!#&&%+9+!$#((*!-%'#!#4!F*(&%<4%*!$+%!\%(%&',%G!(*(!+&542$+($*!1*&&#(*!+&&+,(+!5,+#'%!#4',%0!d4%!*,<#(%!<*-+,(#'%-%!(*(!(+5+&&#,%! &*(*G!1+,!+&+91%*G! 4#!J%5+S1,+&%$+()#!$+4!F*(&%<4%*G! %!9%(%&',%!&+()#!1*,'#7*<4%*G!%!&*''*&+<,+'#,%!$%!:'#'*G!%!5*9%'#'%!%('+,9%(%&'+,%#4%!+!%4!F*(&%<4%*!$%!<#3%(+''*M!

• 72()%*(#9+('*G!#,'0!Y]L!%4!O2#4+!,%(-%#!1*%!#44#!"TddT!:D""sB@>?PK\TPAB!>T""K!C@T:?>TPmK!>T"!FBP:?d"?B! >T?! \?P?:A@?! #11,*-#'#! &*4#9+('+! (+4! UYWW! .4+<<+! egg_WW6! +! 24'+,%*,9+('+!,+<*4#9+('#'#!5*(!%4!>0"<&0!^gg!+!^g^!$+4!UYYYM!

• ,#11*,'%!5*(!4#!CKG!#,''0!Y]G!YV!+!YWM!!

5.5.2. Unità e omogeneità del Governo !?4!1,*34+9#!5,25%#4+!$+4!&%&'+9#!1#,4#9+('#,+!N!5*9+!#&&%52,#,+!4s2(%'I!+$!*9*<+(+%'I!$+4!<*-+,(*0!?(!'#4+!&%&'+9#!%4!d*-+,(*!&%!5*(7%<2,#!5*9+!2(!&*<<+''*!1*4%'%5#9+('+!2(%'#,%*G!,+&1*(&#3%4+!1*4%'%5#9+('+!(+44#!&2#!2(%'I!1+,! 4s%($%,%))*!1*4%'%5*!5H+!&+<2+!+!5#1#5+!$%!$#,+!#''2#)%*(+!5*+,+('+!#!'#4+! %($%,%))*G!&%#!(+44s#''%-%'I!5H+!(+%!,#11*,'%!5*(!<4%!#4',%!*,<#(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!!C+,!+-%'#,+!4#!1*&&%3%4%'I!5H+!%4!&%&'+9#!&%!+-*4-+&&+!(+44#!$%,+)%*(+!$%!2(!<*-+,(*!7*,'+G!%!5*&'%'2+('%!1,+-%$+,*!5H+!.#,'0!Y]6L!U0 %4!C,+&%$+('+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!$%,%<+!4#!1*4%'%5#!<+(+,#4+!$+4!d*-+,(*!+!(+!N!,+&1*(&#3%4+M!c0 %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+4! F*(&%<4%*! 9#('%+(+! 4s2(%'I! $+44s%($%,%))*! 1*4%'%5*! +$! #99%(%&',#'%-*! $+4! d*-+,(*G!1,*92*-+($*!+!5**,$%(#($*!4s#''%-%'I!$+%!9%(%&'+,%M!

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5.5.3. La formazione del Governo !"#!7*,9#)%*(+!$+4!d*-+,(*!(+44+!$+9*5,#)%+!142,#4%&'%5H+!12b!#--+(%,+!&+5*($*!9*$#4%'I!$%-+,&+!,%5*($25%3%4%!#!$2+!'%1%L!

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5.5.5. La lista dei ministri, la nomina e il giuramento !X%(*! #! O2#($*! 4#! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! H#! *1+,#'*! &244#! 3#&+! $%! 5*#4%)%*(%! 7*,9#'+! $*1*! 4+! +4+)%*(%G! 4s#''%-%'I!$+44s%(5#,%5#'*!N!&'#'#!+&&+()%#49+('+!2(s#''%-%'I!$%!9+$%#)%*(+!',#!%!1#,'%'%G!52%!&1+''#-#!%4!1*'+,+!&*&'#()%#4+!%(! *,$%(+! #44#! 7*,9#)%*(+! $+44#! 5*#4%)%*(+G! #44#! &5+4'#! $+%! 9%(%&',%! +$! #44s%($%-%$2#)%*(+! $+%! 5*('+(2'%!7*($#9+('#4%! $+4! 1,*<,#99#! $%! d*-+,(*G! &-2*'#($*! &*&'#()%#49+('+! $+4! 1,*1,%*! 5*('+(2'*! 4s#,'0! Yc! $+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!T&#2,%'#! 4s#''%-%'I! $+44s%(5#,%5#'*! +! 7*,9#'#! 4#! 4%&'#! $+%!9%(%&',%G! %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! PB\?PK! 5*(!1,*1,%*! $+5,+'*! %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+4! F*(&%<4%*! +! O2%($%G! &2! 1,*1*&'#! $%! O2+&'s24'%9*G! %! 9%(%&',%0! T(',*! ce! *,+!.9+$%#9+('+6!%!(*9%(#'%!1,+&'#(*!d?D@K\TPAB!(+44+!9#(%!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#0!!F*(! %4! <%2,#9+('*! %4! d*-+,(*! N! %99+&&*! (+44s+&+,5%)%*! $+44+! 1,*1,%+! 72()%*(%G! %(! #''+&#! $+44#! 7%$25%#!1#,4#9+('#,+0! A+*,%5#9+('+! (+4! 4#&&*! $%! '+91*! 5H+! ',#&5*,,+! ',#! %4! 1,%9*! +! %4! &+5*($*! +-+('*G! %4! d*-+,(*!$*-,+33+!4%9%'#,&%!#$!#''%!$%!*,$%(#,%#!#99%(%&',#)%*(+G!5*9+!&+!&%!',#''#&&+!$%!2(!<*-+,(*!2&5+('+0!!

5.5.6. I rapporti tra gli organi del Governo !C+,! <#,#('%,+! 4s2(%'I! +! 4s*9*<+(+%'I! $+4! d*-+,(*G! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 7#! 4+-#! &244#! 5*91+'+()#! 5*44+<%#4+! $+4!F*(&%<4%*! $+%! \%(%&',%! #! $+'+,9%(#,+! 4#! 1*4%'%5#! <+(+,#4+! $+4! d*-+,(*! .C@?PF?C?B! FB""Td?K"T6! +! &244#!5*91+'+()#!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!#!$%,%<+,+!O2+&'#!1*4%'%5#!+!9#('+(+,+!4s2(%'I!$+44s%($%,%))*!1*4%'%5*!+!#99%(%&',#'%-*G!1,*92*-+($*!+!5**,$%(#($*!4s#''%-%'I!$+%!9%(%&',%!.C@?PF?C?B!\BPBF@KA?FB60!!?4! ,%&1+''%-*! 3%4#(5%#9+('*! $%! O2+&'%! $2+! 1,%(5%1%! N! -*4'*! #! 5*(',#&'#,+! <4%! +55+&&%! $%! #2'*(*9%#!#2'*,+7+,+()%#4+! $+%! 9%(%&',%! .+! 9%(%&'+,%6G! &#4-#<2#,$#($*(+! 5*92(O2+! 4+! 5*91+'+()+! 1,*1,%+0! "#!5*&'%'2)%*(+!%($%-%$2#!+&14%5%'#9+('+!&*4*!O2+&'%!&',29+('%!1+,!%4!,#<<%2(<%9+('*!$%!O2+&'*!7%(+L!

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5.5.7. L’unità dell’indirizzo politico e amministrativo (L. 400/88) !F*(! 4#! 4+<<+! egg_WW! &%! H#! 4#! 1,%9#! ,#)%*(#4%))#)%*(+! $+<4%! &',29+('%! $%! <#,#()%#! $+44s2(%'I! 1*4%'%5#! +!#99%(%&',#'%-#!$+4!d*-+,(*L!U6 5*(5+(',#)%*(+!$+44+!$+5%&%*(%!,+4#'%-+!#44#!1*4%'%5#!<+(+,#4+!$+4!d*-+,(*!(+4!F*(&%<4%*!$+%!\%(%&',%!u!4+!1%[! %91*,'#('%L! #6! 5*(74%''%! $%! #'',%32)%*(+M! 36! %(%)%#'%-#! $+44#! 7%$25%#M! 56! %91+<(%! 1,*<,#99#'%5%M! $6!>$"M! +6! $+5,+'%! 4+<<+! +! 4+<%&4#'%-%! +! ,+<*4#9+('%M! 76! #)%*(%! 5*(',*! #4',%! +('%! $+44*! :'#'*M! <6! 1*4%'%5#!%('+,(#)%*(#4+!+!',#''#'%!9%4%'#,%M!H6!,#11*,'%!5*(!4#!,+4%<%*(+M!%6!4+!(*9%(+!$%!-#4+()#!(#)%*(#4+M!

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!

5.5.8. La Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri !C+,! 4*! &-*4<%9+('*! $+%! &2*%! 5*91%'%! %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+4! F*(&%<4%*! $%&1*(+! $%! 2(#! &',2''2,#! #99%(%&',#'%-#! $%!&211*,'*G! 5%*N! 4#! C@T:?>TPmK! >T"! FBP:?d"?B! >T?! \?P?:A@?0! K44#! 1,+&%$+()#! &*-,#%('+($+! 2(!:Td@TAK@?KAB!dTPT@K"T0!!

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!

5.5.10. Gli strumenti per l’attuazione dell’indirizzo !"+! 4%(++! <+(+,#4%! $+44s%($%,%))*! 1*4%'%5*! +! #99%(%&',#'%-*! $%! d*-+,(*! &*(*! +&1,+&&+! (+4! C@Bd@K\\K! >?!dBJT@PB0!C+,!#''2#,+!%4!&2*!%($%,%))*!%4!d*-+,(*!H#!#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!2(#!9*4'+14%5%'I!$%!&',29+('%!<%2,%$%5%L!#6 4#!$%,+)%*(+!$+44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!&'#'#4+M!36 %!1*'+,%!$%!5*($%)%*(#9+('*!$+44#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!$+4!C#,4#9+('*!,%<2#,$*!4#!1,*<,#99#)%*(+!$+%!4#-*,%M!

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!

5.5.11. Settori della politica governativa !J%!&*(*!#452(%!&+''*,%!$+44s%($%,%))*!1*4%'%5*!5H+!7*,9#(*!*<<+''*!$%!$%&5%14%(+!<%2,%$%5H+!1#,'%5*4#,%!+$!%(!52%!&%!&-%4211#(*!1,#&&%! 5H+! &*&'#()%#49+('+! 5*(5+(',#(*!(+4!d*-+,(*! %4! 1*'+,+! $+5%&%*(#4+0! :*''*! O2+&'*! 1,*7%4*!9+,%'#(*!$%!+&&+,+!,%5*,$#'%L!#6 4#!CB"?A?FK!>?!E?"KPF?B!T!X?PKPm?K@?K0!=2+&'*!%($%,%))*!7#!5#1*!#4!\?P?:AT@B!>T""sTFBPB\?K!T!>T""T!X?PKPmTM!

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!

5.5.12. Gli organi ausiliari !d4%!B@dKP?!KD:?"?K@?!&*(*!O2+<4%!*,<#(%!52%!&*(*!#'',%32%'+!72()%*(%!$%!#2&%4%*!(+4!5*(7,*('%!$%!#4',%!*,<#(%G!4+!O2#4%! &*(*!1,+-#4+('+9+('+! ,%5*($25%3%4%! #! 5*91%'%! $%! %(%)%#'%-#G!$%! 5*(',*44*! +! 5*(&24'%-%0!d4%! *,<#(%!1,+-%&'%!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&*(*L!#6 %4!FBP:?d"?B!PKm?BPK"T!>T""sTFBPB\?K!T!>T"!"KJB@B!.#,'0!YY!+!%(!#''2#)%*(+!4+<<+!Y^h_Wh6!N!5*91*&'*!$%!+&1+,'%!+!$%!,#11,+&+('#('%!$+44+!5#'+<*,%+!1,*$2''%-+!%(!9%&2,#!5H+!'+(<#(*!5*('*!$+44#!4*,*!%91*,'#()#!(29+,%5#!+!O2#4%'#'%-#0!?!F*91*(+('%!$+4!FPT"!&*(*!UUU!*4',+!#4!C,+&%$+('+G!$%!52%!Uc! ,#11,+&+('#('%! $+4! 9*($*! #55#$+9%5*! +! YY! $+44+! 5#'+<*,%+! 1,*$2''%-+0! :*(*! (*9%(#'%! $#4!C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! &2! %($%5#)%*(+! $+4! F$\! +! $2,#(*! %(! 5#,%5#! ]! #((%0! "#! 4+<<+! Y^h_Wh!#'',%32%&5+!#4!FPT"!4#!5*(&24+()#!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$+4!d*-+,(*!+!$+44+!F#9+,+!+!4s%(%)%#'%-#!4+<%&4#'%-#!%(!9#'+,%#!+5*(*9%5#!&*5%#4+M!

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!

5.6. Il Parlamento, la sua struttura e il bicameralismo perfetto !"#!&',2''2,#!$+4!C#,4#9+('*!12b!+&&+,+!3%5#9+,#4+!*!9*(*5#9+,#4+0!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!%'#4%#(#!H#!*1'#'*!1+,!4#!1,%9#! #4'+,(#'%-#G! 4#! F#9+,#! $+%! >+12'#'%! +! %4! :+(#'*! $+44#! @+12334%5#0! "#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! .#,''0! ]]SWc6! H#!*1'#'*!1+,!2(!E?FK\T@K"?:\B!CT@XTAAB!.*!1#,%'#,%*6G! 5*(!$2+!F#9+,+!$*'#'+!$+44+!9+$+&%9+! 72()%*(%G!#-+('%! 4%+-%&&%9+! $%77+,+()+! &',2''2,#4%! +$! H#! 1,+-%&'*! 2(! 4%+-%&&%9*! u! +! -#<*! u! #<<#(5%*! $+4! :+(#'*! #4!'+,,%'*,%*!,+<%*(#4+!.#,'0!]V60!!F%#&52(#! F#9+,#! 12b! -*'#,+! 4#! 7%$25%#! u! *! 4#! &7%$25%#! u! .#,'0! Ye6G! 9#! +(',#93+! $+33*(*! +&1,%9+,&%! &24!9+$+&%9*!'+&'*!1+,5H`!%4!C#,4#9+('*!4*!#11,*-%!.#,'0!Vg6L!

• t"#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!N!+&+,5%'#'#!5*44+''%-#9+('+!$#44+!$2+!F#9+,+kM!!"+! $%77+,+()%#)%*(%! 1,%(5%1#4%! ,%&%+$*(*! (+44#! 5*91*&%)%*(+G! &%#! (29+,%5#! .F#9+,#! h^gG! :+(#'*! ^U]6! &%#!O2#4%'#'%-#!.7%(*!#!]!&+(#'*,%!#!-%'#!$%!(*9%(#!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#G!#49+(*!eg!#((%!$%!#()%#(%'I!1+,! +&&+,+! +4+''%! &+(#'*,%G! ce! $+12'#'*! +! c]! 1+,! -*'#,+! %! &+(#'*,%G! UW! %! $+12'#'%60! "#! $2,#'#! $+44#!"Td?:"KAD@K!N!4#!9+$+&%9#G!*--+,*!]!#((%0!!?4! ,%&24'#'*!$%!O2+&'#! %91*&'#)%*(+!$+4!3%5#9+,#4%&9*!1#,%'#,%*!N! 4s#11+&#('%9+('*!$+4!1,*5+&&*!$+5%&%*(#4+!1#,4#9+('#,+0!!

5.6.1. Il Parlamento in seduta comune !"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! H#! 1,+-%&'*! #(5H+! %4! CK@"K\TPAB! ?P! :T>DAK! FB\DPTG! *--+,*! 2(! *,<#(*! 5*44+<%#4+!5*91*&'*!$#!'2''%! %!1#,4#9+('#,%!1+,!4*!&-*4<%9+('*!$%!#452(+!1#,'%5*4#,%! 72()%*(%0!Ts!5*(&%$+,#'*!2(!*,<#(*!%91+,7+''*G! 1+,5H`! (*(! 1#$,*(+! $+4! 1,*1,%*! *,$%(+! $+4! <%*,(*! +! -%+(+! %(7#''%! ,%2(%'*! 1+,! &1+5%7%5%! 5*91%'%!$+7%(%'%!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+L!U6 4s+4+)%*(+!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!.52%!1#,'+5%1#(*!#(5H+!%!$+4+<#'%!$+44+!@+<%*(%6M!c6 4s+4+)%*(+!$+%!]!<%2$%)%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%M!^6 4s+4+)%*(+!$%!2(!'+,)*!$+%!5*91*(+('%!%4!F:\M!e6 4#! -*'#)%*(+! $+44s+4+(5*! $+%! 5%''#$%(%! $#4! O2#4+! &%! &*,'+<<%#(*! %! 9+93,%! t#<<,+<#'%k! #44#! F*,'+!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+!1+,!<%2$%5#,+!&244+!#552&+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%M!

]6 4#!9+&&#!%(!&'#'*!$%!#552&#!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!,+12334%5#M!!Ts!1,+&%+$2'*!$#4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!F#9+,#!+!-%!&%!#114%5#!%4!9+$+&%9*!,+<*4#9+('*0!!

5.6.2. I regolamenti e il ruolo del Parlamento !A#('*! 4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+! %('+,(#! $+4! C#,4#9+('*! O2#('*! 4*! &-*4<%9+('*! $+44+! &2+! 72()%*(%! ',*-#(*! 4#! 4*,*!$%&5%14%(#! 7*($#9+('#4+! (+4! '+&'*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +! (+%! ,+<*4#9+('%! 1#,4#9+('#,%0! K! O2+&'%! 24'%9%! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+9#($#! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! $+4! 72()%*(#9+('*! %('+,(*! $%! 5%#&52(#! F#9+,#! +! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! $+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!4+<%&4#'%-*0!!F%#&52(#!F#9+,#!#$*''#!%4!1,*1,%*!,+<*4#9+('*!#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!$+%!&2*%!9+93,%0!!

5.6.3. L’organizzazione interna delle Camere: Presidenti e Uffici di Presidenza

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C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! F#9+,#! 1,+&%+$+! %4! C#,4#9+('*! %(! &+$2'#! 5*92(+G! %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+4! :+(#'*! &2114%&5+! %4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!#%!&+(&%!$+44s#,'0!Wh!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!T(',#93%!$+-*(*!+&&+,+!&+('%'%!$#4!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*!1,%9#!$%!1,*5+$+,+!#44*!&5%*<4%9+('*!$+44+!F#9+,+0!!:255+&&%-#9+('+! #44s+4+)%*(+! $+%! C,+&%$+('%G! 4+! F#9+,+! 1,*--+$*(*! #44s+4+)%*(+! $+%! -%5+S1,+&%$+('%G! $+%!$+12'#'%!+!&+(#'*,%!O2+&'*,%!+!$+%!&+<,+'#,%G!5H+!5*&'%'2%&5*(*!4sD77%5%*!$%!C,+&%$+()#0!!

5.6.4. I gruppi parlamentari !D(!,2*4*!7*($#9+('#4+!(+44s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!$%!5%#&52(#!5#9+,#!N!&-*4'*!$#%!d@DCC?!CK@"K\TPAK@?0!B--+,*!4+!2(%*(%!$+%!9+93,%!$%!2(#!F#9+,#!5H+!&%!5*&'%'2%&5*(*!5*(!2(!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!&'#3%4+!+!$%&5%14%(#!$%!<,211*0!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&%!4%9%'#!(+<4%!#,''0!Vc!+!Wc!#!&'#3%4%,+!5H+!4+!5*99%&&%*(%!$+-*(*!,%&1+55H%#,+!4#!5*(&%&'+()#!$+%!<,211%!1#,4#9+('#,%!(+44#!F#9+,#!$%!,%7+,%9+('*0!!T(',*! 1*5H%! <%*,(%! $#44s%(&+$%#9+('*! $+44+! F#9+,+! '2''%! %! 1#,4#9+('#,%! $+-*(*! $%5H%#,#,+! %4! <,211*! 52%!%('+($*(*!#11#,'+(+,+0!=2+%!1#,4#9+('#,%! 5H+!(*(!#$+,%&5*(*!#$!#452(!<,211*!1#,4#9+('#,+!5*(742%&5*(*!(+4!d@DCCB!\?:AB0!!A#4+!$%&5%14%(#!&%!&1%+<#!#44#!425+!$+4!,2*4*!7*($#9+('#4+!5H+!H#((*!%!<,211%!1#,4#9+('#,%!(+4!72()%*(#9+('*!$+4! C#,4#9+('*0! =2+&'s24'%9*! 1%[! 5H+! 2(! *,<#(*! 7*,9#'*! $#%! &%(<*4%! 1#,4#9+('#,%G! 5*9+! #--+(%-#!(+44sB''*5+('*G! N! 2(s%&'%'2)%*(+! 5H+! &%! 3#&#! 1+,! %4! &2*! 72()%*(#9+('*! &244#! $%9+(&%*(+! 5*44+''%-#G!,#11,+&+('#'#!$#%!<,211%!1#,4#9+('#,%0!K49+(*!5*(!$2+!,%&24'#'%L!U6 ,#77*,)#,+!%4!5*44+<#9+('*!',#!%!1#,'%'%!+!%4!C#,4#9+('*M!c6 &#4-#<2#,$#,+!4s+77%5%+()#!$+5%&%*(#4+!$+4!C#,4#9+('*M!

!?(! O2+&'#! 1,*&1+''%-#! &%! %(&+,%&5*(*! 4+! 1,+-%&%*(%! ,+<*4#9+('#,%! 5H+! #'',%32%&5*(*! 1*'+,%! &%<(%7%5#'%-%! #%!1,+&%$+('%!$+%!<,211%!1#,4#9+('#,%L!#6 %!1,+&%$+('%!$+%!<,211%!$#((*!-%'#!#44#!FBPXT@TPmK!>T?!C@T:?>TPA?!>T?!d@DCC?!CK@"K\TPAK@?!5H+!H#!1*'+,%!$+'+,9%(#('%!&244s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!$+%!4#-*,%!$+44sK&&+934+#M!

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56 #4! <,211*! N! #'',%32%'*! %4! 1*'+,+! $%! $+&%<(#,+! %! 9+93,%! 5H+! 7#,#((*! 1#,'+! $+44+! 5*99%&&%*(%!1#,4#9+('#,%M!

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5.6.5. Commissioni parlamentari e Giunte !"+! FB\\?::?BP?! CK@"K\TPAK@?! &*(*! *,<#(%! 5*44+<%#4%! 5H+! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! 1+,9#(+('%! *! '+91*,#(+%G!9*(*5#9+,#4%!*!3%5#9+,#4%0!"#!5*&'%'2)%*(+!&%#!$+44+!d%2('+!5H+!$+44+!F*99%&&%*(%!$+-+!#--+(%,+!%(!9*$*!$#!,%&1+55H%#,+!4#!1,*1*,)%*(+!$+%!-#,%!<,211%!1#,4#9+('#,%0!!"+!5*99%&&%*(%!1#,4#9+('#,%!'+91*,#(++!.#,'0!Wc!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+6!#&&*4-*(*!5*91%'%!&1+5%7%5%!+!$2,#(*!%(!5#,%5#!%4!'+91*!&'#3%4%'*!1+,!4s#$+91%9+('*!$+44#!4*,*!1#,'%5*4#,+!72()%*(+0!"+!5*99%&&%*(%!1+,9#(+('%!&*(*!%(-+5+! *,<#(%! (+5+&&#,%! $%! 5%#&52(#! F#9+,#G! '%'*4#,%! $%! %91*,'#('%! 1*'+,%! (+44s#93%'*! $+4! 1,*5+$%9+('*!4+<%&4#'%-*0!T&+,5%'#(*!72()%*(%!$%!%($%,%))*G!5*(',*44*!+!%(7*,9#)%*(+!#(5H+!%(!&+$+!5*(&24'%-#0!!F%#&52(#!5*99%&&%*(+!1+,9#(+('+!H#!5*91+'+()#!%(!2(#!$+'+,9%(#'#!9#'+,%#0!!"+! FB\\?::?BP?! E?FK\T@K"?! &*(*! 7*,9#'+! %(! 1#,'+! +<2#4+! $#! ,#11,+&+('#('%! $+44+! $2+! F#9+,+0! "#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! 1,+-+$+! +&1,+&&#9+('+! 2(#! &*4#! 5*99%&&%*(+! 3%5#9+,#4+! .#,'0! Uch6L! O2+44#! 1+,! 4+! O2+&'%*(%!,+<%*(#4%G!9*$%7%5#'#!$#44#!,%7*,9#!$+4!A%'*4*!J!$+4!cggU0!

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!

5.6.6. Il funzionamento del Parlamento: durata e regole decisionali !"#!$2,#'#! %(!5#,%5#!$+44+!$2+!F#9+,+!N!1#,%!#!]!#((%0!"#!&'+&&#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$+!5H+! 4+! 72()%*(%!$+44#!F#9+,#!$+%!$+12'#'%!+!$+4!:+(#'*!1*&&#(*!+&&+,+!+&+,5%'#'+!#(5H+!#4!$%!4I!$+4!'+,9%(+!$%!&5#$+()#!(+4!5#&*!$+44#!1,*,*<#'%*!.#,'0!hU0c6!*!$+44#!1,*,*<#!5*(!4+<<+!.#,'0!hg0c6!$%&1*&'#!&*4*!%(!5#&*!$%!<2+,,#0!!"#!C@B@BdKA?B!N!2(!%&'%'2'*!%(!-%,'[!$+4!O2#4+!4s*,<#(*!&5#$2'*!(*(!5+&&#!$%!+&+,5%'#,+!4+!&2+!72()%*(%!7%(*!#!O2#($*!(*(!&%!&%#!1,*--+$2'*!#4!&2*!,%((*-*0!!C+,! 4#! JK"?>?AKs! >T""T! :T>DAT! $+4! C#,4#9+('*! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%5H%+$+! 4#!9#<<%*,#()#! $+%! 5*91*(+('%G!5%*N!&%<(%7%5#!5H+!%4!(29+,*!4+<#4+!.O2*,29!&',2''2,#4+6!$+44#!&+$2'#!&%!,#<<%2(<+!5*(!4#!1#,'+5%1#)%*(+!#44#!&'+&&#!$+44#!9+'I!1%[!2(*!$+%!$+12'#'%!*!$+%!&+(#'*,%0!C+,!4#!JK"?>?AKs!>T""T!>T"?ET@Km?BP?!N!,%5H%+&'#G!&#4-*!$%-+,&+!1,+-%&%*(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%G!4#!9#<<%*,#()#!$+%!1,+&+('%!.O2*,29!72()%*(#4+60!!?! ,+<*4#9+('%! $%! F#9+,#! +! :+(#'*! $+''#(*! $%&1*&%)%*(%! $%77+,+('%! 5%,5#! %4! 5*912'*! $+44+! K:ATP:?BP?0! K44#!F#9+,#! &*(*! 5*912'#'%! #%! 7%(%! $+4! (29+,*! 4+<#4+G! 9#! &*(*! 5*(&%$+,#'%! (*(! 1,+&+('%! (+4! 5*912'*! $+44#!9#<<%*,#()#!,%5H%+&'#!1+,!4s#11,*-#)%*(+0!K4!:+(#'*!5H%!N!%('+()%*(#'*!#$!#&'+(+,&%!&%!#44*('#(#!7%&%5#9+('+!$#44s#24#G!5*&l!$#!,#<<%2(<+,+!2(!,%&24'#'*!#(#4*<*!#!O2+44*!*''+(2'*!#44#!F#9+,#0!!?(! *,$%(+! #44+! 9*$#4%'I! $%! -*'*G! 4#! ,+<*4#! <+(+,#4+! N! O2+44#! $+4! JBAB! CK"T:TG! 4s+55+)%*(+! N! %4! JBAB!:Td@TAB0!!C+,!,+<*4#!<+(+,#4+!4+!&+$2'+!$+44+!F#9+,+!&*(*!12334%5H+0!!

5.6.7. Le prerogative parlamentari !F*(! 4s+&1,+&&%*(+! C@T@BdKA?JT! CK@"K\TPAK@?! &%! 7#! ,%7+,%9+('*! #<4%! %&'%'2'%G! 5H+! %(! $+,*<#! #4! $%,%''*!5*92(+G!9%,#(*!#!&#4-#<2#,$#,+!%4!4%3+,*!+!*,$%(#'*!+&+,5%)%*!$+44+!72()%*(%!1#,4#9+('#,%G!1*(+($*4+!#4!,%1#,*!$#%!5*($%)%*(#9+('%!5H+!#4',%!1*'+,%!$+44*!:'#'*!1*',+33+,*!+&+,5%'#,+0!"+! 1,+,*<#'%-+! (*(! &*(*! 1,%-%4+<%! $+%! &%(<*4%G! 9#! <#,#()%+! $+44s%($%1+($+()#! $+4! C#,4#9+('*G! 5*(! 4#!5*(&+<2+()#!5H+!&*(*!%,,%(2(5%#3%4%!+!%($%&1*(%3%4%!$#!1#,'+!$+4!&%(<*4*!1#,4#9+('#,+0!!"s#,'0!hW!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$+!$2+!$%&'%('%!%&'%'2'%L!U6 4s?P:?>KFKE?"?AKs!%(!O2#4&%#&%!&+$+!.1+(#4+G!5%-%4+G!$%&5%14%(#,+6!1+,!4+!*1%(%*(%!+&1,+&&+!+!%!-*'%!$#'%!(+44s+&+,5%)%*!$+44+!72()%*(%!1#,4#9+('#,%M!

c6 4s?\\DP?AKs! CTPK"TG! %(! -%,'[! $+44#! O2#4+! %4! 1#,4#9+('#,+! (*(! 12b! +&&+,+! &*''*1*&'*! #! 9%&2,+!,+&',%''%-+! $+44#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+! *! $*9%5%4%#,+! &+()#! 4#! 1,+-%#! #2'*,%))#)%*(+! $+44#! F#9+,#! $%!#11#,'+(+()#M!

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5.6.8. Gli interna corporis !"+! 1,+,*<#'%-+! $+%! 1#,4#9+('#,%! &%! 7*($#(*! &244s+&%<+()#! $%! <#,#('%,+! 4s#2'*(*9%#! +! 4s%($%1+($+()#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+44+!F#9+,+0!B<(%!F#9+,#!N!O2%($%!$*'#'#!$%!KDABPB\?K!PB@\KA?JKG!$%!KDABPB\?K!FBPAKE?"TG!+!$%!KDAB>?Fn?KG!*&&%#!$+44#!<%2,%&$%)%*(+!+&542&%-#!1+,!5%b!5H+!,%<2#,$#!%!,%5*,&%!,+4#'%-%!#%!,#11*,'%!$%!4#-*,*!5*(!%!$%1+($+('%0!!"#!9+$+&%9#! +&%<+()#! &'#! #44#! 3#&+! $+4! 1,%(5%1%*! $%! %(&%($#5#3%4%'I! $+<4%! ?PAT@PK! FB@CB@?:! KFAKG! 5H+!5*(&%&'+!(+44#!&*'',#)%*(+!#!O2#4&%#&%!5*(',*44*!+&'+,(*!$+<4%!#''%!+!$+%!1,*5+$%9+('%!5H+!&%!&-*4<*(*!#44s%('+,(*!$+44+!#&&+934++!1#,4#9+('#,%0!!

5.6.9. La funzione legislativa del Parlamento !"s#,'0!Vg!$+44#!F*&'0!#77+,9#!5H+!t4#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!N!+&+,5%'#'#!5*44+''%-#9+('+!$#44+!$2+!F#9+,+k0!d4%!#,'%5*4%!$#4!VU!#4!Ve!$+&5,%-*(*!4#!9*$#4%'I!5*(!52%!-%+(+!+&+,5%'#'#!4#!72()%*(+0!!"#! =DT:A?BPT! >?! X?>DF?K! 12b! +&&+,+! 1*&'#! &2! O2#4&%#&%! $+4%3+,#)%*(+! ',#((+! O2+44+! ,+4#'%-+! #4!72()%*(#9+('*!%('+,(*!$+44+!F#9+,+!&'+&&+0!F*(!4s#11,*-#)%*(+!$+44#!O2+&'%*(+!$%!7%$25%#!&2!2(!1,*--+$%9+('*G!-%+(+!5*(7+,9#'#!4#!7%$25%#!#44s+&+52'%-*G!-%+(+! $+4%3+,#'*! %4! '+&'*! $+4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! +! -+(<*(*! ,+&1%('%! #2'*9#'%5#9+('+! '2''%! <4%! +9+($#9+('%!1,+&+('#'%!#4!'+&'*0!F*&l! 4#!O2+&'%*(+!$%!7%$25%#!$%-+('#!#(5H+!2(!+&1+$%+('+!1+,!#55+4+,#,+!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!1#,4#9+('#,+0!!

5.6.10. La funzione parlamentare di controllo !"#!XDPm?BPT!CK@"K\TPAK@T!>?!FBPA@B""B!&%!5*(5,+'%))#! %(!&%(<*4%! %&'%'2'%!$%!$%,%''*!1#,4#9+('#,+! %4!52%!5*92(+! $+(*9%(#'*,+! N! O2+44*! $%! +&&+,+! $%,+''%! #! 7#,! -#4+,+! 4#! ,+&1*(&#3%4%'I! 1*4%'%5#! $+4! d*-+,(*! (+%!5*(7,*('%!$+4!C#,4#9+('*L!

• 4s?PAT@@BdKm?BPT!N!2(#!$*9#($#!5H+!2(!1#,4#9+('#,+!,%-*4<+G!1+,!%&5,%''*G!#4!d*-+,(*!#-+('+!#$!*<<+''*!4#!-+,%$%5%'I!*!9+(*!$%!2(!$+'+,9%(#'*!7#''*M!

• (+44s?PAT@CT""KPmK!4s%('+,1+44#('+!5H%+$+G!1+,!%&5,%''*G!$%!5*(*&5+,+!O2#4+!&%#!4s%('+()%*(+!1*4%'%5#!$+4!d*-+,(*G! %(! ,%7+,%9+('*! #! 2(! 7#''*! *! #! 2(#! $+'+,9%(#'#! &%'2#)%*(+G! $#'+! u! O2+&'+! 24'%9+! u! 1+,!&5*('#'+M!

!?!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%!$%&1*(<*(*!5H+!%4!d*-+,(*!12b!$%5H%#,#,+!$%!(*(!1*'+,!,%&1*($+,+!u!9*'%-#($*!u!*112,+! 12b! $%77+,%,+! 4#! ,%&1*&'#G! %($%5#($*! 4#! $#'#! +(',*! 52%! 7*,(%,I! 2(#! ,%&1*&'#0! "s%('+,,*<#)%*(+! 12b!5H%+$+,+!$%!,%5+-+,+!,%&1*&'#!&5,%''#0!!P+4! 5*,&*! $+<4%! #((%! sWg! &*(*! &'#'+! %(',*$*''+! (+4! (*&',*! *,$%(#9+('*! 4+! ?PAT@@BdKm?BP?! K! @?:CB:AK!?\\T>?KAK0!:%! ',#''#!$%! %('+,,*<#)%*(%!#-+('%!#$!*<<+''*!2(#! &*4#!$*9#($#! 4#!O2#4+! 7#! ,%7+,%9+('*!#$!2(!#,<*9+('*!$%!,%4+-#()#!<+(+,#4+G!2,<+('+!+!$%!1#,'%5*4#,+!#''2#4%'I!1*4%'%5#0!!

5.6.11. Atti parlamentari di indirizzo !?!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%!1,+-+$*(*!$+<4%!#''%!5H+!9%,#(*!#!%($%,%))#,+!4s#''%-%'I!$+4!d*-+,(*L!

• 4#!\Bm?BPT!12b!+&&+,+!1,+&+('#'#!$#!2(!1,+&%$+('+!$%!<,211*!*!$#!Ug!$+12'#'%!*!$#!W!&+(#'*,%0!?4!7%(+! N! O2+44*! $%! $+'+,9%(#,+! 2(#! $%&52&&%*(+! +! 2(#! $+4%3+,#)%*(+! &2! O2+&'%*(%! 5H+! %(5%$*(*!&244s#''%-%'I!$%!d*-+,(*M!

• 4#!@?:B"Dm?BPT!12b!+&&+,+!1,*1*&'#!#(5H+!%(!5*99%&&%*(+0!n#!5*9+!7%(+!O2+44*!$%!9#(%7+&'#,+!2(!*,%+('#9+('*!*!2(!%($%,%))*0!"#!,%&*42)%*(+!#4!1#,%!$+44#!9*)%*(+!5*($%)%*(#!4s%($%,%))*!<*-+,(#'%-*0!

!

5.6.12. Le inchieste parlamentari !"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!#'',%32%&5+!#!5%#&52(#!F#9+,#!4#!7#5*4'I!$%!%&'%'2%,+!FB\\?::?BP?!>s?PFn?T:AK!&2!9#'+,%+!$%!12334%5*!%('+,+&&+G!5*(!1*'+,%!+!4%9%'%!$+44s#2'*,%'I!<%2$%)%#,%#!.#,'0!Wc!F*&'060!!"s*<<+''*!$+44s%(5H%+&'#!$+-+!,%<2#,$#,+!2(#!t9#'+,%#!$%!12334%5*!%('+,+&&+k0!"s%($#<%(+!12b!+&&+,+!1#,#44+4#!#!O2+44#!$+44#!9#<%&',#'2,#!*,$%(#,%#!+!(*(!-+(<*(*!+&542&+!5*44#3*,#)%*(%0!"#!5*(542&%*(+!$+44#!5*99%&&%*(+!(*(!N!1+,b!2(!<%2$%)%*G!9#!&*4'#('*!2(#!,+4#)%*(+0!B!9+<4%*!1%[!,+4#)%*(%G!2(#! $%! 9#<<%*,#()#! +! 2(#! *! 1%[! $%! 9%(*,#()#0! "#! 5*99%&&%*(+! $s%(5H%+&'#! 12b! 1*,,+! %4! :Td@TAB!XDPm?BPK"T!&244s%($#<%(+!*!&2!2(#!1#,'+G!,%9#,5#($*!#(5*,#!4s#2'*(*9%#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+44+!F#9+,+0!!"#!5*99%&&%*(+!$s%(5H%+&'#!N!7*,9#'#!%(!9*$*!$#!,%&1+55H%#,+!4#!1,*1*,)%*(+!1#,4#9+('#,+!+!%('+<,#'#G!(+44#!1,#&&%G!$#44#!,#11,+&+('#'%-%'I!%(!9*$*!'#4+!5H+!'2''%!%!<,211%!&%#(*!1,+&+('%0!!

5.6.13. Parlamento e Comunità europea !"s#11#,'+(+()#!$+44s%'#4%#!#44#!F*92(%'I!T2,*1+#G!1*(+!#4!C#,4#9+('*!$2+!7*($#9+('#4%!+&%<+()+L!

• 4#!1,%9#!N!O2+44#!$%!,+5+1%,+!4+!$%,+''%-+!5*92(%'#,%+!%(!'+91%!,#<%*(+-*4%G!+-%'#($*!$%!$+'+,9%(#,+!4#!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!$+44*!:'#'*!1+,!4#!9#(5#'#!%99%&&%*(+!(+44s*,$%(#9+('*!%('+,(*M!

• 4#!&+5*($#!N!#-+,+!5*<(%)%*(+!$+<4%!%($%,%))%!+2,*1+%!&2%!<,#($%!'+9%!+!$+%!1,*<+''%!$%!#''*!(*,9#'%-*!1,%9#!5H+!+&&%!&%#(*!#11,*-#'%!$#<4%!*,<#(%!5*92(%'#,%M!

!"#!4+<<+!Wh_UYWY!.50$0!4+<<+!"#!C+,<*4#6!H#!%(',*$*''*!2(*!&',29+('*!#((2#4+G!4#!"TddT!FB\DP?AK@?K!1+,!,+5+1%,+!4+!$%,+''%-+!5H+!(*(!1,+&+('#(*!1#,'%5*4#,%!$%77%5*4'I!$%!#''2#)%*(+0!C+,!4+!#4',+!%4!,+5+1%9+('*!#--%+(+!',#9%'+!4+<<+!#$!H*50!!"#!4+<<+!5*92(%'#,%#!1,+-+$+!$2+!5#(#4%!$%!,+5+1%9+('*L!

• %4!,+5+1%9+('*!%99+$%#'*!#'',#-+,&*!$%&1*&%)%*(%!5*('+(2'+!(+44#!&'+&&#!4+<<+!5*92(%'#,%#M!• 4#! $+4+<#! #4!d*-+,(*G! O2#($*!*55*,,+! 1,+$%&1*,,+! 2(#!(*,9#'%-#! $%! 1#,'%5*4#,+! 5*914+&&%'I! 5*(! %4!1#,+,+!$+44+!5*99%&&%*(%!1#,4#9+('#,%!5*91+'+('%M!

• 4s#2'*,%))#)%*(+!#4!d*-+,(*!#$!#''2#,+!%(!-%#!,+<*4#9+('#,+!4+!$%,+''%-+M!!?4! ,+<*4#9+('*! $+44#! F#9+,#! H#! %&'%'2%'*! 2(#! :T::?BPT! FB\DP?AK@?K! %(! 9*$*! $#! #77,*('#,+!5*('+&'2#49+('+! %!1,*34+9%!$+4!,+5+1%9+('*!+! 4+!O2+&'%*(%!$%! %($%,%))*!&244#!7*,924#)%*(+!$+%!1,*--+$%9+('%!5*92(%'#,%0!!

5.6.14. Il processo di bilancio: finanza pubblica nella costituzione !"#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44+!+(',#'+!+!O2+44#!$+44#!&1+&#!5*&'%'2%&5*(*!%!$2+!#&1+''%!$+44#!7%(#()#!12334%5#0!T(',#93%!%!1,*7%4%!7*,9#(*!*<<+''*!$%!2(s+&&+()%#4+!$%&5%14%(#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!C+,!O2#('*!5*(5+,(+!4+!+(',#'+!&*(*!&'#3%4%'%!$2+!1,%(5%1%!7*($#9+('#4%0!!?4! 1,%9*! N! O2+44*! &+5*($*! 52%! t'2''%! &*(*! '+(2'%! #! 5*(5*,,+,+! #44+! &1+&+! 12334%5H+! %(! ,#<%*(+! $+44#! 4*,*!5#1#5%'I! 5*(',%32'%-#0! ?4! &%&'+9#! ',%32'#,%*! N! %(7*,9#'*! #! 5,%'+,%! $%! 1,*<,+&&%-%'Ik! .#,'0! ]^! $+44#! F*&'060! F%b!&%<(%7%5#!5H+!4s?\CB:?m?BPT!X?:FK"T!(*(!N!1,*1*,)%*(#4+!#4!,+$$%'*G!9#!C@Bd@T::?JK0!=2+&'*!&%<(%7%5#!5H+!4#!1+,5+('2#4+!$%!,+$$%'*!1,+4+-#'#!$#4!7%&5*!5,+&5+!#4!5,+&5+,+!$+4!,+$$%'*0!!"s#4',*!1,%(5%1%*!7*($#9+('#4+!N!O2+44*!$+44#!,%&+,-#!$%! 4+<<+!&+5*($*!52%!t(+&&2(#!1,+&'#)%*(+!1+,&*(#4+!*!1#',%9*(%#4+!12b!+&&+,+!%91*&'#!&+!(*(!%(!3#&+!#44#!4+<<+k!.#,'0!c^!$+44#!F*&'060!!

5.6.15. Il processo di bilancio: spesa pubblica !?(!9#'+,%#!$%!&1+&#!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1*(+!#452(%!7*($#9+('#4%!1,%(5%1%L!

#6 %(!1,%9*!42*<*!&'#3%4%&5+!5H+!*<(%!#((*!%4!d*-+,(*!,+$%<+!2(!3%4#(5%*!1,+-+('%-*G!5H+!%4!C#,4#9+('*!$+-+!#11,*-#,+!5*(!4+<<+!.#,'0!WU0U60!?4!E?"KPF?B!C@TJTPA?JB!N!2(!$*529+('*!5*('#3%4+!(+4!O2#4+!-+(<*(*!,#11,+&+('#'+!4+!+(',#'+!+!4+!2&5%'+!&244#!3#&+!$+44+!4+<<%!<%I!#11,*-#'+G!&+()#!4#!1*&&%3%4%'I!$%! 5*('#3%4%))#,+! (2*-+! +(',#'+! *! (2*-+! 2&5%'+0! :+5*($*! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! .#,'0! WU0^6! 4#! 4+<<+! $+4!1#,4#9+('*!5*(!52%!N!#11,*-#'*!%4!3%4#(5%*!(*(!12b!&'#3%4%,+!(2*-%!',%32'%!*!(2*-+!&1+&+0!"#!4+<<+!$%!#11,*-#)%*(+! $+4! 3%4#(5%*! 5*91*,'#! 2(! -%(5*4*! <%2,%$%5*! #! 5#,%5*! $+4! d*-+,(*0! P+4! 5#&*! %(! 52%! %4!C#,4#9+('*! (*(! #,,%-%! #$! #11,*-#,+! %4! 3%4#(5%*! 1,+-+('%-*! +(',*! %4! ^U! $%5+93,+G! %4! C#,4#9+('*! 12b!#2'*,%))#,+! %4! d*-+,(*! #! ,%5*,,+,+! #44sT:T@F?m?B! C@BJJ?:B@?B0! "#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 7%&&#! %(! e!9+&%! 4#!$2,#'#!9#&&%9#!$+44s+&+,5%)%*!1,*--%&*,%*!.#,'0!WU0c60!

36 "#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$%&5%14%(#! 4#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+!5H+!1,+-+$+!(2*-+!&1+&+L!*<(%! 4+<<+!5H+! %91*,'%!(2*-+!+!9#<<%*,%! &1+&+! t$+-+! %($%5#,+! %!9+))%! 1+,! 7#,-%! 7,*('+k! .#,'0! WU0e60! =2+&'#! $%&1*&%)%*(+! %(',*$25+!4sBEE"?dB!>?!FBCT@AD@K!>T""T!"Tdd?!>?!:CT:K0!C+,!+-%'#,+!$%!%((#4)#,+!4#!1,+&&%*(+!7%&5#4+!+!1+,!<#,#('%,+!4#!5*1+,'2,#!#44+!&1+&+G!4*!:'#'*!12b!7#,!,%5*,&*!#44s?P>TE?AK\TPAB!>T"!AT:B@B!>T""B!:AKAB!',#9%'+!4s+9%&&%*(+!$%!*334%<#)%*(%0!F*(!4#!(*,9#'%-#!&244#!7%(#()#!12334%5#!$+44sDT!5H+!12('#!#$!+-%'#,+!$%&#-#()%!$%!3%4#(5%*!+55+&&%-%!4#!1*4%'%5#!$+44+!*334%<#)%*(%!H#!&23%'*!2(!#,,+&'*0!"#!FT!H#!&'#3%4%'*!5H+!2(!$%&#-#()*!(*(!N!+55+&&%-*!+!O2%($%!4#!7%(#()#!12334%5#!N!&#(#!&+L!#6!%4!$%&#-#()*!(*(!&21+,#!4#!&*<4%#!$+4!^x!&24!C?"!+!36!%4!$+3%'*!12334%5*!(*(!&21+,#!4#!&*<4%#!$+4!hgx!$+4!C?"0!

!

5.6.16. Il processo di bilancio: crisi fiscale e razionalizzazione !"s#,'0!WU!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1*(+!%!1,+5+''%!+&&+()%#4%!&244#!>TF?:?BPT!>?!E?"KPF?BG!1*%!5*914+'#'%!$#!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+0!!P+4!$%3#''%'*!&244#!1,*<,#99#)%*(+!$+<4%!#((%! shg!+!sVg!N!+9+,&#!4s+&%<+()#!$%!2(*!&',29+('*!$%!1*4%'%5#!+5*(*9%5#!+!7%&5#4+!5H+!5*(&+('%&&+!%4!,%+&#9+!$+44+!$+5%&%*(%!$%!&1+&#!1+,!5*(7*,9#,4+!#<4%!*3%+''%-%!$%!1*4%'%5#!+5*(*9%5#0!!"#!,%7*,9#!$+44#!5*('#3%4%'I!$+4!UYVW!H#!%(',*$*''*!4#!"TddT!X?PKPm?K@?K!1+,!4#!,%5*(&%$+,#)%*(+!<4*3#4+!$+%!742&&%!7%(#()%#,%!$%!52%!1*'+-#!+&&+,+!5*,,+''*!4s#($#9+('*0!"#! 4+<<+! 7%(#()%#,%#! N! $%&+<(#'#! 5*9+! 2(! &',29+('*! 1*'+()%#49+('+! *9(%5*91,+(&%-*G! 5*(! %4! 5*91%'*! $%!$%&',%32%,+!4+!,%&*,&+!(2*-+!1+,!%4!72'2,*!+!$%!,#)%*(#4%))#,+!&5+4'+!1#&&#'+G!4%3+,#!O2%($%!$%!1,*$2,,+!O2#42(O2+!+77+''*!7%(#()%#,%*0!!

5.6.17. Il processo di bilancio: il contenuto tipico della finanziaria !"#!1,+*5521#)%*(+!1+,!%!4%9%'%!$+44#!5,+&5%'#G!1+,!4s%(5+,'+))#!&244+!,%&*,&+!72'2,+!1+,!&*&'+(+,+!4*!:'#'*!&*5%#4+!+!4#!(+5+&&%'I!$%!5*('+(+,+!4s+&1#(&%*(+!$+44#!&1+&#!12334%5#G!H#!1*,'#'*!#44s#33#($*(*!$+44#!4+<<+!7%(#()%#,%#!*9(%5*91,+(&%-#0!"+!(*-+44+!$+4!UYWW!+!$+4!UYYY!$#((*!(2*-#!#,'%5*4#)%*(+!#4!5%54*!$+4!3%4#(5%*L!

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• 5*(&%$+,#'*! 5H+! 4#! "TddT! X?PKPm?K@?K! N! 2(! 1,*5+$%9+('*! 1,%-%4+<%#'*! 5*(! '+91%! ,%<*,*&#9+('+!&5#($%'%G!*($+!+-%'#,+!5H+!1*'+&&+!5*('+(+,+!#(5H+!$+4%3+,#)%*(%!$%-+,&+!$#!O2+44+!$%!3%4#(5%*G! &%!N!1,+5%&#'*!%4!5*('+(2'*!'%1%5*!$+44#!4+<<+M!

• #! 5*914+'#9+('*! $+44#!9#(*-,#! 5sN! 2(! E?"KPF?B! C"D@?TPPK"TG! #11,*-#'*! 5*(! #11*&%'*! #,'%5*4*!$+44#!4+<<+!$%!3%4#(5%*!5H+!+&1*(+!&+1#,#'#9+('+!#6!4s#($#9+('*!$+44+!+(',#'+!+!$+44+!&1+&+!%(!3#&+!#44#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!-%<+('+!+!36!4#!1,+-%&%*(+!&244s#($#9+('*!$+44+!+(',#'+!+!$+44+!&1+&+!'+(+($*!5*('*!$+<4%!%('+,-+('%!1,*<,#99#'%!(+4!>CTXM!

!

5.6.18. Il processo di bilancio: legge e regolamento parlamentare !?4!5*,12&!$+44#!(*,9#'%-#!,+<*4#9+('#,+!N!&+<(#'*!$#!^!7*($#9+('#4%!$%,+'',%5%L!

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• %4!,2*4*!1,+9%(+('+!$+44#!5*99%&&%*(+!3%4#(5%*M!• %!'+91%!5+,'%!$+44#!1,*5+$2,#!2(%'%!#%!4%9%'%!&24!5*('+(2'*!$+44#!4+<<+M!

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5.6.19. Il processo di bilancio: verifica della copertura !:%!N!&'#3%4%'#!5*(!4#!&*-,#11*&%)%*(+!$+44+!(*,9#'%-+!2(#!1+,&%&'+('+!#&%99+',%#!',#!4+!,+<*4+!5H+!&*(*!&'#'+!1*&'+!1+,!&5#($%,+!4#!&+&&%*(+!$%!3%4#(5%*!+!%!9+55#(%&9%!,%&5*(',*!&244#!5*1+,'2,#!$+44+!4+<<%!$%!&1+&#0!?(7#''%!1+,!4#!$+5%&%*(+!$%!3%4#(5%*!4+!1,*5+$2,+!1#,4#9+('#,%!&*(*!5*(7*,9#'+!&244+!4%(++!<2%$#!5*('+(2'+!(+4!>CTX0!P*(!5*&l!12b!$%,&%!1+,! 4+!,+<*4+!&244#!5*,,+''#!O2#('%7%5#)%*(+!+!5*1+,'2,#!$+<4%!*(+,%! 7%(#()%#,%!$+44+!(2*-+!4+<<%!$%!&1+&#0!K!*<<%!4#!-%*4#)%*(+!$+44#!4%(++!$+4!>CTX!1+,!4#!5*1+,'2,#!$%!2(#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!12b!+&&+,+!&#()%*(#'#!%(!C#,4#9+('*!&*4*!(+4!5#&*!%4!d*-+,(*!+!4#!9#<<%*,#()#!%('+($#(*!7#,4*0!!@+&'#(*! 5*92(O2+! %! -%(5*4%! +&'+,(%L! %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! %(! &+$+! $%! 1,*924<#)%*(+G! 4#! F*,'+! $+%!F*('%! +! 4#! F*,'+! F*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 1*&&*(*! #-+,+! *55#&%*(+! $%! ,%5H%#9#,+! 4+! F#9+,+! #4! ,%&1+''*! $+44s#,'0! WU0e!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!

5.7. Presidente della Repubblica

5.7.1. Capo dello Stato e forma di governo !P+%! &%&'+9%! 1#,4#9+('#,%! %4! FKCB! >T""B! :AKAB! 12b! #&&29+,+! ,2*4%! 1*4%'%5*S5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! $%77+,+('%G! 5H+!*&5%44#(*! ',#! %! $2+! +&',+9%! $+44s*,<#(*! $%! <#,#()%#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +! $+44s*,<#(*! <*-+,(#('+0! "#! $%-+,&%'I! $%!,2*4*!N!$*-2'#!#44+!$%77+,+()+!$%!$%&5%14%(#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!+$!#%!5#,#''+,%!$+4!&%&'+9#!1*4%'%5*0!!"#!,#)%*(#4%))#)%*(+!$+4!1#,4#9+('#,%&9*!*1+,#'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!%'#4%#(#!H#!1,+-%&'*!.'%'*4*!??!1#,'!?G!#,''0!W^!&&06!2(!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#G!$%&'%('*!+!#2'*(*9*!$#4!d*-+,(*G!$*'#'*!$%!1*'+,%!1,*1,%G! 5H+!N!t%4!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*!+!,#11,+&+('#!4s2(%'I!(#)%*(#4+k!.#,'0!WV0U60!\#!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!(*(!$%5+!O2#4+!$+-+!+&&+,+!%4!5*914+&&%-*!,2*4*!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#G!4%9%'#($*&%L!#6 #! 7%&&#,+! #452(+! 5#,#''+,%&'%5H+! $+44s*,<#(*G! *--+,*! 4*! &<#(5%*! $#44#! 9#<<%*,#()#! 1#,4#9+('#,+! +!4s#91%#!,#11,+&+('#'%-%'IM!

36 #$!#'',%32%,<4%!#452(%!1*'+,%0!?!1%[!%91*,'#('%L!(*9%(#,+!%4!C$FG!&5%*<4%+,+!#('%5%1#'#9+('+!4+!F#9+,+G!,%(-%#,+!4+!4+<<%!+!(*9%(#,+!#452(+!5#,%5H+M!

56 #!1*,,+!&%52,%! 4%9%'%!#44s+&+,5%)%*!$+<4%! &'+&&%!1*'+,%G! 5H+!5*(&%&'*(*!1,%(5%1#49+('+!(+44s*334%<*!5H+! %!&2*%! #''%! &%#(*! 5*(',*7%,9#'%! .#,'0! WY6!$#4!d*-+,(*G! 5H+!O2%($%! +&+,5%'#!2(! 5*(',*44*! &24!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*! 5H+! (*(! 12b! O2%($%! #<%,+! %(! '*'#4+! 5*(',#11*&%)%*(+! #44#! 9#<<%*,#()#G! +! $#44#! 7%$25%#!1#,4#9+('#,+!#%!<*-+,(%G!5H+!(*(!1*&&*(*!O2%($%!$%-+(%,+!t1,+&%$+()%#4%kM!

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!

5.7.2. Elezione del Presidente della Repubblica !?4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! N! +4+''*! $#4! C#,4#9+('*! %(! &+$2'#! 5*92(+G! %('+<,#'*! $#%! $+4+<#'%! ,+<%*(#4%!+4+''%! $#%! ,%&1+''%-%! F*(&%<4%! .^! 1+,! 5%#&52(#! @+<%*(+G! U! 1+,! 4#! J#44+! $sK*&'#6! %(! 9*$*! $#! <#,#('%,+! 4#!,#11,+&+('#()#!$+44+!9%(*,#()#!.#,'0!W^0U!F*&'060!"#!1,+&+()#!$+%!$+4+<#'%!,+<%*(#4%!$*-,+33+!,#77*,)#,+! 4#!5#,#''+,%))#)%*(+!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!,+12334%5#!5*9+!t,#11,+&+('#('+!$+44s2(%'I!(#)%*(#4+k!.#,'0!WV60!!?! ,+O2%&%'%! 1+,! +&&+,+! +4+''*! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! &*(*! %($%5#'%! $#44s#,'0! We! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+L!5%''#$%(#()#! %'#4%#(#G! 5*91%9+('*! $+4! ]gv! #((*!$%! +'I! +$! %4! <*$%9+('*! $+%! $%,%''%! 5%-%4%! +! 1*4%'%5%0! ?(*4',+! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$%&1*(+!4s%(5*91#'%3%4%'I!$+44s277%5%*!$%!C,+&%$+()#!5*(!O2#4&%#&%!#4',#!5#,%5#0!!K44s+4+)%*(+! &%! 1,*5+$+! 1+,! %(%)%#'%-#! $+4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! F#9+,#! 5H+G! ^g! <%*,(%! 1,%9#! $+44#! &5#$+()#! $+4!9#($#'*! 1,+&%$+()%#4+G! 5*(-*5#! %4! C#,4#9+('*! %(! &+$2'#! 5*92(+! +! %! $+4+<#'%! ,+<%*(#4%! 1+,! 4s+4+)%*(+! $+4!(2*-*!C,+&%$+('+!.#,'0!W]0c60!K(#4*<#!%(%)%#'%-#!N!#&&2('#!$#4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!F#9+,#!+(',*!U]!<%*,(%!(+44+!%1*'+&%!$%!%91+$%9+('*!1+,9#(+('+G!9*,'+!*!$%9%&&%*(%!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!.#,'0!Wh0c60!!P+4! 5#&*! %(! 52%! 4+! F#9+,+! &%#(*! &5%*4'+! *! 9#(5H%(*! 9+(*! $%! ^! 9+&%! #44#! 4*,*! 5+&&#)%*(+G! 4s+4+)%*(+! $+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!#--%+(+!+(',*!U]!<%*,(%!$#44#!,%2(%*(+!$+44+!(2*-+!5#9+,+!.#,'0!W]0^60!!"s+4+)%*(+! $+4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! #--%+(+! #! &5,2'%(%*! &+<,+'*! +! 5*(! 4#! 9#<<%*,#()#! $+%! c_^!$+44sK&&+934+#M!$*1*!%4!'+,)*!&5,2'%(%*!N!,%5H%+&'#!&*4*!4#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#0!?4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!1,+&'#! <%2,#9+('*! #4! C#,4#9+('*! %(! &+$2'#! 5*92(+0! ?4! 9#($#'*! 1,+&%$+()%#4+! $+5*,,+! $#44#! $#'#! $+4!<%2,#9+('*!+!$2,#!1+,!2(!1+,%*$*!$%!V!#((%0!K44+!$%1+($+()+!+&542&%-+!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!N!1*&'#!2(#!&',2''2,#!#99%(%&',#'%-#G!5H%#9#'#!:Td@TAK@?KAB!dTPT@K"T!>T""K!C@T:?>TPmK!>T""K!@TCDEE"?FK0!!"#!5+&&#)%*(+!$+44#!5#,%5#!1,+&%$+()%#4+!#--%+(+!1+,L!

