BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS...The longest arch bridge in the world . ... SUSPENSION BRIDGES Ponte...

BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS

Giornata di studio

MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI

Stato dell’arte e prospettive 14 febbraio 2019

Roma, Sala Conferenze ENEA

Paolo Clemente, PhD Structural Engineer, Research Director

PAOLO CLEMENTE – BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS

MONITORAGGIO E VALUTAZIONE DI PONTI E VIADOTTI: STATO DELL’ARTE E PROSPETTIVE

Sala Conferenze ENEA, Lungotevere Thaon di Revel 76, Roma – 14 febbraio 2019

INTRODUCTION

2

“Building a bridge is a war

against the forces of nature”

“When you build a bridge,

you build something for all time”

“Bridges are a monument to progress” (Joseph Strauss)

The history of bridges is the history of

humankind




STONE ARCH BRIDGES

A terrific progress in the construction of bridges was due to the

most important invention in the history of constructions:

the arch

The arch made use of no-tension materials possible, such as

masonry,

Masonry arches were the most used structural type in bridge design

and construction up to few decades ago




RAINBOW BRIDGE, SOUTH-UTAH

Paolo Clemente 4

The Rainbow Bridge over the Bridge Creek in the Navaho Reserve in the

South-Utah is a natural arch, discovered in 1909 and declared National

Monument in 1910. It has a height of 94 m, a span of 85 m and a thickness

at crown of 13 m.




PONTES ET PONTIFICES

Paolo Clemente 5

Ponte Leproso on the Appia Road,

crossing the Sabato River in Benevento

Stone, bricks, pozzolana

Semicircular arches ► Short spans

The construction of the bridges was a religious art

The college of pontiffs presided over the construction of bridges




CHINESE BRIDGES Changhung Bridge, 1961 over the Nanpan River, in Yunnan,

L = 112.5 m

Chiuhsikou Bridge, 1972 at Fengtu, in Szechuan,

L = 116 m

Dan River Bridge, 2000 on the expressway from Jicheng, in Shanxi,

to Jiaozuo, in He’an

L = 146 m, 82 m height




GOLDEN HORN BRIDGE, LEONARDO




GAUTIER, 1714: FIRST TREATISE ON BRIDGES

Henri Gautier :

wrote the first treatise on

bridges in 1714

suggested some rules for

the design of arches

underlined the importance

of the thrust

but did not give any

indications on how to

calculate it




Ponte Mosca over the Dora Riparia River in Turin

1827, span 55 m, sag 5.5 m

LIMIT ANALYSIS / ELASTIC ANALYSIS Claude Antoine Couplet (1730) and

La Hire (1731) theoretical analyses and experimental tests to determine

the state of the arch at collapse: he thrust line and of the

collapse mechanisms.

Poleni (1748) interpretation of the cracks developed in the

Michelangelo’s dome of San Pietro in Rome, which divided

the dome into separated tapering arches.

Charles A. Coulomb (1773) and L.

Mascheroni (1785) at the end of the eighteenth century the static of a

masonry arch was known.

Emilian Marie Gauthey (1814) and

Lamé and Clapeyron (1823) In the nineteenth century the attention was focused on

practical aspects.

L.C. Boistard (1800) tests on model voussoir arch bridges

Claude-Louis Navier (1826)

