La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati

Terlizzi, 9 Marzo 2016

La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei datiCataldo Musto

09.03.2016

Who I am

2Cataldo Musto - La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati - FuoriCorso@Melkweg (Terlizzi) - 9 Marzo 2016

Who I am

Inspired by

(2009 !)

Knowledge Pyramid

the problem

X Big Data!

Moore’s Law

Moore’s Law (for data)

(Hint)

What is “Big Data” ?One minute on the Web

What is “Big Data” ?One year

can be considered as novel data silos

Web and Social Media

Cataldo Musto - La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati - FuoriCorso@Melkweg (Terlizzi) - 9 Marzo 2016

information about preferencesCataldo Musto - La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati - FuoriCorso@Melkweg (Terlizzi) - 9 Marzo 2016

18information about connections

19information about people feelings

Big Players have knowledge

(Francis Bacon, around 1600)

Scientia Potentia Est

…and knowledge is power!

Web and Social Networks

changed the way people produce information.

changed the way people acquire information.

Dunbar’s Number

Average number of active connection during the life: 150How many Facebook friends you have?

Dunbar’s Number

“Six Degrees Separation” Theory

Dunbar’s Number

“Six Degrees Separation” Theory

On Facebook: 4.74 (in 2011)

What is “Big Data” ?Not only Social Media!

Obstacleor

Opportunity?

Question

Big Data

Cataldo Musto - La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati - FuoriCorso@Melkweg (Terlizzi) - 9 Marzo 2016 28

Big Data as Obstacle

Cataldo Musto - La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati - FuoriCorso@Melkweg (Terlizzi) - 9 Marzo 2016 29“Big” does not always mean better!

(Source: Adrian C.Ott, The 24-hour customer)

we can handle 126 bits of information/day

we deal with 393 bits of information/day

ratio: more than 3xCataldo Musto - La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati - FuoriCorso@Melkweg (Terlizzi) - 9 Marzo 2016 30

Big Data as Obstacle

67% of the people checks the phone even if no alert was received

29% of the people says: “I can’t imagine living without my phone”(2012)

Information Overload

… in digital life

… in real life

Paradox of Choice (Barry Schwartz)

Big Data as Opportunity

Key Concept: Information Asymmetry

“Information asymmetry deals with the study of decisions in transactions where one party has more or better information

than the other. This creates an imbalance of power in transactions”

J.StiglitzNobel Prize 2001

“A team of scientists, engineers and technicians from Google, all volunteers, is cooperating with UNICEF to cross all this data to other elements, ranging from weather conditions to travel flows, and as a result identify and view any new

outbreaks.”

Key Concept: Information Asymmetry

preventing crimes in London

significant reductions in thefts (-33%), violent crime (-21%) and violations of private property (-12%).

Mapping Datafor common good

(Not a new idea) Map of cholera in London, 1854

red = cholera cases blue = water

To aggregate rough people-based data in order to analyze complex phenomena.

Use Case: Italian Hate Maps

Violence against women Disability

Racism Anti-semitismCataldo Musto - La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati - FuoriCorso@Melkweg (Terlizzi) - 9 Marzo 2016

Given the maps and given the output of the linguistic analysis of intolerant Tweets (co-occurrences between terms,

time lapse, etc.), the psychologists team defined some guidelines to tackle and prevent intolerant behaviors.

These guidelines have been freely distributed to public administration on early 2015.

Use Case: Smart Cities

Urban Informatics47

Use Case: Smart Cities

Smart Parking

Smart lighting

Traffic Congestion

Smart Buildings

Applications

(Amsterdam)

Big Data can be used to automatically learn the semantics of textual content

Use Case: Semantics

“I love turkey. It’s my choice for these holidays!

Use Case: Semantics

Computers cannot understand the real meaning of terms!

Distributional Semantics

“meaning

is its use”L.Wittgenstein

(Austrian philosopher)

Use Case: Semantics

ExampleUse Case: Semantics

What is Serengeti?

Pass me a Serengeti! I like Serengeti

Football and Serengeti, what a perfect Saturday!

What is Peroni?

Pass me a Peroni! I like Peroni

Football and Peroni, what a perfect Saturday!

Pass me a Peroni! I like Peroni

Football and Peroni, what a perfect Saturday!

What is Serengeti?

A famous beer from Tanzania

by analyzing large corpora of textual data it is possible to infer information about the

usage (about the meaning) of the terms

Insight

similar meaning

co-occurrence co-occurrence

co-occurrence co-occurrence(*) Firth, J.R. A synopsis of linguistic theory 1930-1955. In Studies in Linguistic Analysis, pp.

1-32, 1957.

Distributional SemanticsUse Case: Semantics

Use Case: Artificial Intelligence

“Artificial Intelligence is the ability of a computer to perform functions and typical reasoning of the human mind.”

(Very basic) application - Face Recognition

(Basic) application - Statistical Machine Translation

(Very challenging) application - Google Self-Driving Car

Common Problem: training is very difficult Cataldo Musto - La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati - FuoriCorso@Melkweg (Terlizzi) - 9 Marzo 2016

Thanks to Big Data, AI algorithms can learn!

?Faces

Overall sentiment: :-(

Use Case: Brand Analysis

Use Case: Recommender Systems

“People who bought…”on Amazon

“Discover”on Spotify

Success Stories: Netflix

The Dark Side of Big Data

What about the privacy?

Smart Cities-related privacy issues

The “Target” case

Some Stories - The Filter Bubble

Eli Parisier“How the New Personalized Web Is Changing What We Read and How We Think” (TED Talk)

Some Stories - The Filter Bubble

Who controls the gatekeepers?

Some Stories - Facebook Emotional Contagion

Ethical Issues

How to balance the right to privacy with public access to information?

Ethical Issues

What is the role of government in Big Data revolution? e.g. How to deal with workers losing their jobs?

Theory of control - NSA

Theory of control

Project of a prison, designed by Jeremy Bentham in 1871 Internet like a Panopticon?

Take-Home Messages

Big data are wonderful and terrible. At the same time.

Take-Home Messages

Big data are wonderful and terrible. At the same time.Luddites is not the solution.

Take-Home Messages

Big data are wonderful and terrible. At the same time.Luddites is not the solution.

Control and Awareness, it is.

Cataldo Musto, PhD cataldo.musto@uniba.it

@cataldomustohttp://www.di.uniba.it/~swap

Grazie!

La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati

Technology

Transcript of La (ir)ragionevole efficacia dei dati

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