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5.7.3. La controfirma ministeriale !"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&'#3%4%&5+!5H+!t(+&&2(!#''*!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!N!-#4%$*!&+!(*(!N!5*(',*7%,9#'*!$#%! \%(%&',%! 1,*1*(+('%! 5H+! (+! #&&29*(*! 4#! ,+&1*(&#3%4%'Ik! +$! #<<%2(<+! 5H+! t<4%! #''%! 5H+! H#((*! -#4*,+!4+<%&4#'%-*!+!<4%! #4',%! %($%5#'%! $#44#! 4+<<+! &*(*! 5*(',*7%,9#'%! #(5H+!$#4!C,+&%$+('+! $+4!F*(&%<4%*!$+%!\%(%&',%k!.#,'0!WY60!!"#!FBPA@BX?@\K!NG!O2%($%G!4#!7%,9#!#11*&'#!$#!2(!9+93,*!$+4!d*-+,(*!&244s#''*!#$*''#'*!+!&*''*&5,%''*!$#4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#M!+&&#!N!,+O2%&%'*!$%!-#4%$%'I!$+44s#''*!+!4#!&2#!#11*&%)%*(+!,+($+!%,,+&1*(&#3%4+!%4!C,+&%$+('+!1+,!4s#''*!#$*''#'*G!',#&7+,+($*!4#!,+4#'%-#!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!%(!5#1*!#4!d*-+,(*0!!:+5*($*!4s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!#77+,9#'%&%!(+44#!$*'',%(#!+!(+44#!1,#&&%G!-%!&*(*!#''%!7*,9#49+('+!#$*''#'%!$#4!F#1*!$+44*! :'#'*! #(5H+! &+! %4! 5*('+(2'*! N! $+5%&*! $#4! d*-+,(*! .KAA?! XB@\K"\TPAT! C@T:?>TPm?K"?!:B:AKPm?K"\TPAT! dBJT@PKA?J?6! +! #4',%! 5H+! &*(*! #$*''#'%! $#4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! +! $%! 52%! +<4%!&'+&&*!$+5%$+!%!5*('+(2'%!.KAA?!XB@\K"\TPAT!T!:B:AKPm?K"\TPAT!C@T:?>TPm?K"?60!!K!O2+&'+!$2+!5#'+<*,%+!$%!#''%!1,+&%$+()%#4%G!&+!(+!#<<%2(<+!2(#!'+,)#!5*&'%'2%'#!$#<4%!KAA?!FB\C"T::?G!%4!52%!5*('+(2'*!N!$+5%&*!$#44s#55*,$*!',#!%4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!+!%4!d*-+,(*0!!

"#! 5*(',*7%,9#! ,%<2#,$#! '2''%! <4%! #''%! 1,+&%$+()%#4%! .#$! +55+)%*(+! $+44+! $%9%&&%*(%6! O2#4+! 5H+! &%#! %4! '%1*! 52%!#11#,'+(<#(*0!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!7#!,%7+,%9+('*!1+,!4#!5*(',*7%,9#!#4!9%(%&',*!1,*1*(+('+0!\#!O2#4*,#!&%!',#''%!$%!#''%!7*,9#49+('+!+!&*&'#()%#49+('+!1,+&%$+()%#4%!+!O2%($%!9#(5H%!%4!1,*1*(+('+G!2(#!1,#&&%!5*(&*4%$#'#!H#!#77%$#'*!4#!5*(',*7%,9#!#4!9%(%&',*!5*91+'+('+!1+,!9#'+,%#0!!

5.7.4. Le irresponsabilità del Presidente !:+5*($*! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! N! %,,+&1*(&#3%4+0! P*(! 12b! +&&+,+! 5H%#9#'*! #!,%&1*($+,+!&24!'+,,+(*!$+44#!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!1*4%'%5#!+!%(7#''%!(*(!N!1,+-%&'*!(+&&2(!9+55#(%&9*!5H+!5*(&+('#!$%!,+#4%))#,+!4#!,%9*)%*(+!#('%5%1#'#!$#44#!5#,%5#0!!C+,!O2#('*! 5*(5+,(+! 4#! ,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!<%2,%$%5#!$+4! C,+&%$+('+!$+44#! ,+12334%5#G! *55*,,+!$%&'%(<2+,+!<4%! #''%!1*&'%! %(!+&&+,+!(+44s+&+,5%)%*!$+44+! &2+! 72()%*(%!$#!O2+44%! 5H+!#$*''#!5*9+!O2#4&%#&%! 5%''#$%(*0!C+,! %!1,%9%! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$+!+&542&%-#9+('+!2(#!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!1+(#4+!1+,!%!,+#'%!$%!#4'*!',#$%9+('*!+!#''+('#'*!#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!>%-+,&*!N! %4! ,+<%9+!$+<4%!#''%!+!$+%!5*91*,'#9+('%!(*(!,%5*($25%3%4%!#44s+&+,5%)%*!$+44+! 72()%*(%!1,+&%$+()%#4%0! "s*1%(%*(+! 1,+-#4+('+! ,%'%+(+! 5H+! %4! F#1*! $+44*! :'#'*! &%#! 1+(#49+('+! ,+&1*(&#3%4+! 1+,! %! 7#''%!5*99+&&%! +! O2#4%7%5#3%4%! 5*9+! ,+#'%G! #(5H+! &+! .(+4! &%4+()%*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+6! 4s#)%*(+! 1+(#4+! &#,+33+!%91,*5+$%3%4+! 1+,! '2''#! 4#!$2,#'#! $+4!9#($#'*0!\+(',+! &#,+33+! 5%-%49+('+! ,+&1*(&#3%4+! #4! 1#,%! $%! O2#4&%#&%!#4',*!5%''#$%(*0!!

5.7.5. La soluzione delle crisi di governo: nomina del PdC !C+,! 4#! &*42)%*(+! $+44+! 5,%&%! $%! d*-+,(*! %4! F#1*! $+44*! :'#'*! $%&1*(+! $%! $2+! 1*'+,%L! %4! 1*'+,+! $%! (*9%(#! $+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!.#,'0!Yc6!+!%4!1*'+,+!$%!&5%*<4%+,+!#('%5%1#'#9+('+!4+!F#9+,+!.#,'0!WW60!!"#!72()%*(+!$%! %('+,9+$%#)%*(+!1*4%'%5#!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#G!1,+9%(+('+!7%(*!#4!UYY^G!&%!3#&#!&2!$2+!1%4#&',%L!

• %4!1,%9*!N!$#'*!$#4!$,%''*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!5*(! 4#! 7#5*4'I!$%!(*9%(#,+! %4!d*-+,(*!5*92(O2+!-%(5*4#'*!#44#!&255+&&%-#!#55+''#)%*(+!$#!1#,'+!$+4!C#,4#9+('*M!

• %4! &+5*($*! N! 1,*$*''*! $#4! &%&'+9#! 1*4%'%5*G! 5*(! 4#! 7*,9#)%*(+! $%! 5*#4%)%*(%! 1*&'S+4+''*,#4%! 7,2''*! $%!4#3*,%*&+! ',#''#'%-+! ',#! %! 1#,'%'%! $*-+! %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! 1*'+-#! %(&+,%,&%! #'',#-+,&*! <4%!&',29+('%!$+44+!5*(&24'#)%*(%!+!$+4!9#($#'*!+&14*,#'%-*M!

!

5.7.6. La soluzione delle crisi: lo scioglimento anticipato del Parlamento !"+!5*(&%$+,#)%*(+!1,+5+$+('%!&24!$%-+,&*!#''+<<%#,&%!$+4!,2*4*!$+4!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*!#!&+5*($#!$+<4%!+O2%4%3,%!$+44#! 7*,9#!$%! <*-+,(*! 1+,9+''*(*!$%! %(O2#$,#,+! 5*,,+''#9+('+! %4! 1*'+,+! $%! :F?Bd"?\TPAB!KPA?F?CKAB!>T"!CK@"K\TPAB0!"+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!.#,'0!WW6!1,+-+$*(*!5H+L!#6 %4!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*!12b!&5%*<4%+,+!+(',#93+!4+!F#9+,+!*!#(5H+!2(#!&*4#!$%!+&&+M!36 1,%9#!$%!&5%*<4%+,+!4+!F#9+,+!$+-+!&+('%,+!%!4*,*!C,+&%$+('%!5H+!+&1,%9*(*!2(!1#,+,+!*334%<#'*,%*!9#!(*(!-%(5*4#('+M!

56 O2+&'*! 1*'+,+! (*(! 12b! +&&+,+! +&+,5%'#'*! (+<4%! 24'%9%! h! 9+&%! $+4! 9#($#'*! 1,+&%$+()%#4+G! &#4-*!5*%(5%$#!5*(!<4%!24'%9%!h!9+&%!$+44#!4+<%&4#'2,#!.:T\T:A@T!E?KPFB6M!

!P*(!,%&24'#!1+,b!5H%#,*!5*9+!O2+&'*!#''*!&%!5*(7%<2,%L!&+!2(!1*'+,+!1,+&%$+()%#4+G!2(!#''*!$+4!d*-+,(*G!5H+!5*(',*7%,9#G! *112,+! 2(! #''*! 5*914+&&*G! 7,2''*! $+44#! 9+$%#)%*(+! ',#! %4! F#1*! $+44*! :'#'*! +! %4! d*-+,(*0! ?(!5*(5,+'*!O2+&'*!$%1+($+!$#44#!7*,9#!$%!d*-+,(*0!P+4!1#,4#9+('#,%&9*!9#<<%*,%'#,%*!4#!$+5%&%*(+!&*&'#()%#4+!$%!&5%*<4%+,+!#('%5%1#'#9+('+!%4!d*-+,(*!&%!N!&1*&'#'#G!$%!7#''*!+!#(5H+!$%!$%,%''*G!%(!5#1*!#4!d*-+,(*!&'+&&*0!!

5.7.7. Lo scioglimento anticipato del Parlamento: esperienza italiana !?4! 7#''*! 5H+! 4#! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! %'#4%#(#! #33%#! 1+,! 42(<*! '+91*! *1+,#'*! 5*9+! 1#,4#9+('#,%&9*!5*91,*9%&&*,%*G!&1%+<#!1+,5H`!4*!&5%*<4%9+('*!N!&'#'*!5*(&%$+,#'*!2(!#''*!5*914+&&*!+!$229-%,#4+0!:+!*<(%!

'+('#'%-*! $+4! F#1*! $+44*! :'#'*! $%! %($%-%$2#,+! 2(#! 9#<<%*,#()#! 1+,b! 7#44%-#! +! 4+! &2+! #,'%! 9#%+2'%5H+! (*(!,%2&5%-#(*!#!&21+,#,+!4#!5*(74%''2#4%'I!1#,#4%))#('+!$+%!1#,'%'%G!4s2(%5#!-%#!5H+!,+&'#-#!+,#!4*!&5%*<4%9+('*!$+44+!F#9+,+0!!=2%($%! %! 1,+&211*&'%! $+44*! &5%*<4%9+('*! &*(*! %($%-%$2#'%! (+44s%91*&&%3%4%'I! $+4! C#,4#9+('*! $%! 72()%*(#,+!5*,,+''#9+('+! %(! O2#('*! %(5#1#5+! $%! 7*,9#,+! 2(#! 9#<<%*,#()#! $%! O2#4&%#&%! '%1*! .:F?Bd"?\TPAB!XDPm?BPK"T60!:*&'#()%#49+('+!#44*,#! %4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#!5+,'%7%5#! 4#!-*4*('I!$+44+!7*,)+!1*4%'%5H+!$%!1*,,+!7%(+!#44#!4+<%&4#'2,#G!O2%($%!4#!$+5%&%*(+!N!,%5*($25%3%4+!#44+!7*,)+!1*4%'%5H+!&'+&&+!5*9+!2(#!&*,'#!$%!KDAB:F?Bd"?\TPAB0!!

5.7.8. Dopo lo scioglimento, l’ordinaria amministrazione !D(#! -*4'#! 5H+! N! $+5%&*! 4*! &5%*<4%9+('*! $+4! C#,4#9+('*G! #! &+<2%'*! $%! 2(#! 5,%&%! $%! d*-+,(*G! O2#4+! d*-+,(*!$*-,I!,+&'#,+!%(!5#,%5#!+!t<+&'%,+k!4+!+4+)%*(%L!%4!d*-+,(*!$%9%&&%*(#,%*!*112,+!2(*!(2*-*!(*9%(#'*!$#4!C$@z!"#!&*42)%*(+!,%'+(2'#!1,+7+,%3%4+!N!5H+!%4!$+5,+'*!$%!&5%*<4%9+('*!&%#!5*(',*7%,9#'*!$#4!d*-+,(*!$%9%&&%*(#,%*!5H+!,+&'#!%(!5#,%5#!1+,!t4s*,$%(#,%#!#99%(%&',#)%*(+k0!!

5.7.9. Atti formalmente e sostanzialmente presidenziali !d4%!#''%!7*,9#49+('+!+!&*&'#()%#49+('+!1,+&%$+()%#4%!&*(*!%!&+<2+('%L!#6 <4%!#''%!$%!(*9%(#G!5*(!52%!%4!C$@!(*9%(#L!

• ]!&+(#'*,%!#!-%'#!.#,'0!]Y0c6!(+4!5*914+&&*!$+4!:+(#'*!+!(*(G!5*9+!%('+,1,+'#'*!$#!C+,'%(%!+!F*&&%<#G!1+,!5%#&52(!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+12334%5#M!

• 2(! '+,)*! $+%! <%2$%5%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! .#,'0! U^]0U6G! 5*(! $+5,+'*! 5*(',*7%,9#'*! $#4! C$F! 5*9+!7*,9#4%))#)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#!$+44s#''*!&+()#!#452(!%('+,-+('*!&*&'#()%#4+M!

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!

5.7.10. Atti formalmente presidenziali e sostanzialmente governativi !d4%!#''%!7*,9#49+('+!1,+&%$+()%#4%!+!&*&'#()%#49+('+!<*-+,(#'%-%!&*(*!%!&+<2+('%L!#6 4s+9#(#)%*(+!$+<4%!#''%!<*-+,(#'%-%!#-+('%!-#4*,+!$%!4+<<+!+!5%*N!%!$+5,+'%!4+<<+G!%!$+5,+'%!4+<%&4#'%-%!+!%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+4!d*-+,(*G!5H+!#&&29*(*!4#!7*,9#!$+4!$+5,+'*!1,+&%$+()%#4+M!

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5.7.12. La supplenza del Presidente della Repubblica !A2''+! 4+! -*4'+! %(! 52%! %4! C$@!(*(!12b! #$+91%+,+! 4+! &2+! 72()%*(%G! O2+&'+! &*(*! +&+,5%'#'+! $#4! C,+&%$+('+! $+4!:+(#'*! .#,'0! Wh!F*&'060! "#! :DCC"TPmK!N! 2(! %&'%'2'*! 5H+! 5*(&+('+! 4#! 5*('%(2%'I! $+44+! 72()%*(%! 1,+&%$+()%#4%!#(5H+!(+44s%1*'+&%!(+44#!O2#4+!%4!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*!(*(!1*&&#!#$+91%+,4+!#!5#2&#!$%!2(!%91+$%9+('*0!!P+4! 5#&*! $%! %91+$%9+('*! 1+,9#(+('+G! 5*&l! 12,+! $%!9*,'+! *! $%! $%9%&&%*(%G! &5#''#! &+91,+! 4#! &2114+()#! $+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+4!:+(#'*G!9#!%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!%4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!F#9+,#!#--%#!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!1+,!4s+4+)%*(+!$+4!(2*-*!C$@0!!"s#55+,'#9+('*!$+44s%91+$%9+('*!'+91*,#(+*!N!$%5H%#,#'*!$#44*!&'+&&*!F#1*!$+44*!:'#'*0!!

6. Regioni e governo locale !

6.1. Regioni e EELL nella storia istituzionale italiana

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6.1.2. Ripartizione delle competenze !"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! .5*9+!9*$%7%5#'#!(+4! cggU6!1,+-+$+! 5H+! 4#!@+12334%5#! &%#!#,'%5*4#'#! %(!F*92(%G! C,*-%(5+G!F%''I! 9+',*1*4%'#(+G! @+<%*(%! +! :'#'*G! '2''%! $*'#'%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#49+('+! $%! #2'*(*9%#0! =2+&'#! #2'*(*9%#! &%!',#$25+!%(!#2'*(*9%#!&'#'2'#,%#!(+44s#93%'*!$+%!1,%(5%1%!7%&&#'%!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!.#,'0!UUe0c60!!

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6.2.1. La Commissione bicamerale integrata !?4!1,%(5%1#4+!&',29+('*!$%! ,#55*,$*!1,+-%&'*!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!N! 4#!FB\\?::?BPT!CK@"K\TPAK@T!CT@!"T!=DT:A?BP?! @Td?BPK"?G! %(',*$*''#! $#44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+4! UYeW! 5H+! 4sH#! 5*(7%<2,#'#! 5*9+! 5*99%&&%*(+!3%5#9+,#4+! 5*91*&'#! $%! $+12'#'%! +! &+(#'*,%! 5*(! 5*91%'%! 5*(&24'%-%! 4%9%'#'%! +&&+()%#49+('+! #44s%1*'+&%! $%!&5%*<4%9+('*!#('%5%1#'*!$+%!F*(&%<4%!,+<%*(#4%0!!F*(!4#!,%7*,9#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+4!UYYY!&%!N!1,+-%&'*!4*!&5%*<4%9+('*!$+%!5*(&%<4%!*!4#!,%9*)%*(+!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#! d%2('#! 5*(! $C@!9*'%-#'*! &*4*! 5*(! #''%! 5*(',*! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! *! <,#-%! -%*4#)%*(%! $%! 4+<<+! *112,+! 1+,!,#<%*(%!$%!&%52,+))#!(#)%*(#4+0!?4!$+5,+'*!$%!&5%*<4%9+('*!*!,%9*)%*(+!12b!+&&+,+!#$*''#'*!&*4#9+('+!&+('%'#!4#!F*99%&&%*(+!3%5#9+,#4+!%('+<,#'#0!!F*(!4#!,%7*,9#!$+4!cggU!-%!N!&'#'#!4s#'',%32)%*(+!$%!,%4+-#('%!72()%*(%!$%!,#55*,$*!#44#!F*99%&&%*(+L!#6 %!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%!1*&&*(*!1,+-+$+,+!4#!1#,'+5%1#)%*(+!$%!,#11,+&+('#('%!$+44+!@+<%*(%G!$+44+!C,*-%(5+!#2'*(*9+!+!$+<4%!TT""M!

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!

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6.2.3. Altri tipi di raccordo !"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!.,%7*,9#!cggU6!1,+-+$+!#4',+! 7*,9+!$%!,#55*,$*!&2!#452(+!5*91+'+()+! %(!5#1*!#44+!@+<%*(%!1*(+($*! 4*! :'#'*! %(! 2(#! 1*&%)%*(+! $%! 5**,$%(#9+('*G! *--+,*! #'',%32+($*! #44*! :'#'*! 4s+&542&%-%'I! $+44#!1,*<,#99#)%*(+!+!$+4!5**,$%(#9+('*!$%!#452(+!9#'+,%+!+!4#&5%#($*!O2%($%!#44+!@+<%*(%!4#!,+<*4#)%*(+!$+44#!9#'+,%#!(+44s#93%'*!$+44#!5*,(%5+0!@%+(',#(*!%(!O2+&'#!5#'+<*,%#!1+,!+&+91%*L!U6!4#!$+'+,9%(#)%*(+!$+%!4%-+44%!+&&+()%#4%! 1+,! 4+! 1,+&'#)%*(%! ,%<2#,$#('%! $%,%''%! &*5%#4%! *! 5%-%4%G! c6! 4#! '2'+4#! $+44#! 5*(5*,,+()#M! ^6! %4!5**,$%(#9+('*!%(7*,9#'%-*!$+44#!CK0!!D(s#4',#! 7*,9#!$%! ,#55*,$*! ,%<2#,$#! 4s+&+,5%)%*!$+4!CBAT@T!T:AT@B!$+44+!@+<%*(%!+$! %! ,#11*,'%!$+44+! &'+&&+!5*(!4sDT0!"*!:'#'*!5*(&+,-#!1*'+&'I!4+<%&4#'%-#!+&542&%-#!%(!*,$%(+!#!t1*4%'%5#!+&'+,#!+!,#11*,'%!%('+,(#)%*(%kG!t,#11*,'%!$+44*!:'#'*!5*(! 4sDTk!+!t$%,%''*!$s#&%4*k!(*(5H`!t5*($%)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#!$+%!5%''#$%(%!(*(!#11#,'+(+('%!#44sDTk0!A2''#-%#!(+44+!9#'+,%+!$%!&2#!5*91+'+()#!4#!@+<%*(+!12b!5*(542$+,+!#55*,$%!5*(!:'#'%!*!%('+&+!5*(!+('%!'+,,%'*,%#4%!+&'+,%!(+44+!7*,9+!+!(+%!5#&%!$%&5%14%(#'%!$#44+!4+<<%!$+44*!:'#'*!.#,'0!UUV0Y60!!?4!d*-+,(*!%(*4',+!<*$+!$+4!CBAT@T!:B:A?ADA?JB!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$+<4%!*,<#(%!$+44+!@+<%*(%!+!$+<4%!TT""0!C2b!O2%($%!&2,,*<#,&%!#$!+&&%!%(!5#&%!$%!1#,'%5*4#,+!2,<+()#G!<,#-%'I!*!%(#$+91%+()#0!!

6.3. I rapporti tra le Regioni e gli EELL !?4! '+&'*! *,%<%(#,%*! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+4! UYeW! &'#3%4%&5+! 5H+! t4#! @+12334%5#! ,%5*(*&5+! +! 1,*92*-+! 4+!#2'*(*9%+!4*5#4%k!.#,'0!]6!+!$+9#($#!#!4+<<%!<+(+,#4%!%4!5*91%'*!$%!$+'+,9%(#,+!1,%(5%1%!+!9*$#4%'I!$%!O2+&'#!#2'*(*9%#!.#,'0!UcW60!!"s#55+4+,#)%*(+!$+4!1,*5+&&*!$%!&-%4211*!$+<4%!TT""!&%!N!#-2'#!(+4!5*,&*!$+<4%!#((%! sYg!5*(!4#!4+<<+!Uec_YgG!4s+4+)%*(+!$%,+''#!$%!:%($#5%!+!C,+&%$+('%!$%!C,*-%(5%#!+!4s#11,*-#)%*(+!$+4!A0D0!$+<4%!TT""!(+4!cggg0!"#!(2*-#!$%&5%14%(#!&%!3#&#!&2%!&+<2+('%!1,%(5%1%L!

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6.5. La forma di governo regionale !"#! 4+<<+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! U_YY! H#! 9*$%7%5#'*! <4%! #,'%5*4%! $#! UcU! #! Uch! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! %(',*$25+($*! 2(#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!,+<%*(#4+!3#&#'#!&244sT"Tm?BPT!CBCB"K@T!>?@TAAK!>T"!C@T:?>TPAT!>T""K!@Td?BPT0!C%[! 1,+5%&#9+('+! N! &'#'#! %($%-%$2#'#! 2(#! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! ',#(&%'*,%#G! -%<+('+! 7%(*! #! O2#($*! 4#! @+<%*(+!#'',#-+,&*! %4! 1,*1,%*! &'#'2'*! %($%-%$2+,I! #2'*(*9#9+('+! 4#! 1,*1,%#! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! +! 4#! 1,*1,%#! 4+<<+!+4+''*,#4+G!%(!#,9*(%#!5*(!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!

6.5.1. La forma di governo antecedente !C,%9#!$+44#! ,%7*,9#! 4+!@+<%*(%! #-+-#(*!2(#! 7*,9#!$%! <*-+,(*!1#,4#9+('#,+!#!1,+$*9%(#()#!#&&+934+#,+G!1+,! +77+''*! $+44#! $%&5%14%(#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! $+<4%! &'#'2'%! +! $+4! &%&'+9#! 1,*1*,)%*(#4+0! =2+&'#! #,5H%'+''2,#!1*4%'%5#! 5,+#-#!<*-+,(%! ,+<%*(#4%! %(&'#3%4%! +!$+3*4%0!F*(! 4s+4+)%*(+!$%,+''#!$+%!:%($#5%! +! 4#! 5,+&5%'#!$+44#! 4*,*!7*,)#!1*4%'%5#!$#'#!$#44#!4+<%''%9%'I!1*1*4#,+!+!$#44#!&'#3%4%'I!$%!<*-+,(*G!4+!@+<%*(%!&%!+,#(*!',*-#'+!$+3*4%!+!&5H%#55%#'+!',#!4*!:'#'*!5H+!(*(!$+-*4-+-#!5*91+'+()+!4+<%&4#'%-+!+!%!:%($#5%!5H+!1,+9+-#(*!1+,!<2#$#<(#,+!&1#)%*!(+44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!$+4!4*5#4+0!!?4! 1,%9*! '+('#'%-*! 1+,! ,#77*,)#,+! %4! d*-+,(*! ,+<%*(#4+! &%! N! #-2'*! (+4! UYY]! 5*(! 4#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! :?:AT\K!T"TAAB@K"T!>T""T!@Td?BP?!B@>?PK@?T0!=2+&'*!&%&'+9#G!12,!3#&#'*!&24!1,*1*,)%*(#4+G!1,+-+$+L!

• 2(!1,+9%*!$%!9#<<%*,#()#!#44#!4%&'#!*!#44#!5*#4%)%*(+!5H+!*''%+(+!1%[!-*'%!#!4%-+44*!,+<%*(#4+M!• 4#! 5#,#''+,%))#)%*(+! $+44+! 4%&'+! ,+<%*(#4%! #'',#-+,&*! %4! 5#1*4%&'#! $+&%<(#'*! 1+,! 4#! C,+&%$+()#! $+44#!d%2('#!.9+55#(%&9*!5H+!$#!$+&%<(#)%*(+!N!&'#'*!',#&7*,9#'*!(+4!UYYY!%(!+4+)%*(+!$%,+''#6M!

• 4s%(',*$2)%*(+!$%!2(#!54#2&*4#!$%!&3#,,#9+('*M!• ,%$2)%*(+!$+44+!1,+7+,+()+!#!2(#M!

!

6.5.2. La c.d. “forma di governo transitoria” !"#! ,%7*,9#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+4! UYYY! H#! $#'*! 4s#--%*! #$! 2(!92'#9+('*! $+44#! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! ,+<%*(#4+G! 4#!O2#4+!$*-,I!+&&+,+!$+7%(%'#!$#<4%!:'#'2'%!,+<%*(#4%0!P+4!7,#''+91*!N!%(!-%<*,+!2(#!$%&5%14%(#!',#(&%'*,%#!5H+!H#!%((+&'#'*!4s+4+)%*(+!$%,+''#!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!d%2('#!&244#!1,+5+$+('+!4+<<+!+4+''*,#4+0!!:+5*($*!O2#('*!1,+-%&'*!(+4!UYYY!$#!2(#!1#,'+!5sN!%4!FBP:?d"?B!@Td?BPK"TG!+4+''*G!'%'*4#,+!$+44#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#! +! $+4! 1*'+,+! $%! 7#,+! 1,*1*&'+! #44+! F#9+,+G! $#44s#4',#! %4! C@T:?>TPAT! >T""K! @Td?BPTG! +4+''*!$%,+''#9+('+0! ?4! C,+&%$+('+! ,#11,+&+('#! 4#! @+<%*(+G! $%,%<+! 4#! 1*4%'%5#! $+44#! d%2('#! +! (+! N! ,+&1*(&#3%4+G!1,*924<#!4+!4+<<%!+$!+9#(#!%!,+<*4#9+('%!,+<%*(#4%G!$%,%<+!4+!72()%*(%!#99%(%&',#'%-+0!"#!d?DPAK!@Td?BPK"T!N!4s*,<#(*!+&+52'%-*!$+44#!@+<%*(+G!%!52%!9+93,%!&*(*!(*9%(#'%!+!,+-*5#'%!$#4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+<%*(+!5*9+!1,+-%&'*!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!"+!,+4#)%*(%!',#!%4!F*(&%<4%*!,+<%*(#4+!+$!%4!C,+&%$+('+!+!4#!d%2('#!&*(*!,%5*($25%3%4%!#4!9*$+44*!$+44#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!(+*1#,4#9+('#,+0!?4!F*(&%<4%*!12b!+&1,%9+,+!4#!&7%$25%#!9*'%-#'#!#4!C,+&%$+('+G!&*''*&5,%''#!#49+(*!$#!U_]!$+%!9+93,%!$+4!5*(&%<4%*!+!-*'#'#!5*(!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#0!"#!9*)%*(+!12b!+&&+,+!$%&52&&#!&*4*!^!<%*,(%!$*1*!4#!1,+&+('#)%*(+!$+44#!&'+&&#!+!4#!&2#!#11,*-#)%*(+!5*91*,'#!4#!$+5#$+()#!$+4!C,+&%$+('+G!$+44#!d%2('#!+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!&'+&&*!5*(!5*(&+<2+('%!+4+)%*(%!1+,!%4!,%((*-*!$+<4%!*,<#(%0!!"s#&&+''*!$+&5,%''*!$+44#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!,+<%*(#4+!N!1,+-%&'*!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!5H+!1+,b!#77%$#!#44*!:'#'2'*!$%!5%#&52(#!@+<%*(+!4#!5*91+'+()#!#!$+'+,9%(#,+G!%(!#,9*(%#!5*(!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&'+&&#G!4#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!+!%!1,%(5%1%!7*($#9+('#4%!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!72()%*(#9+('*!.#,'0!Uc^0U60!!?(! #''+&#! $+%! (2*-%! :'#'2'%! ,+<%*(#4%G! ,+&'#! %(! -%<*,+! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! ',#(&%'*,%#! 5H+! H#! %(',*$*''*! 4+! &+<2+('%!%((*-#)%*(%L!

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• &+! %4! F*(&%<4%*! #11,*-#! 2(#! 9*)%*(+! $%! &7%$25%#G! +(',*! ^! 9+&%! &%! 1,*5+$+! #44s%($%)%*(+! $%! (2*-+!+4+)%*(%M!

!

6.5.3. Il margine delle scelte statutarie !:+5*($*!4s#,'0!Uc^!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!*<(%!@+<%*(+!H#!2(*!:'#'2'*!5H+!(+!$+'+,9%(#!4#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!+!%!1,%(5%1%! 7*($#9+('#4%! $%! *,<#(%))#)%*(+! 72()%*(#9+('*0! ?4! &%&'+9#! 5H+! -%+(+! #! 5,+#,&%! 12b! 5*&l! +&&+,+!&%('+'%))#'*L!#6 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!7%&&#!2(!5,%'+,%*!<+(+,#4+!$%!+4+)%*(+!#!&277,#<%*!2(%-+,&#4+!+!$%,+''*!$+4!C,+&%$+('+M!36 %(!O2+&'*!5*('+&'*! %4! ,#11*,'*! ',#!C,+&%$+('+!+!F*(&%<4%*!N!,+''*!$#4!1,%(5%1%*! t&%924!&'#32('G!&%924!5#($+('kM!

56 %4!F*(&%<4%*!1*',+33+!&+91,+!-*'#,+!2(#!9*)%*(+!$%!&7%$25%#!5*(',*!%4!C,+&%$+('+!+!O2+&'#!1*&&%3%4%'I!(*(!&#,+33+!$+,*<#3%4+!$#44*!:'#'2'*M!

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+6 O2#4*,#!%(-+5+!$+5%$+&&+!$%!9#('+(+,+!4s#''2#4+!&%&'+9#!',#(&%'*,%*G!$*-,+33+!#''+(+,&%!#44#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44s#,'0!Uch!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!5*91,+&*!%!5#&%!$%!9*,'+G!%91*&&%3%4%'IG!,%9*)%*(+G!$%9%&&%*(%M!

!

6.6. La forma di governo degli EELL !"#!7*,9#!$%!d*-+,(*!$+4!F*92(+!+!$+44#!1,*-%(5%#!N!&'#'#!9*$+44#'#!&244#!4+<<+!WU_Y^G!9*$%7%5#'#!$#44#!4+<<+!ch]_YY0! A#4+! 7*,9#! $%! <*-+,(*! &%! 3#&#! &244sT"Tm?BPT! CBCB"K@T! >T"! :?P>KFB! T! >T"! C@T:?>TPAT! >?!C@BJ?PF?K!+!&2!2(#!5*93%(#)%*(+!',#!&%&'+9#!1,*1*,)%*(#4+!+!1,+9%*!9#<<%*,%'#,%*!#!&+5*($#!$+4!(29+,*!$%!#3%'#('%!$+44s+('+0!!?4!:%($#5*!+! %4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!C,*-%(5%#!$2,#(*! %(!5#,%5#!]!#((%!+!(*(!1*&&*(*!,%5*1,%,+!1%[!$%!c!9#($#'%!5*(&+52'%-%!.&#4-*!5H+!2(*!$+%!$2+!#33%#!#-2'*!$2,#'#!%(7+,%*,+!#%!c!#((%!h!9+&%!+!U!<%*,(*60!!P+%!F*92(%!X?PB!K!U]0ggg!KE?AKPA?G!*<(%!5#($%$#'*!:%($#5*!$+-+!+&&+,+!5*44+<#'*!#$!2(#!4%&'#!$%!5#($%$#'%!#! 5*(&%<4%+,+! 5*92(#4+0! "s+4+''*,+! 12b! +&1,%9+,+! 2(! -*'*! 1+,! %4! 5#($%$#'*! :%($#5*! +! 1+,! 4#! 4%&'#! #$! +&&*!5*44+<#'#! +! 2(#! 1,+7+,+()#! 1+,! 2(*!$+%! 5#($%$#'%! 5*(&%<4%+,%! $+44#!9+$+&%9#! 4%&'#0! Ts! +4+''*! %4! :%($#5*! 5H+!*''%+(+! %4!9#<<%*,! (29+,*! $%! -*'%! -#4%$%! .9#<<%*,#()#! ,+4#'%-#60! "#! 4%&'#! $+4! :%($#5*! +4+''*! *''%+(+! c_^! $+%!&+<<%!$%&1*(%3%4%G!9+(',+! %! ,%9#(+('%!&*(*!,%1#,'%'%! ',#! 4+!#4',+! 4%&'+!5*(! 7*,924#!1,*1*,)%*(#4+G!#114%5#($*! %4!9+'*$*!$sn*($'0!!P+%!F*92(%!FBP!B"A@T!?!U]0ggg!KE?AKPA?G!%4!5#($%$#'*!:%($#5*!$+-+!+&&+,+!5*44+<#'*!#$!2(#!*!1%[!4%&'+!$%!5#($%$#'%!#44#!5#,%5#!$%!5*(&%<4%+,+0!"s+4+''*,+!$%&1*(+!$%!U!-*'*!1+,!%4!5#($%$#'*!:%($#5*!+!$%!U!-*'*!1+,!4#!4%&'#!$+%! 5#($%$#'%! 5*(&%<4%+,%! +! 12b! +&1,%9+,+! 2(#! 1,+7+,+()#! 1+,! 2(*! $+%! 5#($%$#'%! $+44#! 4%&'#! -*'#'#0! =2+&'*!9+55#(%&9*!-%+(+!$+''*!$%!JBAB!>?:d?DPAB0!Ts!+4+''*! %4!5#($%$#'*!:%($#5*!5H+!*''+,,I! 4#!9+'I!1%[!U!$+%!-*'%!-#4%$%!.9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#60!:+!(+&&2(!5#($%$#'*!,#<<%2(<+! 4#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!&%!1,*5+$+!5*(!2(! &+5*($*! '2,(*! $%! 3#44*''#<<%*! ',#! %! $2+! 5#($%$#'%! 5H+! H#((*! *''+(2'*! %4! 9#<<%*,! (29+,*! $%! -*'%0! K4!&+5*($*!'2,(*!N!+4+''*! %4!5#($%$#'*!5H+!*''%+(+! %4!9#<<%*,!(29+,*!$%!-*'%0!"#!,%1#,'%)%*(+!$+%!&+<<%!#--%+(+!5*(! &%&'+9#!1,*1*,)%*(#4+!#'',#-+,&*! %4!9+'*$*!$sn*($'G!9#!#4! 7%(+!$%! #&&%52,#,+!9#<<%*,+! &'#3%4%'I! +!2(#!9#<<%*,#()#!#91%#!#4! :%($#5*!N!1,+-%&'#! 4s#'',%32)%*(+!$%! 2(!1,+9%*!$%!9#<<%*,#()#!#44+! 4%&'+! 5*44+<#'+! #4!5#($%$#'*!:%($#5*!+4+''*0!C%[!1,+5%&#9+('+L!#6 O2#4*,#!2(!5#($%$#'*!#44#!5#,%5#!$%!:%($#5*!&%#!+4+''*!#4!Uv!'2,(*G!(+4!5#&*!4+!4%&'+!#!42%!5*44+<#'+!(*(!#33%#(*!,#<<%2('*!4#!&*<4%#!$+4!hgxG!9#!#33%#!*''+(2'*!#49+(*!%4!egx!$+%!-*'%!-#4%$%G!N!5*92(O2+!#&&+<(#'*!%4!hgx!$+%!&+<<%!%(!F*(&%<4%*!F*92(#4+0!P*(!&%!$I!1+,b!42*<*!#44s#'',%32)%*(+!$+4!1,+9%*!$%!9#<<%*,#()#!O2#4*,#!2(!#4',*!<,211*!$%!4%&'+!#33%#!&21+,#'*!%4!]gxM!

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7. L’amministrazione pubblica !

7.1. Pluralismo amministrativo !"s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!$+44*!:'#'*!4%3+,#4+!&+<2%-#!2(!&%&'+9#!*,<#(%))#'%-*!2(%'#,%*!.\B>T""B!\?P?:AT@?K"T6G!5*(! 2(#! 7*,'+! &',2''2,#! 1%,#9%$#4+G! 2(#! -+,#! +! 1,*1,%#! dT@K@Fn?K! K\\?P?:A@KA?JK0! ?(! O2+&'*! &%&'+9#!#99%(%&',#'%-*!(*(!5s+,#!&1#)%*!1+,!4s#2'*(*9%#!$+<4%!+('%!4*5#4%!5H+!-+(%-#(*!$+7%(%'%!$#44#!$*'',%(#!<%2,%$%5#!TPA?! KDAK@Fn?F?G! *--+,*! 1*'+-#(*! 1+,&+<2%,+! %('+,+&&%! 1,*1,%! #! 5*($%)%*(+! 5H+! 7*&&+,*! #(5H+! %('+,+&&%!$+44*!:'#'*!5H+!1+,!7#,+!O2+&'*!+&+,5%'#-#!1+(+',#('%!5*(',*44%!&244s#''%-%'I!$+<4%!TT""0!!P+44s*$%+,(*!:'#'*!$%!$+9*5,#)%#!142,#4%&'#!4s2(%7*,9%'I!$+44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!N!&'#'#!$#!'+91*!#33#($*(#'#!#!7#-*,+!$%!2(!&%&'+9#!%(!52%!&*(*!&+<2%'%!$%-+,&%!&5H+9%!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+0!F*&l!4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!&%!142,#4%))#!O2#($*!&%!#,'%5*4#!%(!5+(',%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!$%&'%('%!+!1*,'#'*,%!$%!%('+,+&&%!$%-+,<+('%0!!

7.2. Il governo e la PA !F%#&52(!\?P?:A@B!N!1,+1*&'*!#$! 2(*!$+%! <,#($%! ,#9%!$+44sK99%(%&',#)%*(+! &'#'#4+! 5H+!1,+($+! %4! (*9+!$%!\?P?:AT@B0! ?4!9%(%&'+,*! O2%($%! H#! 2(#! $214%5+! 72()%*(+G! $%! $+5%&%*(+! $+44s%($%,%))*! +! $%! #114%5#)%*(+! $+44*!&'+&&*0!!?4! -+55H%*! 9*$+44*! $%! *,<#(%))#)%*(+! $+44#! CK! N! &'#'*! #33#($*(#'*! %(! %'#4%#! #! 1#,'%,+! $#4! UYY^G! O2#($*!4s%91*&'#)%*(+!$+%!9%(%&'+,%!72!3#&#'#!&24!1,%(5%1%*!$+44#!:TCK@Km?BPT!A@K!CB"?A?FK!T!K\\?P?:A@Km?BPTL!#<4%!*,<#(%!$%!<*-+,(*!<4%! %($%,%))%!+! 4#!-+,%7%5#G!#%!$%,%<+('%!#99%(%&',#'%-%! 4s#$*)%*(+!$+%!1,*--+$%9+('%!+! 4#!<+&'%*(+!$+44#!&',2''2,#!1+,!4#!,+#4%))#)%*(+!$+<4%!%($%,%))%0!!=2%($%! %4!9%(%&',*!$+7%(%&5+!*3%+''%-%G!1,%*,%'I!+!1,*<,#99%!$#!#''2#,+!+$!+9#(#!$+44+!$%,+''%-+!<+(+,#4%!52%! %!$%,%<+('%! $+-*(*! 5*(7*,9#,&%G! &+<2+($*(+! *3%+''%-%G! 9*$#4%'I! +! &'#($#,$! 5H+! $+-*(*! <#,#('%,+! &+5*($*! %4!1,%(5%1%*!$+44#!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!$%,%<+()%#4+0!P+4!5#&*!4s277%5%*!*!%4!4%-+44*!1,+1*&'*!#4!,#<<%2(<%9+('*!$%!O2+4!$+'+,9%(#'*!*3%+''%-*!$*-+&&+!7#44%,+!(+44#!&2#!9%&&%*(+G!%4!9%(%&',*!1*',+33+!,+-*5#,+!4s%(5#,%5*!#%!4%-+44%!$%,%<+()%#4%!,+&1*(&#3%4%!$%!O2+4!&+''*,+!$+44#!CK0!!

7.3. I principi costituzionali sull’amministrazione !T&%&'*(*!$+%!1,%(5%1%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!5*92(%!#!'2''+!4+!#99%(%&',#)%*(%L!#6 4#!"TdK"?AKs!>T""K!CK!+! 4#! ,%&+,-#!$%! 4+<<+! %(!9#'+,%#!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+0! ?4!1,%9*!1,%(5%1%*!(*(!N!1#4+&#'*! (+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 9#! &%! +-%(5+! $#44#! $%-%&%*(+! $+%! 1*'+,%! +! $#! #452(+! $%&1*&%)%*(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!?4!1,%(5%1%*!$%! 4+<#4%'I!N!4#!&*''*1*&%)%*(+!$+44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!#44#!4+<<+G!9#!(*(!#44#!&',+<2#!$%!2(!5%''#$%(*!1,%-#'*!5H+!$+-+!,%&1+''#,+!%!4%9%'%!$+44#!4+<<+!9#!(+44s#93%'*!$%!+&&%!N!4%3+,*!$%!#<%,+!5*9+!9+<4%*!5,+$+0!C+,! 4#!CK!N! 4#! 4+<<+!&'+&&#!5H+!*4',+!#!$+'+,9%(#,+! %! 4%9%'%G!$+'+,9%(#!#(5H+! 4#!9*$#4%'I!$%!#)%*(+!(+44s#93%'*!$%!+&&%0!=2%($%!4#!CK!+&+,5%'#!$+44+!*1)%*(%!(+44s#93%'*!$+44#!$%&5,+)%*(#4%'I!#99%(%&',#'%-#!5H+!4#!4+<<+!4+!5*(5+$+0!C+,!O2#('*!5*(5+,(+!%(-+5+!4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!$+<4%!277%5%!12334%5%G!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1*(+!2(#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!,+4#'%-#G!*--+,*!4%9%'#!%4!5#91*!$%!%('+,-+('*!4+<%&4#'%-*!#44#!$+7%(%)%*(+!$+%!1,%(5%1%!,%(-%#($*!4+!&5+4'+!(+4!$+''#<4%*!#!,+<*4#9+('%!*,<#(%))#'%-%0!=2+&'*!5*(&+('+!#44#!CK!$%!+&&+,+!1*'+()%#49+('+!1%[!74+&&%3%4+M!

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!

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7.5. I contratti della PA !"+!12334%5H+!#99%(%&',#)%*(%!1+,! %4! ,#<<%2(<%9+('*!$+%! 4*,*! 7%(%!1*&&*(*!&+,-%,&%!$+<4%! &',29+('%!*77+,'%!$#4!$%,%''*! 1,%-#'*G! +$! %(! 1#,'%5*4#,+! $+%! 5*(',#''%0! K44#! 1+,&*(#! <%2,%$%5#! N! ,%5*(*&5%2'#! 4#! &'+&&#! 5#1#5%'I! $+%!&*<<+''%!1,%-#'%0!!?! 5*(',#''%! $+44#! CK! &%! 1*&&*(*! $%&'%(<2+,+! %(! FBPA@KAA?! KAA?J?! T! CK::?J?L! 5*(! %! 1,%9%! #5O2%&%&5+! $+44+!+(',#'+G!9+(',+!%!&+5*($%!5*91*,'#(*!$+44+!&1+&+0!

!A,#! %! 5*(',#''%! $+44#! CK! ,%-+&'*(*! (*'+-*4+! %91*,'#()#! O2+44%! $%! KCCK"AB! CDEE"?FBG! 5H+! &*(*! 5*(',#''%!5*(542&%!$#44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!5*(!2(!1,%-#'*G!5H+!O2%($%!*1+,#!5*(!2(#!1,*1,%#!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!5*(!<+&'%*(+!$+44+! #''%-%'I! ,%5H%+&'#! #! 1,*1,%*! ,%&5H%*! %(! 5#93%*! $%! 2(! 5*,,%&1+''%-*! 1#''2%'*0! "s*<<+''*! $+4! 5*(',#''*! 12b!+&&+,+!4#!,+#4%))#)%*(+!$%!2(!*1+,#G!4#!7*,(%'2,#!$%!3+(%!*!4#!1,+&'#)%*(+!$%!&+,-%)%0!P+4!1,%9*!5#&*!&%!1#,4#!$%!#11#4'*!$%!*1+,+G!(+4!&+5*($*!$%!3+(%!+!(+4!'+,)*!$%!&+,-%)%0!!"s#''%-%'I!5*(',#''2#4+!$+44#!CK!N!&*''*1*&'#!#!,+<*4+!&1+5%#4%G!&*1,#''2''*!(+44#!&5+4'#!$+4!5*(',#+('+!1,%-#'*0!"+!1,*5+$2,+!$%!&5+4'#!&*(*!&'#'+!&',2''2,#'+!#%!7%(%!$%!<#,#('%,+!12334%5%'I!+!5*(5*,,+()#!+!-+(<*(*!$+7%(%'%!C@BFT>?\TPA?!K>!TJ?>TPmK!CDEE"?FK0!!

7.5. I servizi pubblici !"s#''%-%'I! #99%(%&',#'%-#! $%-+,&#! $#! O2+44#! 5H+! 2'%4%))#! <4%! &',29+('%! $+4! $%,%''*! 1,%-#'*G! &%! $%&'%(<2+! %(!XDPm?BPT! CDEE"?FK! +! :T@J?m?B! CDEE"?FB0! "#! 1,%9#! &%! 5#,#''+,%))#! 1+,! %! 1*'+,%! #2'*,%'#'%-%G! +&+,5%'#'%!2(%4#'+,#49+('+! 5*(! 5*(&+<2+()+! <%2,%$%5H+! #4! $+&'%(#'#,%*! #! 1,+&5%($+,+! $#4! &2*! 5*(&+(&*M! 4#! &+5*($#! &%!&-*4<+!&+()#!4s2&*!$+%!1*'+,%!#2'*,%'#'%-%G!#(5H+!&+!N!4s#$+91%9+('*!$%!2(!*334%<*!$%!4+<<+!#!'2'+4#!$%!%('+,+&&%!<+(+,#4%0!!D(!,+<%9+!1#,'%5*4#,+!N!1,+-%&'*!1+,! %!:T@J?m?!CDEE"?F?!"BFK"?!1+,!52%! 4#! ,%7*,9#!$+4!cggU!#'',%32%&5+! 4#!5*91+'+()#!$+44#!9#'+,%#G!<%I!(*,9#'#!$#!4+<<%!$+44*!:'#'*G!#44+!@+<%*(%0!

!

8. Fonti del diritto: nozioni generali !

8.1. Fonti di produzione !

8.1.1. Definizioni !P+4! 4%(<2#<<%*! <%2,%$%5*! 4#! 1#,*4#! 7*('+! %($%5#! <4%! &',29+('%! $%! 1,*$2)%*(+! $+4! $%,%''*0! "#! $+7%(%)%*(+!',#$%)%*(#4+! NL! t4s#''*! *! %4! 7#''*! #3%4%'#'*! $#44s*,$%(#9+('*! <%2,%$%5*! #! 1,*$2,,+! (*,9+! <%2,%$%5H+G! 5%*N! #!%((*-#,+!4s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!&'+&&*k0!!{!2(#!$+7%(%)%*(+!,%5*,&%-#G!*--+,*!5%,5*4#,+L!N!4s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!#! %($%5#,+!%!9*$%! %(!52%!&%! 7*,9#!+!&%!,%((*-#!4s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*0!!

8.1.2. Norme di riconoscimento !d4%!*,$%(#9+('%!9*$+,(%!&%!%&'%'2%&5*(*!#'',#-+,&*!2(!1,*5+&&*!5*&'%'2+('+0!F%b! &%<(%7%5#! 5H+! N! 4#! &'+&&#! 5*&'%'2)%*(+! #! %($%5#,+! <4%! #''%! 5H+! 1*&&*(*! 1,*$2,,+! %4! $%,%''*! #'',#-+,&*! 2(#!&',2''2,#! <+,#,5H%5#G! 4#! O2#4+! %($%5#! 4+! XBPA?! C@?\K@?TG! *--+,*! %4! 4%-+44*! #11+(#! %(7+,%*,+! #44#! 7*('+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!5H+!#!4*,*!-*4'#!,+<*4#(*!4+!XBPA?!:TFBP>K@?TG!*--+,*!%4!4%-+44*!<+,#,5H%5#9+('+!&255+&&%-*!$#44s#4'*!-+,&*!%4!3#&&*0!!"+! (*,9+! $%! 2(! *,$%(#9+('*! <%2,%$%5*! 5H+! %($%5#(*! 4+! 7*('%! #3%4%'#'+! #! %((*-#,+! 4s*,$%(#9+('*! &'+&&*! &%!5H%#9#(*!2&2#49+('+!PB@\T!>?!@?FBPB:F?\TPAB0!!

8.2. Fonti di cognizione: pubblicazione e ricerca !

8.2.1. Definizioni !"+!XBPA?!>?!FBdP?m?BPT!$+4!$%,%''*!(*(!&*(*!#4',*!5H+!<4%!&',29+('%!#'',#-+,&*!52%!&%!-%+(+!#!5*(*&5+,+!4+!7*('%!$%!1,*$2)%*(+0!?(!%'#4%#!-%!&*(*!7*('%!$%!5*<(%)%*(+!277%5%#4%!.dKmmTAAK!DXX?F?K"T!d0D06!*112,+!1,%-#'+0!K4',+! 7*('%! 277%5%#4%! &*(*! %! E*44+''%(%! 277%5%#4%! $+44+! @+<%*(%! .E0D0@06! +! 4#! d#))+''#! 277%5%#4+! $+44#! F*92(%'I!+2,*1+#!.dDFT60!!

8.2.2. Pubblicazione ufficiale e entrata in vigore !?4!'+&'*!5H+!-%+(+!12334%5#'*!&244+!7*('%!277%5%#4%!H#!9*4'#!%91*,'#()#G!1+,5H`!O2+4!'+&'*!TPA@K!?P!J?dB@T0!?(7#''%! '2''%! <4%! #''%! (*,9#'%-%! $+-*(*!+&&+,+!12334%5#'%! &2! 2(#! 7*('+!277%5%#4+!1+,5H`! %! 5%''#$%(%! +!<4%! *,<#(%!1,+1*&'%!#44s#114%5#)%*(+!$+4!$%,%''*!4*!1*&&#(*!5*(*&5+,+0!!A,#&5*,&%!U]!<%*,(%!$#44#!$#'#!$%!12334%5#)%*(+!.O2+&'*!1+,%*$*!-%+(+!$+''*!JKFKA?B!"Td?:6!%(!52%!<4%!+77+''%!$+44#! 4+<<+! &*(*! &*&1+&%G! 4s#''*!$%-%+(+!1%+(#9+('+!*334%<#'*,%*!+! -%<+! 4#!1,+&2()%*(+!$%! 5*(*&5+()#!$+44#!4+<<+!.t?dPB@KPA?K!"Td?:!PBP!TZFD:KAk6!+!4s*334%<*!$+4!<%2$%5+!$%!#114%5#,4#!&+()#!3%&*<(*!5H+!&%#(*!4+!1#,'%!#!1,*-#,(+!4s+&%&'+()#!.t?D@K!PBJ?A!FD@?Kk60!!

8.3. Fonti-atto e fonti-fatto !

8.3.1. Definizioni !"+! 7*('%! $%! 1,*$2)%*(+! &%! $%&'%(<2*(*! %(! $2+! 5#'+<*,%+L! 4+! XBPA?SKAAB! .*!KAA?!PB@\KA?J?6! *! 4+! XBPA?SXKAAB!.*!XKAA?!PB@\KA?J?60!!"+! 7*('%S#''*! &*(*! 1#,'+! $+<4%! KAA?! d?D@>?F?G! O2%($%! 5*91*,'#9+('%! 5*(&#1+-*4%! +! -*4*('#,%! 5H+! $#((*!42*<*! #! +77+''%! <%2,%$%5%0! d4%! #''%! (*,9#'%-%G! ,%&1+''*! #44s%(&%+9+! 1%[! #91%*! $+<4%! #''%! <%2,%$%5%G! H#((*! $2+!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+!&1+5%7%5H+L!#6 O2#('*!#<4%!+77+''%!<%2,%$%5%G!<4%!#''%!(*,9#'%-%!H#((*!4#!5#1#5%'I!$%!1*,,+!(*,9+!-%(5*4#('%!1+,!'2''%M!36 O2#('*! #%! 5*91*,'#9+('%G! O2+&'%! $+-*(*! +&&+,+! %912'#3%4%! #! &*<<+''%! 52%! 4*! &'+&&*! *,$%(#9+('*!,%5*(*&5+! %4!1*'+,+!$%!1*,,+! %(!+&&+,+! '#4%!#''%0!=2%($%! 4s#<%,+!-*4*('#,%*!$%!2(!*,<#(*!#!5%b!#3%4%'#'*!$#44s*,$%(#9+('*!&+5*($#!4#!(*,9#!$%!,%5*(*&5%9+('*M!

!=2%($%!4#!$+7%(%)%*(+!',#$%)%*(#4+!12b!+&&+,+!4+''#!#(5H+!5*&lL!4#!7*('+S#''*!.#''*!(*,9#'%-*6!N!4s+&1,+&&%*(+!$%!-*4*('I!(*,9#'%-#!$%!2(!&*<<+''*!52%!4s*,$%(#9+('*!#'',%32%&5+!4s%$*(+%'I!$%!1*,,+!%(!+&&+,+!(*,9+!<%2,%$%5H+0!!"+! 7*('%S7#''*!&*(*! %(-+5+!2(#!5#'+<*,%#!,+&%$2#4+!+!&*(*! 4+!#4',+! 7*('%!5H+! 4s*,$%(#9+('*!,%5*(*&5+!1+,5H`!+&%&'+('%0!K11#,'+(<*(*!#44#!5#'+<*,%#!$+%!XKAA?!d?D@>?F?!5H+!1,*$25*(*!5*(&+<2+()+!1+,! 4s*,$%(#9+('*0!=2%($%! $#<4%! #''%! (*,9#'%-%! $%&5+($*(*! (*,9+! -%(5*4#('%! 1+,! '2''%G! $#%! 7#''%! <%2,%$%5%! (*(! (+5+&&#,%#9+('+G!1*%5H`! 4+! 7*('%S7#''*! 5,+#(*! 5*(&+<2+()+! <%2,%$%5H+! &*4*! 1+,! %4! &*<<+''*! $+4! 7#''*G! *--+,*! 1+,! 4s+-+('*!$+'+,9%(#'*&%0!!

8.3.2. Tipicità degli atti normativi !C+,5H`! 4#! -*4*('I! (*,9#'%-#! &%#! -%(5*4#('+! $+-+! +&&+,+! ,%5*(*&5%3%4+G! $+-+!9#(%7+&'#,+! $#! O2#4+! 7*('+! $%!,%5*(*&5%9+('*! $+,%-#! 4#! &2#! 1*'+&'I! (*,9#'%-#0! "#! '%1%5#! 7*,9#!$+44s#''*! N! $#'#! $#! 2(#! &+,%+! $%! +4+9+('%!O2#4%! 4s%('+&'#)%*(+!$+44s#2'*,%'I!+9#(#('+!.+/0!>+5,+'*!9%(%&'+,%#4+6G! %4!(*9+!1,*1,%*!$+44s#''*!.(*9+(!|2,%&G!+/0!>+5,+'*S4+<<+6!+!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!1+,!4#!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44*!&'+&&*G!*--+,*!4#!&+O2+()#!*,$%(#'#!$%!#''%!7%(*!#4!,%&24'#'*!7%(#4+0!!>#4!12('*!$%! -%&'#! ,+$#)%*(#4+! 4s#''*!N! &2$$%-%&*! %(!K@A?FB"?G! +!O2+&'%! #! 4*,*! -*4'#! %(!FB\\?0!d4%! #,'%5*4%G!&1+&&*!5*,,+$#'%!$#!2(#!@DE@?FK!5H+!(+!%($%5#!4s#,<*9+('*G!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+!,#<<,211#'%!%(!FKC?G!+!O2+&'%!#!4*,*!-*4'#!%(!A?AB"?!+!CK@A?0!!

