IES - Institute for Environment and SustainabilityIspra - Italy

http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

Joint Research Centre (JRC)

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 1

HBEFA -Handbook Emission Factors for Road

Transport

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 2

Cos’e’?

Collaborazione svizzera-tedesca a partire dagli anni ’90 con l’obiettivo di individuare una metodologia di stima delle emissioni da traffico

“Big” project: estesa campagna sperimentale (emissions LDV, HDV, MC; driving behaviour; many partners TUV Rheinland, RW TueV, EMPA, TU Graz etc)

HBEFA 1.1 (1995 D-CH)

HBEFA 1.1-A (1997/98)

HBEFA 2.1 (2004 D-A-CH)

HBEFA 3.0 – in fase di conclusione

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 3

Why HBEFA Version 3 ?

Limited empirical base of HBEFA 2.1e.g. PC up to Petrol Euro3, Diesel Euro2 (+ red factors) new

measurements indicate differencese.g. HDV first version PHEM based on limited nr of veh.

e.g. limited measurements for LCV, MCAvailability of newer data (ARTEMIS, PARTICULATES,

national programs …) Inconsistencies between countries (different definitions of

traffic situations)Some artifacts (e.g. for TS with high speeds)

Limitations (e.g. no split of NOx, no distinction of CO2,no alternative fuels)

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 4

Cos’e’?

E = FE * A = FE * NV * M

Nuove classi veicolari rispetto al COPERT e ad

INEMAR

Traffic situation

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 5

Traffic situation approach - principles (road transports)

Strategic network (motorways,major roads)

Urban motorways primary distributors

Inner andlocal traffic

Access

Speed

30

90

60

Traffic (veh /h)2000 6000 80004000

Free-flow Heavy

Congestion

Near saturation

District level

0

30

60

0 200 time

SpeedRepresentative speed curve

timestimes

EmissionEmissionEmission model(per category of vehicle)

Emission model(per category of vehicle)

UrbanUrban RuralRural

+ gradient, sinuosity

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 6

Traffic situation

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 7

Detailed traffic situationsThe emission takes into account of

the dynamic of the traffic conditionsA certain complexity:

Identification of the traffic situations Mileage distribution

Passenger cars - Emission Functions

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

0 50 100 km/h

Diesel, Euro 1Diesel, Euro 2Diesel, Euro 3Diesel, Euro 4

g/km

NOx

NOx emission (g/km)

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

Diesel-Euro3 Petrol-Euro3 Diesel-Euro3 Petrol-Euro3

Urban trunk road, speed limit: 50 km/h

Average speed approach

Fattori di emissione - 1

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 8

Fattori di emissione - 1

Implementazione ARTEMIS in Regione LombardiaDifficolta’ incontrate:- Definizione TS- Fe inclusi in ARTEMIS:

- Mancano fattori di emissione sui LDV (solo con approccio average speed);- Mancano fattori di emissione di PM per i veicoli a benzina;- Mancano fattori di emissione per le categorie MC <150 cc;- Alcuni fattori di emissioni sono uguali per diverse traffic situations. Esempio: PM passenger car diesel euro 4.

Traffic situation PM EF RUR/Distr/90/Satur. 0.016 RUR/Distr-sin./70/Satur. 0.016 RUR/MW/130/Satur. 0.016 RUR/Trunk/70/Satur. 0.016 RUR/Trunk/90/Satur. 0.016 URB/Distr/70/Satur. 0.016 URB/MW-Nat./100/Satur. 0.016 URB/MW-Nat./80/Satur. 0.016 URB/Trunk-Nat./90/Satur. 0.016