the line of thrust should be within the middle third of the

depth to prevent tension and to avoid the formation of

cracks

E. Méry (1840):

the line of thrust should be contained in the middle-third

and passes through its upper limit at crown and its lower

limit at the other two collapse joints, which are next to the

springings

Rankine (1862), Hagen and Winkler

(1879) search of the line of thrust minimising the sum of squared

of the distances from the line of pressure to the centre line

C.A. Castigliano (1879) developed the method of minimum strain energy to

determine the actual line of thrust




LIMIT ANALYSIS

Heyman (1966): arch composed of stone voussoirs laid dry without mortar

• Sliding failure cannot occur

• Stone has no tensile strength

• Compression strength is infinite

Clemente & Saitta (2016): Finite compression strength

Clemente, Occhiuzzi & Raithel (1995): Limit behaviour of stone arch bridges




ARCH BRIDGES

Salgina Bridge, at Schiers

1930, L = 90 m

Design: Robert Maillart

Ponte Risorgimento over the Tevere river

1911, L = 100 m, f = 10 m

F. Hennebique technique

Garabit Viaduct over the Truyère river

1884, L = 165 m

H = 120 m

Design: Gustave Eiffel

Sydney Harbour Bridge, 1932

L = 503 m, f = 107 m




WANXIAN BRIDGE

Wanxian Bridge, 1997

over the Yangtze River

L = 420 m, f = 85 m




CHAOTIANMEN BRIDGE

Chaotianmen Bridge, Chongqing , 2009

L = 552 m

The longest arch bridge in the world




POLCEVERA BRIDGE PROPOSAL Design: Santiago Calatrava




SUSPENSION BRIDGES Ponte Real Ferdinando, 1832

Minturno, over the Garigliano river

L = 80.40 m

First chain suspension bridge in Italy

Destroid during the second world war (1943)

Restored in 1998

Similar bridge:

Ponte Maria Cristina di Savoia, 1835

on Calore river, near Solopaca,

Opened by Ferdinando II delle Due Sicilie

https://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwj_8rnxkuTfAhXryYUKHWSFDQ4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponte_Real_Ferdinando&psig=AOvVaw0D8cWZHy-l_NydxyapXXL5&ust=1547241752841527




BROOKLIN BRIDGE

New York, 1883

L = 486 m

Pylons in masonry




GEORGE WASHINGTON BRIDGE

New York, 1932

L = 1067 m

https://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjGspeKiuTfAhVFExoKHYBSBxQQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.offset.com/search/george%2Bwashington%2Bbridge&psig=AOvVaw20Pk0acA8pABZNfPxzlnNr&ust=1547239213267651




GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE

San Francisco, 1937

L = 1280 m




VERRAZZANO BRIDGE

New York,1964

between Brooklyn and Staten Island

L = 1298 m

the longest bridge in USA

https://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiVy_q3iuTfAhVGVhoKHbSNCF4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://nypost.com/2014/11/18/verrazano-bridge-toll-may-jump-to-16/&psig=AOvVaw2spVAcb-Eo0K5eFJsK8W8D&ust=1547239460277917




HUMBER BRIDGE

Humbershire, 1981

L = 1410 m

https://www.ioshmagazine.com/article/humber-bridge-open-all-hours

https://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=https://www.ioshmagazine.com/files/styles/hero_image_752_x_423/public/s3/hero/humber-bridge.jpg?itok%3D0aIfubKr&imgrefurl=https://www.ioshmagazine.com/article/humber-bridge-open-all-hours&docid=H4TKFKFIVJ0hRM&tbnid=vm22JSeSr2mBsM:&vet=10ahUKEwiJ_-e6jOTfAhUFxhoKHfmnB_8QMwhAKAMwAw..i&w=752&h=423&bih=643&biw=1280&q=humber bridge&ved=0ahUKEwiJ_-e6jOTfAhUFxhoKHfmnB_8QMwhAKAMwAw&iact=mrc&uact=8

https://www.google.it/imgres?imgurl=https://www.ioshmagazine.com/files/styles/hero_image_752_x_423/public/s3/hero/humber-bridge.jpg?itok%3D0aIfubKr&imgrefurl=https://www.ioshmagazine.com/article/humber-bridge-open-all-hours&docid=H4TKFKFIVJ0hRM&tbnid=vm22JSeSr2mBsM:&vet=10ahUKEwiJ_-e6jOTfAhUFxhoKHfmnB_8QMwhAKAMwAw..i&w=752&h=423&bih=643&biw=1280&q=humber bridge&ved=0ahUKEwiJ_-e6jOTfAhUFxhoKHfmnB_8QMwhAKAMwAw&iact=mrc&uact=8