8.3.3. Le consuetudini !D(#!-*4'#!&%!1*'+-#!$%,+!5H+!4#!7*('+S7#''*!1+,!+55+44+()#!7*&&+!4#!FBP:DTAD>?PT0!B<<%!4#!5*(&2+'2$%(+!N!O2#&%! &5*91#,&#G! %(! *,$%(#9+('%! 5H+! &%! %&1%,#(*! #44#! 5*$%7%5#)%*(+0! J%! &*(*! #(5*,#! #452(%! ,%5H%#9%G! 1+,!+&+91%*! (+4! 5*$%5+! 5%-%4+! ,+4#'%-#9+('+! #<4%! 2&%! 5*(',#''2#4%G! 9#! 5*92(O2+! $%! &5#,&#! ,%4+-#()#! $#'#! 4#!$%77%5*4'I!*<<+''%-#!$%!$+'+,9%(#,+!4s+&%&'+()#!$+<4%!2&%0!!"+!50$0!FBP:DTAD>?PT!?PAT@C@TAKA?JT!%(-+5+!&*(*!#4',#!5*&#!,%&1+''*!#44#!5*(&2+'2$%(+0!?(7#''%!(*(!&*(*!5*91*,'#9+('%! &*5%#4%!9#! 5*&'#('%! %('+,1,+'#)%*(%! $+44+! $%&1*&%)%*(%! $%! 4+<<+! $#! 1#,'+! $+<4%! %('+,1,+'%0!P*(!&*(*!1+,'#('*!7*('%!$%!$%,%''*G!9#!$%!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+4!$%,%''*0!!P+4!$%,%''*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!9*4'%!#2'*,%!#55+((#(*!#44+!5*(&2+'2$%(%G!9#!#(5H+!O2%!&%!,%&5H%#!$%!7#,+!2(#!<,#($+!5*(72&%*(+0! C+,4*1%[! &%! ',#''+,+33+! $%! FBP:DTAD>?P?! tXKFB"A?mmKPA?kL! &*(*! O2+44+! 5H+! 5*(&+('*(*!5*91*,'#9+('%!5H+!4+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!&5,%''+!(*(!-%+'#(*!+&14%5%'#9+('+0!!"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! #44s#,'0! Ug0U! .$*-+! &'#3%4%&5+! 5H+! t4s*,$%(#9+('*! %'#4%#(*! &%! 5*(7*,9#! #44+! (*,9+! $+4! $%,%''*!%('+,(#)%*(#4+!<+(+,#49+('+!,%5*(*&5%2'+k6!7#!,%7+,%9+('*!#44+!FBP:DTAD>?P?!?PAT@PKm?BPK"?0!!

X*('%S7#''*G! *4',+! #44#! 5*(&2+'2$%(+G! &*(*! 1+,! %4! (*&',*! *,$%(#9+('*! '2''+! O2+44+! 5H+! 1,*$25*(*! (*,9+!,%5H%#9#'+!$#4!(*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*!&'+&&*!9#!(*(!1,*$*''+!$#%!(*&',%!*,<#(%0!"+!(*,9+!5*92(%'#,%+!&*(*!$#!5*(&%$+,#,&%G!1+,!+&+91%*G!7*('%S7#''*!1+,!%4!(*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*G!7*('%S#''*!1+,!4s*,$%(#9+('*!5*92(%'#,%*0!F*(&%$+,#)%*(%!&%9%4#,%!-#4<*(*!1+,!4+!PB@\T!>?!>?@?AAB!?PAT@PKm?BPK"T!C@?JKAB0!!

8.4. Tecniche di rinvio ad altri ordinamenti !

8.4.1. Il rinvio ad altri ordinamenti !?4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!T:F"D:?J?AKsG!5H+!N!+&1,+&&%*(+!$+44#!&*-,#(%'I!$+44*!:'#'*G!#'',%32%&5+!#!O2+&'*!%4!1*'+,+!+&542&%-*!$%!,%5*(*&5+,+!4+!1,*1,%+!7*('%G!+!O2%($%!$%!%($%5#,+!%!7#''%!+!<4%!#''%!5H+!1,*$25*(*!4s*,$%(#9+('*0!"+!(*,9+!$%!*,$%(#9+('%!$%!:'#'%!$%-+,&%G!1*&&*(*!-#4+,+!#44s%('+,(*!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!$+44*!:'#'*!&*4'#('*!&+! 4+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!$%!O2+&'*!4*!5*(&+('*(*0!!C+,!5*(&+('%,+!#44+!(*,9+!1,*$*''+!$#!7*('%!$%!#4',%!*,$%(#9+('%!&%!*1+,#!#'',#-+,&*!4#!'+5(%5#!$+4!@?PJ?B0!:%!$%&'%(<2*(*!$2+!'+5(%5H+!$%!,%(-%*G!t7%&&*k!+!t9*3%4+k0!!

8.4.2. Il rinvio “fisso” !?4!@?PJ?B!X?::B!.$+''*!#(5H+!@?PJ?B!\KAT@?K"T!*!@TFTAA?m?B6!N!%4!9+55#(%&9*!5*(!52%!2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*! &'#'#4+! ,%5H%#9#! 2(! $+'+,9%(#'*! #''*! %(! -%<*,+! %(! #4',*! *,$%(#9+('*0! T-+('2#4%! -#,%#)%*(%!#44s#''*!52%!&%!,%(-%#!(*(!1,*$2,,#((*!+77+''%!(+44s*,$%(#9+('*!&%(*!#!2(!(2*-*!,+5+1%9+('*0!!

8.4.3. Il rinvio “mobile” !?4! @?PJ?B! \BE?"T! .$+''*! #(5H+! @?PJ?B! XB@\K"T! *! PBPS@TFTAA?m?B6! N! %4! 9+55#(%&9*! 5*(! 52%! 2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!&'#'#4+!,%5H%#9#!(*(!2(*!&1+5%7%5*!#''*!$%!2(!#4',*!*,$%(#9+('*!9#!2(#!7*('+!$%!+&&*0!!

8.5. La funzione dell’interpretazione !"s#''*! (*,9#'%-*! N! 2(! $*529+('*! &5,%''*G! $*'#'*! $%! $+'+,9%(#'+! 5#,#''+,%&'%5H+! 7*,9#4%0! F*9+! '2''%! %! '+&'%!&5,%''%G!4s#''*!(*,9#'%-*!N!#,'%5*4#'*!%(!TPDPF?KA?G!5H+!,#11,+&+('#(*!4s2(%'I!4%(<2%&'%5#!9%(%9#!1*,'#',%5+!$%!2(! &%<(%7%5#'*! 5*914+'*0! A,#9%'+! <4%! +(2(5%#'%! &%! +&1,%9+! 4#! -*4*('I! (*,9#'%-#! $+4! 4+<%&4#'*,+0! C+,! 4#! 4*,*!5#,#''+,%&'%5#!%91+,#'%-#G!<4%!+(2(5%#'%!$+<4%!#''%!(*,9#'%-%!&%!5H%#9#(*!>?:CB:?m?BP?0!!>2+! 5*&+! $%&'%('+! &*(*! 4s?PAT@C@TAKm?BPT! +! 4sKCC"?FKm?BPT! $+4! $%,%''*0! :%! $%5+! 5H+! 2&2#49+('+!4s#114%5#)%*(+!$+4!$%,%''*!5*(&%&'+!(+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$%!2(#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!+!#&',#''#!#!2(!5#&*!1#,'%5*4#,+!+!5*(5,+'*!&+5*($*!4*!&5H+9#!$+4!:?""Bd?:\BG!5H+!%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!&%!$%5+!d?D>?m?K"T0!!"#!PB@\K!1+,b!N!%4!7,2''*!$+44s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+44+!$%&1*&%)%*(%0!!

8.6. Le antinomie e tecniche di risoluzione !KPA?PB\?T! &%! 5H%#9#(*! %! 5*(',#&'%! ',#! (*,9+0! Ts! %4! 5*91%'*! $+44s%('+,1,+'+! ,%&*4-+,+! 4+! #('%(*9%+G!%($%-%$2#($*!4#!(*,9#!#114%5#3%4+!#4!5#&*0!A#4-*4'#G!5*(!2(s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!&%&'+9#'%5#G!N!1*&&%3%4+!,%&*4-+,+!4+!#('%(*9%+G!5%*N!#'',%32+($*!#44+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!%(!<%*5*!2(!&%<(%7%5#'*!5H+!4+!,+($#!5*91#'%3%4%0!!

=2#4*,#!2(s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!&%&'+9#'%5#!(*(!,%&*4-+!4+!#('%(*9%+!$%!'#42(%!1,*--+$%9+('%G!O2#'',*!&*(*!%!5,%'+,%!&'#3%4%'%!$#44s*,$%(#9+('*!1+,!4#!,%&*42)%*(+!$+44+!5*(',#$$%)%*(%L!%4!5,%'+,%*!5,*(*4*<%5*G!%4!5,%'+,%*!<+,#,5H%5*G!%4!5,%'+,%*!$%!&1+5%#4%'I!+!O2+44*!$+44#!5*91+'+()#0!!

8.6. Il criterio cronologico e l’abrogazione !

8.6.1. Definizioni !?4!F@?AT@?B!F@BPB"Bd?FB!$%5+!5H+! %(!5#&*!$%!5*(',#&'*!',#!c!(*,9+!&%!$+-+!1,+7+,%,+!O2+44#!1%[!,+5+('+!."TZ!CB:AT@?B@!>T@BdKA!C@?B@?60!"#!1,+-#4+()#!$+44#!(2*-#!(*,9#!&244#!-+55H%#!&%!+&1,%9+!#'',#-+,&*!4sKE@BdKm?BPT!5H+!&#(5%&5+!%4!'+,9%(+!$+44sTXX?FKF?K!$+44#!(*,9#!1*&'+,%*,+0!!"s+77%5#5%#!N!2(#!7%<2,#!<+(+,#4+!$+4!$%,%''*!+!5*(&%&'+!(+44s%$*(+%'I!$%!2(!7#''*G!2(!#''*!*!2(!(+<*)%*!<%2,%$%5*!#!1,*$2,,+!+77+''%!<%2,%$%5%0!!

8.6.2. Efficacia delle norme e principio di irretroattività delle leggi !"s+77%5#5%#!$%!2(#!(*,9#!N! 4#!&2#!#114%5#3%4%'I!5*9+!,+<*4#!$+%! ,#11*,'%!<%2,%$%5%0!"#!(*,9#!$%-+('#!+77%5#5+!O2#($*!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!+(',#!%(!-%<*,+0!J%<+!%4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!?@@TA@BKAA?J?AKs!1+,!<4%!#''%!(*,9#'%-%G!5*9+!$%&1*&'*! (+44+! C,+4+<<%G! 9#! (*(! #! 4%-+44*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! $*-+! N! 1,+-%&'*! &*4*! 1+,! 4+! (*,9+! 1+(#4%!%(5,%9%(#',%5%0!!

8.6.3. Effetti temporali dell’abrogazione !?4!1,%(5%1%*!$%! %,,+',*#''%-%'I!-#4+!#(5H+!1+,! 4s#3,*<#)%*(+0!:+!O2+&'#!N!+77+''*!1,*$*''*!$#4!(2*-*!#''*!&244+!(*,9+!1,+5+$+('%G!*1+,#!%(!9#(5#()#!$%!$%&1*&%)%*(%!5*(',#,%+!&*4*!1+,!%4! 72'2,*0!"#!(*,9#!#3,*<#'#!O2%($%!&#,I! 4#! (*,9#! 5H+! %4! <%2$%5+! $*-,I! #114%5#,+! 1+,! %! -+55H%! ,#11*,'%! %('+,5*,&%! 7%(*! #44s+(',#'#! %(! -%<*,+! $+44#!(2*-#!(*,9#'%-#0!:%!$%5+!5H+!4s#3,*<#)%*(+!*1+,#!TZ!PDPF!.$#!*,#60!!

8.6.4. Tipi di abrogazione !"s#,'0!U]!$+44+!C,+4+<<%!+4+(5#!',+!%1*'+&%!$%!#3,*<#)%*(+L!#6 1+,!$%5H%#,#)%*(+!+&1,+&&#!$#4!4+<%&4#'*,+!.KE@BdKm?BPT!T:C@T::K6M!36 1+,!%(5*91#'%3%4%'I!',#!4+!(2*-+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!+!4+!1,+5+$+('%!.KE@BdKm?BPT!?\C"?F?AK6M!56 1+,5H`! 4#! (2*-#! 4+<<+! ,+<*4#! 4s%('+,#! 9#'+,%#! <%I! ,+<*4#'#! $#44#! 4+<<+! #('+,%*,+! .KE@BdKm?BPT!AKF?AK6M!

!"s#3,*<#)%*(+!+&1,+&&#!N!%4!5*('+(2'*!'%1%5*!$%!2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!+!1*&&%+$+!2(#!-#4+()#!T@dK!B\PT:0!!"s#3,*<#)%*(+! %914%5%'#! (*(! N! $%&1*&'#! $#4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! 9#! $#44s%('+,1,+'+! .+/0! 2(! <%2$%5+6! 5H+! ,%&*4-+!4s#('%(*9%#0!\#!4s%('+,1,+'+!(*(!12b!+4%9%(#,+!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!#('+,%*,+G!1+,5H`!N!2(#!7*('+S#''*0!=2%($%! 4s#3,*<#)%*(+!%914%5%'#!N!'+91*,#49+('+!%$+('%5#!#!O2+44#!+&1,+&&#G!9#!(*(!&1#)%#49+('+G!1*%5H`!&+!4+! $%&1*&%)%*(+! $+4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! -#4<*(*! +,<#! *9(+&G! 4+! %('+,1,+'#)%*(%! -#4<*(*! (+4! &%(<*4*! <%2$%)%*! .?PAT@!CK@AT:60!!"s#3,*<#)%*(+! '#5%'#! N! %(! '2''*! &%9%4+! (+<4%! +77+''%! #44s#3,*<#)%*(+! %914%5%'#! +! &%! $%77+,+()%#! &*4'#('*!(+44s#,<*9+('#)%*(+!5H+!(*(!,%<2#,$#!%4!&%(<*4*!+(2(5%#'*!9#!%4!$%&1*&%'%-*!(+4!5*914+&&*0!!

8.6.5. Abrogazione, deroga e sospensione !>%-+,&#!$#44s#3,*<#)%*(+!N!4#!>T@BdK0!"#!$+,*<#!(#&5+!$#!2(!5*(',#&'*!',#!(*,9+!$%!'%1*!$%-+,&*G!(+4!&+(&*!5H+! 4#! (*,9#! $+,*<#'#! N! 2(#! (*,9#! <+(+,#4+G! 9+(',+! 4#! (*,9#! $+,*<#('+! N! 2(#! (*,9#! 1#,'%5*4#,+L! N!&+914%5+9+('+! 2(s+55+)%*(+! #44#! ,+<*4#0! "#! (*,9#! $+,*<#'#! (*(! 1+,$+! +77%5#5%#! .5*9+! (+4! 5#&*! $%! 2(!#3,*<#)%*(+6!9#!-%+(+!4%9%'#'*!%4!&2*!5#91*!$%!#114%5#)%*(+0!!:%9%4+!#44#!$+,*<#!N!4#!:B:CTP:?BPT!$+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$%!2(#!(*,9#0!!

8.7. Il criterio gerarchico e l’annullamento !

8.7.1. Definizioni !?4! F@?AT@?B!dT@K@Fn?FB!$%5+! 5H+! %(! 5#&*! $%! 5*(',#&'*! ',#! $2+!(*,9+! &%! $+-+! 1,+7+,%,+! O2+44#! 5H+! (+44#!dT@K@Fn?K! >T""T! XBPA?! *5521#! %4! 1*&'*! 1%[! +4+-#'*! ."TZ! :DCT@?B@! >T@BdKA! "Td?! ?PXT@?B@?60! "#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! .#,'0! U^e6! $%&+<(#! %914%5%'#9+('+! 2(#! <+,#,5H%#! $*-+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 1,+-#4+! &244#! 4+<<+! +!#(#4*<#9+('+! 4+! C,+4+<<%! $%&+<(#(*! 2(#! <+,#,5H%#! $*-+! 4#! 4+<<+! 1,+-#4+! &24! ,+<*4#9+('*! +! O2+&'*! &244+!5*(&2+'2$%(%0!!"#! 1,+-#4+()#! $+44#! (*,9#! &21+,%*,+! &2! O2+44#! %(7+,%*,+! &%! +&1,%9+! #'',#-+,&*! 4sKPPD""K\TPAB0!"s#((244#9+('*!N!4s+77+''*!$%!2(#!>?Fn?K@Km?BPT!>?!?""Td?AA?\?AKs!5H+!2(!<%2$%5+!1,*(2(5%#!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$%! 2(! #''*! 5H+! O2%($%! 1+,$+! JK"?>?AKs0! "#! -#4%$%'I! N! 2(#! 7%<2,#! <+(+,#4+! $+4! $%,%''*! +! 5*(&%&'+! (+44#!5*(7*,9%'I!#44+!(*,9+!5H+!4*!$%&5%14%(#(*G!2(!5#&*!,%&',+''*!$+44#!"Td?AA?\?AKs0!!?! -%)%! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! $%! $2+! '%1%L! XB@\K"?! *! :B:AKPm?K"?0! ?! -%)%! 7*,9#4%! ,%<2#,$#(*! 4#! 5*91+'+()#!$+44s*,<#(*! 5H+! 4*! H#! +9#(#'*! +! %4! 1,*5+$%9+('*! &+<2%'*! +! O2%($%! ,%<2#,$#(*! 4s#''*! (+4! &2*! 5*914+&&*0! ?!&+5*($%! ,%<2#,$#(*! %! 5*('+(2'%! (*,9#'%-%! $%! 2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+G! 5%*N! 4+!(*,9+!5H+!1,*$25*(*!#('%(*9%+! 5*(!#4',+!$%&1*&%)%*(%0!!?4!5,%'+,%*!5,*(*4*<%5*!*1+,#!&244#!7%&%*4*<%#!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!.5,+&5%'#6!9+('+!%4!5,%'+,%*!<+,#,5H%5*!*1+,#!&244#!1#'*4*<%#!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*G!#112('*!%!-%)%0!!

8.7.2. Effetti dell’annullamento !?(! 4%(+#! <+(+,#4+! O2#($*! 2(! <%2$%5+! $%5H%#,#! 4s%44+<%''%9%'I! $%! 2(! #''*! (*,9#'%-*G! O2+&'#! $%5H%#,#)%*(+! H#!+77+''%!<+(+,#4%! .+,<#!*9(+&60!K4! 5*(',#,%*!$+44s#3,*<#)%*(+G! 4s#((244#9+('*!*1+,#!#(5H+!1+,! %4!1#&&#'*! .TZ!ADPF6!&*4*!1+,!O2+%!@KCCB@A?!#(5*,#!CTP>TPA?!.*!#1+,'%60!?!@KCCB@A?!T:KD@?A?!.5H%2&%6!(*(!1*&&*(*!1%[!+&&+,+!$+$*''%!$#-#('%!#!2(!<%2$%5+0!?!,#11*,'%!1*&&*(*!5H%2$+,&%!1+,!C@T:F@?m?BPTG!>TFK>TPmK!$+4!$%,%''*G!1+,!-*4*('I!5%*N!KF=D?T:FTPmK!*112,+!%(!d?D>?FKAB0!!

8.8. Il criterio della specialità !

8.8.1. Definizioni !?4! F@?AT@?B! >T""K! :CTF?K"?AKs! $%5+! 5H+! %(! 5#&*! $%! 5*(',#&'*! ',#! $2+! (*,9+! &%! $+-+! 1,+7+,%,+! 4#! (*,9#!&1+5%#4+!#!O2+44#!<+(+,#4+G!#(5H+!&+!O2+&'#!N!&255+&&%-#! ."TZ!:CTF?K"?:!>T@BdKA!"Td?!dTPT@K"?M! "TZ!CB:AT@?B@!dTPT@K"?:!PBP!>T@BdKA!"Td?!C@?B@?!:CTF?K"?6!!"#!1,+7+,+()#!1+,! 4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!(*(!&%!+&1,%9+!(`!5*(!,%7+,%9+('*!#44s+77%5#5%#!$+44#!(*,9#!.5*9+!1+,!4s#3,*<#)%*(+6G! (`! 5*(! ,%7+,%9+('*! #44#! &2#! -#4%$%'I! .5*9+! 1+,! 4s#((244#9+('*60! "+! (*,9+! %(! 5*(74%''*!,%9#(<*(*! +(',#93+! +77%5#5%! +! -#4%$+! +! 4s%('+,1,+'+! *1+,#! &*4#9+('+! 2(#! &5+4'#! $%! O2#4+! (*,9#!#114%5#,+M!

4s#4',#!(*,9#!&+914%5+9+('+!(*(!N!#114%5#'#0!"#!$+,*<#!N!O2%($%!4s+77+''*!'%1%5*!$+44#!1,+-#4+()#!$+44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!&2!O2+44#!<+(+,#4+0!!

8.8.2. Rapporti tra il criterio di specialità e gli altri !"#! $+,*<#! N! 1+,b! &*4*! 2(*! $+%! 1*&&%3%4%! +&%'%! $%! 2(! 5*(74%''%! ',#! (*,9#! <+(+,#4+! +! (*,9#! &1+5%#4+0! T55*! %4!O2#$,*!$+44+!,+4#)%*(%!5H+!,%#&&29+!4+!5*&+!<%I!$+''+!%(!1,+5+$+()#L!#6 &+! 4#! (*,9#! <+(+,#4+! N! &255+&&%-#G! +! 4#! (*,9#! <+(+,#4+! +! 4#! (*,9#! 1#,'%5*4#,+! H#((*! 1#,%'I!<+,#,5H%5#L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!.>T@BdK6M!

36 &+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!&255+&&%-#G!+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!&21+,%*,+!#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!&21+,%*,+!.?""Td?AA?\?AKs6M!

56 &+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!&255+&&%-#G!+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!%(7+,%*,+!#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!&21+,%*,+!.?""Td?AA?\?AKs6M!

$6 &+! 4#! (*,9#! &1+5%#4+! N! &255+&&%-#G! +! 4#! (*,9#! <+(+,#4+! +! 4#! (*,9#! 1#,'%5*4#,+! H#((*! 1#,%'I!<+,#,5H%5#L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!.>T@BdK6M!

+6 &+!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!N!&255+&&%-#G!+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!&21+,%*,+!#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!&21+,%*,+!.?""Td?AA?\?AKs6M!

76 &+!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!N!&255+&&%-#!+!4#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+!N!%(7+,%*,+!#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+L!N!1,+7+,%'#!4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!&21+,%*,+!.?""Td?AA?\?AKs6M!

!

8.8.3. Regola e eccezione: problemi di interpretazione !?4! 5,%'+,%*! $%! &1+5%#4%'I! *1+,#! +&542&%-#9+('+! ',#! (*,9+G! +! #11#,'+(+($*! #44+! '+5(%5H+! $+44s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!*1+,#!%('+,!1#,'+&0!"s+55+)%*(+!+!O2%($%!4#!$+,*<#!12b!+&&+,+!$%&5%14%(#'#!$#44#!&'+&&#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!5H+!1*(+!4#! ,+<*4#G!9#! %(! O2+&'%! 5#&%! (*(! &%! 1#,4+,+33+!$%! #114%5#)%*(+! $+4! 5,%'+,%*! $+44#! &1+5%#4%'I!9#!$%! '+5(%5#! $%!,+$#)%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!5*(!-#4%$%'I!+,<#!*9(+&0!!"+!+55+)%*(%! &%#(*!+&&+!+&1,+&&+!*! %('+,1,+'#'+!(*(!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+! 4+''+! %(! &+(&*!+&'+(&%-*0!=2%($%! &+! 4#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!-#!1,+7+,%'#!#44#!(*,9#!<+(+,#4+G!O2+&'#!1,+7+,+()#!-#4+!&*4*!(+%!5#&%!+&1,+&&#9+('+!%($%5#'%!$#44#!(*,9#!&1+5%#4+!&+()#!4s+&'+(&%*(+!#!5#&%!#(#4*<H%0!!

8.9. Il criterio della competenza !

8.9.1. Definizioni !?4!F@?AT@?B!>?!FB\CTATPmK!(*(!&%!1,+&'#!#!2(#!$+7%(%)%*(+!&',%(<+('+!%(!7*,9#!$%!,+<*4#!1+,!4s%('+,1,+'+G!O2+&'*!1+,5H`!+&&*!(*(!N!2(!5,%'+,%*!1,+&5,%''%-*!9#!+&14%5#'%-*L!&+,-+!5%*N!#!&1%+<#,+!5*9+!N!*,<#(%))#'*!#''2#49+('+!%4!&%&'+9#!$+44+!7*('%0!!!?4!1,*34+9#!$+44s%($%-%$2#)%*(+!$+44+!5*91+'+()+!(#&5+!$#4!&%&'+9#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!%'#4%#(*G!3#&#'*!&2!$%!2(#!5*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%<%$#! 5H+! H#! 1,+-%&'*! -%! &%#(*! 1%[! 7*('%! $%! $%,%''*! (*(! (+5+&&#,%#9+('+! *,<#(%))#'+! %(! &5#4#!<+,#,5H%5#0!"#!<+,#,5H%#!$+44+!7*('%!O2%($%!(*(!3#&'#!1%[!#!$#,5%!%4!O2#$,*!+&#''*!$+4!&%&'+9#G!1+,5H`!-%!&*(*!&2$$%-%&%*(%!(*(!&1%+<#3%4%!%(!'+,9%(%!$%!t7*,)#k!9#!$%!5*91+'+()#0!!

8.9.2. Effetti dell’applicazione !:+! $*-+&&%9*! 2'%4%))#,+! %4! 5,%'+,%*! $%! 5*91+'+()#G! (*(! 5*9+! &5H+9#! +&14%5#'%-*G!9#! 5*9+! ,+<*4#! 5*(! 52%!,%&*4-+,+! %! 5*(74%''%! ',#! (*,9+G! $*-,+99*! $%,+! 5H+! 1,+&5,%-+! $%! $#,+! 1,+7+,+()#! #44#! (*,9#! 5*91+'+('+0!E+(5H`!%4!5,%'+,%*!$%!5*91+'+()#G!%(!O2#('*!1,+&5,%)%*(+!$%,+''#!#44s%('+,1,+'+G!(*(!&+93,%!$2(O2+!#-+,+!2(#!1,*1,%#! 5*(&%&'+()#G! #2'*(*9#! $#<4%! #4',%! 5,%'+,%G! +&&*! N! '2''#-%#! #&&2('*! $#44#! F*,'+! F*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 5*9+!

5,%'+,%*!5H+!$+-+!<2%$#,+!%!<%2$%5%!%(!#452(+!&%'2#)%*(%G!5*9+!(+%!,#11*,'%!',#!#''%!&'#'#4%!+!,+<%*(#4%!*!5*(',#&'%!5*(!4+!(*,9#'%-+!+2,*1++0!!

8.10. Riserve di legge e principio di legalità !

8.10.1. Definizioni !!"#!@?:T@JK!>?!"TddT!N!4*!&',29+('*!5*(!52%!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!,+<*4#!%4!5*(5*,&*!$+44+!7*('%!(+44#!$%&5%14%(#!$%!2(#!$+'+,9%(#'#!9#'+,%#L!1+,5%b!N!2(#!,+<*4#!5%,5#!4s+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#0!Ts!$2(O2+!+-%$+('+!5H+!4#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!#5O2%&'#!2(!&%<(%7%5#'*!1,+5%&*!&*4'#('*!$*-+!-%!&%#!2(#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!,%<%$#!1+,5H`!&*4*!%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!%!4%9%'%!1*&'%!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!#44#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!1*&&*(*!%91*,&%!#4!4+<%&4#'*,+0!!>%-+,&*!&%<(%7%5#'*!H#! %4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!"TdK"?AKs0!T&&*!#77*($#! 4+!&2+!,#$%5%!(+44*!:'#'*!$%!$%,%''*G!$+44#!52%!$+7%(%)%*(+!N!2(!+4+9+('*!%('+<,#('+0!?4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!4+<#4%'I!1,+&5,%-+!5H+!O2#4&%#&%!1*'+,+!12334%5*!&%!7*($#!&2! 2(#! 1,+-%#! (*,9#! #'',%32'%-#! $+44#! 5*91+'+()#L! 4#! &2#! ,#'%*! N! $%! #&&%52,#,+! 2(! 2&*! ,+<*4#'*G! (*(!#,3%',#,%*G!5*(',*44#3%4+!+!<%2&'%)%#3%4+!$+4!1*'+,+0!!"#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!&%!1,+&+('#!5*9+!4s+&1,+&&%*(+!$+44s+&'+(&%*(+!$+44#!4+<#4%'I!#44#!&'+&&#!#''%-%'I!4+<%&4#'%-#0!!

8.10.2. Tipologie !?4!9+55#(%&9*!$+44#!,%&+,-#!*1+,#!%(!9*$%!$%-+,&%L!#6 4+!@?:T@JT!K!XKJB@T!>?!KAA?!>?JT@:?!>K""K!"TddT!&*(*!,#,+!+!&%!',#''#!$%L!

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• ,%&+,-+!#!7#-*,+!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%M!36 4#! @?:T@JK! >?! "TddT! XB@\K"T! B@>?PK@?K! %91*(+! 5H+! &244#! 9#'+,%#! %('+,-+(<#! %4! &*4*! #''*!4+<%&4#'%-*! 1,*$*''*! #'',#-+,&*! %4! 1,*5+$%9+('*! 1#,4#9+('#,+! 5*(! 4s+&542&%*(+! O2%($%! $+<4%! #4',%! #''%!+O2%1#,#'%!#44#!4+<<+!7*,9#4+!&'+&&#0!"#!,#'%*!$%!O2+&'#!,%&+,-#!N!O2+44#!$%!,%&+,-#,+!#44s#11,*-#)%*(+!1#,4#9+('#,+!O2+44+!4+<<%!5H+!,#11,+&+('#(*!&',29+('%!',#9%'+!%!O2#4%!%4!C#,4#9+('*!12b!5*(',*44#,+!%4!d*-+,(*0! K$! +&+91%*! '2''%! <4%! #''%! 5*(! 7*,)#! $%! 4+<<+! #11,*-#'%! $#4! d*-+,(*! $+-*(*! +&&+,+!5*(7+,9#'%G!*!1,%9#!*!$*1*G!$#4!C#,4#9+('*M!

56 4+!,%&+,-+!$%! 4+<<+! %(!&+(&*!&',+''*!1,+&5,%-*(*!4#!9#'+,%#!$#!+&&+!5*(&%$+,#'#!&%#!$%&5%14%(#'#!$#44#!4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! +! $#44+! 7*('%! +O2%1#,#'+G! +&542$+($*! *! 4%9%'#($*! 4s%('+,-+('*! $%! #''%! $%! 4%-+44*!<+,#,5H%5*!%(7+,%*,+!#44#!4+<<+G!5%*N!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!#99%(%&',#'%-%0!K!&+5*($#!$+%!,#11*,'%!',#!4+<<+!+!,+<*4#9+('*!%!$%&'%(<2*(*!$2+!'%1%!$%!,%&+,-+!$%!4+<<+L!• 4#!@?:T@JK!K::B"DAK!+&542$+!O2#4&%#&%! %('+,-+('*!$%! 7*('%! &23S4+<%&4#'%-+!$#44#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44#!9#'+,%#G!5H+G!1+,'#('*G!$*-,I!+&&+,+! %('+<,#49+('+!,+<*4#'#!$#44#! 4+<<+!7*,9#4+!*,$%(#,%#!*!$#!#''%!#$!+&&#!+O2%1#,#'#0!K$!+&+91%*!4s#,'0!U^0c!1,+-+$+!4s#,,+&'*!t(+%!&*4%!5#&%!1,+-%&'%!$#44#!4+<<+k!.,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!#&&*42'#6!+!1*%!#<<%2(<+!t1+,!#''*!9*'%-#'*!$+44s#2'*,%'I!<%2$%)%#,%#k!.@?:T@JK!>?!d?D@?:>?m?BPT6M!

• 4#! @?:T@JK! @T"KA?JK! (*(! +&542$+! 5H+! #44#! $%&5%14%(#! $+44#! 9#'+,%#! 5*(5*,,#! #(5H+! %4!,+<*4#9+('*! #99%(%&',#'%-*G! 9#! ,%5H%+$+! 5H+! 4#! 4+<<+! $%&5%14%(%! 1,+-+('%-#9+('+! #49+(*! %!1,%(5%1%!#!52%!%4!,+<*4#9+('*!$+-+!#''+(+,&%0!K$!+&+91%*!4s#,'0!YV0U!$%&1*(+!5H+!t%!12334%5%!277%5%!&*(*!*,<#(%))#'%!&+5*($*!$%&1*&%)%*(%!$%!4+<<+kG!O2%($%!%91*(+!$2+!-%(5*4%L!%4!1,%9*!#4!4+<%&4#'*,+!5H+!$+-+!(*,9#,+!4s#''%-%'I!$+<4%!277%5%!12334%5%G!%4!&+5*($*!#4!d*-+,(*!5H+!$+-+!2'%4%))#,+!<4%!277%5%!12334%5%!5*9+!$%&1*&'*!$#4!4+<%&4#'*,+M!

$6 4+! @?:T@JT!@?PXB@mKAT! &*(*!2(!9+55#(%&9*! 5*(! 52%! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+!(*(! &%! 4%9%'#! #! ,%&+,-#,+! 4#!$%&5%14%(#!$%!2(#!9#'+,%#!#44#!4+<<+G!9#!1*(+!24'+,%*,%!-%(5*4%!#4!4+<%&4#'*,+0!:%!1*&&*(*!$%&'%(<2+,+L!U6 4+!,%&+,-+!,%(7*,)#'+!1+,!5*('+(2'*!&%!H#((*!%(!O2+%!5#&%! %(!52%! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$+!5H+!2(#!$+'+,9%(#'#! ,+<*4#9+('#)%*(+! 1*&&#! +&&+,+! 7#''#! $#44#! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! &*4'#('*! 5*(! 5*('+(2'%!1#,'%5*4#,%L!

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• 4s#,'0! W! 1,+-+$+! 2(#! &%'2#)%*(+! &%9%4+! 1+,! 4+! %('+&+! 5H+! %4! d*-+,(*! 12b! ,#<<%2(<+,+! 5*(! %!,#11,+&+('#('%!$+%!524'%!t#5#''*4%5%kM!

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!

9. La Costituzione !

9.1. Significati di Costituzione !P+<4%! *,$%(#9+('%! <%2,%$%5%!9*$+,(%! 4#! 7*('+!1*&'#!#4!-+,'%5+!$+44#!<+,#,5H%#!$+44+! 7*('%! N! 4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(+0! ?4!'+,9%(+!FB:A?ADm?BPT!N!1+,b!%91%+<#'*!(+4!4%(<2#<<%*!$+%!<%2,%&'%!5*(!&%<(%7%5#'%!(*'+-*49+('+!$%-+,&%L!#6 %(!2(!1,%9*!2&*G!5*&'%'2)%*(+!%($%5#!<4%!+4+9+('%!5H+!5#,#''+,%))#(*!2(!$+'+,9%(#'*!&%&'+9#!1*4%'%5*G!5*9+! N! 7#''*! +! 72()%*(#0! D(#! 72()%*(+! O2%($%! $+&5,%''%-#0! K&&29+($*! O2+&'*! 12('*! $%! -%&'#! *<(%!&*5%+'I!H#!2(#!5*&'%'2)%*(+M!

36 *112,+!5*&'%'2)%*(+!%($%5#!2(!9#(%7+&'*!1*4%'%5*0!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!5*&l!%('+&#!(*(!N!2(!$#'*!9#!N!2(!$*529+('*G!%4!$*529+('*!7*($#9+('#4+!5H+!&+<(#!%4!',%*(7*!$%!2(!%$+#4+!+!&#(5%&5+!4#!-%''*,%#!$%!2(#!-%&%*(+!1*4%'%5#0!C,*%+''#'*!#4!72'2,*G!1,*<,#99%!+!&1+,#()+M!

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9.2. Potere costituente e poteri costituiti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s+9#(#)%*(+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&+<(#!%4!1#&&#<<%*!',#!$2+!7#&%!&'*,%5H+!+!',#!$2+! &%'2#)%*(%!<%2,%$%5H+!$%77+,+('%0!F*(! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! &%! +&#2,%&5+! %4! 1*'+,+! 5*&'%'2+('+!+$! %(%)%#! %4! 1*'+,+!5*&'%'2%'*0!P+4!4%(<2#<<%*!<%2,%$%5*!%4!CBAT@T!FB:A?ADTPAT!N!$+7%(%'*!2(!1*'+,+!4%3+,*0!!P*(!9+(*!%91*,'#('+!N!%4!,%5*(*&5%9+('*!+&'+,(*!5H+!&%!+&1,%9+!#'',#-+,&*!4#!1,#'%5#!$+4!@?FBPB:F?\TPAB!?PAT@PKmBPK"T0!C+,!%4!$%,%''*!%('+,(#)%*(#4+!4s#77+,9#,&%!+!4#!4+<%''%9#)%*(+!$%!2(*!:'#'*!N!2(!7+(*9+(*!(*(!&1%+<#3%4+!%(!'+,9%(%!$%!$%,%''*L!4*!:'#'*!&%!4+<%''%9#!$#!&`0!!@%74+''+($*! &244+! 5*($%)%*(%! &'*,%5H+! 5H+! H#((*! $+'+,9%(#'*! 4+! 5*&'%'2)%*(%!9*$+,(+! 5H+! &%! 12b! 5*<4%+,+! %4!&%<(%7%5#'*!$%!,%1#,'%)%*(+!',#!5*&'%'2)%*(%!74+&&%3%4%!+!,%<%$+0!!

9.3. Costituzioni flessibili e rigide !

9.3.1. Definizioni !"#!$%&'%()%*(+!',#!FB:A?ADm?BP?!X"T::?E"?!+!FB:A?ADm?BP?!@?d?>T!N!<+(+,#49+('+!&1%+<#'#!5*&lL!&*(*!74+&&%3%4%! 4+! 5*&'%'2)%*(%! 5H+! (*(! 1,+-+$*(*! 2(! 1,*5+$%9+('*! 1#,'%5*4#,+! 1+,! 4#! 4*,*! 9*$%7%5#)%*(+G! 9#!5*(&+('*(*!5H+!O2+&'#!#--+(<#!#'',#-+,&*!4#!(*,9#4+!#''%-%'I!4+<%&4#'%-#G!,%<%$+!O2+44+!5H+!$%&1*(<*(*!1+,!4#!9*$%7%5#)%*(+!$+4!'+&'*!2(!1#,'%5*4#,+!1,*5+$%9+('*0!!C+,! 4+! 1,%9+! (*(! +&%&'+! 2(#! 7*,9#! $%! 5*(',*44*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+44+! 4+<<%G! 1*%5H`! &+! 4#! 4+<<+! $%&1*(+!$%-+,&#9+('+! $#44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! N! O2+&'s24'%9#! #! 9*$%7%5#,&%0! C+,! 4+! &+5*($+! %(-+5+! N! 1,+-#4+('+! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!

"+!F*&'%'2)%*(%!74+&&%3%4%!&*(*!'%1%5H+!$+4!wWggG!,%<%$+!$+4!wYgg0!!

9.3.2. Nozione di Costituzione flessibile !?4!&+(&*!$+44+!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$+44sWgg!+,#!O2+44*!$%!&#(5%,+!%4!1#&&#<<%*!$#44#!'%'*4#,%'I!#&&*42'#!$+4!1*'+,+!$+4!@+!#!2(#!1,*5+$2,#!$%!5*$+5%&%*(+!5*(!%4!C#,4#9+('*0!:*&'#()%#49+('+!&#(5%-#(*!4+!9*$#4%'I!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!4+<%&4#'%-*G! %4! O2#4+! 1*'+-#! 1*%! 1*,'#,+! (+4! 9+,%'*! #(5H+! #! (+<#,+! 4+! 4%3+,'I! 7*($#9+('#4%0! T&&+! +,#(*!9#(%7+&'%!1*4%'%5%!+!1+,!4*!1%[!#''%!(*(!(*,9#'%-%0!!F*9+!&%!-+$+!4#!(*)%*(+!$%!F*&'%'2)%*(+!74+&&%3%4+!H#!O2#45H+!9#,<%(+!$%!#93%<2%'I0!Ts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

9.3.3. Nozione di Costituzione rigida !"+!F*&'%'2)%*(%!,%<%$+!1,+'+($*(*!5H+!'2''+!4+!4*,*!$%&1*&%)%*(%!#33%#(*!7*,)#!,+<*4#'%-#!+!&%#(*!',#''#'+!5*9+!,+<*4+!%($+,*<#3%4%0!"#!,%<%$%'I!N!2(#!5#,#''+,%&'%5#!7%&&#!$+44+!5*&'%'2)%*(+!$+4!wYggG!9#!4#!1,%9#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!9*$+,(#!N!O2+44#!$+<4%!:'#'%!D(%'%!S,%<%$#S!$+4!UVWV0!!=2+44*! 5H+! 4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%<%$#! -2*4+! <#,#('%,+! N! 5H+! 4#! 1#,'+! 5H+! *''%+(+! 4#!9#<<%*,#()#! .&%#! +&&#! 2(#!5*91*(+('+! 1*4%'%5#G! &*5%#4+G! ,+4%<%*&#! *! '+,,%'*,%#4+6! (*(! &%! %91*&&+&&%! $+7%(%'%-#9+('+! +! (*(! 9%(#55%!4s+&%&'+()#! $+44+! 9%(*,#()+0! =2%($%! *<(%! F*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%<%$#! N! 7,2''*! $%! 2(! 5*91,*9+&&*G! 5H+! N!(+5+&&#,%#9+('+! 42(<#! 1+,5H`! *<(%! 5*91*(+('+! #55+''#! 4s#55*,$*! #! 5*($%)%*(+! 5H+! %! &2*%! %('+,+&&%! &%#(*!'2'+4#'%!$#4!'+&'*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!5H+!N!(+5+&&#,%#9+('+!#!&2#!-*4'#!<#,#('%'*!$#!2(!<%2$%5+!52%!N!#'',%32%'#!4#!7#5*4'I!$%!#&&%52,#,+!%4!,%&1+''*!$+4!5*91,*9+&&*0!"+!<#,#()%+!&*(*!$%!$2+!'%1%L! %4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%!,+-%&%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+!%4!5*(',*44*!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!$+44+!4+<<%0!!

9.4. La Costituzione italiana !

9.4.1. Genesi !"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! %'#4%#(#! ,+12334%5#(#!+(',b! %(! -%<*,+! %4!Uv!<+((#%*!UYeW0!T&&#! 72!#11,*-#'#!$#44sK&&+934+#!5*&'%'2+('+G!+4+''#!5*('+91*,#(+#9+('+!#4!,+7+,+($29!%&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!?4! 7#''*!5H+! %4! '+&'*! 7%(#4+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&%#!&'#'*!#11,*-#'*!5*(!O2#&%! %4!Ygx!$+%!-*'%!$%!2(s#&&+934+#!1*4%'%5#9+('+!$%-%&#!&1%+<#!#452(+!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+!$+44#!&'+&&#0!Ts!2(#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!42(<#!1+,5H`!7,2''*!$%!2(!#91%*! 5*91,*9+&&*G! 2(#! &*99#! $%! %&'#()+0! Ts! 2(#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! #1+,'#! 1*%5H`! (*(! %($%-%$2#! %4! 12('*! $%!+O2%4%3,%*!',#!%!$%-+,&%!%('+,+&&%0!!

9.4.2. Contenuti !"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! %'#4%#(#!$+4!UYeW!&%! 5*91*(+!$%!1#,'%!$%-+,&+0! ?(%)%#!5*(! %!C,%(5%1%! 7*($#9+('#4%L!Uc!#,'%5*4%!5H+!+4+(5#(*!1,%(5%1%!#(5H+!%(!5*(',#11*&%)%*(+!',#!4*,*0!!FH+! 4#! ,+12334%5#! &%! 7*($%! &24! 4#-*,*! .#,'0! U6! +! %4! 9+$+&%9*! &%#! 2(! $%,%''*! 7*($#9+('#4+! .#,'0! e6! &*(*!#77+,9#)%*(%!$%!5#,#''+,+!+&&+()%#49+('+!1*4%'%5*G!5H+! %&1%,#(*! 4s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!9#!5H+!(*(!1*&&*(*!#-+,+!1%+(#!#''2#)%*(+!&+!(*(!',#9%'+!2(#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!*,$%(#,%#!5H+!%($%-%$2%!<4%!&',29+('%!1+,!*1+,#,+!%(!'#4!&+(&*0! F*&l! %4! ,%5*(*&5%9+('*! $+44+! #2'*(*9%+! 4*5#4%! .#,'0! ]6G! 4#! '2'+4#! $+44+! 9%(*,#()+! .#,'0! h6! +! 4#!

-#4*,%))#)%*(+!$+4!1#',%9*(%*G!(+4! &+(&*! 4#'*G!$+44#!(#)%*(+! .#,'0!Y6! &*(*! 5*91%'%!#&&+<(#'%!#4! 4+<%&4#'*,+!+!(*(!#4!<%2$%5+!5H+!(*(!H#!9+))%!1+,!#&&*4-+,4+0!!=2%($%!%4!<%2$%5+!(*(!12b!1,*92*-+,+!%(%)%#'%-+!-*4'+!#44#!,+#4%))#)%*(+!$+%!1,%(5%1%!9#!12b!%912<(#,+!4+!4+<<%!5H+!(*(!&%!92*-*(*!(+44#!$%,+)%*(+!$+&5,%''#!(+4!'+&'*0!D(#!72()%*(+!(+<#'%-#G!$%!4%9%'+G!N!O2%($%!#'',%32%'#!#!'2''+!4+!#77+,9#)%*(%!$%!1,%(5%1%G!*!PB@\T!C@Bd@K\\KA?FnT0!!"s#--+('*!$+44#!F*,'+!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!7#''*!1+,$+,+!$%!&%<(%7%5#'*! 4#!$%&'%()%*(+!',#!PB@\T!C@TFTAA?JT!+!PB@\T!C@Bd@K\\KA?FnT0!!D(#!&+5*($#!1#,'+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!.C#,'+!1,%9#!u!>%,%'%!+!$*-+,%!$+%!5%''#$%(%6!1*(+!4+!<#,#()%+!$+44+!4%3+,'I!%($%-%$2#4%! .A%'*4*! ?! u! @#11*,'%! 5%-%4%6G! $+%! $%,%''%! &*5%#4%! .A%'*4*! ??! u! @#11*,'%! +'%5*S&*5%#4%6! +! $+44+! 4%3+,'I!+5*(*9%5H+!.A%'*4*!???!u!@#11*,'%!+5*(*9%5%6G!(*(5H`!%!9*$%!%(!52%!%4!1*1*4*!+&+,5%'#!4#!&*-,#(%'I!.A%'*4*!?J!u!@#11*,'%!1*4%'%5%60!!:+<2+!1*%!2(#!1#,'+! .C#,'+! ??!u!B,$%(#9+('*!$+44#!@+12334%5#6!$+$%5#'#!#44#!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+44*!:'#'*G! #44#!$%&5%14%(#! $+44#!CK! .A%'*4*! ???G! &+)%*(+! ??6! +!$+44#!9#<%&',#'2,#! .A%'*4*! ?J6G! $+44+!@+<%*(%! +!$+44+!#2'*(*9%+!4*5#4%!.A%'*4*!J6!+!$+44+!<#,#()%+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!.A%'*4*!J?60!

!

10. Le fonti dell’ordinamento italiano: Stato

!

10.1. Costituzione e leggi costituzionali

10.1.1. Definizioni !"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+44#! @+12334%5#! %'#4%#(#! $+4! UYeW! ,#11,+&+('#! %4! -+,'%5+! $+44#! <+,#,5H%#! $+44+! 7*('%!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*0!T&&#!N!O2%($%!%4!7*($#9+('*!-#4%$%'I!$+44+!7*('%!1,%9#,%+!$%!52%!$+''#!4#!$%&5%14%(#0!:'#3%4%&5+!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!1+,!+&&+,+!9*$%7%5#'#G!$+''*!$%!@TJ?:?BPT!FB:A?ADm?BPK"T0!!

10.1.2. Leggi costituzionali: procedimento !"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! %'#4%#(#! 1,+$%&1*(+! 2(! 1,*5+$%9+('*! $%! 7*,9#)%*(+! $+44#! "TddT! FB:A?ADm?BPK"T! 5H+! &%!5*(5,+'%))#! 5*&l! 5*9+! $%&1*&'*! $#44s#,'0! U^W! ',#9%'+! $2+! $+4%3+,#)%*(%! &255+&&%-+! $#! 1#,'+! $%! 5%#&52(#!F#9+,#G!O2%($%!e!$+4%3+,#)%*(%!%(!'2''*!&24!9+$+&%9*!'+&'*0!"#!1,%9#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!N!#!9#<<%*,#()#!,+4#'%-#0!?(!O2+&'#!7#&+!4+!F#9+,+!1*&&*(*!#11,*-#,+!O2#4&%#&%!+9+($#9+('*!+!%4!1,*<+''*!N!$+&'%(#'*!#!7#,+!4#!&1*4#!',#! F#9+,#! +! :+(#'*! .PKJTAAT6! 7%(*! #! O2#($*! %4! 9+$+&%9*! '+&'*! (*(! &#,I! #11,*-#'*! $#! +(',#93+! 4+!5#9+,+0! P+44#! &+5*($#! -*'#)%*(+! (*(! N! 1*&&%3%4+! #11,*-#,+! +9+($#9+('%! #4! '+&'*! -*'#'*! %(! 1,+5+$+()#0!P+44#! &+5*($#! #11,*-#)%*(+! &%! #1,*(*! $2+! &',#$+! $%&'%('+L! &+! %4! 5*(&+(&*! ,#<<%2(<+! %! c_^! 4#! ,+-%&%*(+! N!#11,*-#'#!+!1,*924<#'#G!&+!%4!5*(&+(&*!&%!4%9%'#!#44#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!4#!,+-%&%*(+!-%+(+!12334%5%))#'#!+!&*''*1*&'#!#! ,+7+,+($29!5*(7+,9#'%-*0! ?4! ,+7+,+($29!12b!+&&+,+!5H%+&'*!$#!]gg0ggg!+4+''*,%!*!$#!U_]!$+%!9+93,%! $%! 2(#! F#9+,#! *! $#! ]! F*(&%<4%! @+<%*(#4%0! P+4! ,+7+,+($29! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! (*(! N! ,%5H%+&'*! #452(!O2*,290!!?4!$*11%*!3%(#,%*!$+44#!,+-%&%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!N!7%(#4%))#'*!#!,+($+,+!1*&&%3%4+!2(#!9*$%7%5#!$+4!'+&'*!5*(!2(!5*(&+(&*!&%9%4+!#!O2+44#!5*&'%'2+('+!&+()#!$#,+!#44+!9%(*,#()+!2(!1*'+,+!$%!-+'*!',*11*!7*,'+0!!

10.1.3. I limiti della revisione costituzionale !P*(!'2''#! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!N!,+-%&%*(#3%4+0!J%!N!2(!4%9%'+!+&14%5%'*!1*&'*!$#44s#,'0!U^YL!t4#!7*,9#!,+12334%5#(#!(*(!12b!+&&+,+!*<<+''*!$%!,+-%&%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+k0!!J#42'#($*!4#!5*($%)%*(%!&'*,%5H+!$%!#11,*-#)%*(+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&%!$*-,+33+!,%'+(+,+!O2+&'*!4%9%'+!4+<#'*!#44#! &*4#! 7*,9#! $+44*! :'#'*G! O2%($%! %4! 5#,#''+,+! +4+''%-*! $+4! F#1*! $+44*! :'#'*0! ?(-+5+! N! 1,+-#4&#!2(s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!+&'+(&%-#!'#4+!$#!5*91,+($+,+!#(5H+! %4!5#,#''+,+!$+9*5,#'%5*G! %!$%,%''%! %(-%*4#3%4%!+! 4s2(%'I!$+44*!:'#'*0!"#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!#-#44#'*!O2+&'#!'+&%0!!

10.2. Legge formale ordinaria e atti con forza di legge !

10.2.1. Definizioni !"#!"TddT!XB@\K"T!N! 4s#''*!(*,9#'%-*!1,*$*''*!$#44#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!$+44+!F#9+,+!+!1,*924<#'*!$#4!C$@0!Ts!&'#'#G! &*1,#''2''*! %(! 1#&&#'*G! 4#! 7*('+! $+4! $%,%''*! 1+,! +55+44+()#0! K'',#-+,&*! O2+&'*! 1,*5+$%9+('*! &*(*!7*,9#'+!&%#!4+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+!5H+!4+!4+<<%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!?4!1,*5+&&*!$%!,+-%&%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!(*(!N!#4',*!5H+!2(#!7*,9#!#<<,#-#'#!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+0!!F*(!%4!'+,9%(+!"TddT!XB@\K"T!&%!%($%5#!&%#!4#!4+<<+!5*(!-#4*,+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!&%#!O2+44#!#11+(#!%(7+,%*,+G!4#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#0!

!d4%!#''%!5*(!7*,)#!$%! 4+<<+!&*(*!%(-+5+!#''%!(*,9#'%-%!5H+!(*(!H#((*!4#!7*,9#!$%! 4+<<+!.(*(!&*(*!$+4%3+,#'%!$#44+! F#9+,+! +! 1,*924<#'%! $#4! C$@6G!9#! &*(*! +O2%1#,#'%! #44#! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#G! *--+,*! *5521#(*! 4#! &'+&&#!1*&%)%*(+! <+,#,5H%5#! *112,+! H#((*! 4#! &'+&&#! XB@mK! KAA?JK! .$%! #3,*<#)%*(+6! +! CK::?JK! .$%! +&&+,+!#3,*<#'+60!C*&&*(*!O2%($%! &*&'%'2%,&%!#44#! 4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#! 4#$$*-+! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!(*(!1*(<#!2(#! ,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!7*,9#4+0!"+!"Tdd?!XB@\K"?!B@>?PK@?T!+!<4%!#''%!5*(!7*,)#!$%! 4+<<+!5*&'%'2%&5*(*!#&&%+9+!4+!XBPA?!C@?\K@?T0!!

10.2..2. Tipicità e tassatività delle fonti primarie !t"#!72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!N!+&+,5%'#'#!5*44+''%-#9+('+!$#44+!$2+!F#9+,+k!$%5+!4s#,'0!VgG!9+(',+!<4%!#,'%5*4%!$#4!VU!#4!Ve!$+''#(*!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$%!9#&&%9#!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44#!4+<<+!7*,9#4+0!d4%!#''%!5*(!7*,)#!$%! 4+<<+! ,#11,+&+('#(*! 2(s+55+)%*(+0! F*9+! $+,*<#! #44#! ,+<*4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! +&&%! (*(! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+!1,+-%&'%! $#! 7*('%! 5H+! (*(! #33%#(*! %4! ,#(<*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0! ?(7#''%! &*(*! <4%! &'+&&%! #,'%5*4%! &255+&&%-%! $+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!#!%($%5#,+!4+!+55+)%*(%G!5%*N!<4%!#''%!5*(!7*,)#!$%!4+<<+L!

• #,'0!V]L!%4!,+7+,+($29!#3,*<#'%-*!$+44+!4+<<%M!• #,'0!VhL!%4!$+5,+'*!4+<%&4#'%-*!$+4+<#'*M!• #,'0!VVL!%4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+M!• #,'0!VWL!%!$+5,+'%!$+4!d*-+,(*!%(!5#&*!$%!<2+,,#!• %4!$+5,+'*!$%!#''2#)%*(+!$+<4%!:'#'2'%!,+<%*(#4%M!

!T-+('2#4%!%((*-#)%*(%!#44s+4+(5*!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+!%(',*$*''+!&*4'#('*!5*(!4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!=2+&'*!1,%(5%1%*!&%!',#$25+!(+4!$%-%+'*!#44#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!$%!5,+#,+!7*('%!5*(!+&&#!5*(5*,,+()%#4%0!!

10.3. Procedimento legislativo

10.3.1. Definizioni !?4!C@BFT>?\TPAB!N!2(#!&+,%+!5**,$%(#'#!$%!#''%!,%-*4'%!#$!2(*!&'+&&*!,%&24'#'*!7%(#4+L! 4#! 4+<<+!7*,9#4+0!d4%!#''%!$%!52%!$%&1*(+!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!4+<%&4#'%-*!&*(*L!

• 4s%(%)%#'%-#!4+<%&4#'%-#M!• 4#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!$+44+!F#9+,+M!• 4#!1,*924<#)%*(+M!

!

10.3.2. L’iniziativa legislativa !"s?P?m?KA?JK! "Td?:"KA?JK! 5*(&%&'+! (+44#! 1,+&+('#)%*(+! $%! 2(! C@BdTAAB!>?! "TddT! #$! 2(#! F#9+,#0! P+4!4%(<2#<<%*!'+5(%5*!&%!5H%#9#(*!>?:TdP?!>?!"TddT!&+!$%! %(%)%#'%-#!$+4!d*-+,(*G!C@BCB:AT!>?!"TddT!(+<4%!#4',%!5#&%0!!D(!1,*<+''*!$%!4+<<+!5*(&'#!$%!c!1#,'%L!

• %4!'+&'*!$+44s#,'%5*4#'*M!• 4#!,+4#)%*(+!5H+!#55*91#<(#!4s#,'%5*4#'*!+!5H+!(+!%442&',#!<4%!&5*1%!+!4+!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+M!

!"s%(%)%#'%-#!4+<%&4#'%-#!N!,%&+,-#'#!#$!#452(%!&*<<+''%!'#&&#'%-#9+('+!%($%5#'%!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!#44s#,'0!VU0UL!#6 %(%)%#'%-#!<*-+,(#'%-#0!?4!d*-+,(*!N!4s2(%5*!&*<<+''*!5H+!H#!1*'+,+!$%!%(%)%#'%-#!&2!'2''+!4+!9#'+,%+0!"#!7*,9#)%*(+!$+4! $%&+<(*!$%! 4+<<+!N!*,<#(%))#'#!1#,'+($*!$#44s%(%)%#'%-#!9%(%&'+,%#4+G! 4#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!$+4!F$\G!4s#2'*,%))#)%*(+!$+4!C$@!+!4#!1,+&+('#)%*(+!#44#!F#9+,#M!

36 %(%)%#'%-#!1#,4#9+('#,+0!B<(%!$+12'#'*!+!*<(%!&+(#'*,+!12b!1,+&+('#,+!1,*<+''%!$%!4+<<+!#44#!F#9+,#!$%!#11#,'+(+()#G!&#4-*!1+,!4+!9#'+,%+!,%&+,-#'+!#4!d*-+,(*!.#,''0!WU!+!VV0c6M!

