Î¬ ÀV˙…12 (Vilfredo Pareto), (Gaetano Mosca), (Robert Michels) Michels ¥¤ (“Government by...

17.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

17.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

17.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

17.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙

17.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ

17.5 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

17.6 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

17.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀ˘ Ê√±Ú± ˚±À¬ı–

¬ı˛±©Ü™‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Œfl¡Ú ’±À˘±‰¬…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬¬ı˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊æ√¬ı ˝√√˘ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl¡œ fl¡œ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ

¤˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√ÓN ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø‰¬ôL±ø¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú › ’¬ı√±Ú

Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú·≈ø˘ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…øq¡ › Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛› ø√Àfl¡

˜ÀÚ±À˚±· Œ√›˚˛± ˚±À¬ıº

Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙, Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜À˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√¬ıX ˜±Ú≈¯∏˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ‰¬±ø˘fl¡±˙øq¡º Œ√˙fl¡±˘ Œˆ¬À√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈¬Û±øÓ¬fl¡ ¸—‡…±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… ‚È¬À˘›, ¤˝◊√√ fl¡Ô± ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚« Œ˚ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

Ê√œ¬ı ø˝√√¸±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛–’Ô«±», ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’ød¬QÀfl¡ ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛

Œ·ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’e·ÀÚº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˘é¬…¬ıd≈¬ ø‰¬¬ı˛fl¡±˘˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√–Ó¬± ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ fl¡˜À¬ıø˙ øÚ˚˛LaÌ

fl¡¬ı˛±, ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Úº ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ › Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

’¬ıàÔ±Ú, ¶§±Ô« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‚øÚá¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı Ô±fl¡À˘› Ó¬± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ ›

:±ÀÚ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ ’À¬Ûé¬±fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡fl¡±À˘º ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√

’±z¬–¸•Ûfl«¡ øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬‰«¬± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À ˛ ◊√√Ó¬±˘œ ˛ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ øÊ√›ˆ¬±øiß ¸±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬±ø¬ı˛ (Giovanni

Sartori) ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Ú › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Œ¸Ó≈¬ àÔ±¬ÛÚ

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N Ú±Ú± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ø˜|ÀÌ Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸efl¡¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛ ˘é¬… ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡

› ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬Û±›˚˛± Ó¬Ô… › Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—À˚±· àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı˛±º øfl¡z≈¬

fl¡œ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ¤˝◊√√ ¸—À˚±·àÔ±¬ÛÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±∑

¤˝◊√√ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ’Ú≈Àõ∂¬ı˛Ì± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ≈√íøÈ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±–¤fl¡, ¸˜±Ê√ ›

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ¤˘±fl¡± √‡˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±ÀÂ√, ¤¬ı— ≈√˝◊√√, ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡é¬¬ÛÔ·≈ø˘

õ∂± ˛ ◊√√ ¤Àfl¡ ’¬Û¬ı˛Àfl¡ ŒÂ√√ fl¡À¬ı˛º Î¬◊√± √√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı”¬Û ¬ı˘± ˚± ˛ Œ˚, Ê√±Ó¬-¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú,

› Œ¸˝◊√√ ø√fl¡ ø√À˚˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú › ¸—ø¬ıÒ±ÚÀfl¡ ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√›˚˛±

’±˝◊√√Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˘±fl¡±ˆ≈¬q¡ › ‰¬ø¬ı˛S·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, ‰¬ø¬ı˛S·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±Ó¬-¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú,

’± ◊√√Ú ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’±¬Û±Ó¬‘√ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸•Ûfl«¬˝√√œÚº øfl¡z≈¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ ˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ˚‡Ú ¸±—ø¬ıÒ±øÚfl¡ ’±√ «Àfl¡ ˜±Ú… fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛

˜±Ú≈ ∏À√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—¬ı˛é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡À¬ı˛ ’± ◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜, Ó¬‡Ú ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡˚≈q¡ ˝√√˚˛º ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬ ’±˝◊√√Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜À˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ”¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√±Ó¬À·±á¬œ¬ı ‰¬±¬Û ¬ı± õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı ¸¥œÅàÏò

(Tom Bottomore)

¥¤ (“Political Sociology is concerned with power in its social context”)

1914-18

1939-45

17.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙

(Aristotle) polis

‘Koinonia’

(Marsiglio)

W. G. Runciman,

Tom Bottomore,

Civil Society

(Alexis De Tocqueville, 1805-1859)

(Max Weber)

The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalian (1904)

(Vilfredo

Pareto), (Gaetano Mosca), (Robert Michels)

Michels

¥¤ (“Government by the people”)

¥¤ (“Administration of men will be replaced by the administration of

things”)

17.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ

(Green) › ’¬ı˛ø˘À˚˛k (Orleans)-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊ÀV˙… ¬ı˛±©Ü™ Ú±˜fl¡

¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛±º ¤ ◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛

õ∂Ò±Ú õ∂Ò±Ú ’±À˘±‰¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ .

1] ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ,

2] Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S › ˙Ó«¬±¬ı˘œ ,

3] ¤fl¡À‰¬øÈ¬˚˛± ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™-fl¡Ó«‘¬fl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ,

4] ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ é≈¬^Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S › ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡º

ø¢∂Ú › ’¬ı˛ø˘À˚˛k-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ÓN › ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü Œ√›˚˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√

¸˜d¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú, ‹fl¡˜Ó¬… › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ¤¬ı— ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸•Ûfl«¡º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏: ’…±`ò≈¬ ¤Ù¬¬ı˛±È¬ (Andrew Effraft) ’¬ı˙… ¤ ◊√√

ø¬ı ∏ ˛øÈ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe· ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ¸fl¡˘

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ é¬˜Ó¬± › fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ › ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì › Ù¬˘±Ù¬˘ øÚÀ ˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÓ¬øÚ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, ø˙é¬± ¸—flË¡±z¬ › Ò˜π˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ ¤¬ı— ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛

› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú·≈ø˘º

ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡ Œ¸˝◊√√˜≈¬ı˛ ˜±øÈ«¬Ú ø˘¬ÛÀ¸È¬ (Saymoor Martin

Lipset) ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚, ˚ø√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛Q ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀM3¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœ˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬±

˝√√À˘ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø ˛Q ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú

’±À˘±‰¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe· ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ø˘¬ÛÀ¸È¬ › ’±¬ı˛. Œ¬ıÀÚøÎ¬"√√ (S. Lipset › R. Bendict).

¸≈¬Û±ø¬ı˛˙ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… àÔ±Ú ¬Û±›˚˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ øÚ•ßø˘ø‡Ó¬

ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘¬ı˛ .

1] øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ,

2] ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœˆ¬¬ıÚ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì ,

3] ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı±√˙« ,

4] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ’Ú…±Ú… Œ¶§26√±˜”˘fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú ,

5] ’±˜˘±Ó¬La › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…±º

’±ø˘ ’±˙¬ı˛Ù¬ (Ali Ashraf) › ¤˘. ¤Ú. ˙ «± (L. N. Sarma)-¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛

‘√ø©Ü ‰¬±¬ı˛øÈ¬ ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ øÚ¬ıX Ô±fl¡± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ˚Ô±, [fl¡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·≈ø˘ [Œ˚˜Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ ¬ı±

Ê√±Ó¬¬Û±Ó¬, ¤ø˘È¬ Œ·±á¬œ, ¶§±Ô« Œ·±á¬œ, ’±˜˘±Ó¬La, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › Î¬◊¬Û√˘] , [‡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ

[’Ô«±», øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—À˚±·, ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ·Í¬Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√] , [·] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q [Ó¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√

› Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ é¬˜Ó¬± fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· › fl¡±˚«¬ÛXøÓ¬ , [‚] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú [Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±À¬Û¬ı˛

¸”‰¬fl¡·≈ø˘, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸•Ûfl«¡]º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, fl¡Ó‘¬«Q, øÚ˚˛LaÌ, ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

¬ı˛é¬Ì±À¬ıé¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜d¬ › ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂±¸øe·fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ¸”Ñ

’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı±√œ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì± ˝√√›˚˛± ¸ÀN› ‡≈¬ı ¤fl¡È¬± ¶Û©Ü Œfl¡±Ú› Ó¬±øNfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛øÚº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNÀfl¡¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú·≈ø˘, Œ·±á¬œd¬À¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì ¬ÛXøÓ¬,

› ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ÛÂ√μ-’¬ÛÂ√μ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬±øNÀfl¡¬ı˛± ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬

’Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNÀfl¡¬ı˛± ’±√˙«¬ı±√œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬N ¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ı¬ı˛Ó¬ øÂ√À˘Úº

17.5 ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ

fl¡] ¸—øé¬5 Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ .

17.6 ¢∂&Ô¬Û?œ

1º S. M. Lipset : Politics and the Social Sciences. (Chapter - 4)

2º Michael Rush : Politics and Society.

3º Tom Bottomore : Political Sociology.

4º W. G. Runciman : Social Science and Political Theory. (Ch. II)

5º Ali Ashraf and L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology.

18.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

18.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

18.2 é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛

18.2.1. é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú

18.3 é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú

18.4 ¬é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡

18.5 é¬˜Ó¬±, fl¡Ó‘«¬Q › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±

18.6 Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ › õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√

18.6.1 fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ¬ı± ø¬ı˙≈X õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√

18.6.2 é¬˜Ó¬± › fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡¬¬

18.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

18.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

18.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀ˘ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ¸≈ø¬ıÀÒ ˝√√À¬ı–

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’ÀÔ« é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛”¬Û fl¡œ

¬é¬˜Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛

é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ø¬ı¬ı˛Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« Ó¬±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛

é¬˜Ó¬± õ∂À˚˛±·fl¡±¬ı˛œ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q fl¡œ fl¡œ ¬ı˛”¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛¢∂˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—

¤¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ı˙≈X ¬ı˛”¬Û øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ øfl¡Ú±

’±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± ˘é¬… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ’±À˘±‰¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛

˝√√˘ é¬˜Ó¬±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛-¸˜±ÀÊ√ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı∞I◊Ú ‚È¬±˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬

˝√√˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S…º Ú±Ú± Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—ø˜|ÀÌ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º

¤¬ı˛ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬±› fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ’±¬ı˛› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Œ√‡ÀÓ¬

˝√√À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’ÀÔ« é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı”¬ÛøÈ¬ fl¡œ¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¤¬ı— ˜±Ú≈≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú± ˛ øfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıº

é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ô«˝◊√√ ˝√√í˘ Œfl¡±Ú› Ú± Œfl¡±Ú› d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±, ˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ’±ÀÂ√, ’ÒœÚÓ¬±› ’±ÀÂ√º

¤Â√±Î¬ˇ± é¬˜Ó¬± ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¡±˝◊√√ ˚ÀÔ©Ü Ú˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· ˚±ÀÓ¬ ¸˝√√Ê√ › ¸≈·˜ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸È¬±› øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛º

’Ô«±», fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˙≈Ò≈ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛-Ê≈√˘≈˜ Ú˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√›˚˛± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛–¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛º Œ¸˝◊√√

’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛˝◊√√ ’Ú… Ú±˜ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±º ¤ Ê√Ú… Œ˚¸¬ı Œfl¡Ã˙˘ ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ Œ˚ ¸¬ı

¬ı˛”¬Û Ò±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜…fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Â√±Î¬ˇ± ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì« Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º

é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛

(domination-subordination)-

18.3 é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú

(rules of property)

– –

18.4 é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ .

– –

18.5 é¬˜Ó¬±, fl¡Ó‘«¬Q › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±

18.6 Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ › õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√

1864-1920

(Tradition);

¥œ (Charisma) (Legal- rationality)

– (Traditional),

¥œ (Charismatic) (Legal-rational)

[fl¡] ¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛±-øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¬ı± ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q .

“The authority of the ‘eternal yesterday’ ”,

(domination-subordination)

[‡] ·Ì¸À¥œ± √√Úœ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ .

Charisma ¥œ

– ¥œ

“routinisation charisma”

[·] ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ › ˚≈øq¡-øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ .

18.6.1 fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ¬ı± ø¬ı˙≈X õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ .

‘Ideal types’,

¥œ ¥œ

18.6.2 é¬˜Ó¬± › fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡

(Herrschaft) Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√—¬ı˛±Ê√œ õ∂øÓ¬˙s ≈√íøÈ¬–fl¡Ó‘«¬Q (authority) ¬ı± ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… (dominance)º

˚ø√ ›˝◊√√ ˙søÈ¬Àfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛± ëfl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛í ’ÀÔ« ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛, Œ˚˜Ú ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡ È¬…±˘fl¡È¬¬ Û±¸«Úƒ¸ (Talcott

Parsons) fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú, Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ Œ˚ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛± ˙±ø¸ÀÓ¬¬ı˛

Œ¶§26√±˚˛ Œ√›˚˛± Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÀÓ¬ ˙søÈ¬ ˚ø√ ’±˜¬ı˛± ë’±øÒ¬ÛÀÓ¬…¬ı˛í ’ÀÔ« ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡ø¬ı˛, Ó¬±˝√√À˘

ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ Œ˚, ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˙±ø¸ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±

’±√±˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı±d¬À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ”¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛± ˙±ø¸ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛, ¬ı± Ó¬±¬ı˛

Ê√Ú… ’À¬Ûé¬± Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛, Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Œ˝3¬ı±¬ı˛› Ó¬±˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº

’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

fl¡] ¸—øé¬5 Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂ùü .

8] ¥œ (charismatic) ¥¤

9] ¥¤

‡] ¬ı˛‰¬Ú±Rfl¡ õ∂ùü .

5] ¥¤

¢∂&Ô¬Û?œ

1 Alan R. Ball : Politics and the Government.

2 David Bethan : The lazitimation of power. (Ch. II)

3 Dennis Wrong : Power—Its forms, bases and uses. (Ch. I)

4 Ali Ashraf and L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology.

(Bureaucracy)

19.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

19.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

19.2 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸—:±

19.2.1. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q, Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙

19.2.2. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…

19.2.3. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±·

19.2.4. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ

19.2.5. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ S≈øÈ¬

19.2.6. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ

19.2.7. ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛±· › õ∂ø˙é¬Ì

19.3 ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

19.3.1. ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬

19.3.2. ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…

19.3.3. Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ S≈øÈ¬

19.4 ¬fl¡±˘« ˜±'«¬-¤¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

19.5 ¸±¬ı±—˙

19.6 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

18.7 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

19.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¬fl¬øÈ¬ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ’±¬ÛøÚ Ê±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ

’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸—:±, õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › Δıø˙©Ü…

¬’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ, S≈∏øÈ¬ › øÚ˚˛LaÌ

˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ S≈øÈ¬·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ

fl¡±˘« ˜±'«¬-¤¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ¬ıq¡¬ı…

19.1 õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡Àfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ’±˜˘±Ó¬Laº ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛± ’±˜˘± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º ¤À√¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬

õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ì’±˜˘±Ó¬Laî (Bureaucracy)

19.2 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸—:±

(Bureaucracy)

(Bureau) (Kratin) “Bureau”

(Writing table or Deask), “Kratin”

(Government) “Bureaucracy”

The term “signifies the concentration of

administrative power in bureaus or departments, and the undue interference by officials

in matters outside the scope of state interference”.

(experience), knowledge (responsibility) ¥¤

‘Willoughby’-

‘Any personnel

system where the employees are classified in a system of administration composed

of a hierarchy of sections, divisions, bureaus, departments and the like’.

– (Political Executive)

(Non-political Executive)

(Finer)

(Max Weber)

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… ’¬ı√±Ú √√ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ıº ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ◊√√—˘…±À`¬

’±˜˘±Ó¬La ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—àÔ± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ ¬ı±fl«¡±¬ı˛ ˚Ô±Ô«˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚,

’©Ü±√˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ’±˝◊√√Ú¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛, ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ õ∂˙±¸Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX

Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ’-·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡, fl¡ø˜Î¬◊øÚàÈ¬, ’-fl¡ø˜Î¬◊øÚàÈ¬ ¤˜Úøfl¡ Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ ¬ı±©Ü™·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬› ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı

’ød¬Q ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√˜±Úº ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ’±Ê√ õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¡˘ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’—˙º ˘± ¬Û±À˘±¥¤±¬ı˛± (La Palombara)

’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº õ∂Ô˜ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ˝√√˘ fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ø·Ê«√±¬ı˛ ¸•x¸±¬ı˛Ìº

fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ø·Ê«√±·≈ø˘ ¸±¬ı˛± ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ¸•x¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬·≈À˘±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ˝√√˘ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¸≈‘√Ï¬ˇ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀÓ¬ Î¬◊ißÓ¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ › õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ı√…±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤È¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ √é¬ › ’øˆ¬: õ∂˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬Laº Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛

¬Û˚«±À˚˛ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡˜«¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ¬ı‘øXõ∂±5 ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√… ¬ı± ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Œfl¡¬ı˘

¬Û¬ı˛±˜˙«√±Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬±˚˛ õ∂˙±¸Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±˚˛ ˚ÀÔ©Ü Ú˚˛º √é¬ õ∂˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú› ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ı fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¬ı± Î¬◊æ√À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı± ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ’±ÀÂ√º ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì·≈ø˘ ˜…±'¬ Œ 3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

˜ÀÓ¬, ˚Ô±flË¡À˜ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘, ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ øÂ√˘

¬Û≈ø˘˙œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ (Police state)º ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ’±flË¡˜Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ√˙Àfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı—

’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ˙±øz¬˙‘∫˘± ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıX øÂ√˘º ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ øÂ√˘º øfl¡Â≈√ øfl¡Â≈√

Œ˘‡fl¡, ¸˜±Ê√ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛fl¡, Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬± › ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ı√¬ı˛± ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø‰¬z¬± › Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Ê√ij ø√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡Úº Ù¬À˘

¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√±·¬ı˛Ì ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ √±ø¬ı√±›˚˛± ›

’±fl¡±eé¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ √±ø¬ı√±›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂±ø5¬ı˛

Ê√Ú… ’±À¬ı√Ú ’±¸ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º Œ˚ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ øÂ√˘ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡, Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬

˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±©Ü™Àfl¡ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ ø˘5 Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡˜«Àé¬ÀS¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ¬ı˛

¸•x¸±¬ı˛Ì ‚È¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ¬Û≈ø˘˙œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¤˝◊√√ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛Ó¬, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ› ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û± ˛º ¸˜±Ê√- fl¡˘…±Ì ” fl¡

¬ı˛±©Ü™ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜e·˘¸±ÒÚ › ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬fl¡Àä Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ ¸˜±Ê√fl¡˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˙≈¬ı˛≈

fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì › fl¡±˚« ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛¬ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± › fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ¬ı˛ ^≈Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛ÀÌ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ˙¬ı˛Ì±¬Ûiß

˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ fl¡˜«øÚ¬Û≈ÌÓ¬±, ‘√Ï¬ˇÓ¬± › ¬ı≈øX˜M√√±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¸˝√√Ê√

˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Œ¸ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛ ¤¬ı— Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ‚ÀÈ¬ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛º

Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡˜«¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ø¬ıd‘¬øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ¸—¸À√¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ’Ó¬…z¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ˝√√À˚˛

¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇÀÂ√º ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ìfl¡±˜œ fl¡ « ”‰¬œ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˛, ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¶§±àÔ…fl¡¬ı˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙, ø‰¬øfl¡»¸±, ø˙é¬±, ¬ı±¸àÔ±Ú, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±, ≈√«√˙±·Ó¬ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚…, Œ¬ıfl¡±¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…±, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú,

˜Ê≈√¬ı˛œ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ÚœøÓ¬, ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ˙±øz¬-˙‘∫˘± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂Ì˚˛Ú

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂Ì˚˛Ú øfl¡—¬ı± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙˘·Ó¬ :±Ú

› ΔÚ¬Û≈ÀÌ…¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ó¬± ’±˝◊√√Ú¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ’Ô¬ı± ¸fl¡˘ ˜LaœÀ√¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ÚœøÓ¬ øfl¡—¬ı± ’± ◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˜Ã˘ÚœøÓ¬·≈ø˘ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± √±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… àÔ± ˛œ, ’øˆ¬:

¤¬ı— ø¬ı‰¬é¬Ì ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ’¬Û«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ù¬À˘ ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º

õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±À‡Ú ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±˝◊√√º

’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸±˝√√, ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± › √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸±Ù¬˘… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛,

ø¬ıfl¡±˙˙œ˘ Œ√ ·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’øÓ¬˙ ˛ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ÀÂ√º ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡fl¡±À˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛Q ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈√±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬Laº

19.2.2 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…

’±˜˘±Ó¬La ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ’ø¬ıÀ26√√… ’e·º fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ˝√√˘ ˜±Ú¬ı

¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Ûº |˜ø¬ıˆ¬±· › flË¡À˜±2‰¬ d¬¬ı˛ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛”¬ÛÀfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛

Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡Úº

˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ [1] øÚø«√©Ü › àÔ±˚˛œ ’øÒÀé¬ÀS¬ı˛ ’¬ıøàÔøÓ¬ , [2]

fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Ò±¬Û › flË¡˜¬Û˚«±˚˛œ ÚœøÓ¬ , [3] fl¡±˚« › √±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬¸¥ 4

Neutrality is the hall mark of bureaucracy.

(Eva Etgioni Halevy)

Bureaucracy and Democracy “Civil servants usually have their own views

on matters of policy but are not free to indulge in their partisan sympathies freely.

Their allegience to one party or another is subordinated to the requirements of their

profession”.

(flexibility)

(anonymity) (accountability)

(rank system)

(Carl Fredrich)

(Merit)

19.2.3 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±·

(M. Fainsod)

(Representative bureaucracies); 2 (Party-state bureaucracies);

3 (Military dominated bureaucracies); 4

(Ruler dominated bureaucracies); 5 (Ruling bureaucracies)

–[ (Guardian bureaucracy) :

1640 1740

(Caste bureaucracy) :

(Patronage bureaucracy) :

(The spoils system)

(Merit

Bureaucracy) :

19.2.4 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ

– 1 2

19.2.5 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ S≈øÈ¬ › øÚ˚˛LaÌ

“A system of Government

the control of which is so completely in the hands of the officials that their power

jeopardizes the liberties of the ordinary citezens”.

(Lord Hewart) New Despotism

(Ramsay Muir)

How Britain is Governed-

‘Bureaucracy is liable to suffer from certain persistent maladies’

(E. Strama)

“Bureaucracy is identified with a rigid, mechanical, wooden,

inhuman, formal and soulless approach.”

–[fl¡] Î¬◊√±¸œÚÓ¬± . (unresponsiveness)

[‡] ‹øÓ¬˝√√…øõ∂˚˛Ó¬± › ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬± .

(Bertrand Russell)

[·] ’Ú≈á¬±Ú¸¬ı«¶§Ó¬± › √œ‚«¸”SÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı .

é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı‘øX › é¬˜Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ . Bureaucrats have an inherent lust for power.

[„√√] ø¬ıˆ¬±·œ˚ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı (departmentalism) :

(strauss)

[‰¬] ’±Rø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (self-pirpetuating) :

’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ¬

–The need for controlling bureaucratic discretion and power is

apparent in every political system.

(hierachy)-

(Select

Committee), ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø˝√√¸±¬ı ¬ı˛é¬fl¡ fl¡ø˜øÈ¬ (Public Account Committee) õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛

Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸Ó¬fl«¡ ‘√ø©Ü Œ¬ı˛À‡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√È¬± øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

’± ◊√√Ú·Ó¬ øÚ ˛LaÌ ˝√√˘ ’±˜˘±Ó¬LaÀfl¡ øÚ ˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Î¬◊¬Û± ˛º fl¡Ó«¬À¬ı… ’¬ıÀ˝√√˘±, é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛

õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ’± ◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸± √√±À˚… Œ√› ˛±øÚ › ŒÙ¬ÃÊ√√±ø¬ı˛ ’±√±˘ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ √√À˘ ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛

¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ’±√±˘ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±©Ü™fl‘¡Ó¬…fl¡À√¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬Û˚«±5 Ú˚˛º

’±√±˘Ó¬ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ’À˚±·…Ó¬±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Ò fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛

Œfl¡±Ú› é¬˜Ó¬± ’±√±˘ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ Î¬◊2‰¬¬Û√àÔ ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ S≈øÈ¬-ø¬ı‰≈¬…øÓ¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…

õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ’±√±˘Ó¬, ¸—¸√œ˚˛ fl¡ø˜˙Ú±¬ı˛, ’¥¤≈Î¬¸˜…±Ú (Ombudsman) ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤“À√¬ı˛

é¬˜Ó¬± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛fl¡˜º ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú ˝√√˘ Œ˘±fl¡¬Û±˘ (Lok Pal) ÒÚÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛

’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬Û¬ı˛±˚˛Ì ˝√√¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡È¬± õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡ÚÚ±, Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛œ

Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ’¬Û¬ı˛ø√Àfl¡, ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√ ·Í¬ÀÚ ¤¬ı— Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«¸±ÒÀÚ

’±˜˘±Ó¬LaÀfl¡ √±˚˛¬ıX Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Ê√Ú·Ì˝◊√√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡À¬ı˛º

19.2.7 ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa øÚÀ˚˛±· › õ∂ø˙é¬Ì

(Elites) (administrator elites)

‘The French National School of administration’-

(Second University

Degree) 18

‘Civil Service Commission’

(merit)

(Union Public Service Commission)

(Public Service Commission)

˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¬ÛøÔfl‘¡» ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ô˜ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ¸•ÛÀfl«¡

¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘¬ı˛ Œ˘‡fl¡À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÙ¬À˘

Ô±Àfl¡º ˚ø√› ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Ú øˆ¬øM√√fl¡, Ó¬Ô±ø¬Û› Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı˛±©Ü™ÚœøÓ¬ ›

’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı…±5 ˝√√˚˛º ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ó¬NøÈ¬

Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√, ø˙äø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¤¬ı— ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛

¬ı…±‡…± › ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La-Ó¬N ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡º õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬, Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬NøÈ¬ Ó“¬±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸

› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¬ı…±5 :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ’—˙º

19.3.1 ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬

˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬LaÀfl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± (power) (dominace)

‘Herrchaft’

Herrchaft

Herr Herrchaft-

1 (Traditional

authority); 2 (Charismatic authority); 3

¥œ (Legal rational authority)

(Ideal or pure type)

˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…

(division of Labour)

(objectivity), (discretionary),

(precision) (consistency)

(Capitalist market economy)

˜…±'¬ Œ˝3¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ S≈øÈ¬

(machine theory)

(Peter Blau)

(ideal type construct)

A product of alien culture

19.4 fl¡±˘« ˜±'«¬-¤¬ı˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

(views)

Philosophy of Right-

(closed chapter)

“The 18th Brumasre of Louis

Bonaparte”

“Where

bourgeois’ life and activity begin, the power of the state bureaucracy ends”.