GREAT BELT LINK EAST BRIDGE

Denmark, 1996

L = 1624 m

the longest bridge in Europe




AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE

Kobe, 1998

L = 1991 m

The longest span in the world




TACOMA NARROWS BRIDGE

Tacoma, 1940

L = 853 m

https://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiXi__PkOTfAhUN1hoKHa_tA7YQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/75-years-ago-famous-clip-of-galloping-gertie-not-accurate-study-says/&psig=AOvVaw18XMaymy3J7xhxlL0iMxC1&ust=1547241007456244




BOGAZICI KÖPRÜSÜ

Istanbul, 1973

1074 m




0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

p/w

l (m)0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

llim

/(ks/g

)

b

LIMIT SPAN OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES

w w Ap c g

p w1 1 b

p w2 2 b

p p p ceq 1 2 1

21 4

b g w p Ap eq c

(Clemente, Nicolosi & Raithel, 2000)

k fm

l cos

lim 8

1k

s g b




TECTONIC SHIFTS IN SUSPENSION BRIDGES

(Antonioli et al, 2003;

Clemente, 2004)

Notches

Marine terraces




LIMIT SPAN OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES

(Clemente, 1998)

w Ac c g l0

tan = 0.4

P = 1 MN

0

500

1000

1500

2000

0 0.05 0.1f/

s (

MP

a)

E*/E = 0.95

0.9

0.85

0.8

0.75

0.7

0.65

0.6

tan = 0.4

P = 1 MN

0.0

0.5

1.0

0 0.05 0.1f/

E*/E




CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES Strömsund Bridge, 1956 bringing road E45 over Ströms vattudal, in Strömsund, Jämtland, Sweden

L= 182 m

Constructed by Franz Dischinger

the world's longest cable-stayed bridge at that time

Theodor Heuss Bridge, 1953-1957 Also known as the Nordbrücke (North bridge), over the Rhine River in Düsseldorf

L = 260 m, side spans 108 m

It was the first cable-stayed bridge built in Germany

Fan or harp ?




GENERAL RAFAEL URDANETA BRIDGE

On the Maracaibo lake, Venezuela,

Reinforced and prestressed concrete

opened on 24 August 1962

L = 235 m

Tower = 92 m

Michel Virlogeux: “the Lake Maracaibo Bridge deserves to be part of the series of

the most famous bridges over the world, with the Golden Gate Bridge, the bridge

over the Firth of Forth, the Brooklyn Bridge, and the Garabit Viaduct”.




STIFFENING GIRDER / RETICULAR BEHAVIOUR

Wadi al-Kuf Bridge, crosses the Kouf Valley, Libya, 1965- 1972

R. Morandi

L = 282 m, H = 160m

Rande Bridge near Vigo, Spain, 1978-1981

F. De Miranda, A. Passaro

L = 401 m, Pylons = 148 m

Italian bridge schools competing




l=500

M

C0

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1 6 11 16 21 26z

Si (t) Kx=0.001

Kx=0.003

Kx=0.03

Kx=1

GIRDER STIFFNESS – ANCHOR CABLE

KEI

W hx

x

s

2

W w wn

E g

ns s s

r

l l l2

s

E

E

a

h

E

E

at

rti

i

0

2 2

0

1 1 4

4

1* *

cos sen

l

D’Apuzzo & Clemente 1983, 1990

Redundancy ??

• Anchor cables:

Equilibrium at the top of the pylons

Range of variability of the forces

• Deformability

Forces in the cables




CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES Alex Fraser Bridge (also Annacis Bridge)

1986, Main span 465 m, Towers 154 m Cable-stayed bridge over the Fraser River, that connects Richmond and New

Westminster with North Delta in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia.