56 %(%)%#'%-#!1*1*4#,+0!"s#,'0!VU0c!1,+-+$+!5H+!2(!1,*<+''*!$%!4+<<+!1*&&#!+&&+,+!1,+&+('#'*!$#!]g0ggg!+4+''*,%0!J#4<*(*!%!4%9%'%!$+44s%(%)%#'%-#!<*-+,(#'%-#M!

$6 %(%)%#'%-#! ,+<%*(#4+0! "s#,'0! UcU0c! ,%5*(*&5+! #%! F*(&%<4%! @+<%*(#4%! %4! 1*'+,+! $%! 1,+&+('#,+! 1,*<+''%! $%!4+<<+!#44+!F#9+,+M!

+6 %(%)%#'%-#!$+4!FPT"0!K4!FPT"!4s#,'%5*4*!YY0U!#'',%32%&5+!4s%(%)%#'%-#!4+<%&4#'%-#!&+()#!&'#3%4%,+!4%9%'%M!!"s%(%)%#'%-#!4+<%&4#'%-#!(*(!5,+#!9#%!2(!*334%<*!1+,!4#!F#9+,#!$%!$+4%3+,#,+0!?4!1,*<+''*!$%!4+<<+!1,+&+('#'*!N!&'#91#'*!+!$%&',%32%'*!#%!9+93,%!$+44#!F#9+,#M!5H+!4#!$%&52&&%*(+!&%#!1*&'#!#44s*$<!$%1+($+!$#44#!F*(7+,+()#!$+%!5#1%<,211*0!"#!1,#'%5#!$+44s?P:KEE?K\TPAB!(*(!N!2(!7+(*9+(*!1#'*4*<%5*!9#!2(#!&5+4'#!1*4%'%5#0!!

10.3.3. L’approvazione delle leggi !"s#,'0!Vc0U!-%+'#!5H+!2(!1,*<+''*!$%! 4+<<+!&%#!$%&52&&*!$%,+''#9+('+!$#44#!F#9+,#!&+()#!1,%9#!+&&+,+!&'#'*!+&#9%(#'*! $#44#! 5*99%&&%*(+! 1+,9#(+('+! 5*91+'+('+0! ?(! ,+4#)%*(+! #44+! $%-+,&+! 72()%*(%! 5H+! &-*4<*(*! 4#!5*99%&&%*(+!+!4s#24#G!&%!$%&'%(<2*(*!^!1,*5+$%9+('%!1,%(5%1#4%L!#6 1,*5+$%9+('*! *,$%(#,%*! .1+,! FB\\?::?BPT! @TXT@TPAT60! :1+''#! #4! C,+&%$+('+! $+44#! F#9+,#!%($%-%$2#,+!4#!5*99%&&%*(+!5*91+'+('+!1+,!9#'+,%#!$*-+!&%!1,*5+$+!#44#!$%&52&&%*(+!$+4!'+&'*!+!#44#!-*'#)%*(+!$+<4%!T\TP>K\TPA?0!C+,!7#5%4%'#,+!O2+&'%!1#&&#<<%!N!1*&&%3%4+!5,+#,+!2(!5*9%'#'*!'+5(%5*!,%&',+''*0! ?4! '+&'*!-%+(+!#11,*-#'*! %(&%+9+!#$!2(#!,+4#)%*(+! 7%(#4+G!-%+(+!(*9%(#'*!2(! ,+4#'*,+!5*(!4s%(5#,%5*!$%!,%7+,%,+!%(!#24#!+!#(5H+!4#!9%(*,#()#!12b!+&1,%9+,+!2(*!*!1%[!,+4#'*,%!$%!9%(*,#()#0!?(!#24#!4#!$%&52&&%*(+!1,*5+$+!1+,!^!4+''2,+L!4#!1,%9#!$%!$%&52&&%*(+!<+(+,#4+!12b!5*(542$+,&%!5*(!2(!*$<!$%!(*(!1#&&#<<%*!#<4%!#,'%5*4%!5#2&#($*!4#!3*55%#'2,#!$+4!C$"M!4#!&+5*($#!1,+-+$+!4#!$%&52&&%*(+!#,'%5*4*!1+,!#,'%5*4*M!4#!'+,)#!5H+!5*(&%&'+!(+44s#11,*-#)%*(+!7%(#4+!$+44s%('+,*!'+&'*!$%!4+<<+M!

36 1,*5+$%9+('*! 1+,! FB\\?::?BPT! >T"?ET@KPAT! .*! "Td?:"KA?JK60! Ts! 2(#! 1#,'%5*4#,%'I! $+4! (*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*G!+,+$%'#'#!$#4! 7#&5%&9*!1,+-%&'#!$#44s#,'0!Vc0^0!F*(&+('+!#44#!5*99%&&%*(+!$%!#&&*,3%,+!'2''+!+!^!4+!7#&%!5H+!*,$%(#,%#9+('+!5*91+'*(*!#44s#24#0!>#'#!4#!1#,'%5*4#,%'I!$%!O2+&'*!1,*5+$%9+('*!-%!&*(*!9*4'+!<#,#()%+L!

• #452(+! 9#'+,%+! &*(*! +&542&+0! "s#,'0! Vc0e! +&542$+! 4+! 4+<<%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%G! +4+''*,#4%G! $%!$+4+<#)%*(+! 4+<%&4#'%-#G!$%!,#'%7%5#!$+%!',#''#'%! %('+,(#)%*(#4%G!$%!#11,*-#)%*(+!$+%!3%4#(5%0!C+,!O2+&'+!9#'+,%+!-%!N!2(#!@?:T@JK!>?!K::T\E"TKM!

• 1+,! 4#! 5*91*&%)%*(+! 5H+! 4s#,'0! Vc0^! $%&1*(+! &+5*($*! %4! 5,%'+,%*! $%! ,#11,+&+('#()#!1,*1*,)%*(#4+M!

• O2#('*! #44s#&&+<(#)%*(+! $+44#! 1,*1*&'#! #44#! 5*99%&&%*(+G! +&&#! N! %(&%($#5#3%4+! #4! :+(#'*!&*''*1*&'#! #4! -+'*! #44#! F#9+,#0! ?(! O2#4&%#&%! 9*9+('*! %4! C$"! N! ,%9+&&*! #44sK&&+934+#! &2!,%5H%+&'#!$+4!d*-+,(*!*!$%!2(!U_Ug!$+%!$+12'#'%!*!$+44#!5*99%&&%*(+!&'+&&#!.U_]!$+%!9+93,%6M!

56 1,*5+$%9+('*!1+,!FB\\?::?BPT!@T>?dTPAT0!=2+&'*!1,*5+$%9+('*!N!2(#!-%#!$%!9+))*!',#!%!1,%9%!$2+G!(*(!1,+-%&'*!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!9#!$#%!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%!5*(!&%<(%7%5#'%-+!$%77+,+()+!',#!F#9+,#! +! :+(#'*0! =2+&'*! 1,*5+$%9+('*! &<,#-#! 4s#24#! $+44#! $%&52&&%*(+! $+<4%! +9+($#9+('%!,%&+,-#($*!#44sK&&+934+#!4#!-*'#)%*(+!7%(#4+0!K(5H+!1+,!O2+&'*!1,*5+$%9+('*!-#4<*(*!%!4%9%'%!1,+-%&'%!1+,!4#!5*99%&&%*(+!$+4%3+,#('+M!

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10.3.4. La promulgazione delle leggi !F*(542&#! 4#! 7#&+! $+44s#11,*-#)%*(+G! 4#! 4+<<+! N! 1+,7+''#! 9#! (*(! #(5*,#! +77%5#5+0! "s+77%5#5%#! N! $#'#! $#44#!C@B\D"dKm?BPT! $#! 1#,'+! $+4! C$@0! Ts! %4! d*-+,(*! 5H+! $+-+! ',#&9+''+,+! 4#! 4+<<+! #4! C$@! 5H+! $+-+!1,*924<#,4#!+(',*!^g!<%*,(%0!!?4! C$@! &-*4<+! 2(! 5*(',*44*! 7*,9#4+! +! &*&'#()%#4+L! H#! %4! 1*'+,+! $%! ,%(-%#,+! 4#! 4+<<+! #44+! F#9+,+G! 5*(! 2(!9+&&#<<%*!9*'%-#'*0!P*(!1+,7+''#9+('+!$+7%(%3%4%!&*(*!%!9*'%-%!1+,!52%! %4!C,+&%$+('+!12b!$%&1*,,+!%4!@?PJ?B!>T""K!"TddT0!Ts!1#5%7%5*!5H+!4*!1*&&#!7#,+!1+,!%44+<%''%9%'I!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+!(*(!1+,!9+,%'*!1*4%'%5*G!9#!',#!O2+&'%!$2+!1*4%!-%!N!2(s#91%#!#,+#!,+&%$2#4+!+!(*(!$+7%(%3%4+!52%!&%!$I!5*(-+()%*(#49+('+!%4!(*9+!$%!\T@?AB!FB:A?ADm?BPK"T0!!"s#''*! $%! 1,*924<#)%*(+! *! %4! 9+&&#<<%*! $%! ,%(-%*! $+-*(*! +&&+,+! 5*(',*7%,9#'%! $#4! d*-+,(*! +! %4! ,%(-%*! 12b!+&&+,+! 5*91%2'*! 2(#! -*4'#! &*4#0! "s#,'0! Ve0c! 1,+-+$+! 5H+! t&+! 4+! F#9+,+! #11,*-#(*! (2*-#9+('+! 4#! 4+<<+G!

O2+&'#!$+-+!+&&+,+!1,*924<#'#k0!?4!1*'+,+!$%!,%(-%*!(*(!N!O2%($%!2(!1*'+,+!$%!-+'*G!9#!2(#!7*,9#!$%!5*(',*44*!5*(!,%+&#9+0!!

10.4. Leggi a procedura rinforzata !

10.4.1. Definizioni !P*(!'2''+!4+!4+<<%!&*(*!2<2#4%G!1*%5H`!#'',#-+,&*!%4!9+55#(%&9*!$+44#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+G!+!%(!1#,'%5*4#,+G!$+44#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!,%(7*,)#'#G!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!H#!7,#('29#'*!4s2(%5%'I!'%1*4*<%5#!$+44#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!+!H#!5,+#'*!#452(+! 7%<2,+! 5H+! &%! $%&5*&'#(*! $#4! '%1*0! P+44#! $%&5%14%(#! $%! #452(+! 9#'+,%+! H#! 1,+-%&'*! 1,*5+$%9+('%! 1%[!5*914+&&%! $%! 7*,9#)%*(+! $+44#! 4+<<+! ."Tdd?! @?PXB@mKAT6G! %(! #4',%! H#! 1*&'*! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! $#'#! $#!1,*--+$%9+('%!$%!4+<<+!%(!2(#!1#,'%5*4#,+!5*44*5#)%*(+!<+,#,5H%5#!."Tdd?!KA?C?FnT6L!#6 1+,! 4*! 1%[! 4+! 4+<<%! ,%(7*,)#'+! &*(*! '#4%! (*(! 1+,5H`! &%#! ,#77*,)#'*! %4! 1,*5+$%9+('*! 1#,4#9+('#,+!1,+&5,%''*G!9#!1+,5H`!N!,+&*!1%[!5*914+&&*!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%!7*,9#)%*(+!$+4!C$"M!

36 4+!,%7*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!$+<4%!24'%9%!#((%!9#(%7+&'#(*!4#!'+($+()#!#$!%(',*$2,,+! 4+<<%!,%(7*,)#'+!5H+!%(5%$*(*!1,*1,%*!&24!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44#!4+<<+M!

56 %! 1,*5+$%9+('%! ,%(7*,)#'%! &*(*!1,*5+$%9+('%! &1+5%#4%))#'%! 1+,! 1,*$2,,+! 4+<<%! &1+5%#4%))#'+0! :*(*! #''%!5H+! H#((*! 5*91+'+()#! ,%&+,-#'#! +! 4%9%'#'#! +! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! &1%+<#'%! ',#9%'+! 4s%(',*$2)%*(+! $+4!5,%'+,%*!$%!5*91+'+()#0!P+4!&%&'+9#!$+44+!7*('%!&%!$%&'%(<2*(*!&%#!1+,!7*,)#!#''%-#!.1*&&*(*!#3,*<#,+!&*4*! 4+<<%!5H+!H#((*!O2+44*!&1+5%7%5*!5*('+(2'*6!+!1#&&%-#!.1*&&*(*!+&&+,+!#3,*<#'+!&*4*!$#! 4+<<%!5*(!O2+44*!&1+5%7%5*!1,*5+$%9+('*60!?4!5H+!&%<(%7%5#!5H+!4+!4+<<%!,%(7*,)#'+!&*(*!#(5H+!#!4*,*!+&+91%!$%!4+<<%!#'%1%5H+0!

10.4.2. Fonti atipiche !P*(!#11#,'+(<*(*! %('+,#9+('+!#4! '%1*!$+44#! 4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!O2+<4%!#''%! 4+<%&4#'%-%! 5H+!12,!#-+($*! 4#!&'+&&#!7*,9#!$+44#!4+<<+G!H#((*!2(#!1*&%)%*(+!1#,'%5*4#,+!(+4!&%&'+9#!$+44+!7*('%!1+,!O2#('*!,%<2#,$#!4#!4*,*!t7*,)#k0!:*(*!%1*'+&%!+'+,*<+(++G!5H+!(*(!5*(&+('*(*!$%!1#,4#,+!$%!XBPA?!KA?C?FnT!5*9+!$%!2(#!5#'+<*,%#!1,+5%&#!+!5*((*'#'#!$#!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+!2(%-*5H+0!>2+!&*(*!4+!%1*'+&%!1,%(5%1#4%L!#6 &*(*!#'%1%5H+!1+,5H`!$*'#'+!$%!2(#! 7*,)#!1#&&%-#!1*'+()%#'#!1+,!-%#!$+44s+&542&%*(+!$+4! ,+7+,+($29!#3,*<#'%-*!&+5*($*!4s#,'0!V]0cM!

36 &*(*! #'%1%5H+! 4+! 5*&%$$+''+! "Tdd?!\T@K\TPAT! XB@\K"?G! *--+,*! #452(%! #''%! 7*,9#4%! 5*(! 7*,9#! $%!4+<<+! .5*1+,'%! $#44#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! 7*,9#4+6! 5H+! (*(! H#((*! 2(! 5*('+(2'*! (*,9#'%-*! '%1%5*! $+44+!4+<<%0!d4%!+&+91%!9#<<%*,%!&*(*!4+!4+<<%!$%!3%4#(5%*!+!4#!,#'%7%5#!$+%!',#''#'%!%('+,(#)%*(#4%L!

• &*(*!#11,*-#'%!5*(!4+<<%!&%#!%4!E?"KPF?B!>?!C@TJ?:?BPT!5H+!%4!@TP>?FBPAB!FBP:DPA?JB0!"#!O2+&'%*(+!&+!4#!"TddT!>?!KCC@BJKm?BPT!>T"!E?"KPF?B!>?!C@TJ?:?BPT!&%#!9+,#9+('+!7*,9#4+!N!&'#'*!2(!1,*34+9#!$%3#''2'*!1+,!#49+(*!2(!&+5*4*G!1*%5H`!&*&'+(+-#(*!'#42(%!5H+!(*(! #11*,'#($*! (*,9+! <%2,%$%5H+! (*(! (+5+&&%'#-#! $+44s#11,*-#)%*(+! 1#,4#9+('#,+0! F*9+!(+44+!#4',+!5*&'%'2)%*(%!9*$+,(+G! 4s#,'0!WU0^! -%+'#!5H+! 5*(! 4#! 4+<<+!$%!3%4#(5%*!&%#(*!&'#3%4%'%!(2*-%! ',%32'%!+!(2*-+!&1+&+0!"#! '%1*4*<%#!$+44+!+(',#'+!+! %4!O2#('29!$+44+!&1+&+G!(*(5H`! 4+!-*5%!$%!&1+&#!+!%4!4%9%'+!,+4#'%-*!$+-*(*!+&&+,+!<%I!$+5%&%!$#!4+<<%!&*&'#()%#4%0!T55*!4s#'%1%5%'I!$+4!3%4#(5%*!$%!1,+-%&%*(+G!$*-+! 4#! 4+<<+!5H+! 4*!#11,*-#!(*(!12b!9*$%7%5#,+! 4#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+!-%<+('+!+!O2%($%! 4#! 7*,)#!#''%-#!$%!O2+&'*!#''*!N!#))+,#'#0!\#! 4#! 4+<<+!$%!3%4#(5%*!N!#'%1%5#!#(5H+!1+,!4#!7*,)#!1#&&%-#L!H#!$2,#'#!#((2#4+G!12b!+&&+,+!-#,%#'#!$#!#11*&%'+!4+<<%!9#!(*(!#3,*<#'#!%(!'*'*!+!(+112,+!&*''*1*&'#!#!,+7+,+($29M!

• N!#2'*,%))#'#!5*(!4+<<+!7*,9#4+!#(5H+!4#!,#'%7%5#!$+%!A@KAAKA?!?PAT@PKm?BPK"?!5H+!&*(*!$%!(#'2,#!1*4%'%5#G!*!1,+-+$*(*!#,3%',#'%!*!,+<*4#9+('%!<%2$%)%#,%G!*!5*91*,'#(*!-#,%#)%*(%!$+4!'+,,%'*,%*!*$!*(+,%!#44+! 7%(#()+!*!9*$%7%5#)%*(%!$+44+! 4+<<%! &+5*($*! 4s#,'0!Wg0!d4%! #4',%! ',#''#'%!(*(!(+5+&&%'#(*!$+44s#11,*-#)%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!+!1*&&*!+&&+,+!1+,7+)%*(#'%!$#4!&*4*!d*-+,(*0!?4!C#,4#9+('*! $2(O2+! 1#,'+5%1#! #44#! 7*,9#)%*(+! $+%! ',#''#'%! #'',#-+,&*! 4#! "TddT! >?!KDAB@?mmKm?BPT!K""K!@KA?X?FK0!C+,!O2+&'#!,#<%*(+!4#!4+<<+!$%!#2'*,%))#)%*(+!#44#!,#'%7%5#!N!#'%1%5#L!(*(!H#!7*,)#!#''%-#G!(*(!%((*-#!4+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+G!+!O2+44#!1#&&%-#!(*(!N!$%!5H%#,#!$+7%(%)%*(+L!12b!+&&+,+!#3,*<#'#!2(s#2'*,%))#)%*(+!#4!5*91%9+('*!$%!2(!#''*!O2#($*!O2+&'*!N! <%I! &'#'*! 5*91%2'*z!J#! '2''#-%#! #<<%2('*! 5H+! (+44#!9#<<%*,! 1#,'+! $+%! 5#&%! 4#! 7*,924#! $%!#2'*,%))#)%*(+!N!&+<2%'#!$#44s*,$%(+!$%!+&+52)%*(+G! 5%*N!$#44#! 7*,924#! 5H+!&+,-+!#!1,*$2,,+!

+77+''%!<%2,%$%5%!(+4!(*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*0!D(s#&&%9%4#)%*(+!$+44s*,$%(+!$%!+&+52)%*(+!#4!,+<%9+!$+44#!(*,9#!$%!#2'*,%))#)%*(+!&%!N!5*91%2'#!#'',#-+,&*! 4#!<%2,%&1,2$+()#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+! 4#!1,#&&%!1#,4#9+('#,+0!"#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!+&'+&*!#44s*,$%(+!$%!+&+52)%*(+!$2+!,+<*4+G!4#!,%&+,-#!$%!#&&+934+#!1+,!+&'+($+,+!4+!<#,#()%+!#(5H+!(+44s+&+52)%*(+!$+%!',#''#'%!&'%124#'%! %(!-%#!&+914%7%5#'#!+!4s+&542&%*(+!$+4!,+7+,+($29!#3,*<#'%-*!1+,!+&'+($+,+!#44+!4+<<%!5H+!$#((*!+&+52)%*(+!#$!2(! ',#''#'*!2(!+&542&%*(+!5H+!#4',%9+('%!#-,+33+!1*5*!&+(&*!&+! ,%7+,%'#!&*4*!#44#!(*,9#!$%!#2'*,%))#)%*(+0!"+!F#9+,+!H#((*!#(5H+!1,+-%&'*! 4s%(+9+($#3%4%'I!#44s*,$%(+!$%!+&+52)%*(+0!

!

10.5. Legge di delega e decreto legislativo delegato !

10.5.1. Definizioni !"#!"TddT!>?!>T"TdK!N!4#!4+<<+!5*(!52%!4+!F#9+,+!1*&&*(*!#'',%32%,+!#4!d*-+,(*!%4!1,*1,%*!1*'+,+!4+<%&4#'%-*0!?4!>TF@TAB!"Td?:"KA?JB!.*!>TF@TAB!>T"TdKAB6!N! %4! 5*(&+<2+('+!#''*!5*(! 7*,)#!$%! 4+<<+!+9#(#'*!$#4!d*-+,(*!%(!+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!$+4+<#!5*(7+,%'#<4%!$#44#!4+<<+0!!

10.5.2. La legge di delega !"#!$+4+<#!$%! 72()%*(%! 4+<%&4#'%-+!#4!d*-+,(*!N!2(s+55+)%*(+!&'#3%4%'#!$#44s#,'0!Vg!$+44#!5*&'%'2)%*(+0!"s#,'0!Vh!$+4%9%'#!%4!1*'+,+!$%!$+4+<#!5*(!-%(5*4%G!%4!52%!9#(5#'*!,%&1+''*!5*&'%'2%&5+!2(!-%)%*!$%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%'IL!#6 4#! $+4+<#! 12b! +&&+,+! 5*(7+,%'#! +&542&%-#9+('+! 5*(! 4+<<+! 7*,9#4+G! *--+,*! 4#! 4+<<+! $%! $+4+<#! N!5*1+,'#!$#44#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!&+5*($*!4#!1,*5+$2,#!*,$%(#,%#M!

36 4#!$+4+<#!N!5*(7+,%'#!&*4*!#4!d*-+,(*!%('+&*!(+44#!&2#!5*44+<%#4%'I!$+4!F$\G!+!(*(!#%!&%(<*4%!9%(%&'+,%!*!5*9%'#'%!%('+,9%(%&'+,%#4%M!

56 4#!4+<<+!$%!$+4+<#!$+-+!5*('+(+,+!.#,'0!Vh6!4+!%($%5#)%*(%!9%(%9+!*!5*('+(2'%!(+5+&&#,%M!$6 +!$+-+!,+&',%(<+,+!4s#93%'*!'+9#'%5*!$+44#!72()%*(+!$+4+<#'#G!%($%5#($*!2(!*<<+''*!$+7%(%'*M!+6 %(*4',+!$+-+!%($%5#,+!4s#93%'*!'+91*,#4+!$+44#!$+4+<#G!5%*N!1,+-+$+,+!2(!'+91*!4%9%'#'*!+(',*!%4!O2#4+!%4! $+5,+'*! $+-+! +&&+,+! +9#(#'*0! :+! %4! 4%9%'+! '+91*,#4+! +55+$+! %! c! #((%G! %4! d*-+,(*! N! '+(2'*! #!1,+&+('#,+!%(&%+9+!#44#!4+<<+!$+4+<#!4*!&5H+9#!$%!$+5,+'*!$+4+<#'*M!

76 %(7%(+!$+-+!,+&',%(<+,+!4s#93%'*!$+44#!$%&5,+)%*(#4%'I!$+4!d*-+,(*G!%($%5#($*!%!1,%(5%1%!+!5,%'+,%!$%,+''%-%!5H+!&+,-*(*!#44#!<2%$#!1+,!4s+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!$+4+<#0!

!P+44#!1,#&&%! 4+<%&4#'%-#!1%[!,+5+('+!H#!1+,&*!$%! %91*,'#()#! 4s+(2(5%#)%*(+!$+%!1,%(5%1%!$%,+''%-%!1,+7+,+($*! 4#!1,+-%&%*(+!$%!1#&&#<<%!1,*5+$2,#4%!&5#$+()#'%!5*(!$+'+,9%(#'%!*,<#(%!1#,4#9+('#,%!*!5*99%&&%*(%!#$!H*50!!

10.5.3. Il decreto legislativo delegato !?4!1*'+,+!+&+52'%-*!+&+,5%'#!4+!1,*1,%+!72()%*(%!#'',#-+,&*!4#!7*,9#!$+4!$+5,+'*0!=2#('*!#%!$+5,+'%!+9#(#'%!%(!7*,)#!$+44#!4+<<+!$%!$+4+<#!4#!4*,*!7*,9#)%*(+!&+<2+!O2+&'*!1,*5+$%9+('*L!

• 1,*1*&'#!$+4!\%(%&',*!5*91+'+('+M!• $+4%3+,#)%*(+!$+4!F$\M!• +-+('2#4%!#$+91%9+('%!24'+,%*,%M!• +-+('2#4+!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!$+7%(%'%-#!$+4!F$\!&+('%'%!%!&*<<+''%!5*(&24'#'%M!• +9#(#)%*(+!$#!1#,'+!$+4!C$@!.#,'0!WV0]6M!

!>%!'2''+!4+!7#&%!1,*5+$%9+('#4%!$+-+!+&&+,+!$#'#!%($%5#)%*(+!(+44#!1,+9+&&#!$+4!$+5,+'*0!"s#,'0!Ue!$+44#!4+<<+!egg!%(',*$25+!2(#!(*-%'I!(+4!(*9+(!|2,%&!$+%!$+5,+'%!$+4+<#'%!5H+!-+(<*(*!12334%5#'%!&244#!dD!5*9+!$+5,+'%!4+<%&4#'%-%!.$04<&06!5*(!4#!&'+&&#!(29+,#)%*(+!1,*<,+&&%-#!$+44+!4+<<%0!!?4!$04<&0!$+-+!+&&+,+!1,*924<#'*!$#4!C$@!+(',*! 4#! &5#$+()#!$+%! '+,9%(%!1,+-%&'%!$#44#! 4+<<+!$+4+<#!+!&2!$%!+&&*!%4!C$@!+&+,5%'#!2(!5*(',*44*!1#,%!#!O2+44*!+&+,5%'#'*!&244+!4+<<%!7*,9#4%0!!

10.5.4. Deleghe accessorie e testi unici !:1+&&*!4#!$+4+<#!4+<%&4#'%-#!(*(!5*&'%'2%&5+!%4!1,%(5%1#4+!5*('+(2'*!$+44#!4+<<+!#11,*-#'#!$#4!C#,4#9+('*G!9#!2(!&2*!5*914+'#9+('*0!F#1%'#!5%*N!5H+!(+44+!(*,9+!7%(#4%!$%!2(#! 4+<<+!$%! ,%7*,9#G! %4!C#,4#9+('*!$+4+<H%! %4!d*-+,(*!#$!+9#(#,+!(*,9+!$%!#''2#)%*(+G!5**,$%(#9+('*!*!',#(&%'*,%+0!!D(#!1#,'%5*4#,+!$+4+<#!N!O2+44#!5H+!#2'*,%))#!%4!d*-+,(*!#!5**,$%(#,+!4+!4+<<%!+&%&'+('%!%(!2(#!5+,'#!9#'+,%#!,#55*<4%+($*4+!%(!2(!AT:AB!DP?FB0!!

10.6. Decreto legge e legge di conversione !

10.6.1. Definizioni !?4!>TF@TABS"TddT!N!2(!#''*!5*(!7*,)#!$%!4+<<+!5H+!%4!d*-+,(*!12b!#$*''#,+!%(!5#&%!&',#*,$%(#,%!$%!(+5+&&%'I!+!2,<+()#G!+(',#!%(!-%<*,+!%99+$%#'#9+('+!$*1*!4#!12334%5#)%*(+!9#!<4%!+77+''%!1,*$*''%!&*(*!1,*--%&*,%!&+!%4!C#,4#9+('*!(*(!4%!5*(-+,'+!%(!4+<<+!+(',*!hg!<%*,(%!$#44#!4*,*!12334%5#)%*(+0!"#!$%&5%14%(#!$+4!$+5,+'*!4+<<+!N!5*('+(2'#!(+44s#,'0!VV!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!+!(+44s#,'0!U]!$+44#!4+<<+!egg_WW0!!?4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!(*(!12b!+&&+,+!+9#(#'*!(+44+!9#'+,%+!5*1+,'+!$#!,%&+,-#!$sK&&+934+#!+!(*(!12b!5*(7+,%,+!$+4+<H+!4+<%&4#'%-+0!!

10.6.2. Procedimento !?4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!$+-+!+&&+,+!$+4%3+,#'*!$#4!F$\G!+9#(#'*!$#4!C$@!+! %99+$%#'#9+('+!12334%5#'*!&244#!dD0!J#4+!1+,! %4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!O2#('*!$+''*!1+,! %4!$+5,+'*!$+4+<#'*!&244#! &'+&2,#!$+44#!1,+9+&&#G!5*(! 4s#<<%2('#!5H+!4s#,'%5*4*!U]!$+44#!4+<<+!egg_WW!1,+-+$+!5H+!&%#!12334%5#'*!t5*(!4#!$+(*9%(#)%*(+!$%!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!+!5*(!4s%($%5#)%*(+! (+4! 1,+#93*4*! $+44+! 5%,5*&'#()+! &',#*,$%(#,%+! $%! (+5+&&%'I! +! 2,<+()#! 5H+! (+! <%2&'%7%5#(*!4s#$*)%*(+G! (*(5H`! $+44s#--+(2'#! $+4%3+,#)%*(+! $+4! F$\k! +! 5*('+(+,+! 4#! 54#2&*4#! $%! 1,+&+('#)%*(+! #4!C#,4#9+('*0!!"*!&'+&&*!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!&1+&&*!&'#3%4%&5+!%4!<%*,(*!$s+(',#'#!%(!-%<*,+!+!%(!O2+44*!&'+&&*!<%*,(*!$+-+!+&&+,+!1,+&+('#'*!#44+!F#9+,+!.#,'0!VV0c!F*&'06!#(5H+!&+!&5%*4'+0!C,+&+('#($*!%4!$+5,+'*u4+<<+!%4!d*-+,(*!5H%+$+!#4!C#,4#9+('*! $%! 1,*$2,,+! 4#! 4+<<+! $%! 5*(-+,&%*(+G! $%! 52%! %4! $+5,+'*! N! 4s#44+<#'*0! ?(%)%#! 5*&l! 2(! 1,*5+$%9+('*!4+<%&4#'%-*!5H+!$+-+!5*(542$+,&%G!1,*924<#)%*(+!5*91,+&#G!+(',*!%4!'+,9%(+!$%!hg!<%*,(%0!!?4!,+<*4#9+('*!$+4!:+(#'*!1,+-+$+!%4!1#,+,+!*334%<#'*,%*!+&1,+&&*!1,+4%9%(#,9+('+!$+44#!5*99%&&%*(+!#77#,%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! &244#! &2&&%&'+()#! $+%! ,+O2%&%'%! $%! 2,<+()#! +! (+5+&&%'I0! "#! 5*99%&&%*(+! $+-+! +&1,%9+,&%! %(! ]!<%*,(%G! +! %(! 5#&*! $%! 1#,+,+! (+<#'%-*! $+-+! +&1,%9+,&%! 4s#&&+934+#! +(',*! #4',%! ]! <%*,(%0! K44#! F#9+,#! N! &'#'*!+4%9%(#'*!%4!1#&&#<<%*!%(!5*99%&&%*(+!&*&'%'2+($*4*!5*(L!

• 2(#! ,+4#)%*(+! $+4! d*-+,(*! 5H+! $+&5,%-+! 4+! ,#<%*(%! $%! 2,<+()#! +! (+5+&&%'I! +! <4%! +77+''%! 1,+-%&'%!$#44s#''2#)%*(+!$+4!$+5,+'*!,+4#'%-#9+('+!#!O2+&'+M!

• 4s#&&+<(#)%*(+! #44#! 5*99%&&%*(+! ,+7+,+('+! 5H+! 12b! 5H%+$+,+! #4! d*-+,(*! $%! %('+<,#,+! <4%! +4+9+('%!7*,(%'%!(+44#!,+4#)%*(+M!

• 4#! &*''*1*&%)%*(+! $+4! $%&+<(*! $%! 4+<<+G! *4',+! #44#! F*99%&&%*(+! ,+7+,+('+G! #4! F*9%'#'*! 1+,! 4#!4+<%&4#)%*(+M!

!

10.6.3. Decadenza del decreto non convertito !?! $+5,+'%S4+<<+G! &+! (*(! 5*(-+,'%'%! %(! 4+<<+! +(',*! hg! <%*,(%G! t1+,$*(*! +77%5#5%#! &%(! $#44s%(%)%*k0! "#! 1+,$%'#! $%!+77%5#5%#!$+4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!N!5H%#9#'#!>TFK>TPmK!+!5*&'%'2%&5+!2(! 7+(*9+(*!2(%5*!(+44s#93%'*!$+44+! 7*('%!$+4!$%,%''*G!$%-+,&*!$#44s#3,*<#)%*(+!+!$#44s#((244#9+('*0!?(7#''%!4#!$+5#$+()#!',#-*4<+!'2''%!<4%!+77+''%!1,*$*''%!$#4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+G!1,*3#3%49+('+!#(5H+!4*!&'+&&*!<%2$%5#'*0!

!"#!&%'2#)%*(+!5H+!&%!5,+#!N!1#,#$*&&#4+L!O2#($*!%4!$+5,+'*!+(',#!%(!-%<*,+!+&&*!N!1%+(#9+('+!+77%5#5+!+!-#!#114%5#'*G!9#!&+!$+5#$+!'2''*!5%b!5H+!&%!N!5*91%2'*!%(!7*,)#!$%!+&&*!N!5*9+!&+!7*&&+!&'#'*!5*91%2'*!&+()#!2(#!3#&+!4+<#4+G!#,3%',#,%#9+('+0!!Ts!+-%$+('+!5H+!4#!&%'2#)%*(+!5H+!&%!5,+#!#!&+<2%'*!$+44#!$+5#$+()#!N!%(!9*4'%!5#&%!%(&*&'+(%3%4+!+!'#4-*4'#!(*(!N!(+112,+!1*&&%3%4+!,%1,%&'%(#,+!4#!&%'2#)%*(+!1,+S+&%&'+('+0!"s#,'0!VV!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!#11,+&'#!$2+!&',29+('%!#'',#-+,&*!%!O2#4%!N!1*&&%3%4+!$#,+!2(#!,%&1*&'#L!#6 4#!"TddT!:KPKAB@?K!$+<4%!+77+''%!$+4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!$+5#$2'*0!:%! ',#''#!$%!2(#! 4+<<+!,%&+,-#'#!#44+!F#9+,+! &+()#! 5H+! 1+,b! O2+&'+! -%! &%#(*! '+(2'+! #-+('+! 5*9+! &5*1*! O2+44*! $%! ,+<*4#,+! %! ,#11*,'%!<%2,%$%5%!&*,'%M!

36 4s#4',*! &',29+('*! N! %($%-%$2#3%4+! %(! O2+&'*! %(5%&*! $+44s#,'0! Vc0c! t%4! d*-+,(*! #$*''#G! &*''*! 4#! &2#!,+&1*(&#3%4%'IG! 1,*--+$%9+('%! 1,*--%&*,%k0! C+,! ,+&1*(&#3%4%'I! (*(! &%! %('+($+! '#('*! O2+44#! 1*4%'%5#G!%914%5%'#G!O2#('*!O2+44#!<%2,%$%5#0!

!A,+!'%1%!$%!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+!%912'#'+!#%!9%(%&',%L!U6 1+(#4+G!*-+!-%!&%#!$*4*M!c6 5%-%4+M!^6 #99%(%&',#'%-*S5*('#3%4+G!$%!2(!+-+('2#4+!>KPPB!T@K@?K"TM!

!:+! %4!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!N!#$*''#'*!1+,!-#,#,+!2(#!$%&5%14%(#!5*914+&&#G!1+,! %4!O2#4+! %4!1,*5+$%9+('*! 4+<%&4#'%-*!*,$%(#,%*!&#,+33+!&'#'*!',*11*!$%&1+,&%-*G!N!#&&#%!%91,*3#3%4+!5H+!hg!<%*,(%!3#&'%(*!#44s+&#9+!1#,4#9+('#,+0!F*&l! N! %(-#4&#! 4#!1,#&&%! $+44#!@T?AT@Km?BPT!>T"!>TF@TABS"TddT!#44#! &5#$+()#!$+%! hg!<%*,(%! %4! d*-+,(*!+9#(#!2(!(2*-*!$+5,+'*S4+<<+!5*(! 4#! ,+',*#)%*(+!$+<4%!+77+''%!#44#!$#'#!$+4!1,%9*!$+5,+'*S4+<<+! ,+%'+,#'*0!F*(!2(#!&+('+()#!$+4!UYYh!4#!F*,'+!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!1*&'*!2(!#,<%(+!.O2#&%6!$+7%(%'%-*!#44#!,+%'+,#)%*(+0!!

10.6.4. La legge di conversione e gli effetti degli emendamenti !"#!4+<<+!egg!H#!*77+,'*!#4!1,*34+9#!2(#!,%&1*&'#!2(%-*5#!#4!1,*34+9#!$+<4%!+9+($#9+('%!#%!$+5,+'%S4+<<+L!t4+!9*$%7%5H+!+-+('2#49+('+!#11*,'#'+!%(!&+$+!$%!5*(-+,&%*(+!H#((*!+77%5#5%#!$#4!<%*,(*!&255+&&%-*!#!O2+44*!$+44#!12334%5#)%*(+!$+44#!4+<<+!$%!5*(-+,&%*(+G!&#4-*!5H+!O2+&'s24'%9#!(*(!$%&1*(<#!$%-+,&#9+('+k0!\#!5*9+!%($%5#'*!1%[!-*4'+!$#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!<4%!+9+($#9+('%!#<<%2('%-%!#-,#((*!+77%5#5%#!&*4*!5*(!4s#11,*-#)%*(+!$+44#!4+<<+!$%!5*(-+,&%*(+G!9#!1+,!<4%!+9+($#9+('%!&*11,+&&%-%!&%!-+,%7%5#!4#!(*(!5*(-+,&%*(+!$%!2(#!1#,'+!$+4!$+5,+'*!$+'+,9%(#($*!4#!$+5#$+()#!+/!'2(50!"*!&'+&&*!#55#$+!1+,!<4%!+9+($#9+('%!&*&'%'2'%-%0!!

10.7. Altri decreti con forza di legge !K4',%!$+5,+'%!5*(!7*,)#!$%!4+<<+!&*(*!2'%4%))#'%!(+4!(*&',*!*,$%(#9+('*0!A,#''#($*&%!$%!7*('%!1,%9#,%+!&*(*!1,+-%&'%!#(5H+!O2+&'%!%(!F*&'%'2)%*(+!#44s#,'0!VW!+!(+<4%!:'#'2'%!$+44+!@+<%*(%!#$!#2'*(*9%#!&1+5%#4+0!!

10.7.1. Decreti emanati dal Governo in caso di guerra !"s#,'0!VW!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$%&1*(+!5H+!t4+!F#9+,+!$+4%3+,#(*!4*!&'#'*!$%!<2+,,#!+!5*(7+,%&5*(*!#4!d*-+,(*!%!1*'+,%!(+5+&&#,%k0!"#!$*'',%(#!,%'%+(+!5H+!',#!%!1*'+,%!5*(7+,%'%!#44s+&+52'%-*!-%!1*&&#!+&&+,+!#(5H+!2(#!&*,'#!$%!$+4+<#!#(*9#4#!#4!d*-+,(*G! 52%! $+-+! +&&+,+! 5*(5+&&*! %4! 1*'+,+! $%! +9#(#,+! (*,9+! 5*(! 7*,)#! $%! 4+<<+! $+,*<#($*! 4+! (*,9#4%!1,*5+$2,+0!=2+&'%!#''%!1*',+33+,*!+&&+,+!#2'*,%))#'%!#!&*&1+($+,+!#452(+!<#,#()%+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!:%! ',#''#!$%!#''%!+/',#!*,$%(+90!!

10.7.2. Decreti legislativi di attuazione degli Statuti speciali !d4%!:'#'2'%!$+44+!@+<%*(%! &1+5%#4%G!5H+!&*(*! 4+<<%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%G!1,+-+$*(*!5H+!#44s#''2#)%*(+!$+44*!:'#'2'*!+!',#&7+,%9+('*!$+44+!72()%*(%G!$+%!9+))%!+!$+44+!,%&*,&+!1,*--+$#!5*(!2(!$+5,+'*!4+<%&4#'%-*G!+9#(#'*!$#!C$@!1,+-%#!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!$+4!F$\!&2!1,*1*&'#!$%!2(#!FB\\?::?BPT!CK@?ATA?FK0!!

10.8. Regolamenti parlamentari (e di altri organi costituzionali) !

10.8.1. Definizioni !?4!@TdB"K\TPAB!CK@"K\TPAK@T!N! 4s#''*!52%! 4s#,'!he!$+44#!F*&'0! ,%&+,-#! 4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!$+4!72()%*(#9+('*!$%!5%#&52(#!F#9+,#0!K11,*-#'*!#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!+!12334%5#'*!%(!dD0!P*(*&'#('+!%4!(*9+!,+<*4#9+('*G!%!,+<*4#9+('%!1#,4#9+('#,%!&*(*!7*('%!1,%9#,%+0!K'',#-+,&*!+&&%!&%!9#(%7+&'#!4s#2'*(*9%#!$+44+!F#9+,+!+!4#!4*,*!%($%1+($+()#!,%&1+''*!#<4%!#4',%!1*'+,%!$+44*!:'#'*!+!#44s#4',#!F#9+,#0!!

10.8.2. I regolamenti parlamentari nel sistema delle fonti !"#! $+7%(%)%*(+! $+44#! XB@mK! >?! "TddT! N! $%! '%1*! ,+4#)%*(#4+L! &%! $+7%(%&5+! 4#! O2#4%'I! $%! $+'+,9%(#'%! #''%! 5*(!,%7+,%9+('*!#4!'%1*!$%!,+4#)%*(%!5H+!+&&%!H#((*!5*(!2(!#4',*!#''*0!\#!%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+44+!F#9+,+!(*(!H#((*!,+4#)%*(%!5*(!4+!#4',+!7*('%!1,%9#,%+G!&+!(*(!O2+44#!$+44#!,+5%1,*5#!+&542&%*(+!!

10.8.3. Regolamenti degli altri organi costituzionali !K(5H+!<4%!#4',%!*,<#(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!&*(*!$*'#'%!$+44#!&'+&&#!#2'*(*9%#!$+4!C#,4#9+('*z!#6 %4!d*-+,(*!&%52,#9+('+!(*!1*%5H`!4#!7*('+!$+%!&2*%!,+<*4#9+('%!&*(*!4+<<%!7*,9#4%!*,$%(#,%+M!36 %4!C$@!#$*''#!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!&2!1,*1*&'#!$+4!:+<,+'#,%*!d+(+,#4+!$+44#!C,+&%$+()#G!9#!&%!',#''#!$%!&+914%5%! &',29+('%! $%! <+&'%*(+! +! (*(! $%! 7*('%! (*,9#'%-+0! "s%($%1+($+()#! $+4! C$@! 5*&'%'2%&5+! (*(! %4!7*($#9+('*!$%!2(!1*'+,+!(*,9#'%-*G!9#!2(!4%9%'+!#44s#93%'*!$%!#114%5#)%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%!+!$+44+!#4',+!7*('%M!

56 #(5H+!1+,!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!(*(!5sN!2(s+&14%5%'#!1,+-%&%*(+!%(!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!5H+!1*(+!2(#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!1+,!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44#!1,*1*&%)%*(+!$+%!<%2$%)%!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!+!$+44+!<#,#()%+!$%!%($%1+($+()#! $+44#! F*,'+! .#,'0! U^V0U6! +$! 2(#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! 1+,! 4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(+! +! %4!72()%*(#9+('*!$+44#!&'+&&#0!Ts!1,*1,%*!4#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!#!1,+-+$+,+!5H+!4#!F*,'+!1*&&#!#11,*-#,+!2(!,+<*4#9+('*!1+,!%4!1,*1,%*!72()%*(#9+('*M!

!

10.9. Il referendum abrogativo come fonte

10.9.1. Definizioni !?4! @TXT@TP>D\! N! 4#! ,%5H%+&'#! 7#''#! #4! 5*,1*! +4+''*,#4+! $%! +&1,%9+,&%! $%,+''#9+('+! &2! 2(#! $+'+,9%(#'#!O2+&'%*(+0! T&&*! N! $2(O2+! 2(*! &',29+('*! $%! $+9*5,#)%#! $%,+''#G! 2(#! $+44+! 7*,9+! %(! 52%! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$+!5H+!%4!1*1*4*!+&+,5%'%!4#!&2#!&*-,#(%'IG!&+()#!4s%('+,1*&%)%*(+!$%!,#11,+&+('#('%0!!:+! (+4! (*&',*! *,$%(#9+('*! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! N! 5H+! 4#! &*-,#(%'I! 1*1*4#,+! &%! +&1,%9+! ',#9%'+! 4#! ,#11,+&+('#()#!+4+''%-#G! %4! ,+7+,+($29! #11#,+! 5*9+! 2(#! $+,*<#0! ?91,2$+('+! N! &'#'*! %4! 5*&'%'2+('+! #$! #77%$#,+! #44#! 4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#G!+!O2%($%!#4!&%&'+9#!,#11,+&+('#'%-*G!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+4!,+7+,+($290!!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$+!&*4'#('*!e!'%1%!$%!,+7+,+($290!P+44s#93%'*!$+44+!7*('%!&'#'#4%G!#55#('*!#4!,+7+,+($29!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +! #! O2+44*! 5*(7+,9#'%-*! 1,+-%&'*! 1+,! #452(+! 7*('%! ,%(7*,)#'+G! 2(#! 72()%*(+! +77+''%-#9+('+!(*,9#'%-#!4#!&-*4<+!%4!,+7+,+($29!#3,*<#'%-*0!!

?4! @TXT@TP>D\! KE@BdKA?JB! N! 4*! &',29+('*! 5*(! 52%! %4! 5*,1*! +4+''*,#4+! 12b! %(5%$+,+! $%,+''#9+('+!&244s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*! #'',#-+,&*! 4s#3,*<#)%*(+!$%! 4+<<%! *!#''%! 5*(! 7*,)#!$%! 4+<<+!$+44*!:'#'*G!*112,+!$%!&%(<*4+!$%&1*&%)%*(%0!F*9+!#77+,9#'#!$#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!.&+('0!cY_WV6!N!2(!#''*S7*('+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!$+44*!&'+&&*!,#(<*!$+44#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#0!!

10.9.2. Procedimento !?4!,+7+,+($29!#3,*<#'%-*!,%5H%+$+!2(!1,*5+$%9+('*!42(<*!+!$%77%5%4+G!$%&5%14%(#'*!$#44#!4+<<+!^]c_Vg0!"s#,'0!V]!$+44#! F*&'0! 1,+-+$+! 5H+! +&&*! 1*&&#! +&&+,+! 1,*1*&'*! $#! ]gg0ggg! +4+''*,%! *! $#! ]! F*(&%<4%! ,+<%*(#4%L! %4!1,*5+$%9+('*!O2%($%!&%!$%77+,+()%#!1+,!2(!1,%9*!',#''*!%(!,#<%*(+!$%!5H%!,%5H%+$+!%4!,+7+,+($29L!#6 ,%5H%+&'#!1*1*4#,+L!4s%(%)%#'%-#!1#,'+!$#%!1,*9*'*,%G!#49+(*!UgG!5H+!$+1*&%'#(*!%4!O2+&%'*0!T(',*!^!9+&%!$+-*(*!+&&+,+!,#55*4'+!]gg0ggg!7%,9+M!

36 ,%5H%+&'#! ,+<%*(#4+L! %! F*(&%<4%! $%! #49+(*! ]! @+<%*(%! $+-*(*! #11,*-#,+! 4#! ,%5H%+&'#! #! 9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!%($%5#($*!*--%#9+('+!%4!O2+&%'*M!

!"+! ,%5H%+&'+! -#((*! $+1*&%'#'+! ',#! %4! Uv! <+((#%*! +! %4! ^g! &+''+93,+G! (*(! (+44s#((*! 1,+5+$+('+! 4#! &5#$+()#!4+<%&4#'%-#!+!(+%!h!9+&%!&255+&&%-%!#44#!5*(-*5#)%*(+!$+%!5*9%)%!+4+''*,#4%0!#6 1,+&&*!4#!F#&&#)%*(+!&%!5*&'%'2%&5+!4sD77%5%*!5+(',#4+!1+,!%4!,+7+,+($290!T(',*!%4!U]!$%5+93,+!&%!5H%2$+!4#!7#&+!$%!-#42'#)%*(+!#&&2('#!5*(!*,$%(#()#M!

36 %!O2+&%'%!$%5H%#,#'%!4+<%''%9%!-+(<*(*!',#&9+&&%!#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!1+,!%4!<%2$%)%*!$%!#99%&&%3%4%'I!&+5*($*!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!"#!F*,'+!$+5%$+!+(',*!%4!Ug!7+33,#%*!$+44s#((*!&255+&&%-*M!

56 &+!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!#99%&&%3%4+!%4!O2+&%'*!%4!C$@!$+-+!7%&&#,+!%4!<%*,(*!$+44#!-*'#)%*(+!',#!%4!U]!#1,%4+!+!%4!U]!<%2<(*0!d4%!+4+''*,%!',*-+,#((*!&244#!&5H+$#!%4!O2+&%'*!+!1*',#((*!-*'#,+!5*(!2(!&l!*!5*(!2(!(*M!

$6 4sD77%5%*!5+(',#4+!#55+,'#!5H+!#44#!-*'#)%*(+!#33%#!1,+&*!1#,'+! 4#!9#<<%*,#()#!$+<4%!#-+('%!$%,%''*!#4!-*'*!+! &*4*!#44*,#!1,*5+$+!#44#!5*('#!$+%!-*'%!1,*54#9#($*! %4! ,%&24'#'*0!:+! %! t(*k!&21+,#(*! %! t&lk! 4*!&'+&&*!O2+&%'*!(*(!1*',I!+&&+,+!,%1,*1*&'*!1+,!]!#((%M!

+6 &+! %4! ,%&24'#'*! N! 7#-*,+-*4+! #44s#3,*<#)%*(+G! %4! C$@! $+5,+'#! 4s#--+(2'#! #3,*<#)%*(+! +! %4! $0C0@0! N!12334%5#'*!%99+$%#'#9+('+!&244#!dD0!A2''#-%#!%4!C$@!12b!,%'#,$#,+!&2!,%5H%+&'#!$+4!d*-+,(*!7%(*!#!hg!<%*,(%!4s+(',#'#!%(!-%<*,+!$+44s#3,*<#)%*(+M!

!?(!$2+!5#&%!4+!1,*5+$2,+!&*1,#!$+&5,%''+!&%!%('+,,*91*(*L!

• %(!5#&*!$%!&5%*<4%9+('*!#('%5%1#'*!$+44+!F#9+,+M!• (+4!5#&*! %(!52%!1,%9#!$+44*!&-*4<%9+('*!$+4!,+7+,+($29G! 4#! 4+<<+!-+(<#!#3,*<#'#0!"sD77%5%*!5+(',#4+!$%5H%#,#!5H+!4+!*1+,#)%*(%!(*(!H#((*!1%[!5*,&*M!

!

10.10. Regolamenti dell’esecutivo

10.10.1. Definizioni !F*(! %4! '+,9%(+!@TdB"K\TPAB! &%! $+&%<(#(*! #''%! (*,9#'%-%! $%77%5%49+('+! ,%5*($25%3%4%! #! '%1*4*<%+! 2(%'#,%+0! ?4!'+,9%(+! N! 2'%4%))#'*! 1+,! %($%5#,+! 4+! 1%[! &-#,%#'+! '%1*4*<%+! $%! #''*! (*,9#'%-*0! ?(! #452(%! 5#&%! ,+<*4#9+('*!$+&%<(#!#''%!'%1%5%G!7*('%!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!<+(+,#4+L!N!O2+&'*!%4!5#&*!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+44s+&+52'%-*0!!"#! ',#$%)%*(#4+! $+7%(%)%*(+! $+%! @TdB"K\TPA?! >T""sT:TFDA?JB! 5*9+! #''%! &*&'#()%#49+('+! 4+<%&4#'%-%! 9#!7*,9#49+('+! #99%(%&',#'%-%! ,%&1+55H%#! 3+(+! 4s#''2#4+! ,+#4'I0! =2#4+! &1#)%*! (*,9#'%-*! 1*&&#! *5521#,+! %4!,+<*4#9+('*! $+44s+&+52'%-*! $%1+($+! $#44#! 4+<<+L! O2+&'*! 1+,5H`! %4! ,+<*4#9+('*! +&+52'%-*! N! 2(#! XBPAT!:TFBP>K@?KG!&*''*1*&'#!(+44#!<+,#,5H%#!$+44+!7*('%!#44#!7*('+!1,%9#,%#G!4+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+!+!<4%!#''%!5*(!7*,)#!$%!4+<<+0!!

10.10.2. Fondamento normativo !"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! (*(! $%&5%14%(#! %! ,+<*4#9+('%! $+44s+&+52'%-*G! #(5H+! &+! #44s#,'0! WV0]! #'',%32%&5+! #4! C$@!4s+9#(#)%*(+! $%! O2+&'%0! "#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! '%'*4*! J! H#! %(',*$*''*! 2(s%91*,'#('+! %((*-#)%*(+! .#,'0! UUV0h6L! H#!&'#3%4%'*! %4! C@?PF?C?B! >?! CK@K""T"?:\B! A@K! XDPm?BPT! "Td?:"KA?JT! T! XDPm?BP?! @TdB"K\TPAK@?G!

4%9%'#($*!4#!1*'+&'I!$+4!d*-+,(*!$%!+9#(#,+!,+<*4#9+('%!(+44+!&*4+!9#'+,%+!(+44+!O2#4%! 4*!:'#'*!H#!1*'+&'I!4+<%&4#'%-#0!!\+(',+! 1+,! 4+! 7*('%! 1,%9#,%+! %4! &%&'+9#! N! 5H%2&*G! %(! O2#('*! 4#! '%1*4*<%#! $+<4%! #''%! N! 5*91%2'#9+('+! +!'#&&#'%-#9+('+!+4+(5#'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!4*!&'+&&*!(*(!-#4+!1+,!4+!7*('%!&+5*($#,%+0!?(*4',+!9+(',+!+&%&'+!2(*!&1#)%*!5*&'%'2)%*(#49+('+!<#,#('%'*!1+,!4+!4+<<%!+!<4%!#''%!+O2%1#,#'%G!(*(!-sN!%(-+5+!2(*!&1#)%*!<#,#('%'*!1+,!%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+44s+&+52'%-*0!!"#!$%&5%14%(#!<+(+,#4+!$+4!1*'+,+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!$+4!<*-+,(*!N!5*('+(2'#L!#6 (+44+!C,+4+<<%M!36 (+44s#,'0!UV!$+44#!4+<<+!egg_WWM!

!"+!C,+4+<<%!$+$%5#(*!#%!,+<*4#9+('%!c!#,'%5*4%L!

• #,'0!^!t%4!1*'+,+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!$+4!d*-+,(*!N!$%&5%14%(#'*!$#! 4+<<%!$%!5#,#''+,+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!i4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+jkM!

• #,'0!^!t%4!1*'+,+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!$%!#4',+!#2'*,%'I!N!+&+,5%'#'*!(+%!4%9%'%!$+44+!,%&1+''%-+!5*91+'+()+G!%(!5*(7*,9%'I!5*(!4+<<%!1#,'%5*4#,%kM!

• #,'0! e! t%! ,+<*4#9+('%! (*(!1*&&*(*! 5*('+(+,+!(*,9+! 5*(',#,%+!#44+!$%&1*&%)%*(%! $+44+! 4+<<%kG!9+(',+!t#4',+!#2'*,%'I!(*(!1*&&*(*!(+99+(*!$+''#,+!(*,9+!5*(',#,%+!#!O2+44+!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!+9#(#'%!$#4!d*-+,(*kM!

!=2+&'s%91*&'#)%*(+!N!,%1,+&#!$#44#!4+<<+!egg_WW!5*(!4s#<<%2('#!5H+!1+,!%!,+<*4#9+('%!<*-+,(#'%-%!N!#'',%32%'#!2(#!72()%*(+!(*,9#'%-#!<+(+,#4+!#4!d*-+,(*G!9+(',+!1+,! %!,+<*4#9+('%!9%(%&'+,%#4%!*55*,,+!5H+! %4!1*'+,+!$%!+9#(#,+!2(!'#4+!,+<*4#9+('*!&%#!#'',%32%'*!+&14%5%'#9+('+!$#44+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%#0!!

10.10.3. Procedimento !?! ,+<*4#9+('%! <*-+,(#'%-%! -+(<*(*! $+4%3+,#'%G! &2! 1,*1*&'#! $%! 2(*! *! 1%[! 9%(%&',%G! $#4! F$\G! 1,+-%*! 1#,+,+!*334%<#'*,%*!9#!(*(!-%(5*4#('+!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!$%!:'#'*0!?4!,+<*4#9+('*!-%+(+!1*%!+9#(#'*!5*(!>TF@TAB!>T"!C@T:?>TPAT! >T""K! @TCDEE"?FK0! "s#''*! #! O2+&'*! 12('*! N! 1+,7+''*!9#! (*(! #(5*,#! +77%5#5+G! #49+(*! (*(!1,%9#!$%!#-+,!&21+,#'*!%4!-#<4%*!$+44#!F*,'+!$+%!5*('%!+!O2%($%!+&&+,+!12334%5#'*!&244#!dD0!!?! ,+<*4#9+('%!9%(%&'+,%#4%! &*(*! +9#(#'%! $#4! \%(%&',*! .>TF@TAB!\?P?:AT@?K"T6! &+91,+! 1,+-%*! 1#,+,+! $+4!F*(&%<4%*! $%! :'#'*0! F*(! 4*! &'+&&*! 1,*--+$%9+('*G! 9#! 5*(! >TF@TAB! ?PAT@\?P?:AT@?K"T! &*(*! +9#(#'%! %!,+<*4#9+('%! 5H+! ,%<2#,$#(*! 1%[! 9%(%&'+,%0! :*(*! +(',#93%! &*<<+''%! #44#! -+,%7%5#! $+44#! F*,'+! $+%! 5*('%! +!12334%5#'%!&244#!dD0!!

10.10.4 Tipologia !"#!4+<<+!egg!$%&'%(<2+!$%-+,&+!'%1*4*<%+!$%!,+<*4#9+('*!<*-+,(#'%-*L!#6 @TdB"K\TPA?!>?! T:TFDm?BPT! $+44+! 4+<<%0! :*(*! ,+<*4#9+('%! 5H+! %4! d*-+,(*! #$*''#! #(5H+! &+()#!2(#!&1+5%7%5#!#2'*,%))#)%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#0!C*&&*(*!#-+,+!72()%*(+!#114%5#'%-+!+!%('+,1,+'#'%-#0!=2#4*,#!4#! 9#'+,%#! 7*&&+! 5*1+,'#! $#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#G! 5*92(O2+! %4! d*-+,(*! H#! 4#! 7#5*4'I! $%!$+4%3+,#,+!2(!,+<*4#9+('*!+&542&%-#9+('+!+&+52'%-*!5H+!(*(!%('+<,%!4#!7#''%&1+5%+!4+<%&4#'%-#M!

