Aspetti normativi e applicativi delle tecnologie wireless · Aspetti normativi e applicativi delle...

“Wireless, gli standard ed alcune applicazioni di importanza significativa” – SAVE16 1

SAVE 2016

Aspetti normativi e applicativi delle tecnologie wireless

Emiliano Sisinni, Member IEC-TC65 (WG17) and IEC-SC65C (WG16 and WG17)[email protected], DII, University of Brescia and CSMT

Via Branze, 38, 25123 – BRESCIA – Italy, Tel: +39 030 3715445, Fax: +39 030 380014

Raffaele Esposito, membro del CEI TC 65CCoordinatore Gruppo Wireless di ANIE Automazione

Product Manager presso Phoenix Contact Spa

“Wireless, gli standard ed alcune applicazioni di importanza significativa” – SAVE16

Why wireless now?

• Wireless isn't new. Why all the recent interest about it?

• Consider what happened with cell phones. Cellular technology was available for at least a decade before it was widely adopted, but the large size and short battery life of early phones made them impractical for most people. Once those problems were solved, adoption increased exponentially.

• Something similar has happened with wireless technology for process automation and more recently for factory automation. It wasn't hard to see the potential benefits, but users were reluctant to put wireless to work in their plants until concerns about security, battery life, standards, and communication reliability were addressed.

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Why wireless now?

• In recent years, several automation and wireless-technology suppliers have focused on addressing these and other concerns. As a result, "industry ready" wireless solutions are increasingly available.– Built-in encryption, authentication, verification, key management, anti-

jamming, and other security measures can make properly-implemented wireless networks as secure as many traditional wired ones – or more so.

– Advanced power-management techniques, low-power electronics, and energy scavenging technologies help minimize power consumption so wireless devices can operate for years without battery replacement.

– Self-organizing networks offer unprecedented reliability for wireless field networks, even when changes in the plant environment interfere with existing transmission paths.

– Emerging industrial standards -- such as those under development by HART Communications Foundation and ISA -- are addressing concerns about integration and long-term compatibility in wireless field networks.

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Current WSN Applications

• The most common current WSN applications are process monitoring, environmental monitoring, and assets/machine health monitoring.

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©2012 ON World Inc. All Rights Reserved

All Respondents - Most Common WSN Applications Ranked

Process mtrg

Process cntrl

Factory Automation

Assets/Machine health

Environ mtrg

Safety/security

Corrosion mtrg

Energy/HVAC

Lighting cntrols

6%

19%

15%

11%

10%

18%

19%

15%

23%

5%

19%

15%

11%

10%

14%

15%

12%

13%

9%

15%

9%

15%

15%

14%

13%

16%

10%

18%

8%

9%

20%

19%

11%

11%

8%

8%

40%

7%

7%

10%

17%

7%

2%

8%

6%

n=169/216Least common Most commonRanking Distribution


Standards Migration – Current WSN Protocols Used

• For current WSN adopters—including vendors, suppliers and end users-- 53% are using WirelessHART followed by WiFi** (36%), proprietary (32%) and ISA100.11a (28%).

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53%

36%32%

28%

14% 14%12% 13%

n= 118/216 Source: ON World

WSN Adopters – Wireless Sensor Network Protocols Used

*WSN Adopters= All respondents, including vendors and end users, who are currently using WSN.

**Note: The question asked if respondents used WiFi “for sensing, not just for data networks” but it did not clarify if WiFi is used forend nodes versus gateways only.


Adoption Drivers – Availability of STANDARDs

• The most commonly named WSN adoption drivers are standards, education, improving ease of use, performance and lowering equipment costs.

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Open-Ended Comments on What Will Drive WSN Adoption

Comments:

“Less concern about making the vendor's standards the industry standard as opposed to the best standard for the application.”

“Upgrade/replacement pathways for legacy platforms, migration plans for existing systems.”

“Easy engineering of complex systems, visual programming of processes.”“The more plug and play the device can be the better…”

Startups offering $100 WirelessHART sensors for vibration, VOC, H2S, range/level, etc.”

“Focus on driving down cost by factor of ten.”

Standards21%

Education17%

Ease of Use13%

Performance11%

Cost6%

ISA1004%

Certification4%

ZigBee3%

WirelessHART3%

Security3%

Lower Power3%

More Competition

3%

Others9%

Source: ON World


Monitoring or Control?