It was the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world when it opened on

September 22, 1986 It is the second-longest in North America (after Arthur

Ravenel Jr. Bridge, 2005)

Skarnsund Bridge Concrete cable-stayed bridge that crosses the Skarnsundet strait, Norway.

1991, Main span 530 m, Pylons 152 m (the longest of its type in the world for two years)

In 2007, it was listed as a cultural heritage

Yangpu Bridge in Shanghai, China

1993, Main span 602 m, Pylons 223 m Width 30.35 m

As of 2006, it carries more than 100,000 vehicles per day




PONT DE NORMANDIE

Normandy Bridge, 1995

over the river Seine, northern France

L = 856 m

At that time it was the longest cable-

stayed bridge in the world




TATARA BRIDGE

Tatara Bridge, 1999

L = 890 m

It is part of the Nishiseto Expressway The expressway is a series of roads and bridges that is one of the

three routes of the Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Project




SUTONG YANGTZE RIVER BRIDGE

Sutong Yangtze River Bridge, 2008

L = 1088 m

Cable-stayed bridge with the longest main span in the world up to 2012

The bridge received the 2010 Outstanding Civil Engineering Achievement

award (OCEA) from ASCE

https://www.google.it/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwj7s5nLleTfAhUK1RoKHZaIDZ4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https://www.ice.org.uk/events/exhibitions/ice-bridge-engineering-exhibition/the-history-of-bridges/sutong-bridge&psig=AOvVaw3B_A1RyKavflSZa1_8jSAc&ust=1547242442243251




RUSSKY BRIDGE

Russky Bridge, 2012

Vladivostok, Russia

L = 1104 m, Cable length 580 m il ponte strallato più lungo al mondo

The bridge connects the Russky Island and the Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula

la progettazione ha dovuto tener conto delle severe condizioni climatiche, con

temperature che variano da −31 a +37 °C e formazione di ghiaccio di notevole

spessore, velocità del vento che arriva fino a 36 m/s e onde di 6 m; l’impalcato è

largo 29.5 m e contiene due corsie per ciascun senso di marcia.




MILLAU VIADUCT, 2004

It spans the valley of the Tarn near Millau in southern France

L = 342 m

Structural design: Michel Virlogeux

It is the tallest bridge in the world (structural height of 343 m)




GARIGLIANO CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE Garigliano river separates Lazio Region from Campania Region

Design: M. Mele




SENSOR LAYOUTS




FINITE ELEMENT MODEL Cable A (cm2) E (MPa) G (Mpa)

A, B 67.5 200000 77000

C to H 82.5 200000 77000

I 70.5 200000 77000

Tower A

(cm2)

Iz

(m4)

Ix

(m4)

E

(MPa)

G

(Mpa)

0 < y <10.85 23.66 178.4 11.68 36000 15600

10.85 < y <15.85 10.80 16.7 5.60 200000 77000

15.85 < y <25.85 0.75 1.00 0.80 200000 77000

y > 25.85 0.81 0.833 0.677 200000 77000

Girder

A(cm2) 16.52

Ix(m4) 13.3

Iy(m4) 650.7

I*(m4) 30.0

E(MPa) 42200

G(MPa) 17400

Lumped masses

m = 181 kNs2/m

Mz = 7500 kNs2/m2




GARIGLIANO: FREQUENCIES AND DAMPING

Freq. Experimental

freq. (Hz)

F.E.M. freq.

(Hz)

Damping

(%)

F.E.M. without

cables (Hz)

f1 0.90 0.87 3.1 0.79

f2 1.30 1.33 1.6 1.02

f3 2.50 2.34 0.1 -

f4 - 2.68 - 2.29

f5 2.69 2.76 1.5 2.75

f6 2.78 2.80 1.5 2.79

(Clemente P., Marulo S., Lecce L., Bifulco A., 1998)




STATIC TEST




INDIANO CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE, FLORENCE over the Arno River in Florence

completed and opened to the traffic in 1977

The main span is 189.1 m

Design: F. De Miranda




THE GIRDER In the central portion of the girder (zone M), whose length is 128.1 m, two

boxes spaced of 6.0 m compose the cross-section. They are linked one to

another, at the upper and lower levels, by means of truss structures. As a

result, the beam is characterized by large torsional stiffness. The boxes

have a width of 4.0 m and a height variable from 2.6 m to 1.6 m.