36 @TdB"K\TPA?!>sKAADKm?BPTG!O2#4*,#!+&1,+&&#9+('+!1,+-%&'%!$#44+!4+<<%!$#!#''2#,+M!56 @TdB"K\TPA?!?P>?CTP>TPA?G!&*(*!+9#(#'%!(+44+!9#'+,%+!%(!52%!9#(5H%!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44+!4+<<%!*!$%!#''%!#-+('%! 7*,)#!$%! 4+<<+G!&+91,+!5H+!(*(!&%! ',#''%!$%!9#'+,%+!5*92(O2+!,%&+,-#'+!#44#! 4+<<+0!:*(*!2(#!7%<2,#!9*4'*!$%&52&&#!5H+!5*(7%<2,#!2(!1*'+&'I!(*,9#'%-#!,+&%$2#4+!,%&1+''*!#44+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+!+!#44+! ,%&+,-+! $%! 4+<<+G! 9#! ,%<2#,$#(*! &*&'#()%#49+('+! 2(! #&1+''*! +&',+9#9+('+! 9#,<%(#4+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*M!

$6 @TdB"K\TPA?! >?! B@dKP?mmKmBPTG! &*(*! 2(! ,+&%$2#'*! 1,+S,+12334%5#(*! $%! O2#($*! %4! d*-+,(*!14#&9#-#!$%,+''#9+('+! 4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!$+44#!CK0!B<<%!O2+&'s#93%'*!,%+(',#!(+44#! ,%&+,-#!$%! 4+<<+!+!1+,'#('*!O2+&'%!,+<*4#9+('%!&%!5*(7%<2,#(*!5*9+!,+<*4#9+('%!$%!+&+52)%*(+M!

!

10.10.5 Delegificazione !A,#9%'+!4s#,'0!UV0c!$+44#!4+<<+!egg!N!%(',*$*''*!%4! 7+(*9+(*!$+%!@TdB"K\TPA?!>T"TdKA?!*!KDAB@?mmKA?0!"#!1#,'%5*4#,%'I!$%!O2+&'%!,+<*4#9+('%!N!O2+44#!$%!$+54#&&#,+!4+!4+<<%!1,+5+$+('%!%(!9#'+,%#0!?(7#''%!4s#&&+()#!$%!2(#!,%&+,-#!$%!,+<*4#9+('#)%*(+!#99%(%&',#'%-#!H#!1*,'#'*!%4!4+<%&4#'*,+!#$!*5521#,&%!$%!#&1+''%!9#,<%(#4%!5H+!H#((*! ,+&*! %1+,',*7%5*! 4s*,$%(#9+('*0! "#! >T"Td?X?FKm?BPT! &%! 1,*1*(+! 5*9+! ,%9+$%*! #44s%1+,',*7%#!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!9+$%#('+!$+54#&&#9+('*!$+44+!4+<<%!#!,+<*4#9+('*0!!P*(!1*'+($*!2(!7*('+!&+5*($#,%#!#3,*<#,+!2(#!7*('+!1,%9#,%#G!4#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!5H+!$+7%(%&5+!4#!&'+&2,#!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!&'#3%4%&5+!4s#3,*<#)%*(+!$%!#4',+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+!#44s#11,*-#)%*(+!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!9+$+&%9%0!

!

11. Le fonti comunitarie !

11.1. Il sistema delle fonti comunitarie !

11.1.1. Definizione !F*&l! 5*9+! 4#! F*92(%'I! +2,*1+#! N! 2(s%&'%'2)%*(+! 5*914+&&#! +! %(! $%-+(%,+G! #(5H+! %4! &%&'+9#! $+44+! 7*('%! 5H+!7*,9#(*!4s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!5*92(%'#,%*!(*(!N!&+914%5+!$#!$%&+<(#,+0!!"#!$%&'%()%*(+! 7*($#9+('#4+!$#! 52%!92*-+,+!N! ',#! %4! $%,%''*! 5*(-+()%*(#4+!+! %4! $%,%''*!$+,%-#'*0! "+! 7*('%! $+4!>?@?AAB! FBPJTPm?BPK"T! 5*(&%&'*(*! (+%! ',#''#'%! 5*(! 52%! 4#! F*92(%'I! +2,*1+#! N! &'#'#! %&'%'2%'#! +!&255+&&%-#9+('+!9*$%7%5#'#!+!&-%4211#'#0!P+4!',#''#'*!FT!&*(*!$%&5%14%(#'%!<4%!*,<#(%!$+44#!F*92(%'I!+!%! 4*,*!1*'+,%!(*,9#'%-%L!O2+&'%!&%!+&1,%9*(*!#'',#-+,&*!#''%!(*,9#'%-%!5H+!5*&'%'2%&5*(*!%4!>?@?AAB!>T@?JKAB0!!?! ',#''#'%! &*(*! 2(#! 7*('+! <+,#,5H%5#9+('+! &*-,#*,$%(#'#! #4! $%,%''*! $+,%-#'*! +$! 2(! #11*&%'*! *,<#(*!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+G! 4#! FB@AT!>?! d?D:A?m?K! >T""K! FTG! N! %&'%'2%'#! $#%! ',#''#'%! 1+,! <#,#('%,+! O2+&'#! 1,+-#4+()#!<+,#,5H%5#0!!

11.1.2. Diritto derivato: tipologia delle fonti comunitarie !"+!7*('%!$+4!$%,%''*!$+,%-#'*!&%!$%&'%(<2*(*!%(!#''%!-%(5*4#('%!+!(*(!-%(5*4#('%0!>+<4%!#''%!(*(!-%(5*4#('%!N!$+''*!,#1%$#9+('+L!&*(*!4+!@KFFB\KP>Km?BP?!FTG!%(-%'%!#<4%!:'#'%!#!5*(7*,9#,&%!#$!2(!5+,'*!5*91*,'#9+('*!+!%!1#,+,%G! 5H+! +&1,%9*(*! %4! 12('*! $%! -%&'#! $%! 2(! *,<#(*! &2! 2(! $+'+,9%(#'*! *<<+''*G! 5H+! *<(%! *,<#(*! $+44#!F*92(%'I!+2,*1+#!12b!+9#(#,+0!!:*(*!%(-+5+!1%+(#9+('+!#''%!(*,9#'%-%! 4+!7*('%!-%(5*4#('%0!T&&%!&%!$%&'%(<2*(*!%(!^!'%1*4*<%+G!1,*7*($#9+('+!$%-+,&+!%(!4%(+#!$%!1,%(5%1%*L!#6 @TdB"K\TPA?! FTL! H#((*! 4+! 5#,#''+,%&'%5H+! 5H+! &*(*! '%1%5H+G! #44s%('+,(*! $+4! (*&',*! *,$%(#9+('*G!$+44#! 4+<<+0! n#((*! 1*,'#'#! <+(+,#4+G! &*(*! *334%<#'*,%! %(! '2''%! %! 4*,*! +4+9+('%! +! $%,+''#9+('+!#114%5#3%4%! %(!5%#&52(*!$+<4%!:'#'%!9+93,%0!"#!>?@TAAK!KCC"?FKE?"?AKsG!5H+!&%<(%7%5#!5H+!(*(!N!(`!(+5+&&#,%*!(`!#99+&&*!2(!#''*!$+44*!:'#'*!5H+!(`!*,$%(%!4s+&+52)%*(+!(+44s*,$%(#9+('*!$+44*!:'#'*M!

36 >?@TAA?JT!FTL!&*(*!#''%!(*,9#'%-%!5H+!H#((*!5*9+!$+&'%(#'#,%*!4*!:'#'*!9+93,*!+!4*!-%(5*4#(*!1+,!O2#('*!,%<2#,$#!%4!,%&24'#'*!$#!,#<<%2(<+,+G!7+,9#!,+&'#($*!4#!5*91+'+()#!$+<4%!*,<#(%!(#)%*(#4%! %(!9+,%'*!#44#!7*,9#!+!#%!9+))%M!

56 >TF?:?BP?! FTL! H#((*! 5#,#''+,%&'%5H+! 5H+! &*(*! '%1%5H+! $+4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! #99%(%&',#'%-*0! :*(*!*334%<#'*,%+! %(! '2''%! %! 4*,*! +4+9+('%! +! &*(*! $%,+''#9+('+! #114%5#3%4%! 9#! H#((*! 1*,'#'#! 1#,'%5*4#,+!1*%5H`!&%!,%-*4<*(*!#!&*<<+''%!&1+5%7%5%G!#!2(#!&%(<*4#!1+,&*(#4%'I!<%2,%$%5#M!

!

11.1.3. Diritto derivato: tipologia delle fonti comunitarie !"#!>?@TAAK!KCC"?FKE?"?AKs!N!2(#!O2#4%'I!$%!$+'+,9%(#'%!#''%!5*92(%'#,%!5H+!1,*$25*(*!%99+$%#'#9+('+! %!4*,*!+77+''%!<%2,%$%5%!(+44s*,$%(#9+('*!(#)%*(#4+!&+()#!4#!%('+,1*&%)%*(+!$%!2(!#''*!(*,9#'%-*!(#)%*(#4+0!!>%-+,&#! 5*(5+''2#49+('+! 4#! (*)%*(+! $%! TXXTAAB! >?@TAAB0! T&&#! (*(! ,%<2#,$#! <4%! #''%! 9#! 4+! (*,9+! +$! N!1+,5%b!2(#!(*)%*(+!(*(!$+7%(%'#!$#4!4+<%&4#'*,+!9#!$#44s%('+,1,+'+0!!"#!F*,'+!$%!<%2&'%)%#!H#!,%'+(2'*!5H+!$*-+!2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!5*92(%'#,%#!1*&&#!+&1,%9+,+!2(#!(*,9#!5H%#,#G!1,+5%&#! +! (*(! 5*($%)%*(#'#! $#44s%('+,-+('*! $+4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! (#)%*(#4+G! O2+&'#! $+-+! +&&+,+! #114%5#'#!$%,+''#9+('+! &+()#! #''+($+,+! 4s#''2#)%*(+! (#)%*(#4+0! ?4! &%(<*4*! 5H+! (+! #33%#! %('+,+&&+! 1*',I! %(-*5#,+! 4#!(*,9#! 5*92(%'#,%#! +! 4*! :'#'*! 9+93,*! (*(! 1*',I! *11*,&%! %(-*5#($*! 4#! 9#(5#'#! #''2#)%*(+! $+44s#''*!

5*92(%'#,%*L!5H+! 4*!:'#'*!9+93,*!(*(!1*&&#!<%*-#,&%!$+44#!1,*1,%#! %(#$+91%+()#!N!#114%5#)%*(+!$+44s#('%5#!9#&&%9#!TZ!?P?D@?K!?D:!PBP!B@?AD@0!!:+!%(5,*5%#9*!4#!5#,#''+,%&'%5#!'%1*4*<%5#!5H+!%(!#&',#''*!5*((*'#!#452(%!#''%S7*('+!u!$%,+''#!#114%5#3%4%'I!u!5*(!4#! 5#,#''+,%&'%5#! 5H+! %(! 5*(5,+'*! 5*((*'#! $+'+,9%(#'+! (*,9+! u! +77%5#5%#! $%,+''#! u! 1*&&%#9*! #-+,+! e!1*&&%3%4%'IL!#6 (*,9+!$%,+''#9+('+!+77%5#5%!.&+47S+/+52'%(<6!+&1,+&&+!$#!#''%!$%,+''#9+('+!#114%5#3%4%L!&*(*!4+!(*,9+!5H+!5#,#''+,%))#(*!%!,+<*4#9+('%!FTM!

36 (*,9+!(*(!$%,+''#9+('+!+77%5#5%!+&1,+&&+!$#!#''%!$%,+''#9+('+!#114%5#3%4%L!-%!&*(*!#452(%!,+<*4#9+('%!FT! 5H+! $+7%(%&5*(*! 2(!O2#$,*! (*,9#'%-*! 5H+! $+-+! +&&+,+! #''2#'*! *! $#! #4',%! ,+<*4#9+('%! FT! *! $#!(*,9+!(#)%*(#4%M!

56 (*,9+!$%,+''#9+('+!+77%5#5%!+&1,+&&+!$#!#''%!(*(!$%,+''#9+('+!#114%5#3%4%L!&*(*!1+,!4*!1%[!$%-%+'%!1*&'%!$#!$%,+''%-+!$+''#<4%#'+!*!$#<4%!&'+&&%!A,#''#'%G!5*&l!5*9+!%('+,1,+'#'%!$#44#!F*,'+!$%!<%2&'%)%#M!

$6 (*,9+!(*(!$%,+''#9+('+!+77%5#5%!+&1,+&&+!$#!#''%!(*(!$%,+''#9+('+!#114%5#3%4%L!&*(*!4+!(*,9+!5H+!$%!,+<*4#! $+,%-#(*! $#44+! $%,+''%-+! FT0! T&&+! (*(! &*(*! %(! <,#$*! $%! 7#,! &*,<+,+! 1*&%)%*(%! &*<<+''%-+!#)%*(#3%4%!&+()#!2(!1,+-+('%-*!%('+,-+('*!#''2#'%-*!$+4!4+<%&4#'*,+!(#)%*(#4+M!

!

11.2. Rapporti tra norme comunitarie e norme interne !

11.2.1. Limitazione di sovranità e deficit normativo !"#! F*,'+! $%! <%2&'%)%#! H#! $%5H%#,#'*! 5H+! 4s+77+''*! (*,9#'%-*! $%,+''*! 5*91*,'#! 4#! 1,+-#4+()#! $+4! $%,%''*!5*92(%'#,%*!&2!O2+44*!%('+,(*G!5*91*,'#($*(+!O2%($%!4s#3,*<#)%*(+0!:+! 4#! 4+<<+! N! 4#!9#(%7+&'#)%*(+! 1%[! '%1%5#! $+44#! &*-,#(%'IG! 4#! 1,+-#4+()#! $+4! $%,%''*! 5*92(%'#,%*! &244+! 4+<<%!(#)%*(#4%!&+<(#!$2(O2+!4#!1+,$%'#!$%!2(#!1*,)%*(+!$%!&*-,#(%'I!(#)%*(#4+G!5*(&+<2+('+!#44s#$+&%*(+!#44sDT0!!?(! O2#&%! '2''%! <4%! #4',%! :'#'%! +2,*1+%G! 4s#$+&%*(+! #44#! F*92(%'I! +2,*1+#! 1,%9#! +! 4s#55+''#)%*(+! $+44+! &2+!',#&7*,9#)%*(%!1%[!&#4%+('%!1*%G!&*(*!&'#'+!#55*91#<(#'+!$#!,%7*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!?(!%'#4%#!(*0!"s2(%5#!7*('+!5H+!$%&5%14%(#!4s#$+&%*(+!$+44s%'#4%#!N!4#!4+<<+!$%!,#'%7%5#!$+4!A,#''#'*!$%!@*9#!+!4s*,$%(+!$%!+&+52)%*(+!#$!+&&*!,+4#'%-*0! \#! 4#! 4+<<+! $%! ,#'%7%5#! N! 2(#! 4+<<+! 9+,#9+('+! 7*,9#4+! +! 4s*,$%(+! $%! +&+52)%*(+! 2(#! 7*,924#!&'+,+*'%1#'#G!+(',#93%!7*('%!1,%9#,%+!&23S5*&'%'2)%*(#4%L!3#&'#(*!#!$%&1*,,+!2(#!5+&&%*(+!$%!&*-,#(%'Iz!:+5*($*! 4#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! &lG! 1*%5H`! 4s#,'0! UU! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 5*(&+('+! %(! 5*($%)%*(%! $%! 1#,%'I! #44#!4%9%'#)%*(+!$%!&*-,#(%'I!(+5+&&#,%+!#$!2(!*,$%(#9+('*!5H+!#&&%52,%!1#5+!+!<%2&'%)%#!7,#!4+!P#)%*(%0!F*(!O2+&'#!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+! u! #33#&'#()#! '%,#'#! u! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! &%! N! 4+<%''%9#'#! 4s#11#,'+(+()#! $+44s%'#4%#!#44sDT0!D(*!$+%!,%&24'#'%!$%!O2+&'#!1,#&&%!N! 4#!9#(5#()#!$%!2(#!-+,#!$%&5%14%(#!$+%!,#11*,'%! ',#! 4s*,$%(#9+('*!%('+,(*! +! O2+44*! 5*92(%'#,%*0! F%b! H#! 5*(&+('%'*! 5H+! 4s%('+,#! $%&5%14%(#! 7*&&+! +4#3*,#'#! $#44#! <%2,%&1,2$+()#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!

11.2.2. Il cammino comunitario della Corte costituzionale !?(!2(!1,%9*!'+91*!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!#114%5#'*!%4!&*4*!5,%'+,%*!5,*(*4*<%5*!1+,!$%,%9+,+!%!5*(74%''%!',#!4+<<%!(#)%*(#4%!+!5*92(%'#,%+G!5*(!4#!5*(&+<2+()#!5H+!2(#!1%[!,+5+('+!4+<%&4#)%*(+!%('+,(#!1*'+-#!#3,*<#,+!2(#! 1%[! 7*,'+! 4+<%&4#)%*(+! +2,*1+#0! "#! F*,'+! $%! <%2&'%)%#! +2,*1+#G! %91+<(#'#! #$! +&'+($+,+! %4! 1*'+,+! $+44#!F*92(%'IG!,%'+((+!O2+&'+!&5+4'+!$+44+!%(7,#)%*(%!&#()%*(#3%4%0!F*&l!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!%(%)%b!#$!#114%5#,+!%4!5,%'+,%*! <+,#,5H%5*! 4#! 52%! 5*(&+<2+()#! 72! 4s%912<(#)%*(+! $%! 4+<<%! %('+,(+! 1+,! -%*4#)%*(+! $+%! ,+<*4#9+('%!5*92(%'#,%!$%! 7,*('+!#44#!F*,'+!&'+&&#!5H+G!(*(! ,+<<+($*! %4! 5#,%5*!$%! 4#-*,*G! 4#&5%b!1+,! 42(<*! '+91*!-#4%$+!(*,9+!(#)%*(#4%!%(!5*(',#&'*!5*(!,+<*4#9+('%!5*92(%'#,%0!!C+,! ,%&*4-+,+! +(',#93+! 4+! 1,*34+9#'%5H+! -%&'+! &*1,#G! 4#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! &-%4211#! 2(#! '+*,%#! ,%#&&2('#!(+44#!&+('+()#!UVg_UYWe!.d,#(%'#4!*!"#!C+,<*4#6L!#6 4s*,$%(#9+('*! 5*92(%'#,%*! +! 4s*,$%(#9+('*! %'#4%#(*! &*(*! $2+! *,$%(#9+('%! <%2,%$%5%! #2'*(*9%! +!&+1#,#'%G!*<(2(*!$*'#'*!$%!2(!1,*1,%*!&%&'+9#!$%!7*('%!.ATB@?K!>DK"?:A?FK6M!

36 4#!(*,9#'%-#! 5*92(%'#,%#!(*(!+(',#!#! 7#,!1#,'+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*! %('+,(*G!(`!-%+(+!#&&*<<+''#'#!#4!&%&'+9#! $+44+! 4+<<%0! P*(! 12b! +&%&'+,+! 2(! -+,*! +! 1,*1,%*! 5*(74%''*! ',#! 4+! 7*('%! %('+,(+! +! O2+44+!5*92(%'#,%+G!1+,5H`!*<(2(#!N!-#4%$#!+!+77%5#5+!(+4!1,*1,%*!*,$%(#9+('*M!

56 5*(! 4#! ,#'%7%5#! +! 4s*,$%(+! $%! +&+52)%*(+! $+4! A,#''#'*! %4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! %'#4%#(*! H#! ,%5*(*&5%2'*! 4#!5*91+'+()#!$+44#!F*92(%'I!+2,*1+#!#$!+9#(#,+!(*,9+!<%2,%$%5H+! %(!$+'+,9%(#'+!9#'+,%+0!=2+&'+!(*,9+!(*(!&%!%91*(<*(*!$%,+''#9+('+!(+44s*,$%(#9+('*!%('+,(*!(*(!1+,5H`!#33%#(*!7*,)#!$%!4+<<+G!9#! 1+,! 4#! 7*,)#! #'',%32%'#! #$! +&&+! $#4! A,#''#'*0! Ts! O2%($%! O2+&'s24'%9*! #! &+<(#,+! 4#! ,%1#,'%)%*(+! $%!5*91+'+()#!',#!%!c!*,$%(#9+('%!+!%4!,+<%9+!<%2,%$%5*!$+44+!1,*1,%+!7*('%M!

$6 %!5*(74%''%!',#!(*,9+!5H+!+-+('2#49+('+!&*,<#(*!-#((*!,%&*4'%!$#4!<%2$%5+!%'#4%#(*!#114%5#($*!%4!5,%'+,%*!$%! 5*91+'+()#0! ?4! <%2$%5+! $+-+! #55+,'#,+! &+G! %(! 3#&+! #4! A,#''#'*G! &%#! 5*91+'+('+! &2! $%! 2(#! $#'#!9#'+,%#!4s*,$%(#9+('*!5*92(%'#,%*!*!(#)%*(#4+0!F*&l!4#!(*,9#!%('+,(#!&+!(*(!5*91+'+('+!(*(!-%+(+!#3,*<#'#G!(`!$%5H%#,#'#!%44+<%''%9#G!9#!&+914%5+9+('+!(*(!#114%5#'#0!

!

11.2.3. Contrasto tra norme interne e comunitarie: il quadro attuale !?4!O2#$,*!#''2#4+!5H+!&%!,%5#-#!$#44#!&+('+()#!UVg_UYWe!+!&255+&&%-+!N!%4!&+<2+('+L!#6 5*(',#&'*! ',#! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! +! (*,9+! FT! &+47S+/+52'%(<G! &%! #114%5#! 4#! 4+<<+! 5*92(%'#,%#! +! (*(! &%!#114%5#!O2+44#!*,$%(#,%#0!=2+&'#!,+<*4#!N!,%-*4'#!#!'2''%!%!&*<<+''%!$+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$+4!$%,%''*G!(*(!&*4*!#<4%! *,<#(%! <%2$%)%#,%G! 9#! #(5H+! #44+! &',2''2,+! $+44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! 12334%5#G! #1,+($*! 2(#! 7#44#!(+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!4+<#4%'I!$+44#!CKM!

36 5*(',#&'*! ',#! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! +! (*,9+! FT! (*(! &+47S+/+52'%(<L! 7%(5H`! 4#! (*,9#! 5*92(%'#,%#! (*(! N!#''2#'#! N! 4#! -+55H%#! (*,9#'%-#! *,$%(#,%#! #! $*-+,! +&&+,+! #114%5#'#G!9+(',+! 2(#! -*4'#! #''2#'#! &#,I!#114%5#'#! 4#! (2*-#! (*,9#'%-#! *,$%(#,%#0! T-+('2#4%! %44+<%''%9%'I! (+44s#114%5#)%*(+! $+44#! (*,9#! FT!(+44s*,$%(#9+('*!%('+,(*!1*',#((*!+&&+,+!&*44+-#'+!$#4!d%2$%5+!$%!7,*('+!#44#!F*,'+M!

56 5*(',#&'*!',#!(*,9+!&23S4+<%&4#'%-+!+!(*,9+!FTL!%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!(*(!&%#9*!1%[!(+44s#93%'*!$+4!5,%'+,%*!$%!5*91+'+()#!+!$+44#!(*(S#114%5#)%*(+G!9#!&%!',#''#!$%!2(#!O2+&'%*(+!<+,#,5H%5#!',#!%4!,+<*4#9+('*!%('+,(*!+! 4#! 4+<<+! 7*,9#4+!$+44s*,$%(+!$%! +&+52)%*(+0! Ts! 5H%#,*! 5H+! %4! 5*(',#&'*! -%+(+! ,%&*4'*! 5*(! 4#!1,+-#4+()#!$+44#!4+<<+!,+4#'%-#!#4!A,#''#'*!+!O2%($%!$+44#!(*,9#!FTG!9#!N!#4',+''#('*!5H%#,*!5H+!(*(!-%! N! #452(#! 1*&&%3%4%'I! $%! 5*(7,*('*! ',#! %4! ,+<*4#9+('*! %('+,(*! +! %4! ,+<*4#9+('*! FTG! 1*%5H`!O2+&'s24'%9*!(*(!7#!1#,'+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*0!

$6 5*(',#&'*!',#!(*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!+!(*,9+!5*92(%'#,%+L! 4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!#99+&&*!5H+! 4+!(*,9+! 5*92(%'#,%+! 1*&&*(*! 5*91*,'#,+! $+,*<H+! #44+! (*,9+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! $%! $+''#<4%*G!9#! (*(! #%!1,%(5%1%! 7*($#9+('#4%0! F*(! O2+&'#! %91*&'#)%*(+! 4#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! -*42'*! #1,%,+! 4#! &',#$#!#44s#914%#9+('*! $+%! 1*'+,%! DT! &+()#! 4#! (+5+&&%'I! $%! ,+-%&%*(%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0! P+4! 5#&*! 2(#! (*,9#!5*92(%'#,%#!92*-+&&+! 5*(',#,%#9+('+! #! 2(! 1,%(5%1%*! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+G! 4s*,$%(+! $%! +&+52)%*(+! $+4!A,#''#'*! $*-,+33+! +&&+,+! %912<(#'*! $#-#('%! #44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0! ?(! (+&&2(! 5#&*! 12b! +&&+,+!%912<(#'*!%4!$+''#'*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!9+(',+!4#!(*,9#!FT!12b!+&&+,+!1*,'#'#!&*4*!$#-#('%!#44#!F*,'+!$%!d%2&'%)%#!+2,*1+#G!5H+!N!5*92(O2+!2(!*,<#(%&9*!+&',#(+*!#44s*,$%(#9+('*!%('+,(*0!

!

11.2.4. I giudici e l’amministrazione di fronte al diritto comunitario !"#!'+*,%#!$2#4%&'%5#!5H+!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!.9#!(*(!&*4*!O2+44#!%'#4%#(#6!H#!#&&2('*!5*9+!1,+9+&&#!1+,!%('+($+,+! %! ,#11*,'%! ',#! *,$%(#9+('*! 5*92(%'#,%*! +! *,$%(#9+('*! (#)%*(#4+G! #77*($#! 4+! &2+! ,#$%5%! %(! 2(#!-%&%*(+!',#$%)%*(#4+!$+44#!(#'2,#!$+44#!F*92(%'I!+2,*1+#L!2(s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!5*92(+!5,+#'#!$#!:'#'%!&*-,#(%!5*(! &',29+('%! $%! $%,%''*! %('+,(#)%*(#4+0!\#!(+4! &2*! &-%4211*! 4#! F*92(%'I!H#!+4#3*,#'*! &',29+('%G! ,+4#)%*(%G!1*'+,%!&1+&&*!&%9%4%!#!O2+44%!'%1%5%!$+<4%!:'#'%!7+$+,#4%0!!"s#&1+''*! 1#,#$*&&#4+! $+44#! 5*(5+)%*(+! $2#4%&'%5#! N! 5H+! #33%#9*! $2+! *,$%(#9+('%! #2'*(*9%! +! $%&'%('%! 1+,!O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#! 4#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+G! 9#! 2(%'%! 1+,! O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#! 4s#114%5#)%*(+! $+4! $%,%''*0! F*&l! <%2$%5%! +!#99%(%&',#'*,%!&*(*!&+,-%'*,%!$%!$2+!1#$,*(%0!!?!<%2$%5%!1*&&*(*!#(5H+!2'%4%))#,+!4*!&',29+('*!$+4!@?PJ?B!C@Td?D>?m?K"T!#44#!F*,'+!$%!<%2&'%)%#!$+44#!FT!1+,!*''+(+,+! %($%5#)%*(%! &244#! -#4%$%'I! $%! 2(#! (*,9#! $+,%-#'#! $#%! A,#''#'%! *112,+! &244s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+! $+44+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!5*92(%'#,%+0!!

11.2.5. L’attuazione delle norme comunitarie !>#44s%(',*$2)%*(+!$+4!UYWY!$+44#! 4+<<+!t"#!C+,<*4#k!1+,! 4s#''2#)%*(+!$+44+!(*,9+!5*92(%'#,%+G!&%!N!#-2'*!2(!1,*5+&&*!$%!$+4+<#)%*(+!+!$+4+<%7%5#)%*(+0!>+4+<#)%*(+!#4!d*-+,(*!1+,! %!,+<*4#9+('%!5*92(%'#,%G!#4!1#,%!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!%('+,(%!+!$+4+<%7%5#)%*(+!5*(!4s#55*,1#9+('*!%(!2(s2(%5#!4+<<+!5*92(%'#,%#!#((2#4+!4s#$*)%*(+!$%!'2''%!%!1,*--+$%9+('%!,%5H%+&'%!$#44sDT!+!4#!1*&&%3%4%'I!1+,!4+!@+<%*(%!$%!#114%5#,+!$%,+''#9+('+!#452(%!#''%!$+44#!FT0!

!

12. Le fonti delle autonomie !

12.1. Statuti regionali !

12.1.1. Definizioni !A2''+! 4+!@+<%*(%!H#((*!2(*!:'#'2'*G!9#!<4%!&'#'2'%!&*(*!$%!'%1*!$%-+,&*L!&%!$%&'%(<2*(*!4+!@+<%*(%!#!:'#'2'*!&1+5%#4+!$#!O2+44+!#!:'#'2'*!*,$%(#,%*0!!C+,! 4+! @+<%*(%! #! :'#'2'*! &1+5%#4+! N! 4*! :'#'2'*! &'+&&*! 5H+! (+! 7*($#! 4s#2'*(*9%#G! 7%&&#($*(+! 4%9%'%! +!9*$%G!$+,*<#($*! %4! A%'*4*!J! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! +! %(! 1#,'%5*4#,+! 4s#,'0! UUV0!d4%! :AKADA?!>T""T!@Td?BP?! :CTF?K"?!&*(*!#$*''#'%!5*(!4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!>%-+,&#!N!4#!72()%*(+!$+<4%!:AKADA?!>T""T!@Td?BP?!B@>?PK@?TG!1+,!52%!4+!7*,9+!+!5*($%)%*(%!$%!#2'*(*9%#!&*(*!$+7%(%'+!%(!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!F*(!4#!4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!U_UYYY!N!#'',%32%'#!#<4%!:'#'2'%!*,$%(#,%!4#!7#5*4'I!$%!$+7%(%,+!%('+<,#49+('+!4#!7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*!$+44#!@+<%*(+G!5*91,+&#!4#!4+<<+!+4+''*,#4+0!!

12.1.2. Procedimento di formazione !"*!:'#'2'*!$+44+!@+<%*(%!&1+5%#4%!N!2(#!4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!2(!1*s!1#,'%5*4#,+G!1+,5H`L!#6 N!$+,*<#3%4+! #'',#-+,&*!$+44+! 4+<<%! ,+<%*(#4%! %(! #452(+! &2+!1#,'%G! 1+,!+&+91%*! ,%<2#,$*! 4#! 7*,9#!$%!<*-+,(*M!

36 4#! ,+-%&%*(+! $+<4%! :'#'2'%! (*(! &*(*! &*''*1*&'+! #! ,+7+,+($29! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! +&&+($*! &277%5%+('+! %4!1#,+,+!-%(5*4#('+!$+44#!@+<%*(+!&'+&&#M!

!"*!:'#'2'*!$+44+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+!H#!&23%'*!2(#!,#$%5#4+!,%7*,9#L!#6 4s#,'0! Uc^! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 5*&l! 5*9+! ,%7*,9#'*! (+4! cggU!$%&1*(+! 5H+! 4*! :'#'2'*! &%#! #11,*-#'*! #!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#!$#4!F*(&%<4%*!@+<%*(#4+G!5*(!$2+!$+4%3+,#)%*(%!&255+&&%-+!#$*''#'+!#!$%&'#()#!#49+(*!$%!c!9+&%0!

36 %4! d*-+,(*! 12b! %912<(#,+! 4*! :'#'2'*! $%(#()%! #44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +(',*! ^g! <%*,(%! $#44#! &2#!12334%5#)%*(+! &24!ED@0!T(',*!^!9+&%!$#44#! &2#!12334%5#)%*(+G!2(! 5%(O2#('+&%9*!$+<4%! +4+''*,%! $+44#!@+<%*(+!*112,+!2(!O2%('*!$+%! 5*91*(+('%! %4! F*(&%<4%*!@+<%*(#4+!1*&&*(*! 5H%+$+,+!2(! ,+7+,+($29!#11,*-#'%-*G! *! &*&1+(&%-*0! "*! :'#'2'*! (*(! N! 1,*924<#'*! 7%(*! #! 5H+! (*(! &21+,#! #(5H+! 4#! 7#&+!,+7+,+($#,%#0!P+4!1+,%*$*!5*91,+&*!',#!4#!12334%5#)%*(+!+!4#!1,*924<#)%*(+G!4#!1,%9#!H#!&*4*!-#4*,+!(*'%)%#4+0!

!

12.1.3. Natura e funzione degli Statuti ordinari !d4%!:'#'2'%!$+44+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+!&*(*!O2%($%!4+<<%!,+<%*(#4%!,%(7*,)#'+!52%!N!,%&+,-#'#!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44#!7*,9#!$%! <*-+,(*! ,+<%*(#4+G! $+%! 1,%(5%1%! 7*($#9+('#4%! $%! *,<#(%))#)%*(+! +! $%! 72()%*(#9+('*! $+44#!9+$+&%9#G! $+4!$%,%''*!$%!%(%)%#'%-#!4+<%&4#'%-#!+!$%!,+7+,+($29G!4#!12334%5#)%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%!+!$+%!,+<*4#9+('%!,+<%*(#4%0!!:+! 1,%9#! $+44#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! cggU! 4*! :'#'2'*! $*-+-#! 9#('+(+,&%! (+44s#93%'*! $+44#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+! &'#'#4+G!&255+&&%-#9+('+!&%!N!1*&'*!5*9+!4%9%'+!%4!&*4*!12('2#4+!,%&1+''*!$+4!$+''#'*!F*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!F*&l!4+!4+<<%!$+44*!:'#'*!(*(!1*&&*(*!%(5%$+,+!&2<4%!:'#'2'%!1+,!O2#('*!,%&+,-#'*!#44+!@+<%*(%!#4!1#,%!$+44+!4+<<%!,+<%*(#4%G!<+,#,5H%5#9+('+!&23*,$%(#'+0!!

12.2. Leggi regionali !

12.2.1. Definizioni !"#! "TddT! @Td?BPK"T! N! 2(#! 4+<<+! *,$%(#,%#! 7*,9#4+0! "#! 7*,9#! $+44#! 4+<<+! 4+! N! $#'#! $#4! 1,*5+$%9+('*!.%(%)%#'%-#G!$+4%3+,#)%*(+!+!1,*924<#)%*(+6G!4#!5*44*5#)%*(+!',#!4+!7*('%!1,%9#,%+!N!<#,#('%'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!(+44s#93%'*!$+44+!5*91+'+()+!+&542&%-+!+!5*(5*,,+('%!+!1+,5H`!&*''*1*&'#!#4!5*(',*44*!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!K44+! 4+<<%! ,+<%*(#4%! &*(*! $+4! '2''*! +O2%1#,#'+! 4+! "Tdd?! C@BJ?PF?K"?! +9#(#'+! $#44#! C,*-%(5+! $%! A,+('*! +!E*4)#(*0!!

12.2.2. Procedimento !?4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44#!4+<<+!,+<%*(#4+!N!$%&5%14%(#'*!%(!9%(%9#!1#,'+!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!%(!1#,'+!$#44*! :'#'2'*! +! 1+,! %4! ,+&'*! $#4! ,+<*4#9+('*! %('+,(*! $+4! F*(&%<4%*! @+<%*(#4+0! ?4! 1,*5+$%9+('*! &%! &-*4<+! %(!O2+&'+!7#&%L!

• %(%)%#'%-#L! *4',+! #44#! d%2('#! +! #%! F*(&%<4%+,%! ,+<%*(#4%G! 4s%(%)%#'%-#! &1+''#! #<4%! #4',%! &*<<+''%! %($%-%$2#'%!$#<4%!:'#'2'%M!

•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

• 1,*924<#)%*(+L!$#!1#,'+!$+4!C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!@+<%*(+!9+$%#('+!12334%5#)%*(+!&24!ED@M!!K44*! :'#'*! N! 5*(&+('%'*! &*4*! $s%912<(#,+! 4+! 4+<<%! ,+<%*(#4%! &255+&&%-#9+('+! #44#! 4*,*! 12334%5#)%*(+G! &+()#!#452(#!1*&&%3%4%'I!$%!-+'*!1,+-+('%-*0!!

12.2.2. Estensione della potestà legislativa regionale !"#!,%7*,9#!$+4!'%'*4*!J!$+4!cggU!H#!92'#'*!4s#2'*(*9%#!4+<%&4#'%-#!$+44+!@+<%*(%0!?(!2(#!5*&'%'2)%*(+!7+$+,#4+!%(!&+(&*!&',+''*!-+(<*(*!+4+(5#'%!%!1*'+,%!5+$2'%!$#<4%!:'#'%!5*(',#+('%!%4!1#''*!#44*!:'#'*!5+(',#4+G!9+(',+!%(!2(#!5*&'%'2)%*(+!,+<%*(#4+!',*-%#9*!+4+(5#'%!%!1*'+,%!$+-*42'%!$#4!5+(',*!#<4%!+('%!'+,,%'*,%#4%0!=2+&'s24'%9*!N!%4!5#&*!$+44#!(*&',#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!?4!1,+5+$+('+!'+&'*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+4+(5#-#!4+!9#'+,%+!&2!52%!4+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+!#-+-#(*!1*'+&'I!4+<%&4#'%-#!.5*(5*,,+('+6!#<<%2(<+($*!5H+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+!1*'+-#(*!&'#3%4%,(+!$%!#4',+!.1*'+&'I!#''2#'%-#60!"s#,'0!UUV!5*&l!5*9+!#11,*-#'*!(+4!cggU!&'#3%4%&5+L!56 2(!+4+(5*!$%!9#'+,%+!$*-+!-%+(+!+&+,5%'#'#!CBAT:AKs!T:F"D:?JK!>T""B!:AKAB!.#,'0!UUV0c!F*&'06M!$6 2(!+4+(5*!$%!9#'+,%+!&2!52%! 4+!@+<%*(%!H#((*!CBAT:AKs!"Td?:"KA?JK!FBPFB@@TPAT!.#,'0!UUV0^6G!1+,! 52%! 4*! :'#'*! $+'+,9%(#! %! C@?PF?C?! XBP>K\TPAK"?! >T""K! \KAT@?K! 9+(',+! %4! ,+&'*! $+44#!$%&5%14%(#!5*91+'+!#44+!@+<%*(%M!

+6 2(#!54#2&*4#!,+&%$2#4+!1+,!52%!'2''+!4+!9#'+,%+!(*(!5*91,+&+!(+%!$2+!+4+(5H%!1,+5+$+('%!&1+''#(*!#44+!@+<%*(%! 1+,! O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#! 4#! 1*'+&'I! 4+<%&4#'%-#! .CBAT:AKs! "Td?:"KA?JK! @T:?>DK"T! >T""T!@Td?BP?6M!

!=2+&'*!N!4*!&5H+9#!<+(+,#4+0!K452(%!$+<4%!#&1+''%!1,*34+9#'%5%!$%!O2+&'*!'+&'*!&*(*L!#6 <4%! *334%<H%! %('+,(#)%*(#4%0! \+(',+! %(! 1,+5+$+()#! &*4*! 4*! :'#'*! #-+-#! %4! 50$0! CBAT@T! T:AT@B! 1+,!&*''*&5,%-+,+! %91+<(%! <%2,%$%5%! +! 4#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+! ,+<%*(#4+! $*-+-#! (+5+&&#,%#9+('+! #$+<2#,&%! #!O2#('*! $+4%3+,#'*! %(! &+$+! (#)%*(#4+G! O2+&'*! '+&'*! .#,'0UUV0U6! &+93,#! 1#,%7%5#,+! %4! 4+<%&4#'*,+!,+<%*(#4+! +! &'#'#4+! -%(5*4#($*! +(',#93%! #4! ,%&1+''*! $+<4%! BEE"?dn?! ?PAT@PKm?BPK"?0! ?(*4',+!&+5*($*!4s#,'0!UUV0Y!4+!@+<%*(%!H#((*!4#!7#5*4'IG!(+44s#93%'*!$+%!4%9%'%!7%&&#'%!$#!2(#!4+<<+!&'#'#4+G!$%!&'%124#,+!#55*,$%! 5*(!:'#'%! +! %('+&+!5*(!+('%! '+,,%'*,%#4%! %('+,(%!#$!2(!#4',*!:'#'*0!=2+&'#!&%'2#)%*(+!

1*,'+,+33+! %(+-%'#3%49+('+! #! -%(5*4#,+! 4s*,$%(#9+('*! &'#'#4+! #<4%! #55*,$%! +&'+,%! $%! 2(#! &%(<*4#!@+<%*(+M!

36 4+!%('+,7+,+()+!$+44+!4+<<%!&'#'#4%!(+44+!9#'+,%+!,+<%*(#4%0!A,#!4+!5*91+'+()+!+&542&%-+!$+44*!:'#'*!-+!(+! &*(*! $%-+,&+! 5H+! '#<4%#(*! 4+! 9#'+,%+! $%! 5*91+'+()#! ,+<%*(#4+0! K$! +&+91%*! 4#! '2'+4#! $+44#!5*(5*,,+()#G! 4s*,$%(#9+('*! 5%-%4+! +! 1+(#4+G! 4#! $+'+,9%(#)%*(+! $+%! 4%-+44%! +&&+()%#4%! $+44+! 1,+&'#)%*(%!5*(5+,(+('%!%!$%,%''%!5%-%4%!+!&*5%#4%G!4+!72()%*(%!7*($#9+('#4%!$+<4%!+('%!4*5#4%0!?(*4',+!12,+!',#!4+!9#'+,%+!5*(5*,,+('%!-+!(+!&*(*!#452(+!t',#&-+,&#4%k!#44+!5*91+'+()+!$%!:'#'*!+!@+<%*(%!5*9+!%4!<*-+,(*!$+4!'+,,%'*,%*0!"#!1*&&%3%4%'I!$%! %(',2&%*(+!$+44*!:'#'*!(+44+! #,++!$%! 5*91+'+()#! ,+<%*(#4+!H#!5,+#'*!2(#!<,#($+!O2#('%'I!$%!5*(74%''%!$%!#'',%32)%*(+!$%!5*91+'+()#!#!52%! 4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!N!5H%#9#'#!#!$#,+! 2(#! ,%&1*&'#0! F*&l! 4#! 4+<<+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! ^_cggU! H#! $+'+,9%(#'*! 5H+! 4+! 4+<<%! &'#'#4%! 5H+!%('+,-+(<*(*! %(!9#'+,%+! $%! 5*91+'+()#! 5*(5*,,+('+! &%#(*! &*''*1*&'+! #4! 1#,+,+! $+44#! F*99%&&%*(%!3%5#9+,#4+! %('+<,#'#G! 1#,+,+! $+4! O2#4+! 4+! F#9+,+! 1*',#((*! $%&5*&'#,&%! &*4*! $+4%3+,#($*! #!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#M!

56 4#!&255+&&%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%!(+4!'+91*0!@+&'#!$233%*!5*9+!1*',I!4*!:'#'*!%91*,,+!#44+!,+<%*(%!%4!,%&1+''*!$+44+! 1,*1,%+! 4+<<%G! &1+5%+! $+44+! (2*-+! 4+<<%! 5H+! 7%&&#(*! %! 1,%(5%1%! 7*($#9+('#4%! (+44+! 9#'+,%+! $%!5*91+'+()#!5*(5*,,+('+!."TddT!FB@P?FT6G!%(!1,+&+()#!$%!1,+5+$+('%!4+<<%!,+<%*(#4%M!

$6 1*'+&'I! 4+<%&4#'%-#!$+44+!@+<%*(%!&1+5%#4%0!?!-+55H%!:'#'2'%!&1+5%#4%!,+&'#(*!7*,9#49+('+! %(!-%<*,+!9#!&*(*!4+<#'%!#44#!-+55H%#!%91*&'#)%*(%!*--+,*!#44#!54#2&*4#!,+&%$2#4+!#!7#-*,+!$+44*!:'#'*!5,+#($*!2(#!&%'2#)%*(+! 1#,#$*&&#4+! $*-+! #44+! @+<%*(%! &1+5%#4%! -+,,+33+,*! (+<#'+! 1*'+&'I! $+-*42'+! #44+! @+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+0!?4!A%'*4*!J!,%7*,9#'*!#!'#4!,%<2#,$*!&%! 4%9%'#!#!$%,+!5H+!&%(*!#44s#$+<2#9+('*!$+%!,%&1+''%-%!&'#'2'%G! 4+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!$+44#!1,+&+('+! 4+<<+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!&%!#114%5#(*!#(5H+!#44+!@+<%*(%!#!&'#'2'*!&1+5%#4+! +$! #44+! 1,*-%(5+! #2'*(*9+!$%! A,+('*! +! $%! E*4)#(*!1+,! 4+! 1#,'%! %(! 52%! 1,+-+$*(*! 7*,9+!$%!#2'*(*9%#! 1%[! #91%+! ,%&1+''*! #! O2+44+! <%I! #'',%32%'+0! K! 5%b! &%! #<<%2(<+! 2(s24'+,%*,+! 5*914%5#)%*(+!1,+-%&'#!$#44s#,'0!UUh0^! 5*(&+('+!5*(!2(#! 4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#! ,%(7*,)#'#!$%! 5*(5+$+,+!#!&%(<*4+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+!t7*,9+!+!5*($%)%*(%!1#,'%5*4#,%!$%!#2'*(*9%#k!%(!9#'+,%#!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!$+44#!<%2&'%)%#!$%!1#5+G!$%!%&',2)%*(+G!$%!'2'+4#!$+44s#93%+('+!+!$+%!3+(%!524'2,#4%M!

!

12.3. Regolamenti regionali !"+!,%7*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!H#((*!1,*7*($#9+('+!%(5%&*!&244#!72()%*(+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!$+44+!@+<%*(%G!&%#!1+,!5%b!5H+!,%<2#,$#!4#!5*91+'+()#!$+<4%!*,<#(%G!&%#!1+,!4s+&'+(&%*(+!$+4!1*'+,+0!#6 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!5H+!(*(!&%!1,+*5521#!$%!$%&5%14%(#,+!%!,+<*4#9+('%!$+44*!:'#'*G!$+''#-#!%(-+5+G!1,%9#!$+44#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! cggUG! 2(#! (*,9#! ,+4#'%-#! #%! @TdB"K\TPA?! @Td?BPK"?G! 1+,! 52%! %4! 1*'+,+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!+,#!#'',%32%'*!#4!F*(&%<4%*!+!(*(!#44#!d%2('#0!B--%#9+('+!,%7+,%'*!#44+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+G!1*%5H`! O2+44+! &',#*,$%(#,%+! +,#(*! +! &*(*! ,+<*4#9+('#'+! $#44*! :'#'2'*0! F*9+! 5*(! 4#! ,+-%&%*(+! $+4!cggU!#--+,,I!#(5H+!5*(!4+!@+<%*(%!*,$%(#,%+!%4!52%!:'#'2'*!$%&5%14%(+,I!'%'*4#,%'I!+!9*$%!$+44#!1*'+&'I!,+<*4#9+('#,+0!

36 4#! ,%7*,9#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! 1*%! %(',*$*''*! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! $+4! 1#,#44+4%&9*! ',#! 72()%*(%! 4+<%&4#'%-+! +!72()%*(%! ,+<*4#9+('#,%G! 4%9%'#($*! 4#!1*'+&'I!$+4!d*-+,(*!$%!+9#(#,+! ,+<*4#9+('%!#44+! &*4+!9#'+,%+!&244+!O2#4%!4*!:'#'*!H#!1*'+&'I!4+<%&4#'%-#!+&542&%-#!+!,%&+,-#($*!#44+!@+<%*(%!%4!1*'+,+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!%(!'2''+!4+!#4',+!9#'+,%+M!

56 (+44#!<+,#,5H%#!$+44+!7*('%!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*!,+<%*(#4+! %4!,+<*4#9+('*!N!&*''*1*&'*!#44+!4+<<%G! 4+!O2#4%!&*(*! &*''*1*&'+! #44*! :'#'2'*G! 5H+! #44*,#! &'#3%4%&5+! #(5H+! 4#! 5*91+'+()#! (*,9#'%-#! ',#! 4+<<%! +!,+<*4#9+('%0!T&&+($*!O2%($%!<4%!:'#'2'%!$%-+,&%!$#!@+<%*(+!#!@+<%*(+G! %4! ,%&24'#'*!$%!O2+&'#! ,%7*,9#!1*',I! +&&+,+! -%&'*! &*4*! O2#($*! O2+&'%! -+,,#((*! 1,*924<#'%! +! $%77+,%,I! (+44s#93%'*! $+4! '+,,%'*,%*!(#)%*(#4+M!

!

12.4. Fonti degli enti locali !

12.4.1. Le fonti locali nel sistema delle fonti !"#! ,%7*,9#! $+4! A%'*4*! J! H#!9*$%7%5#'*! #(5H+! 4#! 1*&%)%*(+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+<4%! +('%! 4*5#4%! +! $+44+! 4*,*! 7*('%!(*,9#'%-+0! "#! 1#,%*,$%(#)%*(+! $+<4%! +('%! 4*5#4%G! $+44+! @+<%*(%! +! $+44*! :'#'*! O2#4%! 5*91*(+('%! 4#!@+12334%5#!.#,'0!UUe0U6!H#!,%74+&&%!&24!&%&'+9#!$+44+!7*('%0!

!"s#,'0! UUe0c! #'',%32%&5+! ,%4+-#()#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! #<4%! :AKADA?! >Td"?! TPA?! "BFK"?G! 9+(',+! 4s#,'0! UUV0h!,%5*(*&5+! #$! +&&%! t1*'+&'I! ,+<*4#9+('#,+! %(! *,$%(+! #44#! $%&5%14%(#! $+44s*,<#(%))#)%*(+! +! $+44*! &-*4<%9+('*!$+44+!72()%*(%!4*,*!#'',%32%'+k0!!=2%($%!%4!7*($#9+('*!$+<4%!TT""!N!(+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!9#!N!4#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!#!$+'+,9%(#,(+!5*91+'+()+!+!9*$#4%'I0!K44#!4+<<+!&'#'#4+!%(!-%#!+&542&%-#!N!#'',%32%'#!4#!5*91+'+()#!$%!&'#3%4%,+!4#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!+4+''*,#4+G!<4%!*,<#(%! $%! <*-+,(*! +! 4+! 72()%*(%! 7*($#9+('#4%! $+<4%! TT""0! C+,! 4#! ,+&'#('+! 1#,'+! &%#! 4#! 4+<<+! &'#'#4+! 5H+!,+<%*(#4+!5*(5*,,+!#44#!$+7%(%)%*(+!$+%!5*91%'%!$+<4%!TT""0!!

12.4.2. Statuti !"#! 4+<<+! Uec_YgG! #&&*,3%'#! (+4! ADT"! .$04<&0! chV_cggg6G! 1,+-+$+! 5H+! F*92(%! +! C,*-%(5+! &%! $*'%(*! $%! 2(*!:'#'2'*! 5H+! $+-+! $+''#,+! 4+! (*,9+! 7*($#9+('#4%! &244s*,<#(%))#)%*(+! $+44s+('+0! ?4! ADT"! &-*4<+! 4#! 72()%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!*,$%(#,%#!$%!$+7%(%)%*(+!$+%!5*91%'%G!5*91+'+()+!+!9*$#4%'I!$+<4%!TT""0!!

12.4.3. Regolamenti !tP+4! ,%&1+''*!$+%! 1,%(5%1%! 7%&&#'%! $#44#! 4+<<+!+!$#44*!:'#'2'*G! %4! 5*92(+!+! 4#!1,*-%(5%#!#$*''#(*! ,+<*4#9+('%!(+44+!9#'+,%+!$%!1,*1,%#!5*91+'+()#!+$!%(!1#,'%5*4#,+!1+,!4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!%4!72()%*(#9+('*!$+44+!%&'%'2)%*(%!+! $+<4%! *,<#(%&9%! $%! 1#,'+5%1#)%*(+G! 1+,! %4! 72()%*(#9+('*! $+<4%! *,<#(%! +! $+<4%! 277%5%! 1+,! 4s+&+,5%)%*! $+44+!72()%*(%k!.#,'0!V!ADT"60!!?4!,+<*4#9+('*!N!4*!&',29+('*!(*,9#'%-*!'%1%5*!$+<4%!TT""G!&+,-+!(*(!&*4'#('*!#44s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!$+44s+('+!9#!#(5H+!#!$%&5%14%(#,+!4+!9#'+,%+!$%!5*91+'+()#!$+44s+('+!&'+&&*0!Ts!2(#!7*('+!&+5*($#,%#0!

!

13. Gli atti e i provvedimenti amministrativi !

13.1. Atti normativi, atti amministrativi e provvedimenti !

13.1.1. Definizioni "+!7*('%!$+4!$%,%''*G!+!%(!1#,'%5*4#,+!<4%!#''%!(*,9#'%-%G!1*(<*(*!,+<*4+!<+(+,#4%!+!#&',#''+0!d4%!%($%-%$2%!+!%!4*,*!5*91*,'#9+('%!&*(*!%(-+5+!1#,'%5*4#,%!+!5*(5,+'%G!N!5*91%'*!$+%!&*<<+''%!5H+!&%!*5521#(*!$+44sKCC"?FKm?BPT!>T"!>?@?AAB!#114%5#,+!4+!(*,9+!<%2,%$%5H+G!<+(+,#4%!+!#&',#''+G!#%!5#&%!&1+5%7%5%!+!5*(5,+'%0!!"#!CK!#<%&5+!#'',#-+,&*!KAA?!K\\?P?:A@KA?J?0!:*(*!#''%!<%2,%$%5%! %(!O2#('*!5*91*,'#9+('%!5*(&#1+-*4%!+!-*4*('#,%! 5H+!$#((*! 42*<*!#!+77+''%!<%2,%$%5%!+! ',#9%'+!+&&%!-+(<*(*!+&+,5%'#'%! %!1*'+,%!#'',%32%'%!$#44#! 4+<<+G!&244#!3#&+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!1,+-#4+()#!$+44s%('+,+&&+!12334%5*!&2!O2+44*!1,%-#'*0!!"#! 5#'+<*,%#! $+<4%! #''%! #99%(%&',#'%-%! N!9*4'*! -#&'#! +! <+(+,%5#! +! ,%5*91,+($+! <4%! #''%! #99%(%&',#'%-%! $+44*!:'#'*G!$+44+!@+<%*(%!+!$+<4%!TT""G!<4%!KAA?!>?!C@Bd@K\\Km?BPTG!4+!>?@TAA?JT!K\\?P?:A@KA?JT!*!#(5H+!%!\T@?!KAA?!K\\?P?:A@KA?J?!1,%-%!$%!,%4+-#()#!+&'+,(#!9#!#'',#-+,&*!52%!&%!&(*$#!%4!1,*5+&&*!#99%(%&',#'%-*0!!=2%($%!<4%!#''%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!5H+!1,*$25*(*!+77+''%!+&'+,(%!+!O2%($%!%(742%&5*(*!&244+!&%'2#)%*(%!<%2,%$%5H+!$+%!&*<<+''%!52%!&*(*!$+&'%(#'%G!&%!5H%#9#(*!C@BJJT>?\TPA?!K\\?P?:A@KA?J?0!d+(+,#49+('+!%!1,*--+$%9+('%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!&*(*!%4!,%&24'#'*!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!#99%(%&',#'%-*0!!

13.1.2. Caratteri del provvedimento amministrativo !?!1,*--+$%9+('%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!H#((*!%(!5*92(+!#452(+!5#,#''+,%&'%5H+L!#6 DP?"KAT@K"?AKs!+!KDAB@?AK@?TAKs0!F*(!O2+&'%!'+,9%(%!&%!%($%5#!%4!1#,'%5*4#,+!1*'+,+!5H+!$%&'%(<2+!4s#2'*,%'I! #99%(%&',#'%-#G! 5H+! #<%&5+! 2(%4#'+,#49+('+! &+()#! %4! 5*(&+(&*! $+4! $+&'%(#'#,%*G! +!#2'*,%'#,%#9+('+!1+,!4#!1,+-#4+()#!$+44s%('+,+&&+!12334%5*!5H+!1+,&+<2+M!

36 A?C?F?AKs0!F*(!O2+&'*!'+,9%(+!&%! %($%5#(*!4+!5*(&+<2+()+!$+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%! 4+<#4%'I0!"s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!12b!+&+,5%'#,+!1*'+,%!#2'*,%'#'%-%! &*4*!&+! 4#! 4+<<+!<4%+4%! 5*(7+,%&5+L! 4#! 4+<<+!$+-+!1,+5%&#,+! 5H+! '%1*! $%! 1,*--+$%9+('*! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! 12b! +9#(#,+! .PB@\KA?J?AKs6! +! %($%5#,+!O2#4+! %('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! 4*! <%2&'%7%5H%G! O2#4%! &%#(*! %! 1,+&211*&'%! 1+,! 4#! &2#! +9#(#)%*(+G! #'',#-+,&*!O2#4+!1,*5+$%9+('*!$+33#!+&&+,+!7*,9#'*!+!O2#4%!+77+''%!+&&*!1,*$25#M!

56 T:TFDA?J?AKs! +! T:TFDAB@?TAKs0! F*(! O2+&'%! '+,9%(%! &%! %($%5#! 4s%$*(+%'I! $+%! 1,*--+$%9+('%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!#$!+&&+,+!$%,+''#9+('+!+&+52'%-%G! &+()#! 4#!(+5+&&%'I!$%!2(!1,+-+('%-*! %('+,-+('*!$+4!<%2$%5+!.+&+52'%-%'I6G!(*(5H`!4#!5#1#5%'I!5H+!4#!4+<<+!,%5*(*&5+!'#4-*4'#!#44s#99%(%&',#'*,+!$%!1*,'#,+!$%,+''#9+('+!%(!+&+52)%*(+!5*#''%-#!$+'+,9%(#'%!1,*--+$%9+('%!.+&+52'*,%+'I6M!

!