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 9

PC, diesel, Euro 4, 1,4-<2L

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

RU

R/D

istr

/50/F

reeflo

wR

UR

/Dis

tr/5

0/H

eavy

RU

R/D

istr

/50/S

atu

r.R

UR

/Dis

tr/5

0/S

t+G

oR

UR

/Dis

tr/9

0/F

reeflo

wR

UR

/Dis

tr/9

0/H

eavy

RU

R/D

istr

/90/S

atu

r.R

UR

/Dis

tr/9

0/S

t+G

oR

UR

/Dis

tr-s

in./70/F

reeflo

wR

UR

/Dis

tr-s

in./70/H

eavy

RU

R/D

istr

-sin

./70/S

atu

r.R

UR

/Dis

tr-s

in./70/S

t+G

oR

UR

/Local/5

0/F

reeflo

wR

UR

/Local/5

0/H

eavy

RU

R/L

ocal/5

0/S

atu

r.R

UR

/Local/5

0/S

t+G

oR

UR

/MW

/130/F

reeflo

wR

UR

/MW

/130/H

eavy

RU

R/M

W/1

30/S

atu

r.R

UR

/MW

/130/S

t+G

oR

UR

/Sem

i-M

W/1

10/F

reeflo

wR

UR

/Sem

i-M

W/1

10/H

eavy

RU

R/S

em

i-M

W/1

10/S

atu

r.R

UR

/Sem

i-M

W/1

10/S

t+G

oR

UR

/Tru

nk/7

0/F

reeflo

wR

UR

/Tru

nk/7

0/H

eavy

RU

R/T

runk/7

0/S

atu

r.R

UR

/Tru

nk/7

0/S

t+G

oR

UR

/Tru

nk/9

0/F

reeflo

wR

UR

/Tru

nk/9

0/H

eavy

RU

R/T

runk/9

0/S

atu

r.R

UR

/Tru

nk/9

0/S

t+G

oU

RB

/Dis

tr/5

0/F

reeflo

wU

RB

/Dis

tr/5

0/H

eavy

UR

B/D

istr

/50/S

atu

r.U

RB

/Dis

tr/5

0/S

t+G

oU

RB

/Dis

tr/7

0/F

reeflo

wU

RB

/Dis

tr/7

0/H

eavy

UR

B/D

istr

/70/S

atu

r.U

RB

/Dis

tr/7

0/S

t+G

oU

RB

/MW

-Nat./1

00/F

reeflo

wU

RB

/MW

-Nat./1

00/H

eavy

UR

B/M

W-N

at./1

00/S

atu

r.U

RB

/MW

-Nat./1

00/S

t+G

oU

RB

/MW

-Nat./8

0/F

reeflo

wU

RB

/MW

-Nat./8

0/H

eavy

UR

B/M

W-N

at./8

0/S

atu

r.U

RB

/MW

-Nat./8

0/S

t+G

oU

RB

/Tru

nk-C

ity/6

0/F

reeflo

wU

RB

/Tru

nk-C

ity/6

0/H

eavy

UR

B/T

runk-C

ity/6

0/S

atu

r.U

RB

/Tru

nk-C

ity/6

0/S

t+G

oU

RB

/Tru

nk-N

at./9

0/F

reeflo

wU

RB

/Tru

nk-N

at./9

0/H

eavy

UR

B/T

runk-N

at./9

0/S

atu

r.U

RB

/Tru

nk-N

at./9

0/S

t+G

o

Fattori di emissione - NOx

JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR 10

Fattori di emissione - 3

Per tipo di emissione:› fattori di emissione a caldo › fattori di emissione a freddo › evaporazione (hot/warm soak and/or diurnal)

Per tipo di veicolo:› autoveicoli, veicoli commerciali leggeri,› veicoli commerciali pesanti, pullman e autobus urbani› motocicli

Per i seguenti inquinanti:VOC, CO, NOx, PM, SO2, Pb, fuel consumption, CO2,several VOC-components [benzene, methane/nonmethane-VOC, soot, toluene, xylene], NH3 and N2O

Per pendenza della strada (fattori di emissione a caldo)

Parametri per emissioni a freddo ed evaporative: temperatura,distribuzioni delle lunghezze di viaggio, distribuzione parking time