¸±¬ı˛±—˙

¥œ¥œ

19.6 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

19.7 ¢∂Lö¬Û?œ

1º Aron, Raymond : Main Currents in Sociological Thought ; V.2, Penguin Books,

England and U.S.A., 1967.

2º Bhattachariya, Mohit : New Horizons of Public Administration, Jawahar Publishers,

1998, New Delhi.

3º Œ√¬ı±˙œ¯∏ ˆ¬A±‰¬±˚« . ·Ì õ∂˙±¸Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú ¬ı…¬ı¶ö± › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ±, Œ¸KC±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ ¬Û±¬ıø˘˙±¸«, 1988º

20.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

20.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

20.2 ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬N

20.3 ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬N

20.4 ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Ó¬N

20.5 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

20.6 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

20.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øÈ¬ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ’±¬ÛøÚ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±, ˜¸fl¡± › ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øMê√¬ı·« (Elite) ¸—Sê±ôL

Ó¬M3·≈ø˘ ¸•§Àg ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚº ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬, ¤˝◊√√ ’Ò…˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘–

Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« fl¡±À√¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ Ó¬± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚ

¬ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— é¬˜Ó¬±‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸ ¸•§Àg ¤fl¡È¬±

Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚ

¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú fl¡±À ˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ◊√√ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øÈ¬

¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚ ¤¬ı—

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ é≈¬^ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’Ú˜Úœ˚˛

fl¡Ó‘«¬Q fl¡±À˚˛˜ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚº

¸fl¡˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˜±Ú¬ıÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ˚±¬ı˛± Î¬◊»fl¡À¯∏« Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ Œ|á¬

¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q¬Û”Ì« ø¸X±z¬¸ ” √√ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àá¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q fl¡±À ˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤ ◊√√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛

’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı—˙±Ú≈flË¡ø˜fl¡ › ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › Ò˜π˚˛ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò

õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«˝◊√√ ˝√√À˘Ú

¸¬ı«±À¬Ûé¬± ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬¸ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏

Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… øÓ¬ÚÊ√Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬±˘œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ–¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±, ˜¸fl¡± ¤¬ı— ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒº ¤“¬ı˛± øÓ¬ÚÊ√Ú˝◊ ˜…±øfl¡˚˛±Àˆ¬ø˘¬ı˛

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’Ú≈·±˜œ ¬ı˛”À¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬º ¤“¬ı˛± ·ÌÓ¬La › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa ’ø¬ıù´±¸œº ¤“¬ı˛± ˜±'«¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛› ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ øÂ√À˘Úº

¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±ø¬ı˝√√œÚ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|Ìœ ø¬ıÀ˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±'¬π˚˛ Ó¬ÀN ’±¬ÛøM√√ Ê√±øÚÀ˚˛ ¤“¬ı˛± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¸fl¡˘

¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ˙±¸fl¡ › ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ≈√˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q Ô±fl¡À¬ıº ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ √é¬Ó¬±

› é¬˜Ó¬± ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ô±Àfl¡ ˚±¬ı˛± õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ Œ˚±·…Ó¬± › ø¬ı‰¬é¬ÌÓ¬± ¸•Ûißº ¤“À√¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛±

Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«˝◊√√ ˙±¸Úfl¡±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√ › ˆ¬ø¬ı¯∏…ÀÓ¬› fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ¤È¬±

˙≈Ò≈ ¬ı±d¬¬ı Ú˚˛, ¬ı±>¬Úœ ˛› ¬ıÀÈ¬º

¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ’—À˙ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±, ˜¸fl¡± › ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬N¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ı˙À√

’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˘º

õ∂‡…±Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√ øˆ¬˘ÀÙË¬ÀÎ¬± ¬Û…±À¬ıÀÈ¬±¬ı (Vilfredo Pareto) ˜ÀÓ¬, ˜±Ú≈ ∏ Œ˚˜Ú ˙±¬ıœø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı,

ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ˜±Úø¸fl¡ › ¬ı≈øX·Ó¬ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ø√À˚˛› ’¸˜±Úº Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œÀÓ¬ ˚±¬ı˛± ¸¬ı«±À¬Ûé¬± ¸˜Ô«

Ó¬±À√¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± ëŒ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« (‘elites’) ¬ıÀ˘ ’±‡…± ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ Œfl¡±Ú› ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡

·≈Ì˜±Ú › ¸¥œ±Ú ”‰¬fl¡ Ó¬±»¬Û « ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº ¤ ◊√√ ˙søÈ¬¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÓ¬øÚ ≈Ò≈ ±S Œ¸ ◊√√ ¬ı ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú

Œ˚, Œfl¡±Ú› fl¡˜«·Ó¬ Œé¬ÀS ˚±¬ı˛± ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ–¸Ù¬˘ ¬ı…¬ı¸± ˛œ, ¸Ù¬˘ Œ˘‡fl¡, ¸Ù¬˘

Î¬◊øfl¡˘, ¸Ù¬˘ ø˙äœ–¤¬ı˛ ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«º Ó¬À¬ı ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤fl¡˜±S ¬Û”Ì«˜±S±˚˛ Î¬◊ij≈q¡

¸˜±ÀÊ√–Œfl¡¬ı˘˜±S Ó¬±øNfl¡ d¬À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˚±¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q–Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬Ò±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜?¸…

¬Ûø¬ı˛ øé¬Ó¬ √√ ˛º ¬ı±d¬¬ı Ê√·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛¬ı±ø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬, Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ”ÀS õ∂±5 ¸•Û√ ˜ «±√± ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛

¬ÛÀÔ øfl¡Â≈√È¬± Œ˝√√¬ı˛ÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ‚È¬±˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ø˙À¬ı˛±¬Û± ’Ê«√Ú › ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øfl¡Â≈√È¬±

·¬ı˛ø˜˘ Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º

Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«Àfl¡ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ≈√íˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú–˙±¸fl¡ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¤¬ı— ’˙±¸fl¡ Œ|á¬

¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« (ruling and non-ruling elites)º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úfl¡±À˚« ˙±¸fl¡ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ˙‘·±À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂Ó¬±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’Ô¬ı± ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı˛± Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡

øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡À¬ı˛º ˜…±øfl¡˚˛±Àˆ¬ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ˆ¬±¯∏± ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«Àfl¡ ë˙‘·±˘í › ëø¸—˝√√í–¤ ◊√√

≈√íˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˙‘·±˘·Ì Ú˜Úœ˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬·Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ‡±¬Û

‡±˝◊√√À˚˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¤¬ı˛± ’±√˙«¬ı±√œ (ideology) Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙…¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¬ıd≈¬¬ı±√œ Î¬◊ÀV˙…Àfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ õ∂±Ò±Ú…

Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Î¬◊ÀV˙… ¸±ÒÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ı¸Ê«√Ú ø√ÀÓ¬ ø¡ZÒ± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ › õ∂Ó¬±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı˛± é¬˜Ó¬±

’Ê«√Ú › ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛Ù¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙øq¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Û≈Úø¬ı«Ú…±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ø¸—˝√√·Ì

˝√√˘ ’À¬Ûé¬±fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, Œ·±á¬œ, ’=˘ › Œ√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¤¬ı˛± õ∂¬ı˘ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Œ√‡±˚˛º ¤À√¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… ’±√˙« › ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤¬ı˛± Œ|Ìœøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¤fl¡Ó¬±À¬ı±Ò, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±À¬ı±Ò ¤¬ı— Ò˜π˚˛ ’±√˙«

¡Z±¬ı˛± Î¬◊¡Z≈X ˝√√˚˛º õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ√‡± ø√À˘ ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À· ¤¬ı˛± ˆ¬˚˛ ¬Û±˚˛ Ú± ¬ı± ø¡ZÒ± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤¬ı˛± ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛

¡Z±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ é¬˜Ó¬± ’Ê«√Ú › ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ’±√˙« ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡˘ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸±ÀÔ ø¸—À˝√√±¬Û˜ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«–˚±¬ı˛± ¬ıø˘á¬ ø¸X±z¬ øÚÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı—

fl¡± « •Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜ ¤¬ı— ‘·±À˘±¬Û˜ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«–˚±¬ı˛± fl¡äÚ±õ∂¬ıÌ, Î¬◊æ√±¬ıÚé¬˜ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ¬ıfl¡ √√œÚ–Î¬◊ ¬ ˛Àfl¡

øÚÀ˚˛ ·ø¬ı«Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˚‡Ú ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬Ò˜π ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¸≈á≈¬ ø˜|Ì ¬ı±Ò±õ∂±5 ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú

˙±¸Úé¬˜Ó¬± ’Ú˜Úœ˚˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, ˚±¬ı˛± Ú¬ıœfl¡¬ı˛Ì › ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜±øÚÀ˚˛ ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬

’é¬˜ Ú˚˛, Œ¸˝◊√√¸¬ı fl¡˘˝√√õ∂¬ıÌ ’±˝◊√√Ú: › ¬ı±·±Î¬ˇy¬ı¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úé¬˜Ó¬± Ú…d¬ ˝√√˚˛, ˚±¬ı˛± ¬ıø˘á¬

ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì › fl¡±˚«¸•Û±√ÀÚ ’¬Û±¬ı˛·º ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ Œé¬ÀS ˙±ø¸Ó¬ Ê√Ú·Ì ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±‰≈¬…Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—

ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊¡Z≈X ˙±¸fl¡À|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« Ó¬‡Ú ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ’±¬ı˛› fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘º

õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¸y¬±¬ı… ¤¬ı— ’¸z≈¬©Ü ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± Ô±Àfl¡º ¤À√¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀÓ¬

˝√√À¬ı ’Ô¬ı± ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ˚‡Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ˙±¸fl¡À|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« √œ‚«ø√Ú é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ Ô±Àfl¡, Ó¬‡Ú

Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’øÚ26≈√fl¡ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı≈øX¬ı‘øM√√ › ø˙äfl¡˘±¬ı˛ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ Œ˜ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’Ó¬…z¬ ¸˝√√Ú˙œ˘ › ¸—˚Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙‘∫˘± ¸—¬ı˛é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛

¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤¸˜À˚˛ ø¸—À˝√√±¬Û˜ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı·« [˚±¬ı˛± ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡À˘¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡

Ú˚˛] Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ˙‘·±À˘±¬Û˜ ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ˙±¸fl¡À|á¬

¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬, ˙±¸Ú fl¡À¬ı˛, ’¬ıé¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸¥œÅ‡œÚ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬Ûø¬ı˛À˙À¯∏ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡˘ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬

√√ º ¬Û…±À¬ıÀÈ¬± ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ıÀÂ√Ú, ì’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬La ” √√ àÔ±˚œ √√ Ú±º... ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±¸ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬La ”À √√¬ı fl¡¬ı¬ı‡±Ú±º...ø¬ı√…˜±Ú

ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±˜… ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ √√› ˛±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ı… fl¡±¬ı˛Ì √√ øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬˜ ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ Ê√ÀÎ¬ˇ± √√› ˛± ¤¬ı—, Î¬◊ÀåÈ¬±ø√Àfl¡,

Î¬◊2‰¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚ•ßÓ¬˜ ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ Ê√ÀÎ¬ˇ± ˝√√›˚˛±ºî (“Aristocracies do not last...History is a

graveyard of aristocracies...Potent cause of disturbance in the equilibrium is the

accumulation of superior elements in the lower classes and, conversely, of inferior

elements in the higher classes.”)

˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ √œ‚«ø√Ú é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ Ô±fl¡À˘ ’±¬ı˛› ¤fl¡È¬± ¸y±¬ıÚ± Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛± øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡

Î¬◊æ”Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸˜Ô« ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«Àfl¡, ’Ô«±» ¸y ±¬ı… Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«Àfl¡, øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¬Û±¬ı˛· ›

’øÚ26≈√fl¡ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’±¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı±Ò±õ∂±5 ˝√√À˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±˜… ø¬ı‰¬ø˘Ó¬ √√ ˛ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ‘∫˘± ’¬ıé¬À ˛¬ı˛ ¸¥œÅ‡œÚ √√ ˛º ˚ø√ ˙±¸fl¡À|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ˙±ø¸Ó¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛

¸¥œ≈À‡ ’¬ıàÔ±Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ ’¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, Ó¬À¬ı ’±fl¡ø¶úfl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛q¡±q¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ÚÓ≈¬Ú › ˙±¸ÀÚ ¸é¬˜ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ˙±¸fl¡À|ÌœÀfl¡

é¬˜Ó¬±‰≈¬…Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û, ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ ÙË¬±k › ˝◊√√Ó¬±ø˘ÀÓ¬, ˙‘·±˘À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊O±Ú ‚ÀÈ¬øÂ√˘º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±, ÚœøÓ¬˝√√œÚ ’±˝◊√√ÚÊ√œ¬ıœ¬ı˛±,

fl≈¡Ó¬±øfl«¡fl¡ ¬ı≈øXÊ√œ¬ıœ¬ı˛±, Ù¬±È¬fl¡±¬ı±Ê√¬ı˛± › Œfl¡Ã˙˘¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ øÚÊ√-Î¬◊ÀV˙…¸ÒÚfl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±º øfl¡z≈¬ øÓ¬øÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛› ◊√√øe·Ó¬

˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Úº øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú, ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤‡Ú› ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘, ΔÒ˚«˙œ˘ › ¬¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À· ¸é¬˜

ø¸—˝√√À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊O±Ú ‚È¬À¬ı ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±À· ’é¬˜ › õ∂Ó¬±¬ı˛Ì±˙œ˘ ˙‘·±˘À√¬ı˛ ’¬Û¸±¬ı˛Ì¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ ˙±¸Úé¬˜Ó¬±

√‡˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚÀ¬ıº Œ√˙±RÀ¬ı±Ò, ø¬ıù´±¸, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˜˚«±√±À¬ı±Ò ¸fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ’±√±˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚÀ¬ıº øfl¡z≈¬

¬¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¬ı≈øX¬ıÀ˘ ˙‘·±˘¬ı˛± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± √‡˘ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ‰¬flË¡¬ı» ’±¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı

‰¬˘ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ô±fl¡À¬ıº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˙‘·±˘ › ø¸—À˝√√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS›

ëÙ¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œí–˚±¬ı˛± ‘·±˘¸‘√ ¤¬ı— ëøÚø«√©Ü Î¬◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œí–˚±¬ı˛± ø¸— √√ ‘√ –Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬

¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘º ¤À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« Œ˚ ˙≈Ò≈ øˆ¬iß Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ú˚˛ , ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±› ’±˘±√±º ¤˝◊√√

≈√øÈ¬ Œ·±á¬œ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬±¬Û”Ì« fl¡±˚« ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ ˜”˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú,

’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂·øÓ¬ ’±Ú ˛ÀÚ ¸ √√± ˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ øÚø«√©Ü Î¬◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œÀ√¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ àÔ±ø ˛Q

¬ı˛é¬±˚˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ Á≈“¡øfl¡¬ı˝≈√√˘ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ø¬ı¬Û√-’±¬Û√

øÚ¬ı±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ˚ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÚø√«©Ü Î¬◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œ¬ı˛± õ∂±˚˛ ¤fl¡À‰¬øÈ¬˚˛± õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬± øÚ(˘ ¤¬ı—

Œ˚Ú õ∂d¬¬ı˛œˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º Œ˚ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Ó¬± àÔ±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı Œˆ¬±À·, ¤fl¡

≈√¬ı«˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜…·Ó¬ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚± Œˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸±˜±Ú… ≈√‚«È¬Ú±˚˛ ø¬ı¬Û˚«d¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇÀÓ¬

¬ÛÀ¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS ˙‘·±˘ › ø¸—˝√√À√¬ı˛ ¸≈á≈¬ ¸˜i§À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œ ›

øÚø«√©Ü Î¬◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸±˜?¸…¬Û”Ì« ’¬ıàÔ±Ú˝◊√√ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¸˜Ó¬± › øÚ˚˛LaÌ ˚≈ø·À˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜…

¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú › õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± ’Ô«˝√√œÚ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˙‘·±˘Ó≈¬˘… ¬ı…øq¡ › ø¸—˝√√Ó≈¬˘…

¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… ‰¬flË¡±fl¡±À¬ı˛ ’±¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ‰¬˘À¬ıº ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±À˜…¬ı˛ ˆ¬¬ı˛Àfl¡f ¬Û±åÈ¬±À˘›

ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±˜… ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ◊√√º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ Œ¬ıÀ ˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú øfl¡Â≈√ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛ Ú±º ◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ˜±Ú¬ıœ ˛

øÚ¬ı≈«øXÓ¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı¬ı˛Ì Â√±Î¬ˇ± ’±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ Ú˚˛º ¶§·«¬ı˛±Ê√… Œfl¡±Ô±› ŒÚ˝◊√√º

¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ¸¥¤À&Ò õ∂ùü Î¬◊O±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ , Œ˚˜Ú, ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ Œ|á¬

¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’±¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ’·« ¬ıX fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±˜…¬ı˛ √√±øÚ √√À¬ıº ¤ ◊√√ ’¬ıàÔ± ˛ é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«

é¬˜Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ é¬˜Ó¬± ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ’Ô«±»,

Œfl¡±Ú› ’±¬ıX Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±, Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ’øÚ¬ı±˚«º ¬ıÀÈ¬±À˜±¬ı˛ (Tom

Bottomore) øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ıq¡À¬ı…¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ’±¬ıX Œ·±á¬œ ˜±ÀS¬ı˛˝◊ ’¬ı¸±Ú

’øÚ¬ı±˚« ¤fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘ Ú±º Œ˚˜Ú, ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ õ∂±‰¬œÚ fl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ıË±pÌ¬ı˛± ’±¬ıX Œ·±á¬œ

ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À ˛ ’±¸ÀÂ√º ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ Œ·±á¬œÀÓ¬ ’z¬ ≈«¬q¡ ˝√√› ˛±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ≈À˚±·

ŒÚ˝◊√√º ’Ô‰¬, ’±¬ı˝√√˜±Úfl¡±˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ıË±pÌ¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±¬ıX Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ’ød¬QÀfl¡ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜

˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¸˜”˝√√ ¸¬ı«Àé¬ÀS ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜øÔ«Ó¬ Ú˚˛º ¤ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛

Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬N√√øÈ¬Àfl¡ ’ÕÚøÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬˚≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó¬À¬ı Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± ¸ÀN›

¤˝◊√√ ÓNøÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… ¸—À˚±Ê√Úº ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±› ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬NÀfl¡

’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙˝◊√√ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Ê√±Ó¬¬Û±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û≈¬ı˛ÀÚ± ø¬ıÒ±Ú ¸ÀN› ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ¤˜Úøfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛›

¬ıË±pÌ·Ì Œ˚ ’±À·¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± øÚ¬ı˛efl≈¡˙ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ê√¸Ë ‘√©Ü±z¬ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˙œÀ¯∏«

øfl¡—¬ı± ˜≈‡… Î¬◊¬ÛÀ√©Ü±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˚˛ ’Ô¬ı± õ∂˙±¸ÀÚ ’¬ıË±pÌÀ√¬ı˛ [¤˜Úøfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ øÚ•ß¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛›] Œ|á¬

¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ›¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ’±¸± ¤‡Ú ’øÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ‚È¬Ú±º ¬ıË±pÌ ¬ı—˙Ê√±Ó¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¤‡Ú Œ˚È≈¬fl≈¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛

’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ¸È¬± ¸y ¬ı ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œfl¡Ã˘œÀÚ…¬ı˛ ’±¬ıX ’ød¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ú˚˛ , ¬ı¬ı˛— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe·

‡±¬Û ‡±˝◊√√À˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø˙é¬±√œé¬±˚˛ ¬ÛÈ≈¬Q › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe· ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û˚≈q¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘º

˜¸fl¡± (Gaetano Mosea) fl¡±˘« ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˜≈À‡ ø·À˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ’¬ÛÀÚ±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, Œ|Ìœ˝√√œÚ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± ¸y¬¬ıº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‘The Ruling Class’ ˙œ¯∏«fl¡ ¢∂À&Ô øÓ¬øÚ ¤fl¡Ô±˝◊√√

¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸¬ı¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ Ô±fl¡À¬ıº

˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈¬ ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˚±À√¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±

Ô±Àfl¡º ¸—·Í¬Ú › fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

Œ|ÌœÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…˙œ˘ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·¸”S Ô±Àfl¡–’±Rœ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛

Œ˚±· ”S, ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ Œ˚±· ”S, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±· ”S ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ¤ ◊√√¸¬ı Œ˚±· ”ÀS¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø‰¬z¬±·Ó¬

¸± ≈Ê√… › Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ¤fl¡Ó¬± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬, Œ˚·≈ø˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬

¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«–˚±¬ı˛± ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø√fl¡ ø√À ˛› ¬ı˘œ ˛±Ú–Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º

øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸˜¬ı˛”¬Û Ú˚˛, ¬ı¬ı˛— Ó¬±¬ı˛± d¬¬ı˛ø¬ıÚ…d¬º ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ¶§ä¸—‡…fl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı…øq¡

¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q Ô±Àfl¡ ˚±¬ı˛± ’Ú…±Ú… Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’øÒfl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı±Ú ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±

fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¶§ä¸—‡…fl¡ ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ’±¬ı˛›

¬ıø˘˚˛±Ú ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘˝◊√√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛

¬Û”Ì«±e· ¬ı…±‡…± õ∂√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ıº

˜¸fl¡± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‘The Ruling Class’ ¢∂À&Ô ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ì¸˜d¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√–Œ˚¸¬ı ¸˜±Ê√ ‡≈¬ı ’ä ◊√√

Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡±Ú˜ÀÓ¬ ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı”¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛¢∂˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, Œ˚·≈ø˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ≈¬ı≈ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀÔÀfl¡ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛ › é¬˜Ó¬±¸•Ûiß

¸˜±Ê√·≈ø˘ ’¬ıøÒ–≈˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Œ√‡± ø˜À˘ÀÂ√–¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ|Ìœ ˙±¸Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ|Ìœ ˙±ø¸Ó¬

˝√√˚˛º ¸¬ı¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¶§ä¸—‡…±ø¬ıø˙©Ü õ∂Ô˜ Œ|ÌœøÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ , ¤fl¡À‰¬øÈ¬˚˛±ˆ¬±À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬±

’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— é¬˜Ó¬± Œ˚ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±·≈ø˘ ’±Ú˚˛Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸·≈ø˘ Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ’øÒfl¡ ¸—‡…±ø¬ıø˙©Ü

ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œ|ÌœøÈ¬ õ∂Ô˜øÈ¬¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ › øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ¤˜Úˆ¬±À¬ı ˚± fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øÈ¬√ ’±˝◊√Ú±Ú≈·,

fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› Œ˜±È¬±˜≈øÈ¬ ø¬ıøÒ¬ıø˝√√ˆ”¬«Ó¬ › ø˝√√—¸Ë ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œ|ÌœøÈ¬ õ∂Ô˜øÈ¬Àfl¡, ’z¬Ó¬ ‘√ø©ÜÀ·±‰¬¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı,

¬ˆ¬¬ı˛ÌÀ¬Û±¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì¸˜”˝√√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’¬ı˚˛À¬ı¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚¸¬ı õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì·≈ø˘ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«√

Œ¸·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ºî

˜¸fl¡± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±˙œÚ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬ÀN ¬ı≈À˙±¬ı˛ ë¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ◊√√26√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úí-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ’±¬ıË± √√±˜ ø˘efl¡Ú ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, ì·ÌÓ¬La √√í˘ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…, Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±, Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úºî ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛

¤˝◊√√ ¸—:±Àfl¡ ˜¸fl¡± ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˜ø¬ı˛¸ ≈√ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN Œ˚ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±

¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬± Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú ˝√√À˘› ¤˝◊√√ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√

Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ’±À¸º ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«S˝◊√ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√˙ ¬ı± Ê√±øÓ¬ ˙±ø¸Ó¬

˝√√˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±º

˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú, Ê√˘¬ı±˚˛≈, Œ¬ı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ Ó¬œ¬ıËÓ¬± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛

Ú˚˛, øÚø«√©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¸˜øi§Ó¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ˙±¸Ú

fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ¬ı± ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıº Ó“¬±¬ı˛√ ˜ÀÓ¬, øÚÀ¢∂± › ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛·Ì øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ d¬À¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚœÓ¬

˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛Ó¬ Ó¬± ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º øÚÀ¢∂±¬ı˛± ˚ø√ Œù´Ó¬±e·À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ›

¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬, Ó¬± ˝√√À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Œù´Ó¬±e·À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛Ó¬ Ú± ¤È¬± ˆ¬±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›

fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ŒÚ˝◊√√º øÚÀ¢∂± ø˙˙≈¬ı˛± ˚‡Ú Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Ó¬±¬ı˛± Úœ‰¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸z¬±Ú

¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬Û±‰¬fl¡ › ˜±˘¬ı±˝√√Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±, Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬±˙±˚˛

øÚ˜ø7¡¡¡Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¬ı Î¬◊√…˜ ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘º

˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Î¬±¬ı˛Î¬◊˝◊√√Ú-fl¡øÔÓ¬ Œ¬ı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√ Ó¬Ó¬È¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú± ˚Ó¬È¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛

ø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬˜ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—¢∂±˜º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±øÈ¬ ¸˜d¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißˆ¬±À¬ı Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º

ø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬˜ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ √√› ˛±¬ı˛ ¸—¢∂±˜ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˜¸Àfl¡± ¬ı≈øÁ¡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú ’Ô«, é¬˜Ó¬± › ¸¥œ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± › ¡ZiZº Œ¬ı“À‰¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬Û¬ı˛±øÊ√Ó¬À√¬ı˛ øÚ˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı± øÚø(˝ê fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º

¤Àé¬ÀS ¸—‡…±·≈¬ı˛≈ ¬Û¬ı˛±øÊ√Ó¬¬ı˛± ˙≈Ò≈˜±S øfl¡Â≈√È¬± fl¡˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ Δ¬ı¯∏ø˚˛fl¡ Ó‘¬ø5 ¤¬ı— ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± Î¬◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛º

˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ ¤¬ı— ’õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±ÒÚœ˚˛ ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ øÚ˚˛˜ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¶§ˆ¬±¬ı ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘º

Œ¸øÈ¬ ˝√√í˘ ø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬˜ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ¬ ˝√√› ˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ’±fl¡±∫± ¤¬ı— Ó¬7¡¡¡øÚÓ¬ ¸—¢∂±˜º ¤ ◊√√ ’±fl¡±∫±Ê√øÚÓ¬

¸—¢∂±À˜¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’¬ıÒ±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ıˆ«¬±¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬º õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˙±¸fl¡ ›

˙±ø¸Ó¬À|Ìœ øÂ√˘, ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı± Ô±fl¡À¬ıº ˜±'«¬ Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ Œ|Ìœ˝√√œÚ

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ı «¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘Ú, Ó¬± ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛ ◊√√ ¢∂˝√√Ìœ ˛ Ú ˛º ’¬ı˙… ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛

Œ˚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± ˜¸fl¡± fl¡‡Ú˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘ÚøÚº

˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˚‡Ú ¸˜±Ê√ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚø«√©Ü d¬À¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÚœÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú ˙±¸ÚÓ¬±øLafl¡, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ò˜π˚˛,

’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q-¸˜øi§Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ¸¬ı¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚø«√©Ü Œ|Ìœ ’Ô¬ı± ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬

¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± fl¡±À˚˛˜ ˝√√˚˛º ˜¸fl¡± ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Œ˚, ·˜Ó¬ÀLa› ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈

ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Ô±Àfl¡º ˚ø√› ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ø¬ıøÒø¬ıÒ±Ú¸˜”˝√√ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àá¬¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±√À˙«¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘

¤¬ı— ˚ø√› ·˜Ó¬ÀLa ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àá¬¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ˝◊√√ õ∂√ø˙«Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬¬ı≈› ¤˝◊√√ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ·±á¬œ˝◊√√ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±©Ü™é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛

õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ øÚ˚˛Lafl¡ ˝√√˚˛º

˜¸fl¡± ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ’Ú…±Ú… ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Î¬◊ij≈q¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛

Œ·±á¬œ› ˝√√˘ Î¬◊ij≈q¡º ’Ô«±» Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ˙±ø¸Ó¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡› Œ˚±·…Ó¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡À|ÌœÀÓ¬ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡

˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ’øÒfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ô±Àfl¡º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àá¬¬ı˛ ’±—ø˙fl¡

øÚ ˛LaÌ› ¬ıÊ√± ˛ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ·‘ √√œÓ¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¸ ”À˝√√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı-’øˆ¬À˚±· › ˝◊√√26√±-’øÚ26√±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Ûøé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’¬Û¬ı˛ø√Àfl¡, ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı±

’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¬ıX ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ› ’±¬ıX ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º Î¬◊ij≈q¡ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

õ∂˙—¸± fl¡À¬ı˛ ˜¸fl¡± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Ú Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì˜≈‡œ ˙±¸Úº øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˙±¸Ú Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±

¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«º

Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Œ|á¬Q¬ı±√œ (elitist) ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸e·øÓ¬ Œ¬ı˛À‡ ˜¸fl¡± ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú ¸ÀN› ¸œø˜Ó¬

Œˆ¬±È¬±øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ¤¬ı— ˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ Œˆ¬±È¬±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ’±¢∂˝√√

Œ√ø‡À˚ÀÂ√Úº

˜¸fl¡±¬ı ˜ÀÓ¬, ·Ì-’¸Àz¬±À ∏¬ı Ù¬À˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ é¬˜Ó¬±‰≈¬…Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ıº øfl¡z≈¬ Œ¸Àé¬ÀS Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ıÀÌ¬ı

˜Ò… ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Î¬◊O±Ú ‚È¬À¬ı, Œ˚ Œ|ÌœøÈ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ fl¡±˚« ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ’Ú…Ô±˚˛

Œ·±È¬± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± Ò√ı—¸ ˝√√À ˛ ˚±À¬ıº ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…˙œ˘ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±Àfl¡ fl≈¡øé¬·Ó¬

fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı—˙±Ú≈flË¡ø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’±À·¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±˙±˘œÀ√¬ı˛

’¬ı¸±Ú ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ˛ ’ ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±› ˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º ˜±Ú¬ı¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ ¬ı±¬ı˛—¬ı±¬ı˛

¤˝◊√√ ≈˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—‚±Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬À|Ìœ › øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ’—À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¤˝◊√√ ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Î¬◊ÀM√√Ê√Ú±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¸•ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Î¬◊»¸¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙, :±Úø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛,

¬Û≈¬ı˛±Ó¬Ú ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±˙efl¬±

Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ÚÓ≈¬Ú ’±ø¬ı©®±¬ı˛, ø¬ıÀ√˙œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı±øÌÊ√…, ˚≈Xø¬ı¢∂˝√√, õ∂¬ı±¸Ú › ’øˆ¬¬ı±¸Ú õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√

ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ¸•Û√ ¬ı± √±ø¬ı˛^…¬ı˛ ¸Ë©Ü±fl¡±¬ı˛º ¤¸À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò…±Ú-Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı, ÚÓ≈¬Ú

ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ › ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º

¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬±¬ı˛ ¸yˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±À˜… ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬À˘ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·…Ó¬±¸•Ûiß

¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±·œ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ·≈Ì·Ó¬ Œ˚±·…Ó¬±¸•Ûiß ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛

øÚÀ ˛ Ó¬‡Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º √

˜¸fl¡± Ó¬“±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN ’¬ı¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« (Sub-elite) ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ’¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤˝◊√√ ’¬ı¬ı˛

Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ, ø¬ı:±Úœ, ¬ı≈øXÊ√œ¬ıœ, ø˙ä-¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘fl¡˜G¬˘œ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬Àfl¡ øÚÀ˚˛º ¤˝◊√√

Œ|ÌœøÈ¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıø˙©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¬± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú ˝√√˘

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¸•Ûiß Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øÍ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√º

˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ √√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈Q, ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤ ◊√√ Œ|Ìœ ’¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬À√¬ı˛

Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¬ı…øq¡

¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ é¬˜Ó¬±˝√√œÚ õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß ˝√√˚˛º ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬ÛÎ¬ˇ± › ‹fl¡…¬ıX fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· Œ¬ıø˙ Ô±Àfl¡º Ù¬˘Ó¬, ¤˝◊√√ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ|Ìœ ˚± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ó¬± fl¡‡Ú› fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛

’± ˛Ó¬Ú ˚Ó¬ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˝√√ ˛, ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’± ˛Ó¬Ú Ó≈¬˘Ú± ” fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬Ó¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ ˝√√ ˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¤ ◊√√ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈

Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Î¬◊M√√À¬ı˛±M√√¬ı˛ fl¡øÍ¬Ú ˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º

˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¤˜Ú Œ˚ Ê√Úõ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œ¸¬ıfl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ”¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛

ŒÙ¬À˘º øÚÊ√¶§ ¶§±Ô« ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Ô« fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø·À√ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ·±á¬œ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸≈¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ ’Ó¬…z¬

é¬˜Ó¬±˙±˘œ ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ’¬ı˙… Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¤À√¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬, Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ › ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ› Î¬◊2‰¬d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛

˝√√˚˛º ¸—·Í¬Ú › Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤¬ı˛± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ˙±¸ÚÓ¬±øLafl¡, Ò˜π˚˛, ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˚≈Xõ∂¬ıÌ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬À|Ìœ ¸˜±ÀÊ√

Î¬◊»¬Ûiß ^¬ı…¸˜”˝√√ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊»¬Û±√fl¡À√¬ı˛ Ú”…ÚÓ¬˜ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ’—˙ ¬ı±√ ø√À˚˛ ¬ı±øfl¡È¬± ’±R¸±» fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜

˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La ¸À˜Ó¬ ¸fl¡˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ √ø¬ı˛^À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ÒÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı-¬õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√

Œ¬ıø˙º Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÚø√«©Ü Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜À˚˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸•Û√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ˝√√˚˛º ˜Ò…˚≈À· ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ˚±Ê√fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¸˜‘øX › é¬˜Ó¬±˘±ˆ¬ ‚ÀÈ¬øÂ√˘, Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú›

¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¸≈˘ˆ¬ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¸—·Í¬Ú, Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ¤˜Ú

¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ¬Û±˚˛ Œ˚ ’±˝◊√√ÀÚ Ú± ˝√√À˘› ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ ¬ı—˙±Ú≈flË¡ø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡À¬ı˛º

˜¸fl¡± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛› ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡

Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬“±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤À√¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı—˙·Ó¬ Ó¬Ó¬È¬± Ú˚˛ ˚Ó¬È¬± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘±˘Ú¬Û±˘Ú , ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’øÒfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ øfl¡Â≈√ Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ ›

ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¶£≈¬¬ı˛Ì ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º

˚ø√› ¤˝◊√√ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈À√¬ı˛ ˙øq¡ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙, Ó¬¬ı≈› Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’Ó¬…z¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Â√±Î¬ˇ±

õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Òfl¡±˜œ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¤˝◊√√ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ì¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸”Sî (‘political formula’) õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂˝√√Ìœ˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤˝◊√√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”ÀS¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ ˝√√˘ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ø¬ıù´±¸, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ › ’ˆ¬…±¸¸˜”˝ Œ˚·≈ø˘ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı

¤fl¡øÈ¬ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ Œ˚¸fl¡˘ Œ˜±˝√√ › ø¬ıw¬±øz¬¬ı˛ ¸=±¬ı˛

fl¡À¬ı˛, Œ¸·≈ø˘˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ˙±¸fl¡√À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂˝√√Ìœ˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘ Ó¬±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”Sº ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈À· Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√

˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”ÀS¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ;˘z¬ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˙±¸ÚÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸±Ù¬˘… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛

fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂ √√ÌÀ˚±·… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ”S Î¬◊æ√±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡ Ê√Ú¸—‡…±¬ı ≈√√ › ¶§äø˙øé¬Ó¬ d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”ÀS¬ı˛ ’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ÚœøÓ¬·≈ø˘ ¬Œõ∂±øÔÓ¬ Ô±fl¡± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¤fl¡˜±S Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√√ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬Û¬ı˛±˚˛Ì