13.2. Tipologia dei provvedimenti amministrativi !:+! 54#&&%7%5H%#9*! %! 1,*--+$%9+('%! #99%(%&',#'%-%! $#4! 12('*! $%! -%&'#! $+<4%! %('+,+&&%! $+4! 1,%-#'*! 5H+! (+! N!$+&'%(#'#,%*G! 4#! <,#($+! $%-%&%*(+! 1#&&#! ',#! %! C@BJJT>?\TPA?! XKJB@TJB"?! +! %! C@BJJT>?\TPA?!:XKJB@TJB"?0!"#!$%&'%()%*(+!N!%('2%'%-#L!#6 %! 1,%9%! #914%#(*! 4#! &7+,#! <%2,%$%5#! $+4! 1,%-#'*! .C@BJJT>?\TPA?! K\C"?KA?J?G! 1+,! 9+))*! $%!KDAB@?mmKm?BP?!*!FBPFT::?BP?G!K\\?::?BP?G!T:BPT@?G!T:TPm?BP?!*!?PFTPA?J?6M!

36 %!C@BJJT>?\TPAB!:XKJB@TJB"?!&*(*!O2+44%!5H+! %(5%$*(*!(+<#'%-#9+('+!(+44#!&7+,#!<%2,%$%5#!$+4!1,%-#'*G! 5*91*,'#($*! 2(#! 4%9%'#)%*(+! 1#,)%#4+! *! '*'#4+! $%! 2(! $%,%''*! .B@>?P?G! >?J?TA?G!T:C@BC@?Km?BP?G!@T=D?:?m?BP?!*112,+!:KPm?BP?!K\\?P?:A@KA?JT60!

!

13.3. Discrezionalità amministrativa !"s#''%-%'I! $%! #114%5#)%*(+! $+44+! 4+<<%! $#! 1#,'+! $+44#! CK! N! &*4*! ,#,#9+('+! 2(s#''%-%'I! $%! &+914%5+! +&+52)%*(+!$+44#! 4+<<+G! 1,%-#! $%! O2#4&%#&%! 9#,<%(+! $%! -#42'#)%*(+! $%! *11*,'2(%'I0! P*(! '#('*! 1+,! O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#! 4+!KAA?J?AKs! J?PFB"KATG! O2#('*! 1+,! %4! 9#,<%(+! $%! $%&5,+)%*(#4%'I! (+4! 1+,&+<2%9+('*! $+44s?PAT@T::T!CDEE"?FB0!!D(! &*<<+''*! 1,%-#'*! N! 4%3+,*! $%! 5*91*,'#,&%! 5*9+! ,%'%+(+! (+4! ,%&1+''*! $+44+! 4+<<%! ."?FT?AKs! *--+,*! -%(5*4*!(+<#'%-*6G!9+(',+!2(!&*<<+''*!12334%5*!N!-%(5*4#'*!&',+''#9+('+!#44+!4+<<%L!5H+!4*!%&'%'2%&5+G!(+!$+7%(%&5+!4+!7%(#4%'IG!<4%!*3%+''%-%!+! 4s%('+,+&&+!12334%5*!5H+!$+-+!1+,&+<2%,+0!P*(!1*'+($*!1+,b! 4#! 4+<<+!1,+-+$+,+!'2''*!O2#('*!(+5+&&#,%*!#44#!CK!1+,!,#<<%2(<+,+! 4s%('+,+&&+!12334%5*!$+7%(%'*G! 4s#''%-%'I!$+44#!CK!(*(!N!1%[!&*4*!$%!9+,#! +&+52)%*(+! 9#! ,%5H%+$+! $+44+! &5+4'+G! 4+<%''%9+! &+! *,%+('#'+! -+,&*! 4s%('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! $+7%(%'*!."Td?AA?\?AKs!>T""sKAA?J?AKs!K\\?P?:A@KA?JK6!!"*! &1#)%*!$%! &5+4'#! 5H+! 4#! 4+<<+!#'',%32%&5+!#44#!CK! &%! 5H%#9#!>?:F@Tm?BPK"?AKs!K\\?P?:A@KA?JK!+!12b!,%<2#,$#,+!%4!&+G!O2#($*G!O2#('*!+!5*9+0!K44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!N!1,+&5,%''*!$%!,%&1+''#,+!4+!1,+&5,%)%*(%!$%!4+<<+G!&-*4<+($*!2(s#$+<2#'#!?:A@DAAB@?K!1+,!1*%!1,*5+$+,+!#44#!-#42'#)%*(+!$+<4%!+4+9+('%!#5O2%&%'%!5*91#,#($*!<4%!%('+,+&&%!%(!<%*5*!+!O2%($%!#4!4*,*!3%4#(5%#9+('*0!?4!5,%'+,%*!5H+!1,+&%+$+!4#!-#42'#)%*(+!N!%4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!C@BCB@m?BPK"?AKs!5H+!&%<(%7%5#L!U6 5*(<,2%'I!$+4!1,*--+$%9+('*!#4!,#<<%2(<%9+('*!$+4!7%(+M!c6 9#&&%9#!4%9%'#)%*(+!$+4!&#5,%7%5%*!$%!#4',%!%('+,+&&%!12334%5%M!^6 9#&&%9#!4%9%'#)%*(+!$+4!&#5,%7%5%*!$%!%('+,+&&%!1,%-#'%M!e6 9#&&%9#!+77%5#5%#!$+<4%!&',29+('%!#$*''#'%!%(!2(!,#11*,'*!',#!,%&24'#'%S5*&'%M!

!P+44#!9*'%-#)%*(+!$+-+!',#&1#,%,+!4#!,#)%*(#4%'I!+!4#!,#<%*(+-*4+))#!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*!+!$+4!,#<%*(#9+('*!5H+!H#! <2%$#'*! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! (+44s2&*! $+4! 1*'+,+! $%&5,+)%*(#4+0! T$! N! 1,*1,%*! 4#! 9*'%-#)%*(+! 4s*<<+''*!1,%(5%1#4+!&2!52%!#112('#!4s#''+()%*(+!$+4!<%2$%5+!5H%#9#'*!#!&%($#5#,+!4#!4+<%''%9%'I!$+44s#''*0!

!

13.4. Vizi del provvedimento amministrativo !

13.4.1. Definizioni !?! -%)%! $+4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! #99%(%&',#'%-*! (+! 5*91,*9+''*(*! 4#! -#4%$%'I0! "+! (*)%*(%! $%! TXX?FKF?K! +! $%!JK"?>?AKs!&%!#114%5#(*!#(5H+!#%!1,*--+$%9+('*!#99%(%&',#'%-%0!!?!5#&%!$%!%(-#4%$%'I!u!$+''%!#(5H+!J?m?!>T"!C@BJJT>?\TPAB!K\\?P?:A@KA?JB!u!-#((*!$%&'%('%!%(!$2+!#91%+!5#'+<*,%+0!?!5#&%!$%!(244%'I!$+44s#''*!#99%(%&',#'%-*!$#!O2+44%!$%!%44+<%''%9%'I0!!"#!(244%'I!N!5#2&#'#!$#!9*'%-%!<,#-%!5H+!<4%!%91+$%&5*(*!$%!1+,7+)%*(#,+!4#!&2#!7*,9#)%*(+L!

• 1+,5H`!+9+&&*!$#!2(!&*<<+''*!&1,*--%&'*!$%!#2'*,%'I!#99%(%&',#'%-#M!• 1+,5H`!4s*<<+''*!$+44s#''*!N!%($+'+,9%(#'*!*!%(%$*(+*G!*!%4!5*('+(2'*!N!%44+5%'*M!• 1+,5H`!4#!-*4*('I!$+4!&*<<+''*!#<+('+!N!-%)%#'#!$#!-%*4+()#!7%&%5#M!• 1+,5H`!9#(5#!$%!7*,9#!+&&+()%#4+G!O2#($*!'#4+!7*,9#!N!1,+&5,%''#!$#44#!4+<<+M!

!"s?""Td?AA?\?AKs!$+44s#''*!#99%(%&',#'%-*!5*1,+!4s%('+,#!#,+#!$+4!5*(',#&'*!',#!4s#''*!+!4+!(*,9+!-%<+('%!5H+!&%!%(&+,%&5+!',#!4+!%1*'+&%!$+44#!(244%'I!+!O2+44+!$+44#!9+,#!?@@TdB"K@?AKs0!!

13.4.2. Ipotesi di illegittimità dell’atto amministrativo !C+,!',#$%)%*(+G!%!-%)%!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!$+<4%!#''%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!&*(*!$%-%&%!%(!^!5#'+<*,%+L!#6 ?PFB\CTATPmKL!&%!H#!O2#($*! %4!1,*--+$%9+('*!N!+9#(#'*!$#!2(s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!5H+!H#!1*'+&'I!&244#!9#'+,%#G!9#!$#!2(!*,<#(*!%(5*91+'+('+!.?PFB\CTATPmK!@T"KA?JK6M!

36 J?B"Km?BPT!>?!"TddTL!N! %4!12('2#4+!5*(',#&'*! ',#! %4!1,*--+$%9+('*!5*(!O2#4&%#&%!(*,9#!<%2,%$%5#!-%<+('+0!=2+&'#!5#'+<*,%#!N!$#!%('+($+,&%!%(!&+(&*!,+&%$2#4+!,%&1+''*!#44#!1,%9#!+!#44s24'%9#M!

56 TFFT::B!>?!CBAT@TL!N! %4! -%)%*! &1+5%7%5*!$+44#!$%&5,+)%*(#4%'I! #99%(%&',#'%-#0!T&&*!O2%($%! (*(!12b!5*41%,+! <4%! #''%! -%(5*4#'%! $+44#! CKG!9#! (#&5+! $#44#! -*4*('I! $+4! <%2$%5+! $%! #((244#,+! %! 1,*--+$%9+('%!#99%(%&',#'%-%! 5H+G! 12,! (*(! 1,+&+('#($*! -%)%! $%! %(5*91+'+()#! *! -%*4#)%*(+! $%! 4+<<+G! &%!9#(%7+&'#&&+,*! 5H%#,#9+('+! -%)%#'%! (+4! ,#<%*(#9+('*! +! (+44+! -#42'#)%*(%! #'',#-+,&*! 4+! O2#4%! &%! N!7*,9#'#!4#!-*4*('I!$+44s*,<#(*!#99%(%&',#'%-*0!

!

13.4.3. Figure sintomatiche dell’eccesso di potere !"+! X?dD@T! :?PAB\KA?FnT! >T""sTFFT::B! >?! CBAT@T! &*(*! 4+! %1*'+&%! '%1%5H+! $%! $%7+''%! (+4! 1,*5+&&*! $%!7*,9#)%*(+!$+44+!&5+4'+!$%&5,+)%*(#4%!$+44#!CKL!#6 :J?K\TPAB!>?!CBAT@T0!=2#($*!2(!1,*--+$%9+('*G!1,+-%&'*!1+,!2(!$+'+,9%(#'*! %('+,+&&+G! -%+(+!%91%+<#'*!1+,!2(!7%(+!$+4!'2''*!$%-+,&*0!:%!-%*4#!O2%($%!4#!'%1%5%'I!$+4!1,*--+$%9+('*M!

36 A@KJ?:K\TPAB! >T?! XKAA?0! =2#($*! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! &%! 3#&#! &2! 2(s+,,*(+#! ,%5*&',2)%*(+! $+44+!5%,5*&'#()+M!

56 FBPA@K>>?AB@?TAKs! ?PAT@PK! *! TJ?>TPAT! ?""Bd?F?AKs0! =2#($*! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! &%! 3#&#! &2!1,+9+&&+!%(5*(&%&'+('%!*!1+<<%*!5*(',#$$%'*,%+M!

$6 >?:CK@?AKs!>?!A@KAAK\TPAB0!Ts!4#!-%*4#)%*(+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!2<2#<4%#()#M!+6 J?m?! >T""K! \BA?JKm?BPT0! >%! 1+,! &`! 4s#&&+()#! $+44#! 9*'%-#)%*(+! (+%! 1,*5+&&%! $%&5,+)%*(#4%!5*&'%'2%&5+!-%*4#)%*(+!$%! 4+<<+!+!$#44#!9*'%-#)%*(+!%4!<%2$%5+!12b!+-+('2#49+('+!,%(',#55%#,+!&%('*9%!$+44s+55+&&*!$%!1*'+,+!5H+!H#!1*,'#'*!#44#!$+5%&%*(+M!

76 J?B"Km?BPT! >T""T! C@K::?! K\\?P?:A@KA?JT0! =2#($*! 2(s#99%(%&',#)%*(+G! &+()#! 2(s#$+<2#'#!9*'%-#)%*(+G!&%!$%&5*&'#!$#!5%,5*4#,%G!$%,+''%-+!*!$#44#!5*&'#('+!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+M!

<6 ?Pd?D:A?m?K! \KP?XT:AK0! =2#($*! 1+,! +&+91%*! #--%+(+! 2(#! 4+&%*(+! $+44#! 1,*1*,)%*(#4%'I! ',#!%(7,#)%*(+!+!&#()%*(+M!

!=2+&'#! &+,%+! $%! 7%<2,+! &+,-*(*! #! $*'#,+! %4! <%2$%5+! $+<4%! &',29+('%! 1+,! -+,%7%5#,+! 4#! -#4%$%'I! $+<4%! #''%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!&+()#!+(',#,+!(+4!\T@?AB!K\\?P?:A@KA?JBG!5H+!(*(!N!5*91+'+()#!$+44#!9#<%&',#'2,#!9#!$+44s*,<#(*!1*4%'%5*0!!Ts!%91*,'#('+!(*'#,+!5H+G!+&&+($*!%4!1,*5+$%9+('*!5H+!1*,'#!#4!1,*--+$%9+('*!5*91*&'#!#(5H+!$#!(29+,*&%!#''%! #99%(%&',#'%-%G! &+! 2(! -%)%*! 5*41%&5+! #(5H+! 2(*! &*4*! $+<4%! #''%! 5H+! 5*(5*,,*(*! #44#! $+'+,9%(#)%*(+! $+4!1,*--+$%9+('*!O2+&'s24'%9*!1+,$+!%('+,#9+('+!$%!-#4%$%'I!.?PJK"?>?AKs!>T@?JKAK60!!

13.4.4. L’autotutela !"#!CK!5H+!+9#(#!2(!1,*--+$%9+('*!-%)%#'*!12bG!1,%9#!5H+!+&&*!-+(<#!#((244#'*!$#!2(!<%2$%5+G!2'%4%))#,+!#452(%!&',29+('%!1+,!,%1#,#,+!%!-%)%0!:%!1#,4#!%(!O2+&'%!5#&%!$%!:KPKAB@?K0!:+!4s#''*!N!-%)%#'*!1+,!%(5*91+'+()#G!12b!+&&+,+!@KA?X?FKAB!#(5H+!$*1*! 4#!12334%5#)%*(+!$#44s*,<#(*!5*91+'+('+0!:+!N!-%)%#'*! %4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$+44s#''*G!'#4+!1,*5+$%9+('*!12b!+&&+,+!FBPJK"?>KAB!9+$%#('+!%4!5*914+'#9+('*!5*(!4s#''*!9#(5#('+0!!B--%#9+('+!(*(!'2''%! %!-%)%!&*(*!&#(#3%4%0! ?(!O2+&'%!5#&%! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!12b!1,*5+$+,+G! %(!KDABADAT"KG!+9#(#($*!2(!24'+,%*,+!1,*--+$%9+('*L!4sKPPD""K\TPAB!>sDXX?F?B0!?(*4',+!%4!d*-+,(*!$%&1*(+!$%!2(!1*'+,+!$%!KPPD""K\TPAB!>sDXX?F?B!$%!*<(%!#''*!#99%(%&',#'%-*!+9#(#'*!$#!O2#4&%#&%!#2'*,%'I!#99%(%&',#'%-#! %(!(*9+!$%!2(*!&1+5%7%5*!%('+,+&&+!12334%5*0!!

13.5. Tutela nei confronti dei provvedimenti amministrativi !

13.5.1. Definizioni !"#! '2'+4#! $+<4%! %('+,+&&%! $+4! 1,%-#'*! 12b! &+<2%,+! $2+! &',#$+L! %4! ,%5*,&*! #99%(%&',#'%-*! +! %4! ,%5*,&*!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+0! ?4! @?FB@:B! K\\?P?:A@KA?JB! N! 2(s%&'#()#! 5H+! %4! 1,%-#'*! ,%-*4<+! #44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! 1+,!5H%+$+,+! 4s#((244#9+('*! *! 4#! ,+-*5#! $%! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! %44+<%''%9*! *! %(*11*,'2(*M! %4! @?FB@:B!

d?D@:>?m?BPK"T!N!4*!&',29+('*!5*(!52%!%4!1,%-#'*!%912<(#!%4!1,*--+$%9+('*!%44+<%''%9*!$%!7,*('+!#4!<%2$%5+G!,%-*4<+($*&%!#$!2(!*,<#(*!'+,)*0!!

13.5.2. Ricorsi amministrativi !J%!&*(*!e!'%1%!$%!,%5*,&*!#99%(%&',#'%-*L!#6 %4!@?FB@:B!dT@K@Fn?FB!C@BC@?B!N!2(! ,%9+$%*! ,%5*(*&5%2'*! %(!-%#!<+(+,#4+!#'',#-+,&*! %4!O2#4+! %4!1,%-#'*! 12b! 5H%+$+,+! #44s*,<#(*! <+,#,5H%5#9+('+! &21+,%*,+G! #! O2+44*! 5H+! H#! +9#(#'*! 4s#''*!%912<(#'*G! 4s#((244#9+('*G! 4#! ,+-*5#! *! 4#! ,%7*,924#)%*(+! $+4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! +(',*! ^g! <%*,(%!$#44s#--+(2'#! (*'%7%5#! $+4! 1,*--+$%9+('*0! :+! +(',*! Yg! <%*,(%! $#4! ,%5*,&*G! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+! (*(!,%&1*($+!%4!,%5*,&*!&%!%('+($+!,%<+''#'*M!

36 %4!@?FB@:B!dT@K@Fn?F?!?\C@BC@?B!N!2(!,%9+$%*!7,2%3%4+!&*4*!*-+!1,+-%&'*!$#44#!4+<<+M!56 %4! @?FB@:B! ?P! BCCB:?m?BPT! N! 2(! ,%9+$%*! #(5Hs+&&*! 7,2%3%4+! &*4*! O2#4*,#! 1,+-%&'*! 1+,! 4+<<+! +!5*(&%&'+!(+4!,%5*,,+,+!#4!9+$+&%9*!*,<#(*!5H+!H#!#$*''#'*!%4!1,*--+$%9+('*!%912<(#'*!$#4!1,%-#'*0!K(5H+!%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!-#4+!%4!&%4+()%*S,%<+''*!+(',*!Yg!<%*,(%M!

$6 %4! @?FB@:B! :A@KB@>?PK@?B! K"! FKCB! >T""B! :AKAB! N! 2(#! &*42)%*(+! +&',+9#! 1,#'%5#3%4+! &*4*!O2#($*! (*(! -%! &%#! #4',#! 1*&&%3%4%'I! $%! ,%5*,&*! *! %(! #4'+,(#'%-#! #4! ,%5*,&*! <%2,%&$%)%*(#4+0! C2b! +&&+,+!1,+&+('#'*!#(5H+!#!Ucg!<%*,(%!$#44#!(*'%7%5#)%*(+!$+44s#''*!+! 4#!$+5%&%*(+!&24!,%5*,&*!N! %912'#3%4+!#4!1#,+,+!*334%<#'*,%*!$+4!F*(&%<4%*!$%!:'#'*M!

!

13.5.3. Il ricorso giurisdizionale !?4! 1,%-#'*G! $+&'%(#'#,%*! $%! 2(! 1,*--+$%9+('*! %44+<%''%9*G! (*(! H#! #452(#! (+5+&&%'I! $%! ,%5*,,+,+! %(! -%#!#99%(%&',#'%-#G! 1+,5H`! 12b! %912<(#,+! %4! 1,*--+$%9+('*! $%,+''#9+('+! $#-#('%! #4! <%2$%5+0! "s#,'0! UU^! $+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! <#,#('%&5+! t5*(',*! <4%! $+44#! CKG! N! &+91,+! #99+&&#! 4#! '2'+4#! <%2,%&$%)%*(#4+! $+%! $%,%''%! +! $+<4%!%('+,+&&%! 4+<%''%9%!$%(#()%!#<4%!*,<#(%!$%!<%2,%&$%)%*(+!*,$%(#,%#!+!#99%(%&',#'%-#k!#<<%2(<+($*!1*%!5H+! t'#4+!'2'+4#!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+!(*(!12b!+&&+,+!+&542&#!*!4%9%'#'#!#!1#,'%5*4#,%!9+))%!$%!%912<(#)%*(+!*!1+,!$+'+,9%(#'+!5#'+<*,%+!$%!#''%k0!!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&'+&&#!H#!#(5H+!&'#3%4%'*!5H+!4#!9#<<%*,!1#,'+!$+44+!-+,'+()+!',#!1,%-#'%!5%''#$%(%!+!4#!CK!(*(!7*&&+,*!#'',%32%'+!$%! 5*91+'+()#!#44#!9#<%&',#'2,#!*,$%(#,%#G!9#!#!2(!<%2$%5+! &1+5%#4+G! 5H%#9#'*!d?D>?FT!K\\?P?:A@KA?JB0!:*&'#()%#49+('+!O2#($*! 5%''#$%(*!+!CK! &'#((*! &244*! &'+&&*! 1%#(*! 4#! 5*91+'+()#!N!$+4!<%2$%5+! *,$%(#,%*G! O2#($*! %4! 5*(74%''*! N! ',#! %('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! +! 1,%-#'*G! 4#! 5*91+'+()#! N! $+4! <%2$%5+!#99%(%&',#'%-*0!!

13.5.4. Diritto soggettivo e interesse legittimo !:+5*($*!4#!(*)%*(+!',#$%)%*(#4+!&%!H#!2(!>?@?AAB!:BddTAA?JB!O2#($*!2(!$+'+,9%(#'*!3+(+!*!-#('#<<%*!N!<#,#('%'*!$#44s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*0!=2#($*!%4!1,%-#'*!&23%&5+!2(#!5*91,+&&%*!$+4!$%,%''*!&*<<+''%-*G!%(!(*9+!$+44#! 1,+-#4+()#! $+44s%('+,+&&+! 12334%5*! 1+,&+<2%'*! $#44s#99%(%&',#)%*(+G! 4s*,$%(#9+('*! <4%! <#,#('%&5+!4s%('+,+&&+!#44#!4+<%''%9%'I!$+44s#''*0!=2+&'#!&%'2#)%*(+!1,+($+!%4!(*9+!$%!?PAT@T::T!"Td?AA?\B0!!@%7*,924#($*! 4#! $%&'%()%*(+! $+4! 5#1%'*4+''*! 1,+5+$+('+G! O2#4*,#! 4#! CK! #33%#! #<%'*! 1,%-#! $%! #2'*,%'I! 4#!9#<%&',#'2,#! 5*91+'+('+!N!O2+44#!*,$%(#,%#G! %(-+5+!O2#4*,#! 4#!CK!#33%#!#<%'*! 5*(!#2'*,%'I! 4#!9#<%&',#'2,#!5*91+'+('+!N!O2+44#!#99%(%&',#'%-#0!

!

14. Diritti e libertà !

14.1. Libertà e diritti costituzionalmente garantiti !

14.1.1. Definizioni !D(#! $+44+! 5*91*(+('%! +&&+()%#4%! 1,+&+('%! %(! '2''+! 4+! 5*&'%'2)%*(%!9*$+,(+! N! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! $+%! $%,%''%! +! $+44+!4%3+,'I0!T&&#!5*&'%'2%&5+!2(!+4+9+('*!7*($#9+('#4+!1+,!4#!$+7%(%)%*(+!$+44#!7*,9#!$%!&'#'*0!!{!(+5+&&#,%*!%(',*$2,,+!#452(+!(*)%*(%L!#6 &%! 1#,4#! <+(+,#49+('+! $%! :?ADKm?BP?! d?D@?>?FnT! :BddTAA?JT! 1+,! %($%5#,+! &%#! 4+! 1*&%)%*(%!<%2,%$%5H+!#''%-+!*!$%!-#('#<<%*!.4%3+,'I!+!$%,%''%6!5H+!4+!1*&%)%*(%!<%2,%$%5H+!$%!1#&&%-+!*!$%!&-#('#<<%*!.*334%<H%!+!$*-+,%60!"+!1*&%)%*(%!#''%-+!&%!&2$$%-%$*(*!<+(+,#49+('+!%(!"?ET@AKs!+!%(!>?@?AA?0!"%3+,'I!<+(+,#49+('+!%('+&+!%(!&+(&*!(+<#'%-*!.%!1#4+''%6!+!$%,%''%!%(!&+(&*!1*&%'%-*!.4#!1,+'+&#!$%6M!

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14.1.2. Strumenti di tutela !"#!-+,#!(*-%'I!$+44+!5*&'%'2)%*(%!9*$+,(+!N!&%52,#9+('+G!*4',+!#$!#-+,!#914%#'*!4s+4+(5*!$+%!$%,%''%!5*(!O2+44%!&*5%#4%G!N!$%!#-+,!1*'+()%#'*!<4%!&',29+('%!$%!<#,#()%#!$+%!$%,%''%!54#&&%5%0!?!5*(<+<(%!$%!1,*'+)%*(+!$+%!$%,%''%!+!$+44+!4%3+,'I!&*(*!*--%#9+('+!$%-+,&%!+!$%-+,&%!&*(*!%!1%#(%!&2!52%!*1+,#(*0!T55*(+!%!1,%(5%1#4%L!#6 4#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+M!36 4#!,%&+,-#!$%!<%2,%&$%)%*(+!N!2(!9+55#(%&9*!5H+!,#77*,)#!4#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+G!1,+-+$+($*!4s%('+,-+('*!$+4!<%2$%5+!1+,!4s#2'*,%))#)%*(+!#44#!,+&',%)%*(+!$+44+!4%3+,'IM!

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14.2. Principio di eguaglianza !"s#,'0^!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!+(2(5%#!%4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!DdDKd"?KPmK!+!(+!$I!2(#!7*,924#)%*(+!5*914+&&#0!T&&*!+&1,%9+! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! $%! +<2#<4%#()#! 7*,9#4+G! (*(5H`! 2(#! &+,%+! $%! &1+5%7%5%! $%-%+'%! $%! $%&5,%9%(#)%*(+G! +! %4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!+<2#<4%#()#!&*&'#()%#4+0!!#6 4#!7*,924#)%*(+!',#$%)%*(#4+!$+4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!TdDKd"?KPmK!XB@\K"T!1,+&5,%-+!5H+!&%!$+-*(*!',#''#,+!%(!9*$*!+<2#4+!&%'2#)%*(%!+<2#4%!+!%(!9*$*!$%-+,&*!&%'2#)%*(%!$%-+,&+0!=2+&'#!+(2(5%#)%*(+!N!,%-*4'#!+&&+()%#49+('+! #4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! 52%! -%+'#! $%! 5,+#,+! 1,%-%4+<%! *! $%&5,%9%(#)%*(%! %(<%2&'%7%5#'+0! =2+&'*!

5*(5+''*!N!#44s*,%<%(+!$+4!5*(',*44*!$%!@Kd?BPTJB"TmmK!$+44+! 4+<<%G!5H+!N!$%-+('#'*! 4*!&5H+9#!5H+!$*9%(#!4#,<#!1#,'+!$+%!<%2$%)%!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+M!

36 %4!PDF"TB!XB@AT!>T"!C@?PF?C?B!>?!DdDKd"?KPmK!-%+'#!$%&'%()%*(%!t$%!&+&&*G!$%!,#))#G!$%!4%(<2#G!$%!,+4%<%*(+G! $%! *1%(%*(%! 1*4%'%5H+G! $%! 5*($%)%*(%! 1+,&*(#4%! +! &*5%#4%k0! =2+&'*! (*(! 5*91*,'#! %4! $%-%+'*!#&&*42'*! 1+,! %4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! $%! %(',*$2,,+! $%77+,+()%#)%*(%! (+4! &+(&*! 5H+! #99+''+! 2(#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+!1*&%'%-#!.*!1,+9%#4+6!(+44#!9%&2,#!(+5+&&#,%#!#$!%91+$%,+!$%&5,%9%(#)%*(%!$%!7#''*M!

56 %4!C@?PF?C?B!>?!TdDKd"?KPmK!:B:AKPm?K"T!12('#!+&#''#9+('+!#!t,%92*-+,+!<4%!*&'#5*4%!$%!*,$%(+!+5*(*9%5*! +! &*5%#4+k! 5H+! %91+$%&5*(*! 4s+<2#4+! <*$%9+('*! $+%! $%,%''%! +! $+44+! 4%3+,'I! 5*(! 2(!1,*<,#99#!$s%('+,-+('*! -*4'*! #! +4%9%(#,+! <4%! H#($%5#1! &*5%#4%! #'',#-+,&*! 4#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+! 1*&%'%-#0! ?4!12('*! $%! +O2%4%3,%*! ',#! +<2#<4%#()#! 7*,9#4+! +! &*&'#()%#4+! N! $#! ,%5+,5#,&%! (+4! <%2$%)%*! $%!,#<%*(+-*4+))#G!(*(!N!$+'+,9%(#'*!%(!F*&'%'2)%*(+!+$!N!2(#!9+$%#)%*(+!',#!<4%!+55+&&%!$+44#!$2,#!4+/!.7*,9#4+6!+!$+44#!@TJT@:T!>?:F@?\?PKA?BP!.&*&'#()%#4+6M!

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14.3. L’applicazione delle garanzie costituzionali !

14.3.1. Cittadini e stranieri !?(! 5+,'%! 5#&%! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%5*(*&5+! #! '2''%! 4#! '2'+4#! $+%! $%,%''%G! %(! #4',%! 5#&%! &*4*! #%! 5%''#$%(%! .-+$%! O2+44%!1*4%'%5%60! ?4!1,*34+9#!5H+!O2#452(*!-*,,+33+!1*,,+!N! &+!+! %(!O2#4+!9%&2,#! %!$%,%''%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!$+&'%(#'%!#%!5%''#$%(%!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+!+&'+&%!#<4%!&',#(%+,%0!=2+&'#!+&'+(&%*(+! (*(!N! #2'*9#'%5#!1*%5H`! 4s#,'0! ^0U!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! 7#!+&14%5%'*! ,%7+,%9+('*!#%! 5%''#$%(%!$+44*!:'#'*0!!J#! 1,+&*! %(! 5*(&%$+,#)%*(+! 4s#,'0! Ug0c! 1+,! 4*! :AKAD:!d?D@?>?FB!>T""B!:A@KP?T@B!1*(+! 2(#! ,%&+,-#! $%!4+<<+!,%(7*,)#'#L!t4#!5*($%)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#!$+44*!&',#(%+,*!N!,+<*4#'#!$#44#!4+<<+!%(!5*(7*,9%'I!$+44+!(*,9+!+!$+%!',#''#'%! %('+,(#)%*(#4%k0! Ts! &244#!3#&+!$%! O2+&'#!$%&1*&%)%*(+! 5H+! &%! 1*&&*(*!<%2&'%7%5#,+!+&'+(&%*(%! $+%! $%,%''%!7*($#9+('#4%!#<4%!&',#(%+,%!#(5H+!(+%!5#&%!%(!52%!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&+93,+,+33+!,%&+,-#,4%!#%!&*4%!5%''#$%(%0!!"#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!#'',#-+,&*!2(!$*11%*!9+55#(%&9*!H#!+&'+&*!4s#114%5#)%*(+!$+44+!<#,#()%+!,%5*(*&5%2'+!#<4%!&',#(%+,%! %(!3#&+!#%!',#''#'%! %('+,(#)%*(#4%!&244s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+44s#,'0!c!$*-+!1#,4#!$%!$%,%''%! %(-%*4#3%4%!(+4!&+(&*!$%!$%,%''%!$+44s2*9*!+!(*(!&*4*!$+4!5%''#$%(*0!F*(!#452(+!1,+5%&#)%*(%L!!#6 (+44s#114%5#)%*(+! 4s+&'+(&%*(+! $+%! $%,%''%! *1+,#! &*4*! 1+,! O2+44%! $+7%(%3%4%! %(-%*4#3%4%! &244#! 3#&+! $+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!C+,!#4',%!$%,%''%G!-#4+!%4!5*('+(2'*!$+44+!C,+4+<<%!$*-+!&'#3%4%&5*(*!5H+!4*!&',#(%+,*!1*&&#!<*$+,+!$+%!$%,%''%!5%-%4%!$+4!5%''#$%(*!$+44*!:'#'*!#!5*($%)%*(+!$%!,+5%1,*5%'IG!*--+,*!5H+!(+44*!:'#'*!$%!1,*-+(%+()#!$+44*!&',#(%+,*!-+(<#(*!,%5*(*&5%2'%!<4%!&'+&&%!$%,%''%!#%!5%''#$%(%!%'#4%#(%M!

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14.3.2. L’evoluzione delle nozioni costituzionali !A2''+! 4+!$%&1*&%)%*(%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! %91%+<#(*! '+,9%(%! '+5(%5%! 5H+!(+5+&&%'#(*!$%!2(#!$+7%(%)%*(+0!B<(2(*!$%!O2+&'%! '+,9%(%! 1,+&+('#! ,%4+-#('%! 1,*34+9%!$%! $+7%(%)%*(+0!:*(*! '+,9%(%! '+5(%5%! 1+,5H`! %91%+<#'%! 2&2#49+('+!$#%!'+5(%5%!$%!$%,%''*!+!&1+&&*!$#44#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!1,+5+$+('+!#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!9#!O2+&'*!(*(!&%<(%7%5#!#77#''*!5H+! 4#! (*)%*(+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 5H+! +&&%! +-*5#(*! $+33#! +&&+,+! #(5*,#'#! #<4%! 2&%! '+,9%(*4*<%5%! %(! -*<#! #4!9*9+('*!$+44s+(',#'#!%(!-%<*,+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!"#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! &%&'+9#'%5#9+('+! ,+&1%('*! 4s%$+#! 5H+! 4+! (*)%*(%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! &%#(*! 1%+',%7%5#'+G!*&&%#! 5H+! +&&+! $+33#(*! +&&+,+! %('+&+! (+4! &+(&*! 52%! -+(%-#(*! %91%+<#'+! $#%! <%2,%&'%! *! $#44#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+!1,+5+$+('+0!!

14.3.3. L’anacronismo legislativo !:+! 4s#,+#! $%! 3+(%! *! $+<4%! %('+,+&&%! 1,*'+''%! $#44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! N! %(! 5*('%(2#!92'#)%*(+G! 5%b! &%<(%7%5#! 5H+! 4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+! 4+<%&4#'%-#!5H+! 4#!F*,'+!H#!,%'+(2'*!2(!<%*,(*!(*(!5*(',#&'#('+!5*(! 4+!<#,#()%+!&#(5%'+!$#!2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!12b!,%&24'#,+!5*(!+&&#!5*91#'%3%4+0!!Ts!%4!50$0!KPKF@BP?:\B!"Td?:"KA?JBG!52%!&1+&&*!4#!F*,'+!&%!,%5H%#9#!1+,!9*$%7%5#,+!1,+5+$+('%!&+('+()+!$%!,%<+''*G!92'#($*!%($%,%))*!%('+,1,+'#'%-*0!"s#(#5,*(%&9*!12b!+&&+,+!5#2&#'*!$#!$%-+,&+!,#<%*(%0!!

14.3.4. L’evoluzione indotta dal diritto internazionale !:+91,+!1%[!&1+&&*G!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!7#!2&*!$+44+!5*(-+()%*(%!%('+,(#)%*(#4%!1+,!#<<%*,(#,+!%4!&%<(%7%5#'*!$+44+!$%&1*&%)%*(%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!\#! &#4-*! 4s%91,*3#3%4+! %1*'+&%! 5H+! &%#!2(#!(*,9#!$%! ,#(<*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!#!$#,+! +&+52)%*(+! #$! 2(! ',#''#'*G! 4+! (*,9+! $%! O2+&'*! (*(! H#((*!9#%! 1*'2'*! 5*&'%'2%,+! 2(! 1#,#9+',*! $+44#!-#4%$%'I!$+44+!4+<<%!*,$%(#,%+G!(*(!+&&+($*!#$!+&&+!&21+,%*,%!(+44#!<+,#,5H%#!$+44+!7*('%0!!=2+&'#! &%'2#)%*(+! H#! ,+&*! 1#,'%5*4#,9+('+! 1,*34+9#'%5#! 4s#114%5#)%*(+! $+44+! 5*(-+()%*(%! %('+,(#)%*(#4%! 5H+!'2'+4#(*! %! $%,%''%! 29#(%G! +! &*1,#''2''*! $+44#! F*(-+()%*(+! +2,*1+#! $+%! $%,%''%! $+44s2*9*0! "#! &'+&&#!<%2,%&1,2$+()#! $+44#! F*,'+! $%! :',#&32,<*G! 7*('+! %('+,1,+'#'%-#! $+44#! FT>DG! 4#&5%#! ',#55%#! (+44+! 9*'%-#)%*(%!$+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +! $%-%+(+! 1+,5%b! 2(! 7#''*,+! $%! %('+,1,+'#)%*(+! $%(#9%5#! $+44+! $%&1*&%)%*(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!&2%!$%,%''%0!P*(*&'#('+!O2+&'*!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!9*&',#'*!&5#,&+!#1+,'2,+!(+44#!$%,+)%*(+!$+4!,%5*(*&5%9+('*!$%!2(*!&'#'2&!$%77+,+()%#'*!$+44#!FT>D!,%&1+''*!#$!#4',%!',#''#'%!+!#(5*,#!9+(*!(+4!&+(&*!$%!,%5*(*&5+,+!#!'2''%!%!',#''#'%!%(!,#(<*!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!D(!92'#9+('*!1*',+33+!#-+,&%!#!&+<2%'*!$+44#!9*$%7%5#!$+44s#,'0!UUV! %(',*$*''#!$#44#! ,%7*,9#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+4!cggU!5H+!1,+-+$+!%4!-%(5*4*!$+<4%!*334%<H%!%('+,(#)%*(#4%!1+,!%4!4+<%&4#'*,+!(#)%*(#4+!+!,+<%*(#4+0!!

14.3.5. Bilanciamento dei diritti !?4! E?"KPF?K\TPAB! >T?! >?@?AA?! N! 2(#! '+5(%5#! %91%+<#'#! %(! <+(+,+! $#! '2''+! 4+! 5*,'%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! 1+,!,%&*4-+,+!O2+&'%*(%!$%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%'I!%(!52%!&%!,+<%&',%!2(!5*(',#&'*!',#!$%,%''%!*!%('+,+&&%!$%-+,&%0!!?!$%,%''%!+!4+!4%3+,'I!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!&*(*!+&1,+&&%!5*9+!C@?PF?C?0!?!1,%(5%1%!&*(*!2(!'%1*!$%!PB@\K!d?D@?>?FKG!5H+! &%! $%&'%(<2+! $#44+! @TdB"TG! 1+,5H`! $*'#'%! $%! 2(! +4+-#'*! <,#$*! $%! <+(+,%5%'I! +! (*(! &*(*! O2%($%!5%,5*&'#()%#'%0!?(!O2#('*!1,%(5%1%G!%!$%,%''%!&*(*!#77+,9#'%!%(!9*$*!#&&*42'*G!&+()#!<+,#,5H%+!*!1,+5+$+()+0!!!:%!1*&&*(*!%($%-%$2#,+!#49+(*!^!%1*'+&%!<+(+,#4%!$%!5*(74%''*!',#!%('+,+&&%!.*!$%,%''%6L!#6 5*(5*,,+()#!',#!&*<<+''%!$%-+,&%!(+4!<*$%9+('*!$+44*!&'+&&*!$%,%''*L!4+!,%&*,&+!&*(*!4%9%'#'+G!O2%($%!5sN!2(!1,*34+9#!$%!,+<*4#)%*(+!$+44#!5*(5*,,+()#M!

36 5*(5*,,+()#!',#!%('+,+&&%!%($%-%$2#4%!(*(!*9*<+(+%M!56 5*(5*,,+()#!',#!%('+,+&&%!%($%-%$2#4%!+!%('+,+&&%!5*44+''%-%M!

!

14.3.6. I nuovi diritti !"#!'+5(%5#!$+4!3%4#(5%#9+('*!$+<4%!%('+,+&&%!5*(&+('+!#44#!F*,'+!$%!1,+($+,+!%(!5*(&%$+,#)%*(+!#(5H+!%('+,+&&%!5H+!(*(!H#((*!2(*!&1+5%7%5*!,%5*(*&5%9+('*!%(!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!:1+&&*!-+(<*(*!5H%#9#'%!PDBJ?!>?@?AA?G!1+,!%($%5#,+!4s#&&+()#!$%!2(#!&1+5%7%5#!$%&5%14%(#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!C#,'+! $+44#! $*'',%(#! H#! ,%'+(2'*! 5H+! O2+&'%! 24'%9%! #33%#(*!2(! 7*($#9+('*! (+44s#,'0! c! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+0! "#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!t4#!@+12334%5#!,%5*(*&5+!+!<#,#('%&5+!%!$%,%''%! %(-%*4#3%4%!$+44s2*9*k!N! 4+''#!5*9+!2(!FKAK"BdB!KCT@AB!>T?!>?@?AA?G!*&&%#!2(#!7*,924#!%(!3%#(5*!5H+!5*(&+('+!$%! %91*,'#,+!(+4!&%&'+9#!$+%!$%,%''%!'2'+4#'%!$#44#!(*&',#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!'2''%!O2+<4%!%('+,+&&%!5H+!4s+-*42)%*(+!$+44#!5*&5%+()#!&*5%#4+!1*,'#!#$!#55,+$%'#,+0!"#!4*<%5#!%$+*4*<%5#!$%!O2+&'#!%91*&'#)%*(+!&%!92*-+!&244#!3#&+!$+44s%$+#!5H+!%!$%,%''%!1,++&%&'#(*!#4!$%,%''*!+!5H+!O2%($%!O2+&'s24'%9*!(*(!$+33#!7#,+!#4',*!5H+!,+5+1%,4%0!

!"#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!N!&'#'#!%(!1#&&#'*!#&&#%!7+,9#!#!(+<#,+!4#!4+''2,#!#1+,'#!$+44s#,'0!cG!,%'+(+($*!%!$%,%''%!%(-%*4#3%4%!O2+44%!$%!52%!',#''#(*!<4%!#,'%5*4%!&255+&&%-%!.FKAK"BdB!Fn?D:B!>T?!>?@?AA?60!!

14.4. I diritti nella sfera individuale !

14.4.1. Definizioni !"#!4*<%5#!2&#'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1+,!&5,%-+,+!4+!<#,#()%+!$+%!$%,%''%!1,*5+$+!&+5*($*!2(#!4*<%5#!1,+5%&#G!5H+!1,+&211*(+!2(*!&5H+9#!$%!54#&&%7%5#)%*(+L!

• #,''0!U^SUhG!$%,%''%!4+<#'%!#44s%($%-%$2*M!• #,''0!UVScUG!$%,%''%!4+<#'%!#44s#''%-%'I!12334%5#!$+<4%!%($%-%$2%M!• #,''0!cYS^eG!$%,%''%!$%!&*4%$#,%+'I!&*5%#4+M!• #,''0!^]SeVG!$%,%''%!+5*(*9%5%M!• #,''0!eWS!]UG!$%,%''%!1*4%'%5%M!

!?!$%,%''%!4+<#'%!#44#!&7+,#!1+,&*(#4+!&*(*!5*&',2%'%!#!&1%,#4+!1#,'+($*!$#44snKETK:!FB@CD:!.#,'0!U^6G!*--+,*!4#!4%3+,'I!$+44#!1+,&*(#G!4#!&2#!'2'+4#!7%&%5#0!T&&+($*!<4%!&1#)%!$%!<#,#()%#!$%!5%#&52(#!4%3+,'I!#$%#5+('%!+!'#4-*4'#!&*-,#11*&'%G! +$! +&&+($*! 5H+! 4s%('+(&%'I! $+44#! '2'+4#! -#,%#! #''+(2#($*&%! 9#(!9#(*! 5H+! 5%! &%! #44*('#(*! $#4!5+(',*!$+44#!&1%,#4+G!+55*!5H+!N!%($%&1+(&#3%4+!$+5%$+,+!&+!2(#!5+,'#!&%'2#)%*(+!,+#4+!,%5#$#!&*''*!4#!<#,#()%#!#55*,$#'#!$#!O2+&'*!*!$#!O2+44s#,'%5*4*!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!

14.4.2. La libertà personale !

14.4.2.1. Definizioni P+44#!&2#!#55+)%*(+!1%[!,%&',+''#!+!&'*,%5#!4#!"?ET@AKs!CT@:BPK"T!5*%(5%$+!5*(!4#!4%3+,'I!$#<4%!#,,+&'%G!*&&%#!5*(! 4snKETK:! FB@CD:0! ?4! (254+*! 7*($#9+('#4+! $+44#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+! N! $2(O2+! 4#! 4%3+,'I! 7%&%5#G! 4#!$%&1*(%3%4%'I!$+44#!1,*1,%#!1+,&*(#!%(!'+,9%(%!O2#('%'#'%-%!+!O2#4%'#'%-%0!!A,#! %!-#,%! 4%-+44%!$%! 4%9%'#)%*(+!O2#('%'#'%-#!$+44#! 4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+G!O2+44%!9%(*,%! &*(*!5*(&%$+,#'%!1,+&'#)%*(%!%91*&'+! +! (*(! ,%+(',#(*! &*''*! 4#! '2'+4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! .4+! %91,*('+! $%<%'#4%! 1+,! +&+91%*60! ?4! 5*(5+''*!O2#4%'#'%'#'%-*G!&21+,#($*!%4!5*(5+''*!$+44#!-%*4+()#!7%&%5#G!,%&5*(',#!%(!O2#4&%#&%!5*+,5%)%*(+!5H+!4+$#!4#!$%<(%'I!$+44#!1+,&*(#!+!(+!5*91*,'%!4#!$+<,#$#)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#!4#!-%*4#)%*(+!$+4!$%,%''*0!!K44#! 425+! $%! O2+&'*G! #(5*,! 1%[! 5H+! 4s+4+9+('*! 7%&%5*G! 5%b! 5H+! 5*(',#$$%&'%(<2+! 4#! -%*4#)%*(+! $+44#! 4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+!N!%4!4%-+44*!$%!$+<,#$#)%*(+!<%2,%$%5#0!!

14.4.2.2. Strumenti di tutela !d4%! &',29+('%! $%! '2'+4#! $+44#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+! 1,+$%&1*&'%! #44s#,'0! U^0c! &*(*! %! 1%[! 7*,'%! 5H+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+!1,+-+$#L!,%&+,-#!#&&*42'#!$%!4+<<+!+!$%!<%2,%&$%)%*(+0!?(*4',+!4s#,'0!UUU!1,+-+$+!5H+!5*(',*!'2''%!%!1,*--+$%9+('%!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4%!5H+!%(5%$*(*!&244#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+!&%#!&+91,+!#99+&&*!,%5*,&*!$#-#('%!#44#!F*,'+!$%!5#&&#)%*(+0!!"s#,'0! U^0^! 1,+-+$+! 2(s+55+)%*(+G! 5*1+,'#! $#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+G! 1+,! 52%! 4+! #2'*,%'I! $%! C:! 1*&&#(*! #$*''#,+!1,*--+$%9+('%! ,+&',%''%-%! 1,*--%&*,%! 5*92(%5#'%! #44s#2'*,%'I! <%2$%)%#,%#! +(',*! eW! *,+! +! (+44*! &'+&&*! 4#&&*! $%!'+91*!$#!+&&#!5*(-#4%$#'%0!:+!(*(!5*(-#4%$#'%!&%!%('+($*(*!,+-*5#'%!+!1,%-%!$%!*<(%!+77+''*0!!

14.4.2.3. Restrizioni e pene !:*(*!$%-+,&%! %!1,%(5%1%G!(*(!&*4*! 4s#,'0!U^0cG! 5H+!*1+,#(*!1+,! 4s%($%-%$2#)%*(+!$+4! '%1*!$%! ,+&',%)%*(+! 52%!12b!+&&+,+!&*''*1*&'#!4#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+L!#6 %4!$%-%+'*!$%!*<(%!-%*4+()#!7%&%5#!+!9*,#4+!&244+!1+,&*(+!&*''*1*&'+!#!,+&',%)%*(+!.#,'0!U^0^6M!36 t4+!1+(+!(*(!1*&&*(*!5*(&%&'+,+! %(! ',#''#9+('%!5*(',#,%!#4!&+(&*!$%!29#(%'I!+!$+-*(*!'+($+,+!#44#!,%+$25#)%*(+!$+4!5*($#((#'*k!.#,'0!cV0^6M!

56 4s+&542&%*(+!$+44#!1+(#!$%!9*,'+!5*9+!5*,*44#,%*!$+44s#,'0!cV0^M!$6 4#! <%2,%&1,2$+()#! 1%[! ,+5+('+! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! #44#,<#'*! %4! <%2$%)%*! $%! ,#<%*(+-*4+))#!#(5H+! #44#! 9%&2,#! $+44+! 1+(+G! 5%*N! #44#! 1,*1*,)%*(+! 5H+! $+-+! &2&&%&'+,+! ',#! <,#-%'I! $+44#! 1+(#! +!<,#-%'I!$+4!,+#'*M!

!

14.4.2.4. Trattamenti sanitari obbligatori !C+,! A@KAAK\TPAB! :KP?AK@?B! BEE"?dKAB@?B! &%! %('+($+! *<(%! '%1*! $%! #''%-%'I! $%#<(*&'%5#! *! '+,#1+2'%5#!%91*&'#!#44s%($%-%$2*0!=2#4*,#! %4! ',#''#9+('*!#33%#! 7%(#4%'I!$%!C:!,%5#$+!&*''*! 4s#,'0!U^G!O2#4*,#! %(-+5+!#33%#!7%(#4%'I! &#(%'#,%+! ,%5#$+! &*''*! 4s#,'0! ^c0c! $+$%5#'*! #44#! '2'+4#! $+44#! &#42'+0! ?4! ,+<%9+! $%! <#,#()%#! #55*,$#! 4#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!9#!(*(!$%!<%2,%&$%)%*(+0!"s*334%<*!%91*&'*!1+,!4+<<+!$%!&*''*1*,&%!#!',#''#9+('*!9+$%5*!$+-+!+&&+,+!9*'%-#'*!+&542&%-#9+('+!$#!+&%<+()+!$%!'2'+4#!$+44#!&#42'+!12334%5#0!C+,!4#!&#42'+!%($%-%$2#4+!1,+-#4+!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!&5+4'#!%($%-%$2#4+0!!

14.4.3. La libertà di domicilio !

14.4.3.1. Definizioni !:+5*($*!2(#!$+7%(%)%*(+!54#&&%5#!%4!>B\?F?"?B!N!4#!1,*%+)%*(+!&1#)%#4+!$+44#!1+,&*(#0!!:+5*($*!4s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2,%$%5*!-%!&*(*!1%[!$+7%(%)%*(%!$+4!$*9%5%4%*0!?4!5*$%5+!5%-%4+!4*!%('+($+!%4!42*<*!%(!52%!+&&#!H#!&'#3%4%'*!4#!&+$+!1,%(5%1#4+!$+%!&2*%!#77#,%!+!%('+,+&&%G!$%&'%(<2+($*4#!$#44#!@T:?>TPmK!5H+!%(-+5+!N!%4!42*<*!$*-+!4#!1+,&*(#!H#!$%9*,#!#3%'2#4+0!"#!>?\B@K!%(-+5+!N!2(#!,+#4'I!$%!7#''*!5H+!%($%5#!%4!42*<*!$*-+!4#!1+,&*(#!&*<<%*,(#!*55#&%*(#49+('+0!!C+,! %4! $%,%''*! 1+(#4+! %4! $*9%5%4%*! N! 4s#3%'#)%*(+! +! *<(%! t#4',*! 42*<*! $%! 1,%-#'#! $%9*,#k0! FH%! -%*4%! %4! $*9%5%4%*!t5*(',*!4#!-*4*('I!+&1,+&&#!*!'#5%'#!$%!5H%!H#!%4!$%,%''*!$%!+&542$+,4*G!*--+,*!-%!&s%(',*$25+!54#($+&'%(#9+('+!*!5*(!4s%(<#((*k!%(5*,,+!%(!2(#!&#()%*(+!1+(#4+0!!=2%($%!%4!&%<(%7%5#'*!#'',%32%3%4+!#!$*9%5%4%*!,%7+,+($*&%!#44s#,'0!Ue!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!N!O2+44*!$+4!5*$%5+!1+(#4+0!K(5H+!&+! 4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!9*&',#'*!$%&1*(%3%4%'I!(+44s+&'+($+,+! 4#!(*,9#!#4!$%! 4I!$%!O2+&'#!(*,9#!1+,!%(542$+,-%!#(5H+!#93%'%!+&',#(+%!5*9+!12b!+&&+,+!4s#2'*9*3%4+0!!

14.4.3.2. Strumenti di tutela !F*9+!4#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+G!#(5H+!%4!$*9%5%4%*!N!%(-%*4#3%4+!.#,'0!Ue0U60!K4!$*9%5%4%*!&%!+&'+($*(*!4+!9+$+&%9+!<#,#()%+! 1,+-%&'+! 1+,! 4#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+G! *&&%#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! #&&*42'#! +! $%! <%2,%&$%)%*(+! 1+,! #''%! $%!%&1+)%*(+G! 1+,O2%&%)%*(+! +! &+O2+&',*! .#,'0! Ue0c60! "#! 4%3+,'I! $%! $*9%5%4%*! N! <#,#('%'#! (*(! &*4*! #44+! 1+,&*(+!7%&%5H+!9#!#(5H+!#!O2+44+!<%2,%$%5H+!.&*5%+'I!*!#&&*5%#)%*(%60!!?4!5*$%5+!$%!1,*5+$2,#!1+(#4+!5%!7*,(%&5+!4#!$+7%(%)%*(+!$+%!'+,9%(%!%&1+)%*(+G!1+,O2%&%)%*(+!+!&+O2+&',*!5*9+!9+))%!$%!,%5+,5#!$+44#!1,*-#!1+(#4+L!U0 ?:CTm?BPTG!1+,!t#55+,'#,+!4+!',#55+!+!<4%!+77+''%!9#'+,%#4%!$+4!,+#'*kM!c0 CT@=D?:?m?BPTG!&+,-+!1+,!4#!,%5+,5#!$%!5*&+!1+,'%(+('%!#4!,+#'*M!^0 :T=DT:A@BG!&255+&&%-*!#44#!1+,O2%&%)%*(+!1+,!4s*''+(%9+('*!$+44#!5*&#!5+,5#'#M!

!C+,!4+!1,*5+$2,+!$%!+9+,<+()#!-#4+!O2#('*!$+''*!,+4#'%-#9+('+!#44s#,'0!U^0^!&244#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+0!!

14.4.3.3. Leggi speciali !"s#,'0! Ue0^! #99+''+! +55+)%*(%! #44#! $%&5%14%(#! <+(+,#4+!9#! &*4*! 5*(! 1#,'%5*4#,%! 4%9%'%! ,%<2#,$*! 4s*<<+''*! +! 4#!7%(#4%'I!+!5*92(O2+!5*(!,%&+,-#!$%! 4+<<+! ,%(7*,)#'#0!"#! 4+<<+!12b!5*(&+('%,+!O2+&'*! '%1*!$%!#)%*(%!&*4*!1+,!9*'%-%!$%!&#(%'IG!%(5*429%'I!12334%5#!*!1+,!7%(%!+5*(*9%5%!+!7%&5#4%0!K44*,#!4#!CK!1*',I!1,*5+$+,+!#44s#55+&&*!#4!$*9%5%4%*!#(5H+!&+()#!4#!1,+-%#!#2'*,%))#)%*(+!$+44s#2'*,%'I!<%2$%)%#,%#0!!

14.4.4. La libertà di corrispondenza e comunicazione !

14.4.4.1. Definizioni !"s#,'0!U]!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!'2'+4#!4#!4%3+,'I!+!4#!&+<,+'+))#!$%!*<(%!7*,9#!$%!5*92(%5#)%*(+!#!1#,'%,+!$#!O2+44#!1%[!',#$%)%*(#4+G!*--+,*!4#!5*,,%&1*($+()#0!!K!$%77+,+()#!$+44#!4%3+,'I!$%!1+(&%+,*G!5H+!N!2(#!4%3+,'I!12334%5#G!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!5*92(%5#)%*(+!N!1,%9#,%#9+('+!2(#! 4%3+,'I! 1+,&*(#4+! +! 1,%-#'#0! "#! &+<,+'+))#! N! 1+,5%b! 4s+4+9+('*! 5H+! 5#,#''+,%))#! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! $%! O2+&'*!#,'%5*4*0!!T&'+($+($*! 4#! '2'+4#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! ,%7+,%'#! #44#! 5*,,%&1*($+()#G! &%! 12b! &%('+'%))#,+! 5H+! 4s#,'0! U]! '2'+4#! 4#!&+<,+'+))#!$%!*<(%!5*92(%5#)%*(+!,+#4%))#'#!#'',#-+,&*!&',29+('%!%$*(+%!#!<#,#('%,+!4#!&+<,+'+))#!&'+&&#!$+4!9+&&#<<%*0!J%+(+!12(%'*!#(5H+!4s%91+$%9+('*!(+44+!5*92(%5#)%*(%G!'+4+7*(%5H+!*!%(7*,9#'%5H+0!!

14.4.4.2. Strumenti di tutela !"#!4%3+,'I!+!4#!&+<,+'+))#!$+44#!5*,,%&1*($+()#!&*(*!'2'+4#'+!#'',#-+,&*!%4!$*11%*!9+55#(%&9*!$+44#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!+!<%2,%&$%)%*(+0!!

14.4.5. La libertà di circolazione !

14.4.5.1. Definizioni !\*4'*!-%5%(#!#44#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+!N!4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!F?@FB"Km?BPT!T!:Bdd?B@PB0!"#!1,%9#!5*91,+($+!4#!&+5*($#G!9#!4#!$%77+,+()%#)%*(+!',#!4+!$2+!4%3+,'I!&'#!(+44s#&&+()#!(+44#!-%*4#)%*(+!$+44#!&+5*($#!$+4!5#,#''+,+!5*+,5%'%-*!+!$+<,#$#('+0!?(7#''%!4#!4+<<+!12b!$%&1*,,+!4%9%'#)%*(+!#44#!5%,5*4#)%*(+!$+44+!1+,&*(+!&*4'#('*!%(!-%#!<+(+,#4+!+!(*(!5*(',*!2(!&%(<*4*G!+!&+91,+!+!5*92(O2+!1+,!9*'%-%!$%!&#(%'I!+!&%52,+))#0!!"#! 4%3+,'I!$%! 5%,5*4#)%*(+! 5*91,+($+! &%#! 4#! 4%3+,'I!$%!+&1#',%*! 5H+! 4#! 4%3+,'I!$%! &5+4'#!$+4! 42*<*!$%! +&+,5%)%*!$+44+!1,*1,%+!#''%-%'I!+5*(*9%5H+0!"s#,'0!Uh0c!&*''*1*(+!4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!T:CKA@?B!#<4%!*334%<H%!$%! 4+<<+0!"#!4%3+,'I! $%! &5+4'#! $+4! 42*<*! $%! +&+,5%)%*! $+44+! 1,*1,%+! #''%-%'I! +5*(*9%5H+! N! &'#'#! ,#77*,)#'#! $#44#! DT! 5*(! %4!>?@?AAB!>?!:AKE?"?\TPAB!#914%#'*!#44s%('+,*!'+,,%'*,%*!$+44#!F*92(%'I!1+,!5%#&52(!5%''#$%(*!5*92(%'#,%*0!!