Cantilever beams start from the boxes to

support the external portion of the road. In the

zones near the ends (zones L and R) the cross-

section becomes a three boxes cross-section.




EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS: SENSOR LAYOUT

Seismometers were temporarily

installed in different locations in

11 different configurations




1

23

4

x

z

y

FINITE ELEMENT MODEL

A finite element model of the bridge was developed

using the geometrical and mechanical

characteristics of the bridge from the structural

design drawings




NUMERICAL FREQUENCIES AND MODES

Mode

number

Numerical

frequencies

(Hz)

Dominant displacements Experimental

frequencies

(Hz)

1 0.61 Deck Vertical 0.61

2 0.64 Deck Longitudinal 0.81

3 0.77 Deck Transverse 0.87

4 1.12 Deck Torsion & Tower Trans. 1.04

5 1.13 Deck Torsion & Tower Trans 1.15

6 1.37 Tower Longitudinal 1.41

7 1.62 Deck Vertical 1.61

8 2.41 Deck Longitudinal 2.25

9 3.09 Deck Transverse 2.61

(Clemente P., Celebi M., Bongiovanni G., Rinaldis D., 2004)




STATIC AND DYNAMIC ANALYSIS Parameter Response

spectrum

analysis

Static

analysis

(live loads)

Deck maximum vertical displacement uz (m) 0.100 0.469

Deck maximum longitudinal oscillation ux (m) 0.040 0.006

Beam maximum transversal displ. uy (m) 0.090 0.048

Tower maximum transversal displ. uty (m) 0.074 0.026

Tower longitudinal displacement utx (m) 0.025 0.100

Beam maximum bending moment My (MNm) 112 246

Beam maximum bending moment Mz (MNm) 1292 657

Maximum force in the anchor stay

(for each rope)

So (MN) 6.1 24.4

Maximum force in the longest stay Sm (MN) 5.9 19.9

Maximum axial force in the tower Np (MN) 40.4 158




PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE AT FORCHHEIM (Clemente P., Ricciardi G., Saitta F., 2008)




MUSIC BRIDGE, ROME




BRIDGE OVER THE PO RIVER, A21 HIGHWAY

3rd Slab

1st Slab

Courtesy

M. Caponero




PROPOSALS FOR THE FUTURE TISMAD Project (2008) – ENEA, POLITO et al

• According to estimates, the cost for the infrastructures maintenance for

the next 20 years will be about € 11 billion per year

• It is estimated that about 30% of bridges show structural problems,

which could result in collapses. Scouring and material degradation are

the most common causes of collapse

• The incidence of maintenance costs is getting more and more important

than the cost of construction of new infrastructures. There is a clear and

urgent need for a reduction of the costs of maintenance

• Knowledge of all the existing bridges

• Experimental analyses and evaluation of their structural health status

• Static and dynamic monitoring

• Preventive maintenance on request based on monitoring, in which the

health status of the bridge and its component is continuously controlled

and the intervention is made on the basis of the effective level of damage




CONCLUSIONS

Increase of

• dimensions of the ships

• volume of marine traffic Clearance for shipping

Advantages :

• Lower cost of horizontal structures compared to foundations in water

• Less risk of collision of boats against the pylons

The war against the forces of nature will continue

When you will build a bridge, you will build something for all time

Bridges will be always a monument to progress




END

«Build bridges, not walls» (Francesco)

BRIDGES: MONUMENT TO PROGRESS...The longest arch bridge in the world . ... SUSPENSION BRIDGES Ponte...

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