› ’Ó¬…±‰¬±¬ı˛œ ˝√√À˘› √ø¬ı˛^, Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬, øÚ¬ÛœøÎ¬ˇÓ¬ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…˘±Àˆ¬ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ˜¸fl¡± ¤˝◊√√

¸y±¬ıÚ± fl¡‡Ú› ‡øÓ¬À˚˛ Œ√À‡ÚøÚ Œ˚, Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú Î¬◊ißÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸”SÀfl¡ Ú±fl¡‰¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±º√

˜¸fl¡± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ë¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘fl¡ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ Œ·±á¬œí ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ ˚±¬ı˛± ’± ◊√√Ú·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı

õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¤¬ı— ˚±¬ı˛± Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œº ˚‡Ú

Î¬◊2‰¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±flË¡˜Ì±Rfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± fl¡À˜ Ú˜Úœ˚˛ ¶§ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ’±øÒfl¡… ‚ÀÈ¬ ¤¬ı— øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…±˙œ

¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Î¬◊2‰¬À|ÌœÀÓ¬ õ∂À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛≈X ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ’±¸±

˙øq¡˙±˘œ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« Î¬◊2‰¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚È¬± ˛º øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Ú, øÚÓ¬…ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛

Ê√œ¬ıÚ¸—¢∂±˜, ¸≈ø˙øé¬Ó¬ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˜±Ú¬ıõ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl≈¡ø˘˙fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıøÈ¬ ¸√±Ê√±¢∂Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡º

˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’—˙øÈ¬ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûº ’Ó¬¤¬ı, ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± › ˜¸fl¡± Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ Œ˜˝√√ÚÓ¬œ

Ê√ÚÓ¬± ¸y¬ıÀ&Ò ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜≈*Ó¬± øÂ√˘ ˚ø√› Ó¬± ˜±'¬π˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ’±˘±√±º

˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±·… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊√…˜, õ∂:± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ı¬ı≈øX¬ı˛

Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛º Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ¸√±˝◊√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ı¬ı˛±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı , Ó¬± ø¬ıÀ˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ’Ô«˝√√œÚº

¤ ◊√√ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt øÚÀ˚˛ Œ|á¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı±¬ıàÔ± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ’±¸˘ fl¡±Ê√º

ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú˜±ÀS˝◊√√ ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ’Ú˜Úœ˚˛ ø¬ıøÒ ¬ı± Œ˘Ã˝√√ø¬ıøÒ¬ı˛ (“the

iron law of oligarchy”) ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ ¢∂&Ô ˝√√˘ ‘Political Parties :

A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical tendencies of Modern democracy’º ¤˝◊√√ ¢∂À&Ô

øÓ¬øÚ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú, ìŒ˚ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ Œ¸ ’±¸À˘ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘î (“who says

organization says oligarchy”]º

Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«¸”¬ı˛œ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± › ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˜≈À‡ ø·À˚˛ ˜±Ú¬ıœ˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛

¤fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±fl¡±˜œ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ıˆ«¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬,

·ÌÓ¬ÀLa ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛ Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ’¬ı˙…yˆ¬±¬ıœ¬ı˛”À¬Û Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ê√ij ˝√√˚˛º fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛

’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˝√√˘ é¬˜Ó¬± fl¡±˜Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡¬ı±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À˘ Ó¬±

ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛±º

Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜Úd¬N ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ õ∂˜±Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, Ê√Ú·Ì øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

’¸˜Ô«º øÓ¬øÚ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ é≈¬^ Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı‘˝√√» Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±

¸˝√√Ê√º Ê√ÚÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ’À˚Ãøq¡fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ’øˆ¬ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ › õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ê√ÚÓ¬± Œfl¡±Ú› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±

› ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ õ∂√±ÀÚ ’¬Û±¬ı˛·º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ’±¬ı˛› ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˝√√˘ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ õ∂‰≈¬¬ı˛

¸—‡…fl¡ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…±º ·ÌÓ¬La ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˚ø√ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Œ˚, ø¬ı˙±˘¸—‡…fl¡ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¤fl¡ÀS ¤¬ı—

õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı, Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ·ÌÓ¬La ’¸y ¬ı ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛

¤˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› õ∂À˚±Ê√…º Œ˚ ¸fl¡˘ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ √˘·≈ø˘ øÚÀ˚˛

ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú, Œ¸·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ø¬ı˙±˘ ’±˚˛Ó¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ›

ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì ’¸y ¬ı ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Œ˚˜Ú, Ó¬»fl¡±˘œÚ ¬ı±ø˘«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ √˘øÈ¬¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¸√¸…¸—‡…±

øÂ√˘ Ú¬ıı˝◊ ˝√√±Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ √œ˘˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ ¬ı‘˝√√√±˚˛Ó¬Ú ø¬ıø˙©Ü ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ |˜ø¬ıˆ¬±· ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« ˝√√À˚˛

¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’±˚˛Ó¬Ú ˚Ó¬ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛ Ó¬Ó¬˝◊√√ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬ › Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬± Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ’Ó¬¤¬ı,

fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛ √√± « √√À ˛ “√±Î¬ˇ± ˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√ …À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√ø˙fl¡± ’Ú≈ ±À¬ı˛

fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ Œ¬ıÀÂ√ ŒÚ›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º

·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ √˘œ˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ d¬À¬ı˛–˚‡Ú

Œ¸·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’±˚˛Ó¬Ú ŒÂ√±È¬ Ô±Àfl¡–ø¬ıøˆ¬iß √˘œ˚˛ ¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’ÀÔ«¬ı˛ › é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›

¸—|¬ı Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º øfl¡z≈¬ ˚‡Ú˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬Ú ’±˚˛Ó¬ÀÚ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛ Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√√ √˘œ˚˛ ¬Û√·≈ø˘ ’Ô« › é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸

˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±›, |˜ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ √˘œ˚˛ fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √é¬Ó¬±, õ∂ø˙é¬Ì, ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±

› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¸≈˘ˆ¬ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ √˘œ˚˛ ¬Û√±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡˜«¬ı˛Ó¬ ¤fl¡√˘ Œ¬Û˙±√±¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ıˆ«¬±¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬º ¤¬ı˛± ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ¸¬ıfl¡ Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ≈¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ¤¬ı— ¸—·Í¬Ú ’±¬ı˛›

Î¬◊2‰¬±¬ı2‰¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ø¬ıÚ…d¬ › ’±˜˘±Ó¬±øLafl¡ √√À ˛ “√±Î¬ˇ± ˛º ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏: ≈ ˆ¬ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛

ø¬ıø26√iß fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚ ˛ ¤¬ı— øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ õ∂‰¬≈¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· ≈ø¬ıÒ± Ê√ÀÎ¬ˇ± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬

˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«º õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ √˘

’Ô¬ı± |ø˜fl¡ › fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ ¸—·Í¬Ú ¶§ä¸—‡…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘fl¡ › ø¬ı¬Û≈˘¸—‡…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıˆ¬q¡ ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º

¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ › ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬fl”¡À˘ ˙±¸fl¡ › ˙±ø¸Ó¬À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬º

ø˜À˙ ƒ ƒ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ √ ·≈ø˘¬ı ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚ ‰¬¬ı˜ ˜Ó¬±¬ı˘¥¤Ï ˙±‡±·≈ø˘ ¤ ◊√√ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬±øLafl¡

› ’±˜˘±Ó¬±øLafl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤Àé¬ÀS ˚≈øq¡È¬± ¤˝◊√√ ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, √˘œ˚˛ ·ÌÓ¬La ˙≈Ò≈

¤fl¡øÈ¬ ’±fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ (form) ˜±Sº Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ¬ı±ÀÒ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

¶§±ÀÔ« ·ÌÓ¬LaÀfl¡ ø¬ı¸Ê«√Ú Œ√›˚˛±˝◊√√ Œ|˚˛º ¸—·Í¬Ú˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬La ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ √À˘¬ı˛ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¸±¬ı˛¬ıM√√± øÚø˝√√Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¸—·Í¬Ú ¬ı± ’±ÀÒ˚˛Àfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La ¬ı± ’±Ò±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« ø¬ı¸Ê√«Ú

Œ√›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ’±¬ı˛› ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ¸—¢∂±˜ ¸˜±5 Ú± ˝√√›˚˛± ¬Û˚«z¬ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ·ÌÓ¬La õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ¬ı

Ú˚˛º ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Œ˙‡±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ Œ|á¬ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ¤¬ı— ¤Ê√Ú… øÚá¬±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

Î¬◊¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔÓ¬ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂√˙«Ú fl¡¬ı˛± fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…º

Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Î¬◊À√…±·¢∂˝√√ÀÌ ’øÚ26≈√fl¡ ˝√√˚˛º ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ¤Àfl¡ ëÊ√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛àÔ±˚˛œ ’é¬˜Ó¬±í ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ’±√˙«·Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±Ò·˜… Ú˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛±

¤¸¬ı ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ó¬Ó¬È¬± ’±¢∂˝√√ Œ¬ı±Ò fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, √À˘¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸ˆ¬±·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¶§äÓ¬±

ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¤À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊√±¸œÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛º Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛› ¬fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘

ø¬ıø‰¬S Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’é¬˜Ó¬± ¤¬ı— ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬± ≈√˝◊√√˝◊√√ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ

¸˜œé¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ √˘ ¤¬ı— |ø˜fl¡ › fl¡˜‰¬±¬ı˛œ ¸—·Í¬Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±—˙

¸√À¸…¬ı˛ ¬ı˚˛¸ ˝√√˘ 25 ŒÔÀfl¡ 39 ¬ıÂ√¬ı˛º ˚≈¬ıfl¡À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸¬ı˛ fl¡±È¬±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛› ’ÀÚfl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±›

Ó¬±¬ı˛± Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ ¶§õü Œ√À‡ Œ˚, Œfl¡±Ú› ’À˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛, ’Ô«±» ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û Ó¬±À√¬ı˛

’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À¬ı ¤¬ı— ¸±¬ı˛± Ê√œ¬ıÚ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ |ø˜fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡±È¬±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı Ú±º Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛± |ø˜fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ

¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√È¬± Î¬◊√±¸œÚ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº ¬ı˚˛¶®¬ı˛± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ |ø˜fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸—¢∂±˜œ

”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ › ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛ øÚÀ «± √√ √√À ˛ ¸√ …¬Û√ Ó¬…±· fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ó¬¤¬ı, ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ¸√ …À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬

¬ı˚˛¸ › ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ø√À˚˛ õ∂¬ıœÌ ˝√√˚˛º ˚≈¬ıfl¡ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ’·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˆ¬œøÓ¬ Î¬◊À^Àfl¡¬ı˛

Œfl¡±Ú› fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ‚È¬±˚˛ Ú±º

’±¬ı˛› ’ÀÚfl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ”√¬ı˛Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œ√À˙˝◊√√ √˘œ˚˛

ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± ˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√ Œ|Ìœ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ ’±À¸ ¤¬ı— Ù¬˘Ó¬ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡

› ¬ı≈øX·Ó¬ ø√fl¡ ø√À˚˛ Î¬◊ißÓ¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˜Úøfl¡ Ê√±˜«±Úœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Œ˚¸¬ı Œ√À˙ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı≈øXÊ√œ¬ıœÀ√¬ı˛

¸—‡…± ’À¬Ûé¬±fl‘¡Ó¬ fl¡˜, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ› |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊æ”Ó¬ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ¤¬ı— ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡È¬±

¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…¬ı˛± Δ√ÚøμÚ é≈¬øiß¬ı‘øM√√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ¤Ó¬È¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı…±¬Û‘Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Œ˚, ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ :±Ú ’Ê«√Ú Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ’¸±Ò… ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº øfl¡z≈¬ ¤fl¡Ê√Ú ŒÚÓ¬± |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ

ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ˝√√À˘› ’±øÔ«fl¡ Δ√Ú… ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜≈øq¡˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√ÚÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ‡≈“øÈ¬Ú±øÈ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ›˚˛±øfl¡¬ı˝√√±˘ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛

¸≈À˚±· ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ù¬˘Ó¬ øÓ¬øÚ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Œ|á¬Q ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±

fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ’é¬˜Ó¬± › ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:Ó¬± › Î¬◊»fl¡À¯∏«¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…˝◊√√ √À˘ ·ÌÓ¬La ø¬ıÚ©Ü ˝√√˚˛ › Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛

Î¬◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬º

ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¸˘ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ëΔ¬ıÓ¬øÚfl¡ flË¡À˜±2‰¬ d¬¬ı˛ø¬ıÚ…d¬ ’±˜˘±¬ı‘Àμí¬ı˛ (‘hierarchy

of salaried officialdom’) ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ú…d¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤‡±ÀÚ ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬Ûø¬ı˛©®±¬ı˛º

˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸•ÛøM√√¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± ˝√√˘ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸º ’¬Û¬ı˛ø√Àfl¡, ø˜À˙ ƒ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡

’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

é¬˜Ó¬± √‡˘ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘Àfl¡ Œˆ¬±È¬√±Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ Î¬◊À√…±·œ

˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Ê√Ú… õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘Àfl¡ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬±˘±ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º √˘œ˚˛ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ Ó¬Ô… ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› √˘ ‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √À˘¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ ’¬ıàÔ± › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ÚÊ√¬ı˛

Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º √À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬± › ¸≈¸˜?¸ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« ¸≈¸—˝√√Ó¬ √˘œ˚˛ ÚœøÓ¬

øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì› fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸øÍ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¸≈˘ˆ¬ :±Ú

› ø¬ı‰¬é¬ÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¤ ¸fl¡˘ √±ø˚˛Q ¬Û±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ Œ˚±·…Ó¬± › ’¬ıfl¡±˙ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡

Ú±º ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ √À˘¬ı˛ ·Ì¸—À˚±· fl¡¬ı˛± › √˘œ˚˛ Ó¬˝√√ø¬ı˘ ¸˜‘X fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ Ó¬√±¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¸—¸√œ˚˛

øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ √˘œ˚˛ õ∂±Ôπ ¬ı±Â√±˝◊√√ › ’Ú…±Ú… √˘œ˚˛ ’±Ú≈fl”¡˘… õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ˙œ¯∏« ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº √À˘¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¸±Ù¬˘…Àfl¡ ¸≈øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √À˘¬ı˛ ¸√¸…-¸˜Ô«Ú Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ’Ú…±Ú…À√¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú

¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¸—¬ı±¬ÛS › ’Ú…±Ú… ·Ì˜±Ò…˜¸˜”˝√√ √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛

fl¡Ô±¬ı±Ó«¬± › fl¡±˚«¸˜”˝√√Àfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q√±Ú¬Û”¬ı«fl¡ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¸¬ı øfl¡Â≈√¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Ù¬˘|≈øÓ¬ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı

√˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú ’±¬ı˛› ¸≈‘√Ï¬ˇ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± › fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º

ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ Î¬◊M√√À¬ı˛±M√√¬ı˛ ’¸e·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX › ’±Ú≈ ∏øe·fl¡ ≈√ÚπøÓ¬ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…¬ı˛±

’¬ı˙… ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ Œ‚±¯∏Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛˝◊√√ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛ Î¬◊¬Û˚≈q¡ õ∂d≈¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ıº

¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¸√ …¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¢∂Ìœ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂À¬ı˛±‰¬Ú±ÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ^± √√ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤ ◊√√ ’¢∂Ìœ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛

é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ õ∂˘≈t fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚø©ç¡˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı˛ fl¡‡Ú› ˚ø√ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ ¸Ù¬˘›

˝√√˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú ‹ ’¢∂Ìœ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛± é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ ˝√√À˚˛ ’±À·¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º

¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ± Œ˚ øÓ¬ø˜À¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊ øÓ¬ø˜À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º

ø¬ıÀfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘› ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú± ¬ı¬ı˛— ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ √À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡øÈ¬

ø¬ı˙±˘ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ŒÂ√±È¬ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬La ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡øÈ¬ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬La øÚÊ√¶§ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ˆ≈¬q¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛

˚ÀÔ©Ü é¬˜Ó¬±˙±˘œ ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ıÀfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˜±Á¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸±ø¬ı˛¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± Œfl¡fœ˚˛ ¸fl¡˘ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ ’±¢∂±¸œ

fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

Ó¬À¬ı ø˜À˙ ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Ó¬N ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ÿÀÒ√ı« Ú ˛º ¤¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ Œ˚ øÓ¬øÚ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ › ≈ø©ÜÀ˜ ˛ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬±øLafl¡

˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ (oligarchs) ˜ÀÒ… ¸øÍ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸¬ı¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú

’±ÀÂ√ Ó¬± Œ√‡±ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ øfl¡z≈¬ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ ·≈ø˘À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘ÀÂ√Úº

fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı øÚ¬ı«±ø‰¬Ó¬ Ê√Úõ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ¬ı˛± ˜≈ø©ÜÀ˜˚˛ Œ·±á¬œÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±› øÓ¬øÚ Œ√‡±ÚøÚº øÓ¬øÚ é¬˜Ó¬±

› fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’¬Û¬ı…¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ê√Ú¬õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π fl¡±À˘ Ê√Ú¶§±Ô« Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬± fl¡À¬ı˛

øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô« ‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Ô« fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı ¤È¬± ¸¬ı¸˜À ˛ ◊√√ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ øfl¡Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˚±‰¬± ◊√√À ˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ◊√√ ¤ ◊√√ õ∂fl¡äøÈ¬¬ı˛

¸Ó¬…Ó¬± ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ¬ıº øfl¡z≈¬ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÚøÚº øfl¬ôL≈√ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± ¸ÀN› ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ÓN

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… ¸—À˚±Ê√Ú ¤¬ı— Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı« ”¬ı˛œ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± › ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ≈øq¡¸¥œÓ¬

¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬º

1º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± fl¡±À√¬ı˛ ëŒ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·«í (‘elites’) ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú∑

2º ë˙‘·±˘í › ëø¸—˝√í ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û…±À¬ı˛±ÀÈ¬± fl¡œ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

3º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±Úƒ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡·Ì é¬˜Ó¬±‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

4º ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS Ù¬±È¬fl¡± fl¡±¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛œ › øÚø«√©Ü Î¬◊¬Û±Ê«√ÚÀˆ¬±·œÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…

øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

5º ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± Ó¬N¬ı˛ fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡∑

6º ¸˜±ÀÊ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…˙œ˘ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸¥¤À&Ò ˜¸fl¡± fl¡œ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú∑

7º ˜¸fl¡± ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œfl¡±Úƒ ≈√íøÈ¬ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’ød¬ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú∑

8º ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬N fl¡Ó¬È¬± ¸e·Ó¬œ¬Û”Ì«∑

9º ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı Ú± ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı–Ó¬± fl¡œÀ¸¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜¸fl¡± ˜ÀÚ

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑

10º ëø¬ıø˙©ÜÓ¬˜ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ¬ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—¢∂±˜í ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˜¸fl¡± fl¡œ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

11º fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ é¬˜Ó¬±‰≈¬…Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤ ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˙±¸fl¡fl≈¡˘ é¬˜Ó¬±˚˛ ’±¸œÚ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜¸fl¡± ˜ÀÚ

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑

12º ’¬ı¬ı˛ Œ|á¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı·« ¸¥¤À&Ò ˜¸fl¡± fl¡œ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú∑

13º ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈ÀQ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ ’¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±¬ı˛ fl¡œ ¸≈ø¬ıÒ±

Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜¸fl¡± ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑

14º ¸—·Í¬Ú Â√±Î¬ˇ± ’±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸—‡…±˘‚≈¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘

˜¸fl¡± ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

15º fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ˜¸fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ˙±¸fl¡À|Ìœ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ ˙±ø¸Ó¬À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂˝√√Ìœ˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘∑

16º øÚ•ßÀ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± fl¡‡Ú › fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊2‰¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ‚È¬±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜¸fl¡±

˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑

17º ëŒ·±á¬œÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Œ˘Ã˝√√ø¬ıøÒ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Úí ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ fl¡œ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

18º Œfl¡Ú√ Ê√Ú·Ì øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¸˜Ô« ¬ıÀ˘ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑

19º ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ √˘œ˚˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ fl¡±À˚˛˜œ ¶§±Ô« õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛∑

20º √˘œ˚˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ’é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡œ fl¡œ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

21º fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ”√¬ı˛Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛∑

22º √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± fl¡œ fl¡œ fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¸≈‘√Ï¬ˇ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛

¤¬ı— ’±¬ı˛› é¬˜Ó¬±¸•Ûiß › fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˙±˘œ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú∑

23º √˘œ˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ^±À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡œ Ù¬˘ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

24º √˘œ˚˛√ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ ø¬ıÀfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡œ Ù¬˘ ø˜À˙˘ƒ¸ƒ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

25º ø˜À˙˘ƒÀ¸¬ı˛ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± Œfl¡±Ô±˚˛∑

1º Irving, M. Zeitlin : Ideology and the Development of Sociological Theory.

(New Delhi : Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. 1969)

2º Guy, Rocher : A General Introduction to Sociology : A Theoretical Perspective.

(London : The Macmillan Press Ltd., 1972)

3º Lewis, A. Coser : Masters of Sociological Thought. (Jaipur : Rawat

Publications, 1996)

21.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

21.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

21.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

21.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…

21.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬

21.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡

21.4.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±·

21.4.2 ¬ø˜| ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√

21.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡¸˜”˝√√

21.5.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú

21.5.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › õ∂Ó¬œfl¡

21.6 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶®‘øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

21.7 ¸±¬ı±—˙

21.8 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

21.9 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

21.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ˝√√˘ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ àÔ±¬ÛÚº ¤øÈ¬ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ’±¬ÛøÚ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q∑

¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ (dimension), ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· (classification),

ø˜| ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ (types)

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › õ∂Ó¬œfl¡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±

Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸≈á≈¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± ¤¬ı— Œ¸˝◊√√

fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬¸•Ûiß › ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú˜”˘fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú›

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±› ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı

Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛± Œfl¡±Ô±› øÚ–˙ÀÓ«¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Ú › õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛

’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Œ√‡±Úº Œfl¡±Ô±› ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’±˜”˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬œº ¤¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡

’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛± ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¬ı≈Á¡À¬ıÚ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø‰¬S Ê√±Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-

ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ú≈¸‘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« › Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬Û”Ì«º

’±À·¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ˘‡fl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı ‰¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛±

¸fl¡À˘ ◊√√ Œ¸ ◊√√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸, ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ô«±» ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤ õ∂¸Àe· õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¢∂œÀ¸¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬‰¬‰«¬± › ˜ÀKI◊¶≈®, È¬fl¡øˆ¬˘ › Œ¬ıÊ√˝√√ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ Œ˘‡±¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±

˚±˚˛ Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ Î¬◊À√…±· ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡˝◊√√ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ·…±ø¬ıËÀ˚˛˘ ¤. ’…±˘˜`¬ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ô˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡Ô±øÈ¬

¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡Ô±øÈ¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¸—:± ¬Û±›˚˛± fl¡øÍ¬Úº Ó¬À¬ı

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú, Ó¬± ’±¬ÛÚ±À√¬ı˛ Ê√±Ú±˝◊√√º

·…±ø¬ıËÀ˚˛˘ ¤ ’…±˘˜`¬ › øÊ√. ø¬ı—‚±˜ ¬Û±›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Úº ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú

Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ø¬ıù´±¸, ˆ¬±¬ı±À¬ı· › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÒÀfl¡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º ø¸Î¬√øÚ ˆ¬±¬ı«± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ ø¬ıù´±¸, ¸≈¶Û©Ü õ∂Ó¬œfl¡

› ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Œ¸·≈ø˘ Œ˚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛,

Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¬Ûø¬ı˛©®±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ√˚˛º ˘≈ø¸˚˛±Ú ¬Û±˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ,

ø¬ıù´±¸ › ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜ø©Ü ˚± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ ’Ô«¬ı˝√√ › ˙‘∫˘±¬ıX fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¬ı≈¬ı˘±È¬ø¶® ˜ÀÚ

fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ d¬¬ı˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±Ò¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛

:±Ú › ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜…º

21.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡øffl¡ Ú˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ø¬ıù´±¸Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√·ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ ‚È¬ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ Œ¸ ◊√√ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˘œ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡œ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ◊√√

˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ , ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ¸¥¤À&Ò

’øˆ¬:Ó¬±˘t Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı± ø¬ıù´±¸ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ˘é¬… ¬ı± ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò¸—flË¡±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

¬ı± ø¬ıù´±¸ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤·≈ø˘ ’±À¬ı·˜”˘fl¡› ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, Î¬◊¬Û˘øt˜”˘fl¡› ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤¬ı˛ ’Ô«

¤˝◊√√ Ú˚˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸‘©Üº õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬ Ú±› ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√À¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛

õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ › Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸‘©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¶§Ó¬–¶£¬”Ó«¬Ó¬± Ô±Àfl¡, ˚± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛

¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛-øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ › øàÔ¬ı˛œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜Úd¬N˜”˘fl¡ ˜±S± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ¤øÈ¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛œ·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ’±ÀÂ√,

˚± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ ’Ô«¬ı˝√√ › ¸≈‘√Ï¬ˇ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±√˙« › fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ Ò±¬ı˛± Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛˝◊√√

¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Î¬◊ÀV˙…˝√√œÚ Ú˚˛, ¸±˜?¸…¬Û”Ì« Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú, Œ˚ Ò±¬ı˛± ¸≈ø¬ıÚ…d¬

¤¬ı— ˚±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛Àfl¡ ˙øq¡˙±˘œ fl¡À¬ı˛º

˙≈Ò≈˜±S ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø‰¬S Î¬◊√ƒ‚±øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø‰¬S ¶Û©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤ õ∂¸Àe·

’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˘Î«¬¸ˆ¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ |X±, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛

Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ ¬Û±¬ı˛√ø˙«Ó¬± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ’Ô«±», ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈¯∏¬ı˛± Œ˚ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛

Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Œ˘±fl¡À√¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ˘Î«¬¸ˆ¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ |X±˙œ˘ Ó¬± ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜

’—˙º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˚ø√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛, Ó¬À¬ı Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ˜ÕÓ¬fl¡… ≈√¬ı«˘,

Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø¬ı ‘∫˘± ¬ı± ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ‚È¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ˜ÕÓ¬fl¡… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ¤¬ı— Œ¸ ◊√ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ’øˆ¬ ≈À‡

Œ¬ÛÃ“Â√±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬–¤˝◊√ ≈√˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛˝◊√√ Ô±fl¡± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıõ≠¬ıÀfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Œ√‡±

˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜ÕÓ¬Àfl¡…¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¤‡Ú Œ˚ ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚± ˛, Ó¬±¬ı˛ ”À˘ ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤ÀKÒ ˜ÕÓ¬Àfl¡…¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬› ’ø¬ı¬ı˛Ó¬ ¬Û≈Úø¬ı«Ú…d¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¬ı¸¬ı±À¸¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ıø˝√√À«√˙œ˚˛À√¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡˝√√±À¬ı˛ ’±·˜Ú, ø¬ıõ≠¬ı, ˚≈X,

˚≈ÀX ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛ ¬ı± ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı‘˝√√» ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸•Û”Ì«

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ › ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛

ÙË¬±Àk ¬ı± ¬ı˘À˙øˆ¬fl¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ˝◊√√Î¬◊øÚ˚˛ÀÚ ’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Û ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬øÂ√˘º ˚≈ÀX ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√À˚˛¬ı˛

¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøÊ√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıÊ√˚˛œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ‰¬±ø¬ÛÀ˚˛ ø√ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º 1˜ › 2 ˛

ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™ ø¬ıù´¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¤ø˙˚˛±, ’±øÙË¬fl¡± › ˘±øÓ¬Ú

’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ’±øÔ«fl¡ ¸˝√√À˚±ø·Ó¬±

õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ‰¬±˘±Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ù¬À˘, ¸±˝√√±˚…¬õ∂±5

Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˜±øfl«¡Ú õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe·

ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸±˜?¸… ¸±ÒÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±Ù¬˘… › ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

àÔ±ø˚˛Q√ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ’¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ı…±‡±˜”˘fl¡ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬˚≈q¡ (Residual Explanator Category) Ú ˛º

¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸·≈ø˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±¬Û› fl¡¬ı˛±

˚±˚˛º Ê√Ú˜Ó¬ › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¸˜œé¬± ˝√√˘ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ Ò±¬Û, ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¬ıÎ¬ˇ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬

¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸±é¬±»fl¡±¬ı˛ › ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ‚È¬Ú± ¸¥¤À&Ò ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸—‡…±Ú ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…, ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬±, Œ˘‡±, ’øÓ¬fl¡Ô± (Myth) › Œ˘Ãøfl¡fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±‡…±Ú (Legend) ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ŒÔÀfl¡› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ Ê√±Ú± ˚±˚˛º

Ó¬À¬ı Ê√Ú˜Ó¬ › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¸˜œé¬±, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ Ú±Ú± ¸˜¸…±› Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Ê√Ú·Ì Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ˘≈øfl¡À˚˛ ¬ı˛±À‡º

Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¬ı…±‡…±¸—flË¡±z¬ ¸˜¸…±› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ¸—˚≈q¡º

Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ fl¡¬ı˛± ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ fl¡øÍ¬Úº Ó¬¬ı≈› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ı ∏À ˛ ˚Ó¬”√¬ı˛ ¸y ¬ı øÚ «¬¬ı˛À˚±·… Ó¬Ô…¸—¢∂À √√¬ı˛

õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ fl¡¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡±ø¬ı˛Ó¬±Àfl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡À¬ı˛º

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ‰¬±¬ı˛Ê√Ú ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ø˘‡≈Úº

[4 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ı]

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬Àfl¡ ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬

’øÒfl¡±—˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬

¬Û±Ô«fl¡…, ’±=ø˘fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı, ø˙é¬±¬ı˛ d¬¬ı˛, Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¸√¸…¬Û√, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ›

’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜˚«±√± ¤¬ı— Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± õ∂¸Àe· ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… Ô±Àfl¡º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú

Œ˚, øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú˚˛º Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú…À√¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…

‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂fl¡È¬, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º ˚‡Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú›

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú ’Ú…À√¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸≈¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±Àfl¡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘º ’…±˘˜`¬ ¤¬ı— ¬Û±›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚø«√©Ü

¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂Ó¬œ˚˛˜±Ú ˝√√À˘ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…± Œ√›˚˛±

˚±˚˛º ’…±˘±Ú ¬ıÀ˘¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛, Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ø¬ıù´±¸ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛ÚÀfl¡

Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Ú± , ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛, ˚±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ øfl¡Â≈√ ’Ú…±Ú… Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛º

’Ô«±» øfl¡Â≈√ øfl¡Â≈√ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ú˚˛º Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ fl¡±Ú±Î¬œ˚˛¬ı˛± Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛

Œ˚, fl¡±Ú±Î¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ı˙œ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¤˝◊√√

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂¬ı˘ ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ fl≈¡˝◊√√À¬ıÀfl¡ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘Ú ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ˙øq¡˙±˘œº ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ fl‘¡cfl¡±˚˛

øÚÀ¢∂±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº

Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Â√±Î¬ˇ± ¸—øù≠©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬

’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ ’¸y¬ı ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙˙œ˘ Œ√À˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√

õ∂¬ı˘º ’=˘, Ò˜«, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ, Ê√±øÓ¬, ˆ¬±¯∏±, õ∂Ê√ij ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ

Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ ∏«› Ê√±øÓ¬, Ò «, ˆ¬± ∏± ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û «¬Û”Ì« ø√fl¡º ø˙‡ Î¬◊¢∂¬Û&ÔœÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡± «fl¡˘±¬Û ¬ı± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’=À˘¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ¬ı± ’±=ø˘fl¡

˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı › ’±Àμ±˘Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬ø¬ıøÒ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬ı˝√√º

¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¬ı±Ò± Œ√˚˛ Ú±º fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ø¸X±z¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬

fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂Àùü ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘fl¡À√¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›

’¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˜”À˘…¬ı˛ ¬Û≈Ú«¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¬Û≈Úø¬ı«Ú…±¸ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ˚ø√ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬

” fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Ò fl¡À¬ı˛, Ó¬± √√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø ˛Q ø¬ıø‚ÆÓ¬ √√ ˛º Ó¬‡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±· ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’¬ıàÔ± ’±˚˛ÀQ ’±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± › Î¬◊ÀM√Ê√Ú± Œ√‡±

Œ√˚˛º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¯∏±·Ó¬ ¬ı± ’±=ø˘fl¡ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ Œ·±á¬œ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ¤¬ı˛”¬Û ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º

’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±› õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ √√ Œfl¡±Ú› Ê√±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º Œ˚˜Ú, ◊√√øÔÀ ˛±ø¬Û ˛± ˛

õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ Œ¸‡±Úfl¡±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œ·±á¬œ ’±˜˝√√±¬ı˛±ÀÈ¬À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛± Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ı]

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ (Dimensions)

’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛± ’±À· ◊√√ Œ√À‡ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ √√ øfl¬Â√≈ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±, ˚± ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’Ú≈ˆ¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛º ’…±˘˜`¬ ¤¬ı— ¬Û±›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤˝◊√√

˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ø√fl¡ (Dimensions) ’±ÀÂ√ –-

[1] :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¸—flË¡±z¬ ø√fl¡ (Cognitive Orientations)ñ¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸—flË¡±z¬ øÚˆ«≈¬˘ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı± :±Úº ¤fl¡Ê√Ú ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û, Œ˚˜Ú Ó“¬±¬ı˛± fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

¬ı± ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ ¸˜¸…±·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ, ¤ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ¸øÍ¬fl¡ :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ø√fl¡º

[2] õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıœ ø√fl¡ (Affective Orientation)ñ¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬, Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ Ô±fl¡± ¬ı± ¤fl¡±RÀ¬ı±Ò fl¡¬ı˛± ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±Ú

fl¡¬ı˛±º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬ı± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±‡…±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈ ≈¬øÓ¬ √√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø√fl¡º

[3] ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú˜”˘fl¡ ø√fl¡ (Evaluative Orientation)ñ¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡

ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı± ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬, ’Ô«±» ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˜”˘…˜±Ú ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı± ˜”˘…±˚˛Úº Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ’±√À˙«¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±øÈ¬Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˚ÀÔ±¬Û˚≈q¡ √±ø˚˛Q˙œ˘ ˜ÀÚ Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛

’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ’¸±Ò≈Ó¬± ¬ı± ¶§Ê√Úõ∂œøÓ¬¬ı˛ øÚμ± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø√fl¡º

Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬

ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡˝◊√√ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸•Ûfl«¡˚≈q¡ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı ∏À ˛¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ø√fl¡ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ø˜ø|Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬±À¬ı

¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¤˝◊√√ ø√fl¡·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«õ∂Ì±˘œÀfl¡ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

›¬Û¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±, ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, ’±˝◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú…Ó¬±, ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…± ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«¸—Àfl¡Ó¬ õ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

’¬Ûø¬ı˛¸œ˜º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ø√fl¡ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛

Œ˚˜Ú–

[fl¡] ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±–Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò :±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ›

” …± ˛Ú Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı— ¤·≈ø˘ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¶§±Ó¬La… ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ¸± √√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Δ√ø √√fl¡ ¸√ …¬Û√ ◊√√

˚ÀÔ©Ü Ú˚˛, ˜±Úø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı› ¸√¸… ˝√√›˚˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº

[‡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì–Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± (Input-Output Process) ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛

:±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ õ∂¬ı±ø˝√√Ó¬

˝√√À˚˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘, ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ, ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ, ·Ì˜±Ò…˜

˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

[·] ’±˜˘±, ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¤¬ı— ‹ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı…øq¡

› Œ·±á¬œ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ :±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú Ô±Àfl¡, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¤À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˘ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ø¸X±z¬

õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡¬ı˛±º

[‚] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬± (Political Actor) ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

¤¬ı— ’Ú…±Ú… ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¥¤À&Ò› ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ :±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ õ∂˚≈øq¡ ˝√√˚˛º

[„√√] ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ › õ∂ùü ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ :±Ú, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑ ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±ÀÂ√ fl¡œ∑

21.4.1

¤˝◊√√ ¬Û“±‰¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬

Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ø√fl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ’ød¬Q ¤fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬› ¸¬ıÀ√À˙ ¤fl¡ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú

fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡±¬ı˛ ’±˙± fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤fl¡±RÀ¬ı±Ò fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±,

’Ô¬ı± ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÚø©ç¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ øfl¡Ú±, Ê√Ú·Ì ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ’±˙± fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú± ¬ı±

¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øfl¡Ú±ñ¤ ◊√√ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±·

fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’Ô«±», Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì-Î¬◊»¬Û±√±Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¬ı∞I◊Ú,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ Ô±fl¡± ¬ı± Ú± Ô±fl¡± ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘¬ı˛

·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì › Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…fl¡¬ı˛Ì (Characterisation) fl¡¬ı˛±

˚±˚˛º ’…±˘˜`¬ › ˆ¬±¬ı«± øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˚Ô±ñ

[1] ’—˙¢∂ √√Ìfl¡±¬ıœ ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Participatory Political Culture)ñ¤ ◊√√ Ò¬ıÀÚ¬ı ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ˚≈q¡ Ô±Àfl¡, Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬

˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı±¬Ûiß ˝√√˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı

¤¬ı— õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ô«±», ¤‡±ÀÚ

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±, ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì-Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬,

õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıœ › ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú ˜”˘fl¡ ø√fl¡·≈ø˘ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ Î¬◊2‰¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬Ú, ¶®…±ø`¬ÀÚøˆ¬˚˛± › ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º

[2] ’ÒœÚàÔ ¬ı± ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Subject Political Culture)—¤ ◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı— ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú (Output)

Œ˚˜