14.4.5.2. Strumenti di tutela !"#!4%3+,'I!$%!5%,5*4#)%*(+!N!<#,#('%'#!#%!5%''#$%(%!$#!2(#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!,#77*,)#'#!1+,!5*('+(2'*G!9#!(*(!$#!,%&+,-#!$%!<%2,%&$%)%*(+0!

!:+5*($*! #452(+! &+('+()+! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 4#! 4*52)%*(+! t%(! -%#! <+(+,#4+k! +&1,%9+! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! $%!+<2#<4%#()#!+!(*(!4%9%'#!%4!,#<<%*!$%!#)%*(+!$+%!1,*--+$%9+('%!$%!,+&',%)%*(+!$+44#!5%,5*4#)%*(+!#44+!5#'+<*,%+!$%!5%''#$%(%!+&542$+($*!5H+!1*&&#(*!+&&+,+!#$*''#'%!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$%!&%(<*4%0!K44*,#! O2+&'*! '+,9%(+! (*(! &'#,+33+! #$! %($%5#,+! 4sB@>?PT! CDEE"?FB! ?P! :TP:B! \KAT@?K"T! .%(5*429%'I!7%&%5#6G!9#!4sB@>?PT!CDEE"?FB!?P!:TP:B!?>TK"T!.9*,#4+60!=2+&'*!%(!*<(%!5#&*!(*(!12b!,%<2#,$#,+!,#<%*(%!1*4%'%5H+!.#,'0!Uh0U60!!

14.5. I diritti nella sfera pubblica !

14.5.1. Definizioni !?! $%,%''%! 5H+! #''+(<*(*! #44#! &7+,#! 12334%5#! $+44s%($%-%$2*! &*(*! 1*&'%! #! '2'+4#! $+44#! $%9+(&%*(+! &*5%#4+! $+44#!1+,&*(#0!T&&#!&%!+&1,%9+!(+44#!$%,+)%*(+!$+44#!4%3+,'I!$%!+&1,+&&%*(+G!$%!,%2(%*(+!+!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(+0!!Ts! 5H%#,*! 5H+! O2+&'+! 4%3+,'I! &*(*! &',+''#9+('+! 5*((+&&+! #44s%(%)%#'%-#! 1*4%'%5#G! *!9+<4%*! 4s#''%-%'I! 1*4%'%5#! &%!&-*4<+! 1+,! 9+))*! $%! +&&+0! =2%($%! 4+! (*,9+! &2%! $%,%''%! 12334%5%! $+44s%($%-%$2*! <#,#('%&5*(*! 4#! &7+,#! $+<4%!%('+,+&&%!&*5%#4%!+!%4!32*(!72()%*(#9+('*!$+4!$%3#''%'*!$+9*5,#'%5*0!!

14.5.2. La libertà di riunione !

14.5.2.1. Definizioni !C+,!@?DP?BPT!&%!%('+($+!4#!5*91,+&+()#!-*4*('#,%#!$%!1%[!1+,&*(+!(+44*!&'+&&*!42*<*0!Ts!4#!-*4*('I!$%!&'#,+!%(&%+9+!1+,!2(*!&5*1*!5*92(+!#!$%&'%(<2+,+!2(#!,%2(%*(+!$#!#4',+!7*,9+!$%!#&&+93,#9+('*0!!

14.5.2.2. Condizioni di legittimità e scioglimento delle riunioni !"#! 5*($%)%*(+! 5H+! 1*(+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! #4! $%,%''*! $%! ,%2(%*(+! N! 5H+! +&&#! &%! &-*4<#! t1#5%7%5#9+('+! +! &+()#!#,9%k0!"s%('+,+&&+!5H+!4s#,'0!UV0U!-2*4+!'2'+4#,+!N!4sB@>?PT!CDEE"?FB!%(!&+(&*!9#'+,%#4+0!K!O2+&'#!4#!4+<<+!#<<%2(<+! #(5H+! %4! 1*&&+&&*! $%! K@\?! ?\C@BC@?TG! *--+,*! <4%! &',29+('%! 2'%4%))#3%4%! 1+,! 4s*77+&#! #44#! 1+,&*(#!&+5*($*!4+!5%,5*&'#()+G!+!4s2&*!$%!5#&5H%!1,*'+''%-%!*!#4',%!9+))%!5H+!(*(!,+($#(*!%$+('%7%5#3%4+!4#!1+,&*(#0!!

14.5.2.3. Tipologie di riunione e preavviso !K!&+5*($#!$+4!42*<*!%(!52%!&%!&-*4<*(*G!4+!,%2(%*(%!&%!$%&'%(<2*(*!%(!,%2(%*(%!%(!42*<*!1,%-#'*G!,%2(%*(%!%(!42*<*!#1+,'*!#4!12334%5*!+!,%2(%*(%!%(!42*<*!12334%5*0!?!"DBdn?!KCT@A?!K"!CDEE"?FB!&*(*!O2+44%!%(!52%!4s#55+&&*!$+4!12334%5*!N!&*<<+''*!#!9*$#4%'I!$+'+,9%(#'+!$#!5H%!(+!H#!4#!$%&1*(%3%4%'I0!"DBdn?! CDEE"?F?! &*(*! %(7%(+! O2+44%! *-+! *<(2(*! 12b! ',#(&%'#,+! 4%3+,#9+('+0! "#! 4%3+,'I! $%! ,%2(%*(+! 12b!$%-+(%,+!%(!5*(',#&'*!5*(!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!5%,5*4#)%*(+!O2#4*,#!&%!',#&7*,9#&&+!%(!E"BFFB!:A@K>K"TG!12(%'*!5*(!&#()%*(+!1+(#4+0!!:*4*!1+,! 4+! ,%2(%*(%! %(! 42*<*!12334%5*! 4s#,'0! UV0c!1,+-+$+! 4s*334%<*!$+4!1,+#--%&*G! #49+(*!^!<%*,(%! 1,%9#!#4!O2+&'*,+! .,+&1*(&#3%4+! $+44#! C:6G! 9#! (*(! $%! #2'*,%))#)%*(+0! ?4! O2+&'*,+! 12b! -%+'#,+! 1,+-+('%-#9+('+! 4#!,%2(%*(+!9#!&*4'#('*!1+,!4+!54#&&%5H+!,#<%*(%!$%!+55+)%*(#4%'I!.#,'0!UV0c60!!

14.5.3. La libertà di associazione !

14.5.3.1. Definizioni !C+,!K::BF?Km?BPT!&s%('+($*(*!O2+44+!7*,9#)%*(%!&*5%#4%!5H+!H#((*!3#&+!-*4*('#,%#!+$!2(!(254+*G!&%#!12,+!+93,%*(#4+G!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!$%!'+($+()%#4+!&'#3%4%'I0!"#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44s#,'0!UW!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!&%!,%-*4<+!#!'2''+! 4+! #&&*5%#)%*(%G! %(! O2#4&%#&%! 7*,9#G! '2''#-%#! &255+&&%-#9+('+! 4#! &'+&&#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+''#! (*,9+!&1+5%7%5H+!1+,!4+!#&&*5%#)%*(%!,+4%<%*&+G!%!&%($#5#'%!+!%!1#,'%'%!1*4%'%5%0!!

14.5.3.2. Strumenti di tutela !"s#,'0!UW0U!1*(+!^!<#,#()%+!#44#!4%3+,'I!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(+L!76 "#! 1,%9#! <#,#()%#! ,%<2#,$#! 4s#$+&%*(+! #44s#&&*5%#)%*(+! 5H+! $+-+! +&&+,+! 4%3+,#G! #(5H+! &+! 4#! F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! $%5H%#,#'*! 5*91#'%3%4+! 5*(! 4s#,'0! UW0U! '2''#! 2(#! &+,%+! $%! K::BF?KmBP?!BEE"?dKAB@?T!52%!N!(+5+&&#,%*!#$+,%,+!1+,!&-*4<+,+!$+'+,9%(#'+!#''%-%'I0!=2+&'+!#&&*5%#)%*(%!&*(*!%3,%$%! ',#! %4! &*<<+''*! 1,%-#'*! +! 4s+('+! 12334%5*! .*,$%(%! 1,*7+&&%*(#4%G! 7+$+,#)%*(%! &1*,'%-+! +! 5*(&*,)%!*334%<#'*,%60!"*!&'#'2'*!$+44s#&&*5%#)%*(+!12b!,+<*4#,+!9#!9#%!%91+$%,+!%4!$%,%''*!$%!,+5+&&*!$+4!&*5%*M!

<6 4#!&+5*($#!<#,#()%#!,%<2#,$#!4s%&'%'2)%*(+!$+44s#&&*5%#)%*(+G!5H+!12b!#--+(%,+!&+()#!#2'*,%))#)%*(+M!H6 4#! '+,)#! <#,#()%#G! 5*&'%'2%'#! $#44#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! ,%(7*,)#'#G! $*-+! $%5+! t1+,! 7%(%! 5H+! (*(! -%+'#'%! #4!&%(<*4*!$#44#!4+<<+!1+(#4+k0!F*&l!4+!#&&*5%#)%*(%!1*&&*(*!7#,+!'2''*!5%b!5H+!7#((*!%!&%(<*4%M!

!

14.5.3.3. Le associazioni vietate !"s#,'0!UW0c!-%+'#!&*4*!$2+!'%1%!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(+!.52%!&%!#<<%2(<+!%4!$%-%+'*!$%!,%*,<#(%))#,+!%(!O2#4&%#&%!7*,9#!%4!$%&5%*4'*!1#,'%'*!7#&5%&'#0!:%!',#''#!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(%!&+<,+'+!+!$%!#&&*5%#)%*(%!1#,#9%4%'#,%L!#6 t&%!5*(&%$+,#(*!K::BF?Km?BP?!:Td@TATG!5*9+!'#4%!-%+'#'+!$#44s#,'0!UW!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!O2+44+!5H+G!#(5H+! #44s%('+,(*! $%! #&&*5%#)%*(%! 1#4+&%G! *5524'#($*! 4#! 4*,*! +&%&'+()#! *--+,*! '+(+($*! &+<,+'+!5*(<%2('#9+('+! 7%(#4%'I!+!#''%-%'I!&*5%#4%!*--+,*!,+($+($*!&5*(*&5%2'%G! %(! '2''*!*! %(!1#,'+!+$!#(5H+!,+5%1,*5#9+('+G!%!&*5%G!&-*4<*(*!#''%-%'I!$%,+''#!#$!%('+,7+,%,+!&244s+&+,5%)%*!$+<4%!*,<#(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%G!$%!#99%(%&',#)%*(%!12334%5H+G!$%!+('%!12334%5%!#(5H+!+5*(*9%5%G!(*(5H`!$%!&+,-%)%!12334%5%!+&&+()%#4%!$%!%('+,+&&+! (#)%*(#4+k0! "#! 4+<<+! Cc! &#()%*(#! 1+(#49+('+! 4s#11#,'+(+()#! #$! #&&*5%#)%*(%! &+<,+'+! +!,%&*4-+! 7%(#49+('+! %4! 1,*34+9#! $%! 5*9+! &%! $+-+! 1,*5+$+,+! #44*! &5%*<4%9+('*L! 5%! $+-+! +&&+,+! 2(#!&+('+()#! %,,+-*5#3%4+! 5H+! #55+,'%! 4s+&%&'+()#! $+44s#&&*5%#)%*(+! &+<,+'#! 52%! &+<2+! 2(! >CF\! 5H+! (+!*,$%(#!4*!&5%*<4%9+('*!+!4#!5*(7%&5#!$+%!3+(%M!

36 %4! &+5*($*! '%1*! $%! #&&*5%#)%*(%! -%+'#'+! $#44s#,'0! UWc! &*(*! 4+! K::BF?Km?BP?! CK@K\?"?AK@?G! *&&%#!O2+44+! 5H+! 1+,&+<2*(*! #(5H+! %($%,+''#9+('+! &5*1%! 1*4%'%5%! 9+$%#('+! *,<#(%))#)%*(%! $%! 5#,#''+,+!9%4%'#,+0! >2+! 5*($%)%*(%! $+-*(*! -+,%7%5#,&%! 1+,5H`! $%-+('%! #114%5#3%4+! %4! $%-%+'*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+L! 5H+!4s#&&*5%#)%*(+! 1+,&+<2#! 2(*! &5*1*! 1*4%'%5*G! $%! 1+,! &`! 4+5%'*G! +! 5H+! #33%#! 2(s*,<#(%))#)%*(+G! 2(#!&',2''2,#! $%! '%1*! 9%4%'#,+G! #(5Hs+&&#! $%! 1+,! &`! 4+5%'#0! F*(! O2+&'#! (*,9#! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! %('+($+!%91+$%,+! 4#! ,%5*91#,&#! $+44+! &O2#$,+G! $+%! 1#,'%'%! 9%4%'#,%))#'%! 5H+! &*(*! %(! #('%'+&%! 5*(! %4! 9+'*$*!$+9*5,#'%5*! 5*(! 52%! $+-+! +&&+,+! $+'+,9%(#'#! 4#! 1*4%'%5#! (#)%*(#4+! .#,'0! eY60! "s#&&*5%#)%*(+! 1#,#S9%4%'#,+!1+,!+&&+,+! '#4+!(*(!(+5+&&%'#!$%!+&&+,+!$%! 1+,!&`!#,9#'#G!+!(*(!&*(*!(+5+&&#,%+!(+112,+!#)%*(%!$%!-%*4+()#!*!9%(#55%#G!3#&'#!4#!&',2''2,#!9%4%'#,+!$+$%'#!#!7%(%!1*4%'%5%M!

!

14.5.4. La libertà religiosa e di coscienza !

14.5.4.1. Definizioni !"#!"?ET@AKs!>?!FB:F?TPmK!N!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!5*4'%-#,+!1,*7*($+!5*(-%()%*(%!%('+,%*,%!+!$%!#<%,+!$%!5*(&+<2+()#0!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!(*(!,+<*4#!%!1,*5+&&%!%('+,%*,%!9#!&*4*!4+!9#(%7+&'#)%*(%!+&'+,%*,%G!O2%($%!4+!#)%*(%0!>%!4%3+,'I!$%!

5*&5%+()#! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!(*(!1#,4#!+&14%5%'#9+('+!5*9+!7#!5*(! 4#! 4%3+,'I!$%!1+(&%+,*!+!$%!524'*G!9#!,%&24'#!%914%5%'*!',#!%!$%,%''%!$%!4%3+,'I0!!

14.5.4.2. Strumenti di tutela !"#!4%3+,'I!$%!5*&5%+()#!+!4#!4%3+,'I!,+4%<%*&#!&*(*!'2'+4#'+!#'',#-+,&*!2(!,%55*!&',29+('#,%*L!#6 %4!$%-%+'*!$%!$%&5,%9%(#)%*(+!&#(5%'*!$#4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!+<2#<4%#()#M!36 4s+<2#<4%#()#! ',#! 4+! 5*(7+&&%*(%! ,+4%<%*&+G! O2%($%! (*(! &*4*! $+%! &%(<*4%! 9#! #(5H+! $+44+! 7*,9#)%*(%!&*5%#4%0!F*&l!t'2''+!4+!5*(7+&&%*(%!,+4%<%*&+!&*(*!+<2#49+('+!4%3+,+!$#-#('%!#44#!4+<<+kL!+<2#4+!4%3+,'I!+$!+<2#4+!',#''#9+('*!.#,'0!W!F*&'06M!

56 4#!4%3+,'I!$%!524'*G!<#,#('%'#!$#44s#,'0!UY!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!*--+,*!%4!t$%,%''*!$%!1,*7+&&#,+!4%3+,#9+('+!4#!1,*1,%#!7+$+kM!

$6 4sBE?Tm?BPT! >?! FB:F?TPmKG! 5%*N! %4! ,%7%2'*! $#! 1#,'+! $+44s%($%-%$2*! $%! 5*91%+,+! #''%G! 1,+&5,%''%!$#44s*,$%(#9+('*G!5*(',#,%!#44+!1,*1,%+!5*(-%()%*(%0!

!

14.5.5. La libertà di manifestazione del pensiero !

14.5.5.1. Definizioni !"#! "?ET@AKs! >?!\KP?XT:AKm?BPT!>T"! CTP:?T@B! 5*(&%&'+! (+44#! 4%3+,'I! $%! +&1,%9+,+! 4+! 1,*1,%+! %$++! +! $%!$%-24<#,4+!#$!2(!(29+,*!%($+'+,9%(#'*!$%!$+&'%(#'#,%0!:%55*9+!4#!5%,5*4#)%*(+!$+44+!%$++!N!%4!1,+&211*&'*!$+44#!$+9*5,#)%#G! O2+&'#! 4%3+,'I! .$+''#! #(5H+! "?ET@AKs! >?! T:C@T::?BPT6! N! $#! &+91,+! 5*(&%$+,#'#! 4#! 1%+',#!#(<*4#,+!$+4!&%&'+9#!$+9*5,#'%5*0!!P+&&2(#!&+4+)%*(+!12b!+&&+,+!5*91%2'#! ',#! 4+! %$++!O2#('*!#! &5*1%G! 5*('+(2'%!*!5%,5*&'#()+0!D(!1#&&#<<%*!&1+5%7%5*!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!'2'+4#!4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!?P:TdPK\TPAB!.#,'0!^^0U60!!

14.5.5.2. Limite del buon costume !"s2(%5*!4%9%'+!5H+!4s#,'0!cU!1*(+!#44#!4%3+,'I!$%!+&1,+&&%*(+!N!%4!EDBP!FB:AD\TG!4#!52%!$+7%(%)%*(+!N!-#,%#3%4+!(+4!'+91*!5*9+!%4!5*(5+''*!$%!12$*,+!5H+!-+,,+33+!4+&*!$#!O2+44+!9#(%7+&'#)%*(%!5H+!*4',+1#&&#(*G!#112('*G!%4!32*(!5*&'29+0!!

14.5.5.3. I reati d’opinione !P+44#!4+<<+!1+(#4+!-%!&*(*!#452(%!,+#'%!5H+!&%!,+#4%))#(*!#'',#-+,&*!4s+&1,+&&%*(+!$+4!1+(&%+,*!5*(!52%!O2%($%!4s#,'0!cU!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$*-,+33+!5*(',#&'#,+0!!"#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! %(-+5+! H#! 4#&5%#'*! (+44s*,$%(#9+('*! 32*(#! 1#,'+! $%! O2+&'%! ,+#'%! $%! *1%(%*(+! 5*(! 4+!&+<2+('%!9*'%-#)%*(%L!#6 1+(&%+,*! +! #)%*(+G! *--+,*! 4#! $%&'%()%*(+! ',#! 5*&+! 1+(&%+,*! +! 5*&+! N! <%#! 1,%(5%1%*! $%! #)%*(+0!=2+&'s#,<*9+('#)%*(+!-#4+!1+,!%!,+#'%!5*9+!4s?:A?dKm?BPTG!4sKCB"Bd?K!$%!$+4%''%G!4#!CDEE"?FKm?BPT!>?! PBA?m?T! XK":T! B! ATP>TPm?B:TG! $*-+! 7#''#! &#4-#! $#44s#,'0! cU! 4#! 4%3+,'I! $%! 1+(&#,+! O2+&'+!7#''%&1+5%+!$%!,+#'%!%(!#&',#''*G!$+9#($#!#4!<%2$%5+!$%!-#42'#,+!&+!4s+&1,+&&%*(+!1*&&#!<+(+,#,+!#)%*(%!1+,%5*4*&+M!

36 1+(&%+,*!+!*77+&+G!*--+,*! 4#! 4%3+,'I!$%!+&1,+&&%*(+!(*(!12b!<%2(<+,+!#4!12('*!$%!*77+($+,+! 4s*(*,+!#4',2%0!Ts!%4!5#&*!$+44s?Pd?D@?K!+!$+44#!>?XXK\Km?BPT0!T!(+112,+!O2+44*!$%! %&'%'2)%*(%! ,%5*(*&5%2'+! 5*9+!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+! 4*!:'#'*!*! 4#! ,+4%<%*(+0!Ts! O2+&'*!%(-+5+!%4!5#&*!$+4!J?"?CTP>?B!+!$+44sB"A@Kdd?BM!

!

14.5.5.4. Mezzi di comunicazione !"#!4%3+,'I!$%!+&1,+&&%*(+!N!<#,#('%'#!#!'2''%G!+!'2''%!1*&&*(*!+&1,%9+,+!%4!4*,*!1+(&%+,*!t5*(!4#!1#,*4#G!4*!&5,%''*!+!*<(%!#4',*!9+))*!$%!$%772&%*(+k!.#,'0!cU0U!F*&'060!?4!1,*34+9#!N!5H+! %!9+))%!$%!$%772&%*(+!$+4!1+(&%+,*!1%[!+77%5#5%!(*(!&*(*!$%&1*(%3%4%!1+,!'2''%G!1+,!,#<%*(%!$%!$%&1*(%3%4%'IG!$%!*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!$%!5*&'%0!C+,!O2+&'*!*<<%!&%!,%'%+(+!5H+!4#!4%3+,'I!$%!1+(&%+,*!5*91,+($#!#(5H+!4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!?PXB@\Km?BPTG!*--+,*!%4!$%,%''*!1#&&%-*!$%! +&&+,+! %(7*,9#'%0!>#!O2%!(#&5*(*! 4+! 4+<<%! #('%S',2&'! 5H+! 5*44+<#(*! 4#! 4%3+,'I!$%! +&1,+&&%*(+G! 4#! 4%3+,'I!$%!5*92(%5#)%*(+!#44#!4%3+,'I!$%!%(%)%#'%-#!+5*(*9%5#0!!

14.5.5.5. Il regime della stampa !>#'*!%4!1+,%*$*!&'*,%5*!%(!52%!72!&5,%''#G!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$%&5%14%(#!&*4'#('*!4#!:AK\CK0!?4!,+<%9+!$+44#!&'#91#!N!5#,#''+,%))#'*!$#4!$%-%+'*!$%! &*''*1*,,+! 4#! &'#91#!#! 5*(',*44%!1,+-+('%-%0!Ts! %(-+5+!#99+&&*! %4! :T=DT:A@BG!5%*N!2(!1,*--+$%9+('*!$%! ,%'%,*! &255+&&%-*!#44#!12334%5#)%*(+0! ?4! &+O2+&',*!N! 5%,5*($#'*!$#! <#,#()%+!9*4'*!,%<%$+L!#6 ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! #&&*42'#0! ?4! &+O2+&',*! N! 1*&&%3%4+! %(! $2+! %1*'+&%L! U0! O2#4*,#! 1,+7%<2,%! ,+#'%!+&1,+&&#9+('+!1,+-%&'%!$#44#!"TddT!:D""K!:AK\CKG!O2#4+!1+,!+&+91%*!4sKCB"Bd?K!>T"!XK:F?:\B!c0! (+4! 5#&*! $%! -%*4#)%*(+! $+44+! (*,9+! $%! ,+&1*(&#3%4%'I! 1,+&5,%''+! $#44#! 4+<<+! &244#! &'#91#G! 1+,!+&+91%*! %4! $%-%+'*! $%! #(*(%9#'*! $+44#! &'#91#! +! 4s%&5,%)%*(+! $+4! $%,+''*,+! ,+&1*(&#3%4+! $%! 5%#&52(#!'+&'#'#!#44sK"EB!>T!d?B@PK"?:A?M!

36 ,%&+,-#!$%!<%2,%&$%)%*(+G!5*(!4+!+55+)%*(%!1,+-%&'+!1+,!4#!4%3+,'I!1+,&*(#4+!+!#(#4*<H+M!!

14.5.5.6. Il regime della radiotelevisione !?(!#&&+()#!$%! ,+<*4+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!&1+5%7%5H+G!N!&'#'*!5*91%'*!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+4#3*,#,+! %!1,%(5%1%!5H+! $+-*(*! %&1%,#,+! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! $+44#! ,#$%*'+4+-%&%*(+0! T$! N! &'#'*! &2! &*44+5%'#)%*(+! $+44#! <%2,%&1,2$+()#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 5H+! %4! :?:AT\K! @K>?BAT"TJ?:?JB! N! 1#&&#'*! $#4! ,+<%9+! $%! 9*(*1*4%*! 12334%5*! #4! &%&'+9#!9%&'*!#''2#4+0!!

14.6. I diritti sociali !

14.6.1. Definizione !C+,!>?@?AA?!:BF?K"?!5*92(+9+('+!&s%('+($*(*!%!$%,%''%!$+%!5%''#$%(%!#!,%5+-+,+!$+'+,9%(#'+!1,+&'#)%*(%!$#<4%!#11#,#'%! 12334%5%L! &*(*! %! $%,%''%! 5#,#''+,%&'%5%! $+44*! :'#'*! &*5%#4+0! P*(! -sN! $233%*! 5H+! %! $%,%''%! &*5%#4%! &%#(*!+&1,+&&%! %(! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 5*9+! 1,*<,#99%! 4#! 52%! #''2#)%*(+! N! ,%(-%#'#! #44s#''%-%'I! &255+&&%-#! $+<4%! *,<#(%!12334%5%0!=2+&'%!$%,%''%!&*(*!%&1%,#'%!#$!+&%<+()+!$%!+<2#<4%#()#!&*&'#()%#4+!+!O2%($%!$#4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!&*4%$#,%+'I!+&1,+&&*!$#<4%!#,''0!c!+!^0c!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!?! $%,%''%! &*5%#4%! (*(! &*(*! 7#5%49+('+! #114%5#3%4%! %1&*! 7#5'*G! $+-*(*! +&&+,+! ,+4#)%*(#'%! #44#! 1,*<,#99#)%*(+!+5*(*9%5#!9#!(*(!&*(*!&*4*!&12('%!1,*<,#99#'%5%L!&*(*!2(#!<#,#()%#G!1*%5H`!12,!+&&+($*!5*91,%9%3%4%G!1+,!+&+91%*! 1+,! +&%<+()+! $%! 3%4#(5%*G! (*(! 4*! &*(*! %(! '+,9%(%! #&&*42'%! +! 1*%G! 5*92(O2+G! <*$*(*!$%! 2(#! $%7+&#!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+0!!

14.6.2. Strumenti di tutela !"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!(*(!1,+$%&1*(+!1#,'%5*4#,%!&',29+('%!$%!'2'+4#!1+,!%!$%,%''%!&*5%#4%L!%!,%7+,%9+('%!#44#!4+<<+G!#44#!@+12334%5#!+!#44*!:'#'*!&*(*!&*&'#()%#49+('+!+O2%-#4+('%!+!&'#((*!#!&%<(%7%5#,+!5H+!O2+&'%!5*91%'%!<,#-#(*!&244#! CKG! *! 1%[! %(! <+(+,#4+! &2<4%! #11#,'%! 12334%5%0! Ts! #'',#-+,&*! 4#! 4+<%&4#)%*(+! *,$%(#,%#! 5H+! O2+&'%! $%,%''%!-+(<*(*!*,<#(%))#'%! %(!1,+&'#)%*(+!+! %(!&+,-%)%L!<4%!&',29+('%!$%!'2'+4#!$%!52%!$%&1*(+!%4!5%''#$%(*!&*(*!O2+44%!5*92(%!#11,+&'#'%!$#44s*,$%(#9+('*0!

!

14.6.3. I servizi sociali !"*!&',29+('*!5*(!52%!%!$%,%''%!&*5%#4%!&*(*!,+&%!5*(5,+'%!N!5*&'%'2%'*!$#44#!,+'+!$+%!:T@J?m?!:BF?K"?0!:%!',#''#!$%!2(!5*914+&&*!$%!&+,-%)%!$%!52%!&%!*5521#!2(!,#9*!$+4!$%,%''*!$+''*!4+<%&4#)%*(+!&*5%#4+0!!?!1,%(5%1#4%!9+55#(%&9%!#'',#-+,&*!52%!&%!&-*4<+!4#!1,*'+)%*(+!$+44#!&%52,+))#!&*5%#4+!&*(*!%!&+<2+('%L!#6 4#!C@TJ?>TPmK!:BF?K"T0!A2'+4#! %! 4#-*,#'*,%!+$! %! 4*,*! 7#9%4%#,%!$#%! ,%&5H%!$+,%-#('%!$#44#!1+,$%'#!$+4!4#-*,*! #! 5#2&#! $%!9#4#''%+! *! %(7*,'2(%! *112,+! 5*(&+('+! $%! <*$+,+! $%! 2(#! 1+(&%*(+! #4! '+,9%(+! $+4!1+,%*$*!4#-*,#'%-*0!F%b!#!7,*('+!$%!2(#!5*(',%32)%*(+!*334%<#'*,%#!$#!1#,'+!$+4!4#-*,#'*,+!42(<*!'2''*!4s#,5*!$+44#!-%'#! 4#-*,#'%-#!+!1,*1*,)%*(#'#!#44#! ,+',%32)%*(+!1+,5+1%'#G!$%!52%!&*(*!3+(+7%5%#,%!#452(%!+('%!12334%5%M!

36 4sK::?:ATPmK! :KP?AK@?K0! Ts! 4s%(&%+9+! $+%! &+,-%)%! $%! 1,+-+()%*(+! +! $%! 52,#! #'',#-+,&*! 52%! -%+(+!#&&%52,#'*!%4!$%,%''*!#44#!&#42'+0!K!'#4!7%(+!$#4!UYVW!N!&'#'*!%&'%'2%'*!%4!::P!:+,-%)%*!:#(%'#,%*!P#)%*(#4+!#!52%!*<(%!5%''#$%(*!N!*334%<#'*,%#9+('+! %&5,%''*0!?!&2*%!&+,-%)%!&*(*!+,*<#'%!#'',#-+,&*! 4+!K:"!K)%+($+!:#(%'#,%+!"*5#4%!5*(!#93%'*!&*-,#5*92(#4+!+!#2'*(*9%#! %91,+($%'*,%#4+0!>#!+&&+!$%1+($*(*!#(5H+!9*4'%!*&1+$#4%M!

56 4sK::?:ATPmK!:BF?K"T0!D(#! ,+5+('+! ,%7*,9#!H#! %&'%'2%'*! %4! &%&'+9#! %('+<,#'*! $%! %('+,-+('%! +! &+,-%)%!&*5%#4%G!#44#!52%!,+#4%))#)%*(+!1#,'+5%1#(*!4*!:'#'*G!4+!@+<%*(%!+!<4%!TT""M!

!

14.6.4. Il diritto all’istruzione !"s#,'0!^e!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!1*(+!$2+!1,%(5%1%L! %4!1,%(5%1%*!$%!+<2#<4%#()#!(+44s#55+&&*!#44#! &52*4#!+! %4!$%,%''*!#44s%&',2)%*(+0!"s%&',2)%*(+!N!#(5H+!2(!$*-+,+G!1+,!5%b!5H+!,%<2#,$#!4#!&52*4#!$+44s*334%<*0!!\#! 1*%5H`! 4#! &52*4#! N! #(5H+! $s*334%<*! +! 5*92(O2+! N! <#,#('%'#! #! 5H%2(O2+G! #(5H+! #! 5H%! (*(! 1*&&%+$+! %!,+O2%&%'%! +5*(*9%5%! 1+,! <,#-#,&%! $+%! 5*&'%! $+44#! 9+$+&%9#G! (#&5*(*! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! $+44#! <,#'2%'I! $+44#! &52*4#!$+44s*334%<*!+!$+4!&%&'+9#!$+4!>?@?AAB!K""B!:AD>?B!1+,!<4%!#4',%!4%-+44%0!!

14.6.5. La libertà della scuola !"s#,'0!^^0U!'2'+4#!O2+44#!1#,'%5*4#,+!7*,9#!$%!+&1,+&&%*(+!$+4!1+(&%+,*!5H+!N!4s%(&+<(#9+('*G!&%#!+&&*!%('+&*!5*9+!%(&+<(#9+('*!&5*4#&'%5*!5H+!5*9+!O2#4&%#&%!#4',#!7*,9#!$%!',#&9%&&%*(+!$+4!&#1+,+0!!?!5*99%!&255+&&%-%!,+<*4#(*!4#!"?ET@AKs!>T""K!:FDB"KG!%91+,(%#'#!&24!1,%(5%1%*!$+4!142,#4%&9*!&5*4#&'%5*0!!K55#('*!#44#! &52*4#!12334%5#G! 4#! 52%! %&'%'2)%*(+!N!*334%<#'*,%#!1+,! 4*!:'#'*G! N! &#(5%'#! 4#! 4%3+,'I!$+44+! &52*4+!1,%-#'+!5H+!<*$*(*!$%!4%3+,'I!%$+*4*<%5#!+!&*(*!O2%($%!B@dKP?mmKm?BP?!>?!ATP>TPmK0!!=2+&'+!24'%9+!&52*4+!$+-*(*!+&&+,+!*,<#(%))#'+!&+()#!*(+,%!1+,!4*!:'#'*0!!F*(!4#!4+<<+!hc_cggg!&%!%&'%'2%&5+!%4!:?:AT\K!PKm?BPK"T!>?!?:A@Dm?BPT0!!"+!&52*4+!(*(S&'#'#4%!G!1+,!,%+(',#,+!#!7#,+!1#,'+!$%!O2+&'*!&%&'+9#!$+-*(*!,%&1+''#,+!#452(%!,+O2%&%'%L!

• 5H+!4s%(&+<(#9+('*!&%#!%91,*('#'*!#%!1,%(5%1%!$%!4%3+,'I!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+M!• 5H+!4s%&5,%)%*(+!&%#!#1+,'#!#!'2''%!5*4*,*!5H+!(+!#55+''%(*!%4!1,*<+''*!+$25#'%-*M!• 5H+! 4+! #''%-%'I! +/',#S52,,%5*4#,%! 5H+! +&%<*(*! 4s#$+&%*(+! #$! 2(#! $+'+,9%(#'#! %$+*4*<%#! *! 5*(7+&&%*(+!(*(!&%#(*!*334%<#'*,%+M!

• 5H+!-+(<#(*!%&'%'2%'%!*,<#(%!5*44+<%#4%!$%!1#,'+5%1#)%*(+!$+9*5,#'%5#M!• 5H+! %4! 1+,&*(#4+! $*5+('+! &%#! 7*,(%'*! $+4! '%'*4*! $%! #3%4%'#)%*(+! +! &%! #114%5H%(*! %! 5*(',#''%! 5*44+''%-%!(#)%*(#4%M!

!

14.7. I diritti nella sfera economica !

14.7.1. Definizioni !?! $%,%''%! (+44#! &7+,#! +5*(*9%5#! &*(*!O2+44%! 5*91,+&%! (+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! +5*(*9%5#G! 5%*N! %4! A%'*4*! '+,)*! $+44#!1,%9#! 1#,'+0! ?(! +&&*! -+(<*(*! $+''#'%! 1,%(5%1%! %(! 9#'+,%#! $%! 4#-*,*! .#,''0! ^]S^WGeh6G! $%! *,<#(%))#)%*(+!&%($#5#4+!.#,''0!^YSeg6G!$%!%91,+&#!+!$%!1,*1,%+'I!.#,''0!eUSee60!!

14.7.2. Libertà sindacale !"s#,'0!^Y!(*(!N!&'#'*!9#%! #114%5#'*G! &#4-*! %4!1,%9*!5*99#!5H+!&#(5%&5+! 4#!"?ET@AKs!>?!B@dKP?mmKm?BPT!:?P>KFK"T0! T&&+($*! 4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+! &%($#5#4+! 2(#! 1#,'%5*4#,+! #&&*5%#)%*(+! &#,+33+! 3#&'#'#! 4#! '2'+4#!$+44s#,'0! UW! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+G! 4#! O2#4+! %(-+5+! 1,+7%<2,#! 2(! 9*$+44*! &%($#5#4+! O2#&%! 5*,1*,#'%-*! $*-+! %4!&%($#5#'*! 5H+! #55+''#! 2(! *,<#(%))#)%*(+! $+9*5,#'%5#! #5O2%&%&5+! 1+,&*(#4%'I! <%2,%$%5#! +! &'%124#! 5*(! 4*!&',29+('*!$+44+!,#11,+&+('#()+!2(%'#,%+!FBPA@KAA?!FB""TAA?J?!>?!"KJB@B!5*(!+77%5#5%#!(*,9#'%-#0!!?! &%($#5#'%! %'#4%#(%! H#((*! &+91,+! ,%7%2'#'*! O2+&'s%91*&'#)%*(+! 12,! $%! (*(! +&&+,+! *334%<#'%! #! 1+&#,+! (+44+!,#11,+&+('#()+!2(%'#,%+!1+,!%4!(29+,*!$%!%&5,%''%!,%&1+''%-%!+!(*(!1+,!<4%!#55*,$%!1*4%'%5%0!K$!*<<%!&*(*!&+914%5%!&*<<+''%!$%!$%,%''*!1,%-#'*0!!

14.7.3. Diritto di sciopero !"*! :F?BCT@B! N! 4#! &*&1+(&%*(+! 5*44+''%-#! '+91*,#(+#! $+44+! 1,+&'#)%*(%! $%! 4#-*,*! ,%-*4'#! #44#! '2'+4#! $%! 2(!%('+,+&&+! $+%! 4#-*,#'*,%L! N! 2(! $%,%''*! (+4! &+(&*! 5H+! 5H%! &5%*1+,#! (*(!12b! &23%,+! 5*(&+<2+()+! (+<#'%-+! &24!1%#(*!1+(#4+G!5%-%4+!*!$%&5%14%(#,+!.#!1#,'+!4#!&*&1+(&%*(+!$+44#!,+',%32)%*(+60!!"*! &5%*1+,*! '2'+4#'*!$#44s#,'0! eg!N! &*4*!O2+44*!$+%! 4#-*,#'*,%! $%1+($+('%G! (*(!O2+44*!1*4%'%5*G! *!$+%!$#'*,%! $%!4#-*,*!.:T@@KAK6!*!$#%!4%3+,%!1,*7+&&%*(%&'%0!F*92(O2+!#(5H+!O2+&'+!9#(%7+&'#)%*(%!&*(*!4%3+,+!+!<#,#('%'+!&+!(*(!$#44s#,'%5*4*!eg!$#44+!#4',+!4%3+,'I!,%5*(*&5%2'+!$#44#!1,%9#!1#,'+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!"s#,'0!eg!,%(-%#!#44+!4+<<%!4#!,+<*4#)%*(+!+!%!4%9%'%!$+4!$%,%''*!$%!&5%*1+,*0!\#!#(5H+!O2+&'#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!N!&'#'#!7%(*!#$!*<<%!$%&#''+&#!+$!+&%&'+!&*4*! 4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+4!$%,%''*!$%!&5%*1+,*!(+%!:T@J?m?!CDEE"?F?!T::TPm?K"?!.4+<<+!Ueh_Yg60!!

14.7.4. La libertà di iniziativa economica !"s#,'%5*4*! eU! &#(5%&5+! 4#! "?ET@AKs! >?! ?P?m?KA?JK! TFBPB\?FK! +$! N! &'#'*! #! 42(<*! #4! 5+(',*! $%! 5*914+&&%!$%3#''%'%! $*'',%(#4%! 1*%5H`! 1*(+! 2(! 1,%(5%1%*! $%! 3%4#(5%#9+('*! ',#! 4s%(%)%#'%-#! +5*(*9%5#! 1,%-#'#! +! 4s%('+,+&&+!5*44+''%-*0! "s%(%)%#'%-#! +5*(*9%5#! (*(! 12b! &-*4<+,&%! %(! 5*(',#&'*! 5*(! 4s2'%4%'I! &*5%#4+! *! %(! 9*$*! $#! ,+5#,+!$#((*!#44#!&%52,+))#G!#44#!4%3+,'IG!#44#!$%<(%'I!29#(#0!!?(! O2+&'*! #,'%5*4*G! 7*,&+! 1%[! 5H+! *<(%! #4',#! $%&1*&%)%*(+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! &+93,#! &5*,<+,&%! 4s#93%<2%'I! $%! 2(!5*91,*9+&&*!',#!4s%$+*4*<%#!5#1%'#4%&'#!+!O2+44#!&*5%#4%&'#0!!F*(!4s+&1#(&%*(+!$+44#!FTG!4s#77+,9#)%*(+!$%!1,%(5%1%!5*9+!4#!4%3+,#!5%,5*4#)%*(+!$+%!5#1%'#4%G!$+44+!9+,5%!+!$+%!4#-*,#'*,%G! 4+! ,+<*4+! $%! 5*(5*,,+()#G! %4! $%-%+'*! $%! #%2'%! 12334%5%! #4! &+''*,+! 1,%-#'*! H#((*! #44*('#(#'*!<,#$2#49+('+!4s+5*(*9%#!$#44#!5*(5+)%*(+!$+4!$%,%<%&9*!12334%5*0!!K(5H+! 4s#,'0! e^! &+93,#! $+&'%(#'*! #44s*3&*4+&5+()#0! T&&*! 5*(&+('+! 4#! PKm?BPK"?mmKm?BPT! *! #$$%,%''2,#! 4#!FB""TAA?J?mmKm?BPT! $%! $+'+,9%(#'+! %91,+&+! *! 5#'+<*,%+! $%! %91,+&+! #'',#-+,&*! 2(#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+!,#77*,)#'#! 1+,! 5*('+(2'*! .&+,-%)%! 12334%5%! +&&+()%#4%60! :244#! 3#&+! $%! O2+&'#! (*,9#! &%! N! 5*91%2'#! 4s2(%5#!

(#)%*(#4%))#)%*(+!,+12334%5#(#G!O2+44#!$+44+!%91,+&+!1,*$2'',%5%!$%!+(+,<%#!+4+'',%5#!5H#!H#!$#'*!-%'#!#44sTPT"G!+!&*(*!&'#'%!1+,!#((%!<%2&'%7%5#'%!%!9*(*1*4%!12334%5%!(+44s+5*(*9%#!$+4!1#+&+0!!

14.7.5. La proprietà privata !K(5H+! (+44s#,'0! ec! &%! 9#(%7+&'#! 4#! $%77%5%4+! 5*+&%&'+()#! $%! $2+! $%77+,+('%! %$+*4*<%+! &244#! O2+&'%*(+! $+44#!1,*1,%+'I! 1,%-#'#! +! $+44#! &2#! 72()%*(+! &*5%#4+0! "#! ,%&+,-#! $%! 4+<<+! ,%(-%#! #4! 4+<%&4#'*,+! $%! ',*-#,+! %! 12('%! $%!+O2%4%3,%*!',#!4#!1,*1,%+'I!1,%-#'#!+!<4%!%('+,+&&%!<+(+,#4%0!!"s#,'0!ec!,+<*4#!#(5H+! 4sT:C@BC@?Km?BPTG!t4#!1,*1,%+'I!1,%-#'#!12b!+&&+,+G!(+%!5#&%!1,+-%&'%!$#44#! 4+<<+G!+!&#4-*!%($+((%))*G!+&1,*1,%#'#!1+,!9*'%-%!$%! %('+,+&&+!<+(+,#4+k0!T&&#!N!2(#!9#(%7+&'#)%*(+!$+44#!1,+-#4+()#!$+44s%('+,+&&+!12334%5*!&2!O2+44*!1,%-#'*0!=2+&'#!'+9#'%5#!N!*<<+''*!$+4!$%,%''*!#99%(%&',#'%-*0!!

14.7.6. Il mercato nella Costituzione !"*! :'#'*! 4%3+,#4+! +! 4*! :'#'*! $%! $+9*5,#)%#! 142,#4%&'#! &'*,%5#9+('+! &*(*! &'#'%! #55*11%#'%! #44s+&%&'+()#! $%!2(s+5*(*9%#! $%! 9+,5#'*0! "*! :'#'*! &*5%#4+! N! %('+,-+(2'*! 5*,,+<<+($*! +! 5*91+(&#($*! %4! 9+,5#'*G! 1+,!,#<<%2(<+,+!7%(#4%'I!&*5%#4%!*!1+,!5*(',#&'#,+!5,%&%!+5*(*9%5H+G!$#($*!42*<*!#$!2(s+5*(*9%#!9%&'#0!?(!52%! %4!,2*4*!$+44*!:'#'*!&%!N!1,*<,+&&%-#9+('+!+&'+&*!#'',#-+,&*!-#,%!&',29+('%0!!K'',#-+,&*! 4s%(&%+9+! $%! O2+&'%! &',29+('%! &%! N! #77+,9#'*! #49+(*! 7%(*! #<4%! sWg! %4! >?@?d?:\B! TFBPB\?FB!&+5*($*!52%!4*!:'#'*!$+-+!%('+,-+(%,+!(+44s+5*(*9%#!*,%+('#($*4#!+!$%,%<+($*4#!1+,!%4!5*(&+<2%9+('*!$+%!&2*%!*3%+''%-%!1*4%'%5%!+!&*5%#4%0!!:+5*($*!#452(%! %('+,1,+'%! 4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!+5*(*9%5#!&%! %91+,(%+,+33+!&24!1,%(5%1%*!$+4!$%,%<%&9*!+5*(*9%5*G!-*4'*!#!,#<<%2(<+,+!%!7%(%!&*5%#4%!1,+&5+4'%!$#4!4+<%&4#'*,+0!:+<2+($*!O2+&'#!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+G!4#!12334%5%))#)%*(+!$+44s+5*(*9%#! %'#4%#(#! 5*&'%'2%,+33+! 4#! 5*+,+('+! #''2#)%*(+! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+0! :+! O2+&'#! *1%(%*(+! 7*&&+!7*($#'#G!%4!A,#''#'*!DT!&#,+33+!%(!5*(74%''*!5*(!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!\#!(*(!N!5*&l0!!

14.7.7. Il mercato nel trattato CE !?4!A,#''#'*!FTG!(+44s%($%-%$2#,+!%!5*91%'%!$+44#!F*92(%'IG!+&*,$%&5+!#77+,9#($*!5H+!+&&%!,+#4%))#(*!t9+$%#('+!4s%(&'#2,#)%*(+!$%!2(!9+,5#'*!5*92(+k!.#,'0!c6!+!5H+! 4s#)%*(+!$+44#!F*92(%'I!5*91*,'#! 4#!5,+#)%*(+!$%! t2(!9+,5#'*! %('+,(*! 5#,#''+,%))#'*! $#44s+4%9%(#)%*(+G! 7,#! <4%! :'#'%!9+93,%G! $+<4%! *&'#5*4%! #44#! 4%3+,#! 5%,5*4#)%*(+!$+44+!9+,5%G!$+44+!1+,&*(+G!$+%!&+,-%)%!+!$+%!5#1%'#4%k0!!K44#! 5,+#)%*(+! $%! 2(!9+,5#'*! 2(%5*! +2,*1+*! &%! N! <%2('%! 2'%4%))#($*! ^! &',29+('%! 1,+-%&'%! $#%! A,#''#'%L! U6! 4#!4%3+,'I!$%!5%,5*4#)%*(+!$+44+!9+,5%G!$+%!4#-*,#'*,%G!$+%!&+,-%)%!+!$+%!5#1%'#4%M!c6!%4!$%-%+'*!$+<4%!#%2'%!7%(#()%#,%M!^6!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44#!5*(5*,,+()#0!!\#! %4! $%,%''*! 5*92(%'#,%*! (*(! &%! 4%9%'#! #! <#,#('%,+! 2(! 9+,5#'*! 2(%5*G! 3#&#'*! &24! 1,%(5%1%*! $+44#! 4%3+,'I! $%!5*(5*,,+()#G!9#!H#!1*&'*!4+!1,+9+&&+!<%2,%$%5H+!1+,!4#!$,#&'%5#!,%$2)%*(+G!&+!(*(!1,*1,%*!4s+4%9%(#)%*(+G!$+%!9*(*1*4%!12334%5%!*!4+<#'%!#!$%,%''%!$%!+&542&%-#0!!?4!9+,5#'*!2(%5*!N!&'#'*!5*914+'#'*!$#44#!5,+#)%*(+!$%!2(#!9*(+'#!2(%5#!.+2,*6G!(*(5H`!$#44#!$+7%(%)%*(+!+!$#44#! 5*($2)%*(+! $%! 2(#! 1*4%'%5#! 9*(+'#,%#! +! $%! 2(#! 1*4%'%5#! $+4! 5#93%*! 2(%5H+! <+&'%'+! $%,+''#9+('+! $#!%&'%'2)%*(%! 5*92(%'#,%+G! %4! :%&'+9#! +2,*1+*! $%! 3#(5H+! 5+(',#4%! .:TEF6! %($%1+($+('+! &%#! $#44+! %&'%'2)%*(%!(#)%*(#4%!5H+!$#!O2+44+!5*92(%'#,%+0!!"#!1*4%'%5#!9*(+'#,%#!+!4#!1*4%'%5#!$+4!5#93%*!$+-*(*!#-+,+!4s*3%+''%-*!1,%(5%1#4+!$%!9#('+(+,+!4#!&'#3%4%'I!$+%!1,+))%! +! $%! &*&'+(+,+! 4+! 1*4%'%5H+! +5*(*9%5H+! <+(+,#4%! $+44#! F*92(%'I! 5*(7*,9+9+('+! ! #4! 1,%(5%1%*! $%!2(s+5*(*9%#!$%!9+,5#'*!+$!%(!4%3+,#!5*(5*,,+()#0!!

14.7.8. La rilettura della Costituzione economica !E+(5H`! &%#! *1%(%*(+! 5*92(+! 5H+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! +5*(*9%5#! &%#! &'#'#! &-2*'#'#! $#4! A,#''#'*! +2,*1+*G! N!(+5+&&#,%*!,%5*,$#,+!5H+L!#6 4#!<#,#()%#!$+44s%(%)%#'%-#!+5*(*9%5#!1,%-#'#!.#,'0!eU0U6!5*91,+($+!%4!142,#4%&9*!5*91+'%'%-*M!36 O2%($%! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 12b! +&&+,+! 4+''#! (+4! &+(&*! $+44#! '2'+4#! $+44#! 5*(5*,,+()#G! 5*&l! 5*9+! %4!9*(*1*4%*!12334%5*!.#,'0!e^6!&%#!2(#!1*&&%3%4%'I!$#!+&+,5%'#,+!O2#4*,#!%91+,5*,,%3%4%!#4',+!-%+M!

56 %!&+,-%)%!12334%5%!+&&+()%#4%!.#,'0!e^6!&2%!O2#4%!4#!4+<<+!12b!5,+#,+!2(!$%,%''*!$%!+&542&%-#!$+-*(*!+&&+,+!%('+&%!%(!&+(&*!,+&',%''%-*M!

$6 %! 1,*<,#99%! +! %! 5*(',*44%! &244s%(%)%#'%-#! +5*(*9%5#! .#,'0! eU6! -#((*! 5*(&%$+,#'%! &',29+('#4%! #4!,#<<%2(<%9+('*!$%!7%(%!&*5%#4%G!#(5H+!#'',#-+,&*!4#!<#,#()%#!$+4!5*(',*44*!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+M!

!=2#('*!#44#!<%2,%&1,2$+()#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!12b!*&&+,-#,&%!5H+!<%I!(+4!UYWc!4#!F*,'+!H#!#77+,9#'*!5H+!4#!4%3+,'I!$%! 5*(5*,,+()#! t%('+<,#! 4#! 4%3+,'I! $%! %(%)%#'%-#! +5*(*9%5#k! 5H+! &1+''#! (+44#! &'+&&#! 9%&2,#! #! '2''%! <4%!%91,+($%'*,%G! +$! N! $%,+''#! t#44#! 1,*'+)%*(+! $+44#! 5*44+''%-%'Ik! %(! O2#('*! 4s+&%&'+()#! $%! 2(#! 142,#4%'I! $%!%91,+($%'*,%!%(!5*(5*,,+()#!',#!4*,*!<%*-#!#!9%<4%*,#,+!4#!O2#4%'I!$+%!1,*$*''%!+$!#!5*('+(+,+!%!5*&'%0!!

14.7.9. Le autorità amministrative indipendenti !"#!'+($+()#!#!,%5*($2,,+!4+!#''%-%'I!+5*(*9%5H+!#%!&*<<+''%!1,%-#'%!+$!#!,+#4%))#,+!2(!9+,5#'*!5*(5*,,+()%#4+G!%(! #''2#)%*(+! $+%! -#4*,%! 5*92(%'#,%G! &'#! #44#! 3#&+! $+44s%&'%'2)%*(+! $+44+! 5*&%$$+''+! KDAB@?AKs!K\\?P?:A@KA?JT!?P>?CTP>TPA?0!F*(!O2+&'#!7*,924#!&%!5*91,+($*(*!#452(+!%&'%'2)%*(%!5H+L!#6 &*(*!%($%1+($+('%!,%&1+''*!#4!d*-+,(*!+$!#4!&2*!%($%,%))*!1*4%'%5*M!36 &-*4<*(*!72()%*(%!$%!5*(',*44*!+!$%!#,3%',#<<%*!%(!5+,'%!&+''*,%!+5*(*9%5%M!56 &+,-*(*!#!<#,#('%,+! 4s*&&+,-#()#!$%! ,+<*4+!<+(+,#49+('+! ,%5*($25%3%4%! #! -#4*,%! 5*92(%'#,%G! %(!1,%9*!42*<*!#!O2+44*!$+44#!,+#4%))#)%*(+!$%!2(!9+,5#'*!5*(5*,,+()%#4+M!

!"*!:'#'*!$#!t%91,+($%'*,+k!&%!',#&7*,9#!%(!t,+<*4#'*,+kG!5H+!%(!#''2#)%*(+!$+%!1,%(5%1%!+!-#4*,%!5*92(%'#,%!7%&&#!4+!,+<*4+!4%9%'#',%5%!$+44s%(%)%#'%-#!+5*(*9%5#!#!'2'+4#!$+<4%!%('+,+&&%!5*44+''%-%0!C+,'#('*!%!'%'*4#,%!$%!'#4%!#2'*,%'I!(*(! &*(*!(*9%(#'%! $#4!d*-+,(*!+!$2,#(*! %(! 5#,%5#!1+,!2(!1+,%*$*!1,+$+'+,9%(#'*!+!H#((*!<#,#('%'#! 2(#!,+',%32)%*(+!+4+-#'#0!A#4%!#2'*,%'IG!12,!(*(!#11#,'+(+($*!#44#!<%2,%&$%)%*(+!(+!&+<2*(*!&1+&&*!%!9*$24%G!+! %!4*,*!#''%!&*(*!&*''*1*&'%!#!5*(',*44*!$#!1#,'+!$+<4%!*,<#(%!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4%0!!"sK('%',2&'! N! 2(! *,<#(*! 5*44+<%#4+! 5*&'%'2%'*! $#4! C,+&%$+('+! +! $#! e! 9+93,%! (*9%(#'%! 5*(! $+'+,9%(#)%*(+!#$*''#'#!$s%('+&#!$#%!C,+&%$+('%!$%!F#9+,#!+!:+(#'*0!"sK2'*,%'I!H#!%4!5*91%'*!$%!<#,#('%,+!%4!$%,%''*!$%!%(%)%#'%-#!+5*(*9%5#G! 5*(',*! O2+%! 5*91*,'#9+('%! $+44+! %91,+&+! 5H+! 1,*$25*(*! 2(#! 4%9%'#)%*(+! $+44#! 5*(5*,,+()#0! ?!5*91*,'#9+('%!-%+'#'%!&*(*!&'#3%4%'%!$#44#!4+<<+!+!,%&1*($*(*!#44#!&+<2+('+!'%1*4*<%#L!#6 %('+&+!,+&',%''%-+!$+44#!4%3+,'I!$%!5*(5*,,+()#M!36 #32&*!$%!1*&%)%*(+!$*9%(#('+!$+4!9+,5#'*M!56 *1+,#)%*(%!$%!5*(5+(',#)%*(+!,+&',%''%-+!$+44#!4%3+,'I!$%!5*(5*,,+()#M!

!K44sK2'*,%'I!<#,#('+!$+44#!5*(5*,,+()#!&%!#<<%2(<*(*!#4',+!7%<2,+!5*(!1*'+,+!,+<*4#9+('#,+!5*9+!4#!FBP:BE0!!

14.8. I diritti nella sfera politica !C*4%'%5%! &*(*! %!$%,%''%! ,%5*(*&5%2'%!#%! 5%''#$%(%!$%!1#,'+5%1#,+!#44#!-%'#!1*4%'%5#!+!#44#! 7*,9#)%*(+!$+44+!$+5%&%*(%!12334%5H+0! K'',#-+,&*! $%! +&&%! &%! ,+#4%))#! %4! 1,%(5%1%*! $+44#! &*-,#(%'I! 1*1*4#,+G! +(2(5%#'*! $#44s#,'0! U0c! $+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0! =2+&'#! $%&1*&%)%*(+! ,%5H%#9#! 4+! #4',+! (*,9+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! 5H+! 7%&&#(*! t7*,9+k! +! t4%9%'%k!$+44s+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!&*-,#(%'I!$#!1#,'+!$+4!1*1*4*L!*&&%#!%!>?@?AA?!CB"?A?F?!+4+(5#'%!(+<4%!#''0!eWS]U0!!"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%&+,-#! O2+&'%! $%,%''%! #%! &*4%! 5%''#$%(%G! 4+<#($*! 4#! '%'*4#,%'I! $+%! $%,%''%! 1*4%'%5%! #44*! &'#'2&! $%!9+93,*!$+44#!5*44+''%-%'I0!?!$%,%''%!1*4%'%5%!&%!1*&&*(*!1+,$+,+G!5*9+!5*(&+<2+()#!$+44#!1+,$%'#!$+44#!5#1#5%'I!$%!#<%,+!.%(7+,9%'I!9+('#4+!1+,!+&+91%*6!*112,+!%(!&+<2%'*!#$!2(#!5*($#((#!1+,!<,#-%!,+#'%0!!

"s?PAT>?m?BPT!>K?!CDEE"?F?!DXX?F?G!5H+!5*91,+($+!',#!4s#4',*!4#!1+,$%'#!$+44s+4+''*,#'*!#''%-*!+!1#&&%-*!+!$%! *<(%! %(5#,%5*! 12334%5*G! N! 2(#! 1+(#! #55+&&*,%#! 5H+! #55*91#<(#! 4+! 5*($#((+! 1%[! <,#-%0! ?(*4',+! 2(#!:B:CTP:?BPT!>T?!>?@?AA?!CB"?A?F?!N!1,+-%&'#!1+,!%!7#44%'%!+!%!&*''*1*&'%!#!9%&2,+!$%!1,+-+()%*(+G!#!4%3+,'I!-%<%4#'#!*!&%9%4%0!!

