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SWrucWural Analysis of HisWorical ConsWrucWions – Jerzy Jasieńko (ed) © 2012 DPNH ProcławH PolandH ISSN 0860-2395H ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7

bccbCq lc plMb pYkqebqfC cfBbop lk MbCeAkfCAi molmboqfbp lc Mra BofCh AK satani lskoueiN, MK MadadipourO, MK AfzaliP ABpqoACq fn this paperI the experimental behaviour of reinforcement of mud brick was presentK qhe effect of molypropylene bersI molyester bers and dlass bers on the compressive strengthI voung’s modulusI and durability against water of brick samples was givenK aifferent amount of synthetic fibers select MKP and MKS and MKV percentages of specimensD weight was testedK qhe amounts of each component which may be effect of mechanical behaviour of mud brick are investigatedK qhe results showed the best addJon with the compressive strengthI better durabilityK

heywords: Mud brick, Compressive strength, voung’s modulus, aurability NK fkqolarCqflk jud bricks have low tensile and shear strengthI for this reason the use of mud bricks is limitedK qhe advantage of mud bricks are good thermal and acoustic insulation properties xNzI so that it can be used also for nonJstructural elements in modern buildings xOzKon the other hand reinforcement consists of incorporating certain materials with some desired properties within other materials which lack those propertiesxPzK qhereforeI soil reinforcement is defined as a technièue to improve the engineering characteristics of soil in order to develop the parameters such as shear strengthI compressibilityI density; and hydraulic conductivity xPzK jainlyI reinforced earth is a composite material consisting of alternating layers of compacted backfill and manJmade reinforcing material xQzK qhe technology which suggested for improving the behavior of mud bricks called “torchis” is based on the use of branches of shrub to build the frame of the habitation and the mud is used to fill the cavity between the branches xRzK fn another technologyI which is called “pisè” xRzK lne of the methods is reinforce mud bricks used a natural fibersI some of the natural fibers used in mud bricks areW strawI bambooI sisalI caneI coconut fibers and palm fibers xSzK ln other wayI to reinforce mud bricks used a synthetic fiberI some of the synthetic fibers used in mud bricks areW polypropylene EppF fibersI nylon fibersI steel fibersI polyester EmbqF fibersI glass fibersK xSz eoweverI the use of mud bricks for structural elements of buildings is subjected to an assessment of its mechanical propertiesI the investigation of which constitutes the aim of this paperK fn this work effect of synthetic fibers such as polypropyleneI polyester and glass on the mechanical properties of mud bricks was givenK

OK bumbofMbkqAi moldoAM OKNK pize and dimensions qhis paper describes the mechanical behavior of mud bricks with different fibers and fibers volume fractionsK

N AssocK mrofI aepartment of `ivil bngineeringI phahid oajaee qeacher qraining rniversityI qehran HVU ON OOVTMMONI franI bJmail addressW vatani]srttuKedu O draduate ptudentI aepartment of `ivil bngineeringI phahid oajaee qeacher qraining rniversityI qehran HVU ON OOVTMMONI franI bJmail addressW rezaVMRU]yahooKcom P draduate ptudentI aepartment of `ivil bngineeringI phahid oajaee qeacher qraining rniversityI qehran HVU ON OOVTMMONI franI bJmail addressW afzaliKmSQ]gmailKcom

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qo evaluate the mechanical behaviors between samples of different fibers such as polypropyleneI polyester and glass is used with different percentagesK pamples with dimensions of OO × OO × T cm with bricks and with dimensions of OO × NN × T cm were made with a halfJbrickK nI piattoni et alK xOz used the dimensions PN × QS × NP cm Ecalled “brick”FI and second oneI of dimensions NR × OP × NP cm Ecalled “block”I a èuarter of brickF xOzK cive brick and halfJbrick for each composition have been testedK A total of VM bricks have been molded and compacted by handsK EcigK NF

aF bF

cigK N ealfJbrick OO × NN × T cm EaF and Bricks OO × OO × T cm EbF

OKOK Materials qhe materials used in this study for mud brick production were soil as main matrixI sand and gravel as stabilizerI polypropyleneI polyester and glass as fibrous materials and water as lubricantK cirst from the production of some bricks of only earth E`FQI in addition to clayI sandEpFI gravel EdFI synthetic fibers such as polypropylene EmmFI polyester EmsF and glass EdlF was appliedK qhe synthetic fibers were in MKPI MKS and MKV percentage of weigh total components and MKMMQI MKMMU and MKMNO percentage of weight soilK

OKPK mroperties of material qhe materials used to manufacture the adobe bricks have been earthI coarse sand and short fiberK qhe polypropylene and glass fibers are used in this study have been cut in fiber of length eèual to MKV cm EcigK NF; the polypropylene had NO a in diameterRK qhe length and the diameter polyester are eèual the polypropylene EcigK OFK molystyrene fibers have high tensile strength and thin fibers with length eèual O cm EcigK PFK

aF bF cigK O molypropylene fibers EaFI glass fibers EbF

Q fn the followingI if the symbol ` stands aloneI it is referred to the name of the type of mixture made by only earthK R aenier – `riteria for measuring thin string

VPM

cigK P molyester fibers

qable N oesults of analysis of the granulometry of earth and of `oarse sand and Atterberg’s limits

barth

`lay EBF NSKR pand EBF RQKQ

dravel EBF NUKO iièuid iimit EBF OV mlastic iimit EBF NSKVQ mlastic index EBF NOKMS

qable O solume fraction of components for the different types of mixture

sample name clay B sand B

gravel B

water B

molypropylene B

molystyrene B

dlass B

` NKMM J J MKPS J J J

`HpHd MKPR MKTR MKNP MKNQ J J J

`HpHdHMKPmm MKOO MKTR MKOR MKNQ MKMMQ J J

`HpHdHMKSmm MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ MKMMU J J

`HpHdHMKVmm MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ MKMNO J J

`HpHdHMKPms MKOO MKTR MKOR MKNQ J MKMMQ J

`HpHdHMKSms MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J MKMMU J

`HpHdHMKPdl MKOO MKTR MKOR MKNQ J J MKMMQ

`HpHdHMKSdl MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J J MKMMU

`HpHdHMKVdl MKOO MKTQ MKOR MKNQ J J MKMNO

ft has been carried out the geotechnical characterization of the earth and of the coarse sand used that it has been executed in deotechnical iaboratory of the qeacher qraining rniversity of phahid oajaeeK qhe results of these tests are shown in qable NK According to the Apqj aOQUT xUz the earth can be classified as E`iFK qhe volume fraction of components for different types of mixture showed in table OK qhe specimen with MKVB of polyester is not workability and cannot mixK qhe percentages in this paper have been calculated based on weight of the soilK

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OK4K ppecimens preparing process qhis paper aims to investigate on the effect of fibers on mechanical properties of mud brickK cor this purpose the percentage of clayI sandI gravel and water are considered constant and the percentages of the fibers were variableK qhe water volume based on the amount of clay and the material being saturated with dry surface EppaF is determinedK bach mud brick in the same conditions of temperature Eaverage OP°`F is dried in the laboratoryK

OKRK qest methods Brick for test specimens with dimensions of OO × OO × T cm and the other half of the bricks with dimensions of OO × NN × T cm were prepared in the formworkK EcigKNF OKSK bquipment of compression test of bricks A visual analysis of external features as cracks and lacks of material has been executed on each mud brickK Afterwards a hydraulic press has been utilized to apply the compressive force and the values of compressive forceI vertical displacement and horizontal displacement have been measured during each testK qhe vertical displacement has been measured with a isaq that has been connected to the lower platenK rnder the applying of load by jack with capacity of NMM kkK A plate under a load cell in order to uniformly distribute the load was placedK sertical and horizontal displacement by the isaq which mounted on the sample was measuredK qwo vertical displacements and two horizontal displacements on the sample were installedK EcigK QF `ompression tests have been set to allow uniform distribution of loads on bricksK poI a layer of sand has been put on the lower steel plate in order to lay samples flatI compensating for irregularity of the sample bottom face; a transparent film has been put on the sandK qhe sand layer also allowed a reduction of friction at the plate–sample interface xOzK After sample positioningI it has been put a transparent film over it and a sand layer againK qhe upper transparent film role was to avoid sand to fill cracks during test procedureK All the samples have been tested along the direction they have been pressed into the wooden formworksI which is also the direction in which they are generally laid xOzK

cigK 4 pet up experimental

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aF

bF

cigK R qypical breaking of an earthen brickK `HpHd EaF `HpHdHMKSdl OKTK qhe drying of specimens cor uniform drying and prevent the cracks of mud bricksI it placed on wooden timbersK ppecimens were returned to once every at OQ hoursI because the specimens dry uniformlyK arying the samples for Q weeks EOU daysF lastedK PK obpriqp

PKNK Compression tests `ompression tests of bricks OO × OO × T cm have been executed on RQ specimensK qhree tests have been considered for each compositionK qhe imposed vertical force and the resulting displacements have been recorded up to the breakingK fn all of specimens with synthetic fibersI failure to appear on the outer surface of the sample and vertical cracks near the corners of bricks and in the middle of vertical surfacesK qhe sample is made of E`HpHdF cracks are too wideK qhe volume increasing of synthetic fibers reduced the width cracks and created the small cracks EcigK SFK qhe experimental values of the compressive force and the vertical displacement have been used for the elaboration of stressJstrain diagram for each of the brickK

cigK S ptressJstrain diagrams for specimens with MKPB fibers

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cigK T ptressJstrain diagrams for specimens with MKSB fibers

cigK U ptressJstrain diagrams for specimens with MKVB fibers qhe mechanical properties of all bricks are shown in qable PW qhe maximum stress for the types E`HpHdHMKPmsF and E`HpHdHMKVmmF is respectively eèual to NRKVT and NRKNV jmaK qhe minimum stress for the types E`HpHdHMKVdlF and E`HpHdHMKPdlF is respectively eèual to OKQQ and RKTP jmaK

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qable P Average mechanical properties of the mud bricks

Block type σmaxEMmaF εσmax bexEMmaF

` QKQM MKNP PT

`HpHd SKQQ MKOQ PS

`HpHdHMKPpp NQKSQ MKOS RS

`HpHdHMKSpp NNKSU MKPM RT

`HpHdHMKVpp NRKNV MKNO QT

`HpHdHMKPms NRKVT MKPQ RM

`HpHdHMKSms NQKUO MKOU RQ

`HpHdHMKPdl RKTP MKOP PS

`HpHdHMKSdl VKQT MKOP RS

`HpHdHMKVdl OKQQ MKOM PR

About the data of qable PI in factI these results are calculate by divided the net force by the area of specimen EOO × OO cmOFI and by measuring the vertical displacements only at the center of brickK ButI it has been missed the possibility to determine the nonJparallelism has been the two platensI and the combined compressive and bending stressK qhe experimental voung’s modulus has been calculated and showed in qable PK qhe water content of the speciments when they have been tested is eèual to OJPBK As visible from the diagramI with increases the fibers of the plastic behavior clearly seen EcigK SJUFK Best performance in terms of stress and strainI samples are with MKS B fibersK pamples with MKP percent fibers behave almost in the elastic rangeI increasing fiber causes the elastic and linear behavior of the mode has changed and become nonJlinear formK qhe fiber samples with a MKVBI did not good performance of yield stress and ductilityK qhe best specimens in terms of stress and strainI sample with MKS B of fibersK

PKOK aurability against water cor measure durability against waterI the specimens within in the canal with steady water flow and the time it takes to disappear were measuredK cor durability against waterI the samples were in canal water with a slope of PKR degrees from horizontal and with a velocity of UKS cmLsK qhe results are shown in the table QK qhe test of durability has been done with halfJbrick EOO × NN × TF cmK

qable 4 qhe results of softening in water of sample

pample name poftening in water EminF

` ORR `HpHd OUR

`HpHdHMKPmm RNM `HpHdHMKSmm RQM

`HpHdHMKVmm RPR

`HpHdHMKPms SSM

`HpHdHMKSms RRR

`HpHdHMKPdl RQM

`HpHdHMKSdl QUP

`HpHdHMKVdl QUO

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4K ClkCirpflkp fn this paper the mechanical properties of mud bricksI made of clayI sandI gravel and fibers such as; polypropyleneI polyester and glass have been investigatedK tith increasing the fibers behavior of samples from linear to nonlinear behavior can be changedK fncreased fibers more than S percent with these compounds aren’t suitable as yield stress and strainK qhe specimen with MKS percentages of polyester fibersI have maximum of stress and strainK BecauseI were created a good linkage between polystyrene fibers and mud bricks materialsI but the workability of the specimens was very hardK `an be recommended investigations the increased clay in this work and then considered the effect of fibers in mechanical propertiesK obcbobkCbp xNz Binici eI Aksogan lI Bodur jkI Akca bI hapur pK EOMMTF qhermal isolation and mechanical

properties of fibre reinforced mud bricks as wall materialsK `onstr Build jater; ONW VMNJSK xOz miattoni nI nuagliarini bI ienci pK EOMNNF bxperimental analysis and modeling of the mechanical

behavior of earthen bricksK `onstruction and Building jaterialsK OMSTJOMTRK xPz gones jK ENVVVF jechanics of composite materialsK Ond edK qaylor and crancisK xQz lla AK ENVUVF ptabilization of lateritic soils by extensible fiber reinforcementK bng deol; OSW

NORJQMK xRz cujii vI codde bI tatanabe hI jurakami hK EOMMVF aigital photogrammetry for the

documentation of structural damage in earthen archaeological sitesW the case of Ajina qepaI qajikistanK bng deol; NMRW NOQJPPK

xSz eejazi KjI pheikhzadeh jI Abtahi AI wadhoush AK EOMNOF A simple review of soil reinforcement by using natural and synthetic fibersK `onstruction and Building jaterials PM NMMJNNSK

xTz hazemian pI euat hI mrasad AI Barghchi jK EOMNMF A review of stabilization of soft soils by injection of chemical groutingK Appl pci; QW RUSOJUK

xUz ApqjI solume MQKMUI jarch EOMMPF poil and oock EfWaQOMJaRTTVFK xVz `uadra `I harkee jKBI qokeshi hK EOMMUF barthèuake risk to fnca’s historical constructions in

jachupicchuK Advances in bngineering poftware PV PPSJPQRK xNMz silane BKoKqK EOMNMF Assessment of stabilisation of adobes by confined compression testsK

biosystems engineering NMS RRNJRRUK xNNz Binici eI Aksogan lI phah qK EOMMRF fnvestigation of fibre reinforced mud brick as a building

materialK `onstr Build jater; NVW PNPJUK xNOz jorel g`I mkla AI talker mK EOMMTF `ompressive strength testing of compressed earth blocksK

`onstr Build jater; ONW PMPJVK xNPz iing fI ieshchinsky aI qatsuoka cK EOMMPF oeinforced soil engineeringW advances in research and

practiceK jarcel aekker fncK xNQz varbasi kI halkan bI Akbulut pK EOMMTF jodification of freezing–thawing properties of granular

soils with waste additivesK `ol oeg pci qechnol; QUW QQJRQK xNRz muppala AI jusenda `K EOMMMF bffects of fiber reinforcement on strength and volume change

behavior of two expansive soilsK qrans oes Boa;NTPSW NPQJQMK xNSz pawicki AK ENVUPF mlastic limit behavior of reinforced earthK g deotech bng Ap`b; NMVW NMMMJRK xNTz Abtahi jI pheikhzadeh jI eejazi jK EOMNMF ciberJreinforced asphalt–concrete mixtures –

a reviewK `onstruct Build jater; OQW UTNJTK xNUz nuagliarini bI ienci pK EOMNMF qhe influence of natural stabilizers and natural fibers on the

mechanical properties of ancient ooman adobe bricksK