Type Class Description

Safety 0 Critical

Control

1 Closed Loop regulatory control

2 Closed loop supervisory control

3 Open loop control

Monitoring4 Alerting

5 Data logging and Up/Download

• Process monitoring– Hard to reach / expensive to

install locations– Full access to multivariable

devices• Asset Management

– Condition monitoring– Configuration database

• Control– Open loop– Closed loop

• Where appropriate for wireless

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Wireless and Control

• In the wireless world, however, fast updates are not always practical. Processing and transmitting the data for each update uses energy, and faster updates therefore use more energy.

• Unless you’re willing to replace batteries every few months or hard-wire a power source directly to the field device – eliminating some key advantages of using wireless technology -- measurement update rates for wireless devices will typically be less than for wired systems.

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Low power

Active

Cor

rent

eTempo


Wireless and Control

• Although devices in a truly wireless network will usually be configured for update rates of perhaps twice per minute, they are capable of supporting once-per-second update rates.

• This can be suitable for control in applications where the variable doesn't change rapidly, such as level and temperature loops or those that rely on online-analyzer feedback. Some slow and non-critical flow loops can also be good candidates for wireless-based control.

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The key is to understand the requirements of your process, then determine the right balance between update rates and battery life.

Time [h]

Tem

pera

ture

[°C

]


Factory vs Process Automation

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• Similar requirements… but very different values (log graph)!

• There is no ONE-SIZE-FITS-ALL!

• Nowadays wireless is most suitable for PA…

0,01

0,1

1

10

100

1000

Device count per unit

Unit Physical Size [m]

Units per Plant

Device density (in unit)

Devices per Plant

Production Cycle Length [h]

Unit Startup Time [minutes]

Time: fastest [s]

Time: control loop [s]

Time: slowest [s]

Field Device Cost [$]

Installation Cost/device cost

Process Automation, Predominantly analogDiscrete Automation, Predominantly discrete

0,1 1 10 100 0,001 0,01 0,1 1 10

10 10 000

10100

1000

100

10

1

10

10.1

0.01

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

100

1000

10

1

1000

0.1

10

100

1


European Compliance

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• Process for authorising radios in Europe• The R&TTE Directive

• It’s a ‘Declaration of Conformity’ Directive• The Radio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment Directive

establishes a regulatory framework for placing and putting into service radio and telecommunications terminal equipment (R&TTE) on the free market.

• The DoC is to the Directive• Not a certification to the standard• Dynamic DoC applies each day to each unit

• Harmonised Standards• Simple way to ‘presume’ compliance with Directive• Standards are listed in the Official Journal


European Compliance

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ETSI & Wireless

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• Specific SRD (Short Range Devices) standards include: – EN 300 328 Wideband Transmission Systems– EN 300 422 Wireless Microphones in the 25 MHz to 3 GHz freq. band – EN 302 510 Ultra Low Power Active Medical Membrane Implants and

Accessories– EN 302 195 Ultra Low Power Active Medical Implants 9 – 315 kHz – EN 302 536 Inductive applications in the 315-600 kHz range for animal

implant communication. – EN 302 066 Ultra Wideband (Ground- and Wall-Probing Radar) – EN 302 208 Radio Frequency Identification– EN 302 372 Tank Level Probing Radar – EN 302 858 Narrowband Short Range Radar (24 GHz) – EN 302 288 UWB Short Range Radar (24 GHz) – EN 302 264 UWB Short Range Radar (79 GHz) – EN 301 091 Long Range Radar (76 GHz)


EN 300328 v 1.8.1

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• This standard regulates the access to 2,4 GHz ISM Band• Unfortunately: the requirements of automation have not been

considered, especially– The real-time requirements– Efficient usage of valuable spectrum resource– Fair sharing of spectrum on different wireless systems

• Sugegsted Wayout:– Co-existence management IEC 62657-2– 10-mW Factory


EN 300328 v 1.8.1

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IEC Standards

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IEC 65 *Industrial-process measurement, control andautomation

CEI 65 ***Misura , controllo e automazione nei processi

industriali

Esigenzedegli utilizzatori

Automazione industriale

Punti di vista dei costruttori

CENELEC 65X **

*** CEI = Comitato elettrotecnico italiano* * CENELEC = Comité européen de normalisation en électronique et en électrotechnique

* IEC = International Electrotechnical Commission


IEC standards

• Currently, two WGs of the IEC65C committee are working on the standardization process for the wireless in industrial applications– WG16 «Wireless»– WG17 «Wireless Coexistence»

• The former is in charge of maintaining the three standards currently ratified:– WirelessHART, IEC62591– ISA100.11a, IEC62734– WIA-PA IEC62601 and WIA-FA IEC62948 (chinese solutions, poorly

diffused)• The latter addresses the coexistence challenges

– IEC62657 Part 1: a sort of glossary– IEC62657 Part 2: operative guidelines

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• Initiative launched by HCF in November 2004. Standard in September 2007.

• IEC approved (Committee 65C WG 16).

• Objective:Establish a wireless communication standard for process automation, in particular for IN PLANT applications

• WirelessHART: wireless extension to HART protocol– An open and interoperable standard– As easy as using wired HART (they share upper layers)– Enable wireless access to existing HART devices – Use the same configuration, maintenance, diagnostic tools and

procedures– Require little additional training

The WirelessHART role


Wireless Access to Additional Process

Measurements

Minimal InstallationCost - No Wires

Wireless GatewayConnection to Plant Systems

Battery, Solar or FieldPowered Devices

The WirelessHART role : enable new class of devices

A brand new wireless fieldbus and wireless devices!


• What is the ISA100 Committee? The ISA100 committee is part of ISA and was formed in 2005 to

establish standards and related information that will define procedures for implementing wireless systems in the automation and control environment with a focus on the field level.

• The committee is made up of over 400 automation professionals from nearly 250 companies around the world with a variety of industrial backgrounds

• ISA100: Family of Standards, designed to Accommodate all the Plant Needs. Areas of Coverage Identified: to date; Process Automation (Process Focus), Factory Automation (Discrete Focus), Transmission and Distribution (Long Distance Focus), RFID (Industrial Tagging Focus)

The ISA100.11a role


The ISA100.11a role

• This standard defines all specifications including security and management; for wireless devices serving application classes 1 through 5 for fixed, portable and moving devices.

• The ISA100.11a standard addresses performance needs for periodic monitoring and process control where latencies on the order of 0,1-1,0 s can be tolerated (with optional behavior for shorter latency).

• Scope of this standard:

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Network components

• Any network, whether wired or wireless, requires a transmission source to send a signal, a medium to carry the signal, and a receiver to accept the signal and do something with the information.

• In the process automation world, this has traditionally meant field devices sending data over cables to a host system such as a DCS or PLC.

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Network components

• Wireless networks use radio waves rather than cables for data transmission, requiring some changes in network components – like adding radios and antennas.

• The components of a wireless network can be roughly divide into:– wireless field devices, which collect and transmit data– gateways, which provide an interface between the wireless devices and

the host system– host systems, which receive and manage the information from the

wireless network

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• Other components can be handheld communicators, PDAs, and tablet PCs used by mobile workers to wirelessly access process control networks.


Look inside a wireless sensor node

• Sensing– Measures information about physical phenomenon– Converts to digital representation

• Processing– Analyzes and processes sensor data– Handles communication

• Communication– Provides wireless interface– RF transceiver and antenna

• Hardware– Low-power microprocessor– Limited resources (CPU speed, RAM, storage)

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Wireless Sensor

Sensing

Processing

Communication


THE IEC62657-2

• Coexistence:– is a dynamic state within an environment (not a characteristic of a wireless solution)– means that all wireless solutions involved fulfil their tasks– depends on the requirements of the application and the resulting wireless solution– can be assessed using characteristic parameters– has to be planned, monitored and maintained

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THE IEC62657-2

• The std specifies sets of parameters that characterize the model of a network or device.

• The std also describes the characterization of wireless communication solutions which are implementations of wireless communication systems and devices.

• In contrast to the description of network and devices types, here the parameter values refer to a certain installation within a plant.

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THE IEC62657-2

• The coexistence management process consists of following phases:• investigation phase; The investigation aims to ascertain the actual

state in respect of operating wireless applications, and identify free and occupied frequency resources.

• planning phase; In the planning phase, the resource allocation plan is developed or modified based on the updated inventory.

• implementation phase• operation phase

• For effective control of the coexistence management process, a central responsibility is required. For this purpose, one or more central contact persons (coexistence managers) shall be assigned.

• A coexistence manager shall have basic knowledge of radio technologies and associated radio compatibilities.

• A specialist knowledge is required to promote qualified decisions regarding the use of wireless applications which involve considerable risks. If a coexistence manager does not have the specialist knowledge, he shall be assisted by a radio expert.

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Esempi applicativi

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Esempi applicativi

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Esempi applicativi

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Esempi applicativi

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