14.9. I doveri costituzionali !

14.9.1. I doveri dei cittadini !"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 5*('%+(+! -#,%! ,%7+,%9+('%! #%! $*-+,%! $+%! 5%''#$%(%G! 9#! 1+,! 4*! 1%[! &%! ',#''#! $%! 1,%(5%1%! (*(!7#5%49+('+!',#$25%3%4%!%(!,+<*4+!$%!5*91*,'#9+('*0!>%77%5%4+!N!#(5H+!4s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+4!$*-+,+!$%!7+$+4'I!#44#!@+12334%5#!1,+-%&'*!$#44s#,'0!]e0U0!=2%($%!%!$*-+,%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!&%!,%$25*(*!+&&+()%#49+('+!#!$2+L!%4!>BJT@T!>?!>?XT:K!>T""K!CKA@?K!.#,'0!]c0U6!+!%4!>BJT@T!>?!CKdK@T!"T!AK::T!.#,'0!]^0U60!

!

15. L’amministrazione della giustizia !

15.1. Giudici ordinari e giudici speciali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d?D>?F?! B@>?PK@?! #99%(%&',#(*! 4#! <%2&'%)%#! 5%-%4+! +! 1+(#4+! #'',#-+,&*! *,<#(%! <%2$%5#('%! +! *,<#(%!,+O2%,+('%0!d4%!B@dKP?!d?D>?FKPA?!F?J?"?!&%!$%-%$*(*!%(!*,<#(%!$%!1,%9*!<,#$*!.<%2$%5+!$%!1#5+!+!',%32(#4+6!+! $%! &+5*($*!<,#$*! .5*,'+! $s#11+44*60! K(5H+! ',#! <4%!B@dKP?!d?D>?FKPA?! CTPK"?! -%! &*(*! *,<#(%! $%! 1,%9*!<,#$*!+!*,<#(%!$%!&+5*($*!<,#$*0!!d4%!B@dKP?!@T=D?@TPA?!&*(*! %!CDEE"?F?!\?P?:AT@?!.C\6G!5H+!+&+,5%'#(*! 4s#)%*(+!1+(#4+!+!#<%&5*(*!(+4!1,*5+&&*!#!52,#!$%!%('+,+&&%!12334%5%0!"sBEE"?dB!>T""sKm?BPT!CTPK"T!.#,'0!UUc!F*&'%'2)%*(+6!&%<(%7%5#!5H+!%4!C\!(*(!12b!$%&5,+)%*(#49+('+!#--%#,+!*!(*(!#--%#,+!4#!1,*1,%#!#)%*(+!#!&+5*($#!$+4!5,%9%(+G!9#!N!'+(2'*!#$!%(',#1,+($+,+!4#!&2#!#)%*(+!&+91,+!+!5*92(O2+!%(!1,+&+()#!$%!2(#!(*'%)%#!5,%9%(%&0!!?! d?D>?F?! K\\?P?:A@KA?J?! &*(*! %! ',%32(#4%! #99%(%&',#'%-%! ,+<%*(#4%G! %&'%'2%'%! 2(*! %(! 5%#&52(#! @+<%*(+! +$!+-+('2#49+('+!#,'%5*4#'%!%(!&+)%*(%G!+!%4!F*(&%<4%*!$%!:'#'*0!F*&l!#4!<%2$%5+!*,$%(#,%*!&1+''#(*!4+!5*(',*-+,&%+!%(!9#'+,%#!$%!$%,%''%!&*<<+''%-%G!#4!<%2$%5+!#99%(%&',#'%-*!%(!9#'+,%#!$%!%('+,+&&%!4+<%''%9%0!!?4!FBP:?d"?B!>?!:AKAB!#&&*99#!#!&`!*4',+!#%!1*'+,%!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4%!.<%2$%5+!$s#11+44*!#99%(%&',#'%-*6!#(5H+!1*'+,%!5*(&24'%-%0!!"#!FB@AT!>T?!FBPA?!*1+,#!#'',#-+,&*!&+)%*(%!,+<%*(#4%!+!5+(',#4%0!"#!F*,'+!$+%!5*('%!+&+,5%'#!4#!<%2,%&$%)%*(+!%(!'+9#!$%!,+&1*(&#3%4%'I!$+%!12334%5%!#99%(%&',#'*,%!O2#4*,#!#33%#(*!,+5#'*!2(!$#((*!+5*(*9%5*!#%!&*<<+''%!12334%5%!$#%!O2#4%!$%1+($*(*0!!?! d?D>?F?! A@?EDAK@?! +&+,5%'#(*! 4#! <%2,%&$%)%*(+! (+44+! 5*(',*-+,&%+! 7,#! %! 5%''#$%(%! +! 4s#99%(%&',#)%*(+!7%(#()%#,%#!$+44*!:'#'*0!?!d?D>?F?!\?"?AK@?!+&+,5%'#(*!4#!<%2,%&$%)%*(+!&+5*($*!O2#('*!&'#3%4%'*!$#44#!4+<<+0!?(!'+91*!$%!1#5+G!&2%!,+#'%!5*99+&&%!$#<4%!#11#,'+(+('%!#44+!7*,)+!#,9#'+0!!

15.2. Principi costituzionali in tema di giurisdizione !

15.2.1. Principio di precostituzione del giudice !"#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 1*(+! #452(%! 1,%(5%1%! 7*($#9+('#4%! %(! '+9#! $%! <%2,%&$%)%*(+0! ?(! 1,%9*! 42*<*G! %4! C@?PF?C?B!>T""K!C@TFB:A?ADm?BPT!>T"!d?D>?FT!.$+''*!#(5H+!C@?PF?C?B!>T"!d?D>?FT!PKAD@K"T6L!t(+&&2(*!12b!+&&+,+!$%&'*4'*!$#4!<%2$%5+!(#'2,#4+!1,+5*&'%'2%'*!1+,!4+<<+k!.#,'0!c]!F*&'%'2)%*(+60!!T! 12,+! 1*&'*! %4! $%-%+'*! $%! %&'%'2%'+! d?D>?F?! :CTF?K"?G! 5%*N! *,<#(%! 5H+! &*(*! 7*,9#'%! 72*,%! $#44s*,$%(#9+('*!<%2$%)%#,%*! .#,'0! Ugc60!C*,'#'#!<+(+,#4+!H#((*! 4+!$%&1*&%)%*(%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%! 5H+!-*<4%*(*!5H+! 4#!<%2&'%)%#!&%#!#99%(%&',#'#! %(! (*9+! $+4! 1*1*4*! .#,'0! UgU6G! 5H+! %99#<%(#(*! 2(#! 1#,'+5%1#)%*(+! 1*1*4#,+! $+44#! &'+&&#!<%2,%&$%)%*(+!.#,'0!Ugc0^6G!5H+!%91*(<*(*!#4!<%2$%5+!4#!&*4#!&*<<+)%*(+!#44#!4+<<+!.#,'0!UgU0U6!&'#3%4+($*!5H+!4#! $%&5%14%(#! $+44s*,$%(#9+('*! <%2$%)%#,%*! &%#! ,%9+&&#! #44#! 5*91+'+()#! $+44#! 4+<<+G! +! 5H+! &+91,+! 4#! 4+<<+!#&&%52,%!4s%($%1+($+()#!$+44+!<%2,%&$%)%*(%!&1+5%#4%!+!$+4!C\!.#,'0!UgW60!!

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15.2.1. Diritto di difesa e giusto processo !"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!<#,#('%&5+!%4!$%,%''*!$%!#<%,+!%(!<%2$%)%*!1+,!4#!'2'+4#!$+%!1,*1,%!%('+,+&&%!+!%('+,+&&%!4+<%''%9%!+!#77+,9#!5H+! 4#!$%7+&#!N! t2(!$%,%''*! %(-%*4#3%4+! %(! *<(%! &'#'*!+!<,#$*!$+4!1,*5+$%9+('*k! .#,'0! ce60! "#! '2'+4#!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+!$%!$%,%''%!+!%('+,+&&%!4+<%''%9%!N!#)%*(#3%4+!&%#!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$%!&*<<+''%!1,%-#'%!5H+!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$+44*!:'#'*!+!$%!#4',%!+('%!12334%5%!.#,'0!UU^60!!"#! <#,#()%#! $+4! >?@?AAB! >?! >?XT:KG! 2(%'#9+('+! #4! 1,%(5%1%*! $+4! <%2$%5+! (#'2,#4+! 1,+5*&'%'2%'*! 1+,! 4+<<+!$*-,+33+!7*($#,+!4#!(+5+&&%'I!5H+!%4!1,*5+&&*!&%!5#,#''+,%))%L!U6 1+,!%4!FBPA@K>>?AB@?B!7,#!4+!1#,'%G!%4!O2#4+!+&%<+!5H+!-%!&%#!2(!5*(7,*('*!$%#4+''%5*!1#,%'#,%*!',#!4+!1#,'%!1,*5+&&2#4%!42(<*!4*!&-*4<%9+('*!$%!'2''+!4+!7#&%M!

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15.3. Lo status giuridico dei magistrati ordinari

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15.3.4. Il Ministro della giustizia !C,%9#! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+4! UYeWG! %4! 9%(%&',*! $%! <,#)%+! +! <%2&'%)%#! #-+-#! ,%4+-#('%! 1*'+,%! %(! 9#'+,%#! $%!*,$%(#9+('*! <%2$%)%#,%*G! $%! &'#'2&G! $%! 5#,,%+,#! +! 5%b! 1,+<%2$%5#-#! 4s#2'*(*9%#! +! 4s%($%1+($+()#! $+44#!9#<%&',#'2,#0!"#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!$+4!UYeW!&+<(#!2(#!&-*4'#!7*($#9+('#4+!1+,5H`!&1*&'#!%(!5#1*!#4!F:\!4#!<,#(!1#,'+!$%!O2+&'%!1*'+,%0!B,9#%!%4!\%(%&',*!$+44#!<%2&'%)%#!&%!4%9%'#!#L!

U6 52,#,+!4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!+!%4!72()%*(#9+('*!$+%!&+,-%)%!,+4#'%-%!#44#!<%2&'%)%#!.#,'0!UUg6M!c6 1,*92*-+,+!4s#)%*(+!$%&5%14%(#,+M!^6 1#,'+5%1#,+!#4!1,*5+$%9+('*!$%! 5*(7+,%9+('*!$+<4%!DXX?F?!>?@TAA?J?! %(&%+9+!#4!F:\!&244#!3#&+!$%!2(#!4+#4+!5*44#3*,#)%*(+M!

e6 +&+,5%'#,+!1*'+,%!$%!&*,-+<4%#()#!+$!#''%-%'I!%&1+''%-+!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$+<4%!277%5%!<%2$%)%#,%M!

!

16. Giustizia costituzionale !

16.1. Che cos’è la giustizia costituzionale !

16.1.1. Definizioni !C+,! d?D:A?m?K! FB:A?ADmBPK"T! &s%('+($+! 2(! &%&'+9#! $%! 5*(',*44*! <%2,%&$%)%*(#4+! $+4! ,%&1+''*! $+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!"#!<%2&'%)%#!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!N! 4#!1,%(5%1#4+!<#,#()%#!$+44#!,%<%$%'I!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+L!5*(&+('+!$%!,+#<%,+! #! $+'+,9%(#'+! %(7,#)%*(%! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%-*4<+($*&%! %(! $+'+,9%(#'%! 9*$%! #$! 2(! $+'+,9%(#'*!<%2$%5+0!!

16.1.2. Il modello italiano !?4! 9*$+44*! %'#4%#(*! $%! <%2&'%)%#! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! N! 1,+-#4+('+9+('+! *,%+('#'*! -+,&*! 2(! <%2$%)%*! &255+&&%-*G!#55+(',#'*G!#$!#55+&&*!%($%,+''*0!:255+&&%-*!1+,5H`!%(-+&'+!4+<<%!<%I!%(!-%<*,+G!#55+(',#'*!1+,5H`!N!&-*4'*!$#!2(!2(%5*!*,<#(*!u!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!u!+$!%($%,+''*!1+,5H`!%!5%''#$%(%!(*(!1*&&*(*!,%5*,,+,+!$%,+''#9+('+!#44#!F*,'+G!9#!O2+&'#!12b!+&&+,+!%(-+&'%'#!$+4!5#&*!&*4*!$#!2(!<%2$%5+0!F*(!#452(+!+55+)%*(%L!

• +&%&'+! #(5H+! 2(#! 7*,9#! $%! &%($#5#'*! 1,+-+('%-*G! 1+,! +&+91%*! &2<4%! &'#'2'%! ,+<%*(#4%! .1,%9#! $+44#!,%7*,9#! $+4! A%'*4*! J! $+4! cggU! #(5H+! 1+,! '2''+! 4+! 4+<<%! ,+<%*(#4%6! $#! 1#,'+! $+4! d*-+,(*! +! &2%!,+<*4#9+('%!#99%(%&',#'%-%!<*-+,(#'%-%!+!9%(%&'+,%#4%!$#!1#,'+!$+44#!F*,'+!$+%!5*('%M!

• +&%&'+! #(5H+! 4s%&'%'2'*! $+4! &%($#5#'*! $%772&*! &244+! 4+<<%G! 9#! &*4*! 5*9+! &',29+('*! &2&&%$%#,%*! %(!#&&+()#! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! 5H+! $+9#($#! #%! <%2$%5%! *,$%(#,%! 4#! &*42)%*(+! $+44+! 5*(',*-+,&%+!&244s#114%5#)%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%!+!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+M!

• +&%&'+! #(5H+! %4! <%2$%)%*! %(! -%#! $%,+''#G!9#! 5*9+! &',29+('*! ,%&+,-#'*! #44*! :'#'*G! (+%! 5*(7,*('%! $+44#!4+<<+!,+<%*(#4+G!+!#44#!@+<%*(+G!(+%!5*(7,*('%!$+44*!:'#'*!*!$%!2(s#4',#!@+<%*(+0!

!

16.1.3. L’estensione del principio di legalità ai conflitti “politici” !?4! <%2$%)%*! $%! 4+<%''%9%'I! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+44+! 4+<<%! N! 2(*! &',29+('*! #'',#-+,&*! %4! O2#4+! -%+(+! +&'+&#!4s#114%5#)%*(+! $+4! 1,%(5%1%*! $%! 4+<#4%'I! #(5H+! #44#! 72()%*(+! 4+<%&4#'%-#L! (*(! 1%[! &*-,#(#G! 9#! 7*($#'#G!$%&5%14%(#'#!+!4%9%'#'#!$#!2(#!1,+-%#!(*,9#!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!,%<%$#0!"s#,'0!U^e!+4+(5#(*!4+!72()%*(%!,%&+,-#'+!#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!(+!+(29+,#!4+!72()%*(%L!

• &244+! 5*(',*-+,&%+! ,+4#'%-+! #44#! 4+<%''%9%'I! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! $+44+! 4+<<%! +! $+<4%! #''%! 5*(! 7*,)#! $%! 4+<<+G!$+44*!:'#'*!+!$+44+!,+<%*(%!(+44s#93%'*!$+44#!,%&+,-#!$%!4+<<+!1*&'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+M!

• &2%!5*(74%''%!$%!#'',%32)%*(+!',#!%!1*'+,%!$+44*!:'#'*M!• &2%!5*(74%''%!$%!#'',%32)%*(+!',#!4*!:'#'*!+!4+!@+<%*(%!+!',#!4+!@+<%*(%M!• &244+! #552&+! #4! C$@0! C+,! O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#! 4#! ,+&1*(&#3%4%'I! $+%!\%(%&',%G! 5*(! 4#! 4+<<+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!U_UYWY!#(5Hs+&&%!,%&1*($*(*!#44#!9#<%&',#'2,#!*,$%(#,%#!+!(*(!1%[!#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!

• %4!<%2$%)%*!$%!#99%&&%3%4%'I!$+%!,+7+,+($29M!!

16.2. La Corte costituzionale

16.2.1. Composizione !F*9+!,#<<%2(<+,+!4#!(+2',#4%'I!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!,%&1+''*!#4!$%3#''%'*!1*4%'%5*!+!#44+!9#<<%*,#()+!5H+!&%!7*,9#(*!(+4!C#,4#9+('*!*!(+4!1#+&+z!=2+&'*!N!%4!1,*34+9#!5H+!&%!1*(<*(*!'2''+!4+!F*&'%'2)%*(%!9*$+,(+0!"#!,%&1*&'#!12b!+&&+,+L!

• 4#!(+2',#4%'I!N!%((#()%'2''*!,%&1+''*!#44#!1*4%'%5#!%(!<+(+,+0!Ts!O2%($%!(+44#!O2#4%'I!'+5(%5*S<%2,%$%5#!$+4!4*,*! 4#-*,*! 5H+! &%! 7*($#! 4#! 4+<%''%9#)%*(+! $+%! <%2$%5%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0! {! 4#! &'+&&#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! #$!%($%5#,(+! %! ,+O2%&%'%L! t9#<%&',#'%! #(5H+! #! ,%1*&*! $+44+! <%2,%&$%)%*(%! &21+,%*,%! *,$%(#,%#! +!#99%(%&',#'%-#G!%!1,*7+&&*,%!*,$%(#,%!$%!2(%-+,&%'I!%(!9#'+,%+!<%2,%$%5H+!+!<4%!#--*5#'%!$*1*!-+('s#((%!$%!+&+,5%)%*k!.#,'0!U^]0c6M!

• 4#!(+2',#4%'I!$+-+!+&&+,+!#&&%52,#'#!#(5H+!,%&1+''*!#44+!1#,'%!+!O2+&'#!&%!,%&1+55H%#!(+44+!9*$#4%'I!$%!(*9%(#!$+44#!F*,'+0! ?(!d+,9#(%#!9+'I!&*(*!(*9%(#'%!$#44#!F#9+,#!+4+''#!#!&277,#<%*!2(%-+,&#4+!+!9+'I! $#44#! F#9+,#! $+44+! @+<%*(%! ."#($+,6G! (+<4%! :'#'%! D(%'%! &*(*! (*9%(#'%! $#! C,+&%$+('+! 5*(!4s#11,*-#)%*(+!$+4!:+(#'*G!+&1,+&&%*(+!$+<4%!:'#'%!9+93,%0!?(!?'#4%#!%(-+5+!4s*,<#(%))#)%*(+!@+<%*(#4+!(*(! &%! ,%74+''+! (+44#! F*,'+G! 1,%-%4+<%#($*! 4s+O2%4%3,%*! ',#! 1*'+,%! $+44*! :'#'*G! ',#! 9#<<%*,#()#! +!9%(*,#()#0! ?4! &%&'+9#!$%! (*9%(#! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! N! 5*&l! 1,+-%&'*L! #6! ]! $#4! C#,4#9+('*! %(!&+$2'#!5*92(+!#!&5,2'%(%*!&+<,+'*!+!5*(! 4#!9#<<%*,#()#!$%!c_^!$+%!5*91*(+('%0!K4!^v!&5,2'%(%*! 4#!9#<<%*,#()#! (+5+&&#,%#! &5+($+! #%! ^_]! $+%! 5*91*(+('%M! 36! ]! $#4! C$@M! 56! ]! $#44+! &21,+9+!9#<%&',#'2,+! *,$%(#,%#! +! #99%(%&',#'%-#G! $%! 52%! ^! $#44#! F#&&#)%*(+! +$! 2(*! 5%#&52(*! %4! F*(&%<4%*! $%!:'#'*!+!4#!F*,'+!$+%!5*('%M!

• 4#!(+2',#4%'I!N!#(5H+!-+,&*!%('+,+&&%!&%#!12334%5%!5H+!1,%-#'%0!P+<4%!:'#'%!D(%'%!4#!5#,%5#!$%!<%2$%5+!$+44#!F*,'+! &21,+9#! N! -%'#4%)%#G! %(! ?'#4%#! %! <%2$%5%! $2,#(*! %(! 5#,%5#! Y! #((%! +! %4! 4*,*! 9#($#'*! (*(! N!,%((*-#3%4+G!&*(*!&*<<+''%!#!2(#!&+-+,*!,+<%9+!$%!%(5*91#'%3%4%'I!5H+!,%<2#,$#!#(5H+!4#!1,*7+&&%*(+!+!(*(!1*&&*(*!&-*4<+,+!#''%-%'I!%(+,+('+!#$!2(#!#&&*5%#)%*(+!*!1#,'%'*!1*4%'%5*0!

!

16.2.2. Status del giudice costituzionale e prerogative della Corte !@%55*! N! %4! 5*914+&&*! $%! <#,#()%+! #'',#-+,&*! %4! O2#4+! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! +! 4+! 4+<<%! 5+,5#(*! $%! #&&%52,#,+! 4#!(+2',#4%'I!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+!$+%!&2*%!<%2$%5%L!#6 %992(%'I! +! %91,*5+$%3%4%'IL! t%! <%2$%5%! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! (*(! &*(*! &%($#5#3%4%G! (`! 1*&&*(*!+&&+,+! 1+,&+<2%'%! 1+,! 4+! *1%(%*(%! +&1,+&&+! +! %! -*'%! $#'%! (+44s+&+,5%)%*! $+44+! 4*,*! 72()%*(%k! +! %(*4',+!<*$*(*!$+44#!&'+&&#!%992(%'I!1+,&*(#4+!$+%!1#,4#9+('#,%M!

36 %(#9*-%3%4%'IL! %! <%2$%5%! $+44#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! (*(! 1*&&*(*! +&&+,+! ,%9*&&%! (+! &*&1+&%! $#4! 4*,*!277%5%*! &+! (*(! #! &+<2%'*! $%! 2(#! $+4%3+,#)%*(+! $+44#! &'+&&#!F*,'+G! 1,+&#! #!9#<<%*,#()#! $+%! c_^! $+%!1,+&+('%G!*!1+,!&*1,#--+(2'#! %(5#1#5%'I!*!#(5*,#!1+,! %4!9#(5#'*!&-*4<%9+('*!$+44+! 72()%*(%!1+,!&+%!9+&%M!

56 5*(-#4%$#!$+44+!(*9%(+L! &1+''#!#44#! &'+&&#!F*,'+! 5*(!$+4%3+,#!#!9#<<%*,#()#!#&&*42'#! 4#! 5*(-#4%$#!$+44#!(*9%(#!$+%!&2*%!9+93,%M!

$6 ',#''#9+('*!+5*(*9%5*L!#49+(*!1#,%!$+4!9#&&%9*!<,#$*!$+44#!9#<%&',#'2,#!*,$%(#,%#!5*(!4#!<#,#()%#!$+4!,+%(&+,%9+('*!(+44s#''%-%'I!1,*7+&&%*(#4+!#4!'+,9%(+!$+4!9#($#'*M!

+6 #2'*(*9%#! 7%(#()%#,%#! +! (*,9#'%-#L! 4#! F*,'+! #99%(%&',#! 2(! 1,*1,%*! 3%4#(5%*! +! #452(%! &',29+('%!(*,9#'%-%!1+,!,+<*4#,+!%4!1,*1,%*!72()%*(#9+('*M!

76 #2'*$%5H%#L!5*91+'+()#!+&542&%-#!(+4!<%2$%)%*!$+%!,%5*,&%!%(!9#'+,%#!$%!%91%+<*!$+%!1,*1,%!$%1+($+('%M!!

16.2.3. Funzionamento !?! <%2$%5%! $+44#! F*,'+! $2,#(*! %(! 5#,%5#! Y! #((%! +! %4! ,%((*-*! $+44#! F*,'+! N! <,#$2#4+0! ?4!9#($#'*! H#! %(%)%*! $#4!<%2,#9+('*!+!(*(!12b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

• 7%&&#,+!%4!,2*4*!$+44+!2$%+()+!+!$+44+!#$2(#()+!%(!5#9+,#!$%!5*(&%<4%*!+!$%!5*(-*5#,+!4#!F*,'+M!• $+&%<(#,+!%4!<%2$%5+!%(5#,%5#'*!$+44s%&',2)%*(+!$+44#!5#2&#!+!%(',*$2,4#!$%!7,*('+!#44#!F*,'+M!• $+&%<(#,+! %4!<%2$%5+! %(5#,%5#'*!$%! ,+$%<+,+! %4!1,*<+''*!$%!9*'%-#)%*(+!$+44#!$+5%&%*(+G!5H+!$*-,I!1*%!+&&+,+!#11,*-#'*!$#44#!F*,'+M!

• 1,+&%+$+,+!%4!5*44+<%*!<%2$%5#('+!+!$%,%<+,(+!%!4#-*,%M!• -*'#,+!1+,!24'%9*!+$!+&1,%9+,+!%4!-*'*!$+5%&%-*!%(!5#&*!$%!1#,%'IM!

!

"+!$+5%&%*(%!5H+!4#!F*,'+!+9#(#!&*(*!$%!$2+!'%1%L!&+('+()+!+!*,$%(#()+0!"#!F*,'+!<%2$%5#!%(!-%#!$+7%(%'%-#!5*(!&+('+()#0!A2''%!<4%!#4',%!1,*--+$%9+('%!$%!&2#!5*91+'+()#!&*(*!#$*''#'%!5*(!*,$%(#()#k0!!

16.3. Il controllo di costituzionalità delle leggi

16.3.1. Atti sindacabili !"#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!<%2$%5#!t&244+!5*(',*-+,&%+!,+4#'%-+!#44#!4+<%''%9%'I!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+44+!4+<<%!+!$+<4%!#''%G!#-+('%!7*,)#!$%!4+<<+G!$+44*!:'#'*!+!$+44+!@+<%*(%k!.#,'0U^e0U60!=2+&'#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!#11#,+('+9+('+!5H%#,#!H#!1*&'*!#452(%!$+4%5#'%!1,*34+9%!%('+,1,+'#'%-%L!#6 %((#()%'2''*!5H+!5*&#!&%!%('+($#!1+,!4+<<+L!&+!&*4*!4+!7*('%!1,%9#,%+!*!#(5H+!4+!4+<<%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!"#!F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! H#! 5H%#,%'*! 5H+! 4s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+! 5*,,+''#!N!O2+44#! 5H+! ,%5*91,+($+!(+44s#93%'*!$+44#! &2#! <%2,%&$%)%*(+! 4+! 7*('%! 1,%9#,%+! +! O2+44+! #(5H+! <+,#,5H%5#9+('+! &21+,%*,%G! &%#! 1+,! O2#('*!5*(5+,(+('+!J?m?!XB@\K"?!5H+!\KAT@?K"?M!

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!

16.3.2 Il parametro del giudizio !C+,!CK@K\TA@B!$%!<%2$%)%*!&s%('+($+!%4!'+,9%(+!$%!5*(7,*('*!%91%+<#'*!(+4!<%2$%5#,+!4#!4+<%''%9%'I!$+<4%!#''%!4+<%&4#'%-%0!?4!1#,#9+',*!N!$#'*!%(!1,%9*!42*<*!$#44+!$%&1*&%)%*(%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!+!$+44+!4+<<%!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%G!+!1*%!$#44+!7*('%!&23S5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!O2#4%!4+!4+<<%!O2#$,*!*!4#!4+<%&4#)%*(+!(#)%*(#4+!,%&1+''*!#!O2+44#!,+<%*(#4+0!!:%!1#,4#!%(-+5+!$%!CK@K\TA@B!?PAT@CB:AB!O2#($*!&%!7#!,%7+,%9+('*!#44+!7*('%!+&'+,(+!#44s*,$%(#9+('*G!5H+!(*(! H#((*! ,#(<*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! 9#! 4#! 52%! -%*4#)%*(+! 5*91*,'#! %914%5%'#9+('+! 4#! -%*4#)%*(+! $%! (*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%0!!

16.3.3. Giudizio incidentale !"s#,'0! U^V! $+44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! ,%9#($#! #$!2(#! 4+<<+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 4#! $+'+,9%(#)%*(+! $+44+! 5*($%)%*(%G! $+44+!7*,9+G!$+%!'+,9%(%!$%!1,*1*(%3%4%'I!$+%!<%2$%)%!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+!#$!2(#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!4#!$%&5%14%(#!$+44#!5*&'%'2)%*(+!+!$+4!72()%*(#9+('*!$+44#!F*,'+0!!Ts!$+''*!d?D>?m?B!?P!J?K!?PF?>TPAK"T!%(!O2#('*!4#!O2+&'%*(+!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!&*,<+!(+4!5*,&*!$%!2(!1,*5+$%9+('*!<%2$%)%#,%*!.d?D>?m?B!C@?PF?CK"T!*!K!=DB6G!5*9+!%(5%$+('+!1,*5+&&2#4+!5H+!5*91*,'#!4#!&*&1+(&%*(+!$+4!<%2$%)%*!+!4#!,+9%&&%*(+!$+44#!O2+&'%*(+!$%!4+<%''%9%'I!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!{!2(!<%2$%)%*!&255+&&%-*!+!5*(5,+'*G!1+,5H`! 4#! 4+<<+!-%+(+! %(!,%4%+-*!#4!1,+&211*&'%G!N!'+(2'*!#!&*44+-#,+! 4#!O2+&'%*(+!$%(#()%!#44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G!(`!4+!1#,'%!1*&&*(*!*11*,&%0!!"s#,'0! U! $+44#! 4+<<+! 5*&'0! U_UYeW! +! 4s#,'0! c^! $+44#! 4+<<+! WV_UY]^! 1,+-+$*(*! 5H+! 4#! =DT:A?BPT! >?!"Td?AA?\?AKs!FB:A?ADm?BPK"T!$+33#!+&&+,+!&*44+-#'#!t(+4!5*,&*!$%!2(!<%2$%)%*k!+!t$%(#()%!#$!2(#!#2'*,%'I!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+k0!?4!<%2$%5+!$+-+!-+,%7%5#,+!4#!&2&&%&'+()#!$%!c!,+O2%&%'%L!#6 5H+! 4#!O2+&'%*(+!&%#!,%4+-#('+!1+,! 4#!,%&*42)%*(+!$+4!<%2$%)%*! %(!5*,&*0!"#!@?"TJKPmK!5*(&%&'+! %(!2(!4+<#9+! $%! &',29+('#4%'IG! $%! C@Td?D>?m?K"?AKsG! ',#! 4#! O2+&'%*(+! $%! 4+<%''%9%'I! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! +! %4!<%2$%)%*!#!O2*M!

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!

=2#4*,#!%4!<%2$%5+!,%'+(<#!5H+!O2+&'%!,+O2%&%'%!&2&&%&'#(*G!+9+''+!2(!B@>?PKPmK!>?!@?PJ?B!.*!@T\?::?BPT6!5H+! &*&1+($+! %4! <%2$%)%*! 1,%(5%1#4+! +! %(',*$25+! %4! <%2$%)%*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+! 7%(*! #44#! 1,*(2(5%#! $+44#! F*,'+0! "+!1#,'%! %(! <%2$%)%*! #! O2*! 1*&&*(*! 5*&'%'2%,&%! %(! <%2$%)%*! 5*(! %4! 4*,*! #--*5#'*G! 9#! 4#! 4*,*! 1#,'+5%1#)%*(+! N!12,#9+('+!7#5*4'#'%-#L!&%!',#''#!$%!2(!d?D>?m?B!K!CK@A?!TJTPADK"?G!(+4!&+(&*!5H+!O2+&'+!(*(!%(5%$*(*!(+4!1,*5+&&*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0! ?(7#''%! O2+&'s24'%9*! H#! 5#,#''+,+! *<<+''%-*! 1+,&+<2+($*! 4s*3%+''%-*! $%! &'#3%4%,+! 4#!4+<%''%9%'I!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!$+44+!4+<<%!+!&*4*!%($%,+''#9+('+!$%!'2'+4#,+!4+!&%'2#)%*(%!<%2,%$%5H+!#!O2*0!!

16.3.4. Il giudizio in via principale !?4!d?D>?m?B!?P!J?K!C@?PF?CK"T!.*!$s#)%*(+6!12b!+&&+,+!1,*1*&'*!5*(!,%5*,&*!$#!1#,'+!$+44*!:'#'*!5*(',*!4+!4+<<%!,+<%*(#4%!*!$#!1#,'+!$+44#!@+<%*(+!5*(',*!4+!4+<<%!&'#'#4%!*!$%!#4',+!@+<%*(%0!=2+&'*!'%1*!$%!1,*5+$%9+('*!N!$+(*9%(#'*! %(!-%#!1,%(5%1#4+!1*%5H`! 4#!O2+&'%*(+!-%+(+!1*&'#!$%,+''#9+('+!5*(!2(#!1,*5+$2,#!#$!H*5M!N!#&',#''*! %(!O2#('*! 4+! 4+<<%! &*(*! %912<(#'+!#!1,+&5%($+,+!$#!2(!&%(<*4*!5#&*!$%!#114%5#)%*(+M!N!$%&1*(%3%4+!$#'*!5H+!%!&*<<+''%!4+<%''%9#'%!(*(!&*(*!'+(2'%!#$!%(&'#2,#,4*!1*'+($*!#$$%-+(%,+!#$!2(#!&*42)%*(+!$%!(#'2,#!1*4%'%5#0!!F*(! 4#! ,%7*,9#!$+4!cggU!#4!A%'*4*!J!$+44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+G!1+,!O2#('*! ,%<2#,$#('+! %! ,%5*,&%G!N!&'#'#!9#('+(2'#!4s%91*&'#)%*(+!1+,!52%!4*!:'#'*!(*(!N!'+(2'*!#!$%9*&',#,+!4s?PAT@T::T!K!@?FB@@T@T!9+(',+!4#!@+<%*(+!$+-+!$%9*&',#,+!4s%(-#&%*(+!$+44#!&7+,#!$%!5*91+'+()#!#'',%32%'#!$#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+0!!"s#''*!%(',*$2''%-*!$+4!<%2$%)%*!%(!-%#!1,%(5%1#4+!N!%4!@?FB@:B!+!$+-+!+&&+,+!$+4%3+,#'*!+(',*!hg!<%*,(%!$#44#!12334%5#)%*(+! $+44#! 4+<<+! +$! +(',*! Ug! $#44#! $+4%3+,#)%*(+! $+1*&%'#'*! 1,+&&*! 4#! 5#(5+44+,%#! $+44#! F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!

16.3.5. Tipologia delle decisioni della Corte !"+!$+5%&%*(%!$+44#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!1*&&*(*!+&&+,+!&2$$%-%&+!%(!^!<,#($%!7#9%<4%+L!!#6 $+5%&%*(%!$%!%(#99%&&%3%4%'IM!36 $+5%&%*(%!$%!,%<+''*M!56 $+5%&%*(%!$%!#55*<4%9+('*M!

!

16.3.5.1. Decisioni di inammissibilità !"#!F*,'+!1,*(2(5%#! 4s?PK\\?::?E?"?AKs!>T""K!=DT:A?BPT!O2#($*!9#(5H%(*! %!1,+&211*&'%!1+,!1,*5+$+,+!#$!2(!<%2$%)%*!$%!9+,%'*0!F%b!12b!#55#$+,+L!#6 O2#($*! 9#(5H%(*! %! ,+O2%&%'%! &*<<+''%-%! +! *<<+''%-%! 1+,! 4#! 4+<%''%9#)%*(+! #! &*44+-#,+! 4#! O2+&'%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+M!

36 O2#($*!&%#!5#,+('+!4s*<<+''*!$+4!<%2$%)%*G!*&&%#!O2#($*!4s#''*!%912<(#'*!(*(!,%+(',#!',#!O2+44%!%($%5#'%!$#44s#,'0! U^e0! :+! '#4+! $%7+''*! N! 9#5,*&5*1%5*G! *--+,*! (+4! 5#&*! $%! \KP?XT:AK! ?PK\?::?E?"?AKs! 4*!&',#45%*!#--+,,I!%(!5#9+,#!$%!5*(&%<4%*!&+()#!3%&*<(*!$%!2(s2$%+()#!12334%5#!+!$%5H%#,#'#!1+,!9+))*!$%!2(s*,$%(#()#M!

56 O2#($*!9#(5H%!%4!,+O2%&%'*!$%!,%4+-#()#0!:+!-%!N!2(#!&+914%5+!5#,+()#!$%!9*'%-#)%*(+G!4#!F*,'+G!5*(!*,$%(#()#G!*,$%(+,I!4#!@T:A?ADm?BPT!>Td"?!KAA?!#4!<%2$%5+!#!O2*G!1+,5H`!,%5*(&%$+,%! 4#!,%4+-#()#0!K4',+''#('*! #55#$,I! (+4! 5#&*! $%! }D:! :DCT@JTP?TP:G! *--+,*! O2#($*! 4#! $%&1*&%)%*(+! %912<(#'#! N!&'#'#!#3,*<#'#!(+4!7,#''+91*G!1*%5H`!4#!F*,'+!,+&'%'2%,I!<4%!#''%!#4!<%2$%5+!#!O2*!52%!&1+''#!%4!<%2$%)%*!&+!#114%5#,+!4#!(*,9#!(2*-#!*!O2+44#!#3,*<#'#M!

$6 O2#($*! 4s*,$%(#()#! $%! ,+9%&&%*(+! 9#(5H%! $%! %($%5#)%*(%! &277%5%+('%! +$! 2(%-*5H+! 1+,! $+7%(%,+! 4#!O2+&'%*(+M!

+6 O2#($*!&%#(*!&'#'%!5*91%2'%!+,,*,%!9+,#9+('+!1,*5+$2,#4%M!76 O2#($*! 4#! O2+&'%*(+! &*''*1*&'#! #44#! F*,'+! 5*91*,'%! t2(#! -#42'#)%*(+! $%! (#'2,#! 1*4%'%5#k! *! 2(!&%($#5#'*!t&244s2&*!$+4!1*'+,+!$%&5,+)%*(#4+!$+4!C#,4#9+('*kG!+&14%5%'#9+('+!+&542&%!$#4!5*(',*44*!$+44#!F*,'+M!

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16.3.5.2. Sentenza di rigetto (e ordinanze di manifesta infondatezza) !F*(! 4#! &+('+()#! $%! @?dTAAB! 4#! F*,'+! $%5H%#,#! (*(! 7*($#'#! 4#! O2+&'%*(+! 1,*&1+''#'#! $#44s*,$%(#()#! $%!,+9%&&%*(+0! "#! F*,'+! (*(! $%5H%#,#! 4+<%''%9#! 4#! 4+<<+! %912<(#'#G! 9#! &%! 4%9%'#! #! ,+&1%(<+,+! 4! O2+&'%*(+!&*44+-#'#!$#4!<%2$%5+!#!O2*0!C+,!O2+&'#!,#<%*(+!4#!&+('+()#!$%!,%<+''*!(*(!H#!+77+''%!+,<#!*9(+&G!+!(+&&2(#!1,+542&%*(+!&23%&5*(*!#4',%!<%2$%5%!+!(+112,+!4*!&'+&&*!<%2$%5+!%(!#4',*!1,*5+&&*0!!P+4! 5#&*! 2(#! O2+&'%*(+! &*44+-#'#! &%#! <%I! &'#'#! #77,*('#'#! %(! 1,+5+$+()#! $#44#! F*,'+G! O2+&'s24'%9#! 5*(!2(s*,$%(#()#!%(!FK\T@K!>?!FBP:?d"?B!(+!$%5H%#,#!4#!\KP?XT:AK!?PXBP>KATmmK0!!

16.3.5.3. Sentenze di accoglimento !F*(!4#!&+('+()#!$%!KFFBd"?\TPAB!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!4s?""Td?AA?\?AKs!FB:A?ADm?BPK"T!$+44#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!%912<(#'#0!B1+,#!O2%($%!+,<#!*9(+&!5*(!2(!+77+''*!#&&%9%4#3%4+!#44s#((244#9+('*!&+91,+!9+$%#('+!&+('+()#!+!(*(!*,$%(#()#0!!"#!&+('+()#!H#!-#4*,+!5*&'%'2'%-*!(+4!&+(&*!5H+G!#(5H+!&+!%4!5*(',#&'*!5*(!4#!F*&'%'2)%*(+!N!&*,'*!&%52,#9+('+!1,%9#G!N!&*4*!5*(!4#!&+('+()#!5H+!+&&*!N!#55+,'#'*!+!4#!4+<<+!%(-#4%$#'#0!A2''#-%#!<4%!+77+''%!$+44#!&+('+()#!$%!#55*<4%9+('*!*1+,#(*!+/!'2(5G!1*%5H`!O2+&'#!&%!',#$25+! %(!2(!*,$%(+!,%-*4'*!#%!&*<<+''%!$+44s#114%5#)%*(+!$%!(*(! #114%5#,+! 4#! (*,9#! %44+<%''%9#! 1+,! '2''%! %! ,#11*,'%! %(! 5*,&*! +! (*(! &*4*! 1+,! O2+44%! 72'2,%0! :*(*! +&542&%!5H%#,#9+('+!%!,#11*,'%!<%2,%$%5%!*,9#%!5H%2&%!*!+&#2,%'%0!!D(!,#11*,'*!N!#(5*,#!CTP>TPAT!+!(*(!T:KD@?AB!O2#4*,#!(*(!&%#!#(5*,#!1#&&#'*! %(!d?D>?FKABG!*112,+!O2#4*,#! 4s*<<+''*! $+4! ,#11*,'*! (*(! &%#! 1#&&#'*! %(! C@T:F@?m?BPT! *112,+! &21+,#'*! %! '+,9%(%! 5H+! (+!5*91*,'#(*!4#!>TFKP>TPmK0!F*(!4s+55+)%*(+!1+,b!5H+!2(#!&+('+()#!$%!#55*<4%9+('*G!#(5H+!$%!7,*('+!#!2(#!&+('+()#! %,,+-*5#3%4+!$%! 5*($#((#!1+(#4+G!(+!&*&1+($+! 4s+&+52'%-%'I!+! '2''%!<4%!+77+''%!1+(#4%0!=2+&'*!#(5H+!#44#! 425+! $%! (*,9+! 1%[! <+(+,#4%! 5H+! %91+$%&5*(*! $%! +&&+,+! 12(%'%! 1+,! 2(! 7#''*! 5*(&%$+,#'*! $#! 2(#! 4+<<+!1*&'+,%*,+!2(!,+#'*0!!

16.3.5.4. Sentenze interpretative di rigetto !"+! :TPATPmT! ?PAT@C@TAKA?JT! >?! @?dTAAB! &*(*! 4+! $+5%&%*(%! 5*(! 52%! 4#! F*,'+! $%5H%#,#! %(7*($#'#! 4#!O2+&'%*(+! $%! 4+<%''%9%'I! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! (*(! 1+,5H`! %4! $233%*! $%! 4+<%''%9%'I! &*44+-#'*! $#4! <%2$%5+! (*(! &%!<%2&'%7%5#'*G!9#!1+,5H`!+&&*!&%!3#&#!&2!2(#!5#''%-#!%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+44#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!%912<(#'#0!!"#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!H#!$#!&+91,+!#77+,9#'*!2(!1,+5%&*!5#(*(+!$s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!$+44+!4+<<%L!(+4!5#&*!%(!52%! 4#! &'+&&#! $%&1*&%)%*(+! 1*&&#! +&&+,+! %('+,1,+'#'#! %(! 9*$%! $%-+,&%G! 4s%('+,1,+'+! $+-+! &5+<4%+,+!4s?PAT@C@TAKm?BPT!FBPXB@\T!K!FB:A?ADm?BPTG!*&&%#!,%5#-#,(+!4#!(*,9#!5*91#'%3%4+!5*(!4#!5*&'%'2)%*(+0!{!%(!7*($*!2(#!-#,%#('+!$+4!5,%'+,%*!$+44s?PAT@C@TAKm?BPT!:?:AT\KA?FKG!1+,!%4!O2#4+!#44#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!$+-+!+&&+,+!#'',%32%'*!%4!&%<(%7%5#'*!5H+!9+<4%*!7#55%#!%4!&%&'+9#!5*(!4+!#4',+!(*,9+!$+44s*,$%(#9+('*0!"#!F#&&#)%*(+!+!%!<%2$%5%!*,$%(#,%!&%!&*(*!$%9*&',#'%!5*91#''%!(+4!(+<#,+!+77%5#5%#!-%(5*4#('+!#44+!%('+,1,+'#)%*(%!5*(7*,9%!#44#!F*&'%'2)%*(+! $+44+! 4+<<%! 5*(! 52%! 4#! F*,'+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!9*'%-#! 4+! &+('+()#! %('+,1,+'#'%-+! $%! ,%<+''*0! F%b! H#!%($*''*!4#!F*,'+!#!7#,(+!2(!2&*!4%9%'#'*!+!#!5*(7*,9#,&%!#44s%('+,1,+'#)%*(+!1,+-#4+('+G!#4!5*&l!$+''*!>?@?AAB!J?JTPAT0!!

16.3.5.5. Sentenze manipolative di accoglimento !"+! &+('+()+! $%! #55*<4%9+('*! &*(*! $+''+! 9#(%1*4#'%-+G! %('+,1,+'#'%-+! *$! #(5H+! (*,9#'%-+! O2#($*! %4! 4*,*!$%&1*&%'%-*!(*(!&%!4%9%'#!#44#!&+914%5+!$%5H%#,#)%*(+!$%!%44+<%''%9%'I!$+44#!4+<<+!*!$+44+!&%(<*4+!&2+!$%&1*&%)%*(%G!9#!4s%44+<%''%9%'I!N!$%5H%#,#'#!t(+44#!1#,'+!%(!52%k!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!&%<(%7%5#!*!(*(!&%<(%7%5#!O2#45*&#G!*&&%#!1+,!4#!(*,9#!5H+!+&&#!+&1,%9+0!!Ts!2(!<+(2&!5H+!5*91,+($+!&1+5%+&!$%-+,&+0!T55*(+!4+!1,%(5%1#4%L!

#6 :TPATPmT!>?!KFFBd"?\TPAB!CK@m?K"T0!F*(!+&&+! 4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#! %44+<%''%9#!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!1+,!2(#!1#,'+!&*4*!$+4!&2*!'+&'*M!

36 :TPATPmT!K>>?A?JT0!:*(*!$+5%&%*(%!5*(!52%!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!%44+<%''%9#!4#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!(+44#!t1#,'+!%(!52%!(*(k!1,+-+$+!5%b!5H+!%(-+5+!&#,+33+!5*&'%'2)%*(#49+('+!(+5+&&#,%*M!

56 :TPATPmT!:B:A?ADA?JT0!:*(*!4+!$+5%&%*(%!5*(!52%!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!4s%44+<%''%9%'I!$%!2(#!$%&1*&%)%*(+!4+<%&4#'%-#!t(+44#!1#,'+!%(!52%!1,+-+$+!Z!#()%5H`!pk0!

!

16.4. I conflitti di attribuzione tra i poteri dello Stato

16.4.1. Definizioni !?!FBPX"?AA?!>?!KAA@?EDm?BPT!A@K!CBAT@?!>T""B!:AKAB!&*(*!4*!&',29+('*!5*(!52%!2(!1*'+,+!$+44*!:'#'*!12b! #<%,+! $#-#('%! #44#! F*,'+! 1+,! $%7+($+,+! 4+! 1#,*4+! t#'',%32)%*(%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%k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s+&+,5%)%*!$+44#!9+$+&%9#!72()%*(+G!(*(!&%! 4%9%'#!#%!54#&&%5%!^!9#!N!9*4'*!1%[!5*914+&&*!+!O2+&'%!&*(*! %!&*<<+''%!5H+!1*&&*(*!&*44+-#,+! %!5*(74%''%!$%!#'',%32)%*(+0!?4!'+,9%(+!#(5*,#!1%[!+&#''*!1+,!$+7%(%,+!O2+&'*!,2*4*!N!1+,b!O2+44*!$%!KAA@?EDm?BPTG!1*%5H`!H#((*! 2(! 1*'+,+! '2''%! %! &*<<+''%! 5H+! 5*&'%'2)%*(#49+('+! H#((*! 2(! ,2*4*G! *--+,*! 2(s#'',%32)%*(+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+0!!

16.4.2. Oggetto del conflitto !?4!5*(74%''*!12b!&*,<+,+!&%#!$#!2(!#''*!$%!t2&2,1#)%*(+k!$%!1*'+,+G!5*(!52%!2(!*,<#(*!&-*4<+!2(#!#'',%32)%*(+!&1+''#('+!#44s*,<#(*!$%!2(!#4',*!t1*'+,+kG!&%#!$+4!5*91*,'#9+('*!$%!2(!*,<#(*!5H+!%(',#45%!%4!5*,,+''*!+&+,5%)%*!$+44+!5*91+'+()+!#4',2%0!!=2#($*!+(',#93%!%!&*<<+''%!%(!5#2&#!,%-+($%5#(*!#!&`!4s#'',%32)%*(+!#$!+9#(#,+!2(!$#'*!#''*G!&%!-+,%7%5#!2(#!J?P>?FKA?B!CBAT:AKA?:0!?(-+5+!O2#($*!&%!H#!4#!5*('+&'#)%*(+!$+4!9*$*!%(!52%!2(!&*<<+''*!H#!+&+,5%'#'*!#'',%32)%*(%! 5H+! &*(*! %(5*('+&'#3%49+('+! &2+G! 1*%5H`! $#! 5%b! $+,%-#! 2(! %91+$%9+('*! #44s+&+,5%)%*! $+44+!#'',%32)%*(%!&1+''#('%!#4!,%5*,,+('+G!&%!H#((*!FBPX"?AA?!>?!\TPB\Km?BPT!B!?PAT@XT@TPmK0!!?4!5*(74%''*!$%!#'',%32)%*(+!H#!2(#!72()%*(+!'%1%5#9+('+!,+&%$2#4+G!1*%5H`!12b!+&&+,+!#''%-#'*!&*4*!O2#4*,#!(*(!-%!&%#!#4',*!&',29+('*!$%!'2'+4#!<%2,%&$%)%*(#4+0!!

16.4.3. Il giudizio !J%! &*(*! 1*'+,%! &',2''2,#49+('+! 5*&'%'2%'%! $#! 2(! 2(%5*! *,<#(*! .B@dKP?SCBAT@T6G!9#! -%! &*(*! #(5H+! 1*'+,%!5*&'%'2%'%! $#! 1%[! *,<#(%! +! 1+,! O2+&'%! 24'%9%! &%! 1*(+! %4! 1,*34+9#!$%! 5H%! &%#! 4+<%''%9#'*! #! &'#,+! %(! <%2$%)%*0! ?4!1,*34+9#!N!,%&*4'*!$#44s#,'0!^V0U!$+44#!4+<<+!WV_UY]^!1+,!4#!O2#4+!%4!5*(74%''*!&*,<+!t',#!*,<#(%!5*91+'+('%!#!$%5H%#,#,+!$+7%(%'%-#9+('+!4#!-*4*('I!$+%!1*'+,%!52%!#11#,'+(<*(*k0!!?4! <%2$%)%*! -%+(+! %(',*$*''*! $#4! ,%5*,&*! 1,+&+('#'*! $#44#! 1#,'+! 5H+! &%! ,%'%+(+! 4+&#! $%,+''#9+('+! #44#! F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+G! &+()#! (*'%7%5#)%*(+! #44#! 5*(',*1#,'+0! ?4! ,%5*,&*! $+-+! 5*('+(+,+! 4s+&1*&%*(+! &*99#,%#! $+44+!,#<%*(%!$+4!5*(74%''*!+!4s%($%5#)%*(+!$+44+!(*,9+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4%!5H+!,+<*4#(*!4#!9#'+,%#0!!"#! 1#,'%5*4#,%'I! $%! O2+&'*! <%2$%)%*! N! 5H+! +&&*! %(%)%#! 5*(! 2(#! $+5%&%*(+! $+44#! F*,'+! 5%,5#! 4s#99%&&%3%4%'I! $+4!5*(74%''*G! #&&2('#! %(! 5#9+,#! $%! 5*(&%<4%*G! 5*(! 2(#! &+914%5+! >T"?ET@Km?BPT0! :+! %4! ,%5*,,+('+! ,%(2(5%#! #4!

,%5*,&*!+!&+!4#!,%(2(5%#!N!#55+''#'#!$#44+!#4',+!1#,'%G!4#!F*,'+!$%5H%#,#!t+&'%('*!%4!1,*5+&&*k0!"#!F*,'+!12b!#(5H+!$%5H%#,#,+! 5H+! ,%'%+(+k5+&&#'#! 4#!9#'+,%#! $+4! 5*('+($+,+k! &244#! 3#&+! $%! #''%! +! 5*91*,'#9+('%! $+44+! 1#,'%! +!5H%2$+,+!%4!<%2$%)%*0!!D(s+-+('2#4+! &+('+()#! (*(! #<%&5+! +,<#! *9(+&! (+%! 5*(7,*('%! $%! #4',%! 1*'+,%! 5%,5#! 4s#'',%32)%*(+! $%! O2+44#!72()%*(+G! 9#! #<%&5+! +,<#! *9(+&! O2#4*,#! 5*91*,'%! 4s#((244#9+('*! $%! #''%! ,%'+(2'%! %(! 5*(&+<2+()#! #44#!&+('+()#!%44+<%''%9%0!!

16.5. Il giudizio !?! FBPX"?AA?! >?! KAA@?EDm?BPT! A@K! :AKAB! T! @Td?BPT! &*(*! 4*! &',29+('*! 5*(! 52%! -+(<*(*! ,%&*4'+! 4+!5*(',*-+,&%+! 5H+! &*,<*(*! ',#! :'#'*! +! @+<%*(+! *! ',#! @+<%*(%0! K! $%77+,+()#! $+%! 5*(74%''%! $%! #'',%32)%*(+! 5H+!#--+(<*(*!',#!*,<#(%!$+44*!&'+&&*!+('+!.4*!:'#'*6G!&%#9*!$%!7,*('+!%(!O2+&'*!5#&*!#!5*(74%''%!',#!+('%0!"s#''*!$%!O2#4&%#&%!*,<#(*!$+44*!:'#'*!*!$+44#!@+<%*(+!12b!5*91*,'#,+!%4!5*(74%''*!5*(!4#!@+<%*(+!*!$+44*!:'#'*G!',#((+!<4%!#''%!4+<%&4#'%-%!,+<*4#'%!%(!-%#!1,%(5%1#4+0!!?4!5*(74%''*!N!%(',*$*''*!$#!2(!,%5*,&*0!F*($%)%*(+!$%!#99%&&%3%4%'I!$+4!,%5*,&*!N!4s?PAT@T::T!K!@?FB@@T@TL!%4!,%5*,,+('+!$+-+!$%9*&',#,+!$%!#-+,!&23%'*!2(#!4+&%*(+!#''2#4+!.(*(!1*'+()%#4+6!+!5*(5,+'#!.(*(!&*4*!'+*,%5#6!$+44#! &2#! 5*91+'+()#0! P+4! 5#&*! %(! 52%! 4s%('+,+&&+! #! ,%5*,,+,+! -+(<#! 9+(*G! 4#! F*,'+! $%5H%#,#! t5+&&#'#! 4#!9#'+,%#!$+4!5*('+($+,+k0!!?(!<%2$%)%*! &*(*! 4+<%''%9#'%! #! &'#,+! &*4*! %4! C,+&%$+('+! $+4!F*(&%<4%*!$+%!9%(%&',%! +! %4! C,+&%$+('+!$+44#!d%2('#!,+<%*(#4+0!!

16.6. Il giudizio di ammissibilità del referendum abrogativo !?4! <%2$%)%*! $%! #99%&&%3%4%'I! N! %(',*$*''*! $s277%5%*! 5*(! 4s*,$%(#()#! $+44sD77%5%*! 5+(',#4+! 1+,! %4! ,+7+,+($29! 5H+!$%5H%#,#! 4#! 4+<%''%9%'I! $+44#! ,%5H%+&'#! $%! ,+7+,+($290! "#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! (*(! #-+-#! 1,+-%&'*! 2(! 5*(',*44*!&244s#99%&&%3%4%'I! $+4! ,+7+,+($290! T&&*! 72! %(',*$*''*! $#44#! 4+<<+! 5*&'0! U_UY]^! 5H+! H#! #77%$#'*! #44#! F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!%4!5*91%'*!$%!<%2$%5#,+!&+!4+!,%5H%+&'+!$%!,+7+,+($29!#3,*<#'%-*!1,+&+('#'+!#!(*,9#!$+44s#,'0!V]!&%#(*! #99%&&%3%4%! #%! &+(&%! $+4! 5*99#! &+5*($*! $+44s#,'%5*4*! &'+&&*G! ,%(-%#($*! 4#! $%&5%14%(#! 1,*5+$2,#4+! #44#!4+<<+!*,$%(#,%#!5H+!,+<*4#!$+4!,+7+,+($290!!"s#,'0!V]0c!1*(+!1*5H%!5#&%!$%!+&542&%*(+!$+4!,+7+,+($290!T&&*!(*(!N!#99+&&*!1+,L!

• 4+<<%!',%32'#,%+M!• 4+<<%!$%!3%4#(5%*M!• 4+<<%!$%!#9(%&'%#!+!$%!%($24'*M!• 4+<<%!$%!#2'*,%))#)%*(+!#44#!,#'%7%5#!$+%!',#''#'%!%('+,(#)%*(#4%M!

!D4'+,%*,%!9*'%-%!$%!%(#99%&&%3%4%'I!+4#3*,#'%!+!%91%+<#'%!$#44#!<%2,%&1,2$+()#!$+44#!F*,'+!&*(*!%!&+<2+('%L!#6 &*(*! &*'',#''%! #! ,+7+,+($29! 4#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! +! 4+! 4+<<%! 5*&'%'2)%*(#4%G! 9#! #(5H+! 4+! 4+<<%! ,%(7*,)#'+!5*9+! 12,+! O2+44+! #! 5*('+(2'*! 5*&'%'2)%*(#49+('+! -%(5*4#'*! *112,+! O2+44+! 4#! 52%! #3,*<#)%*(+!1,+<%2$%5H+,+33+!%4!72()%*(#9+('*!$+44*!:'#'*!%(!1#,'%!-%'#4%M!

36 &*(*!&*'',#''+!#!,+7+,+($29!'2''+! 4+! 4+<<%!5H+!#''+(<*(*!#44#!9#(*-,#! 7%(#()%#,%#!+!#(5H+! 4+! 4+<<%!5H+!&+,-*(*!#44s+&+52)%*(+!$+%!',#''#'%M!

56 &*(*!12,+!%(#9%&&%3%4%!%!,+7+,+($29!%4!52%!O2+&%'*!(*(!#33%#!2(#!9#',%5+!,#)%*(#49+('+!2(%'#,%#G!5%*N!(*(!&%#!*9*<+(+*!.FBT@TPmK!T>!DP?JBF?AKs!>T"!=DT:?AB6M!

!

16.7.1. La giustizia politica !F*(!4s+&1,+&&%*(+!d?D:A?m?K!CB"?A?FK!&%!&2*4+!7#,+!,%7+,%9+('*!#!O2+44+!72()%*(%!5H+!4#!F*,'+!5*&'%'2)%*(#4+!+&+,5%'#!O2#($*!<%2$%5#!&244+!#552&+!1,*9*&&+!5*(',*!%4!C$@G!(+44#!7#''%&1+5%+!$%!#4'*!',#$%9+('*!*!#''+('#'*!#44#! F*&'%'2)%*(+! 5*99+&&+! (+44s+&+,5%)%*! $+44+! &2+! 72()%*(%! .<4%! 2(%5%! $2+! &2! 52%! 12b! +&&+,+! 5H%#9#'*! #!,%&1*($+,+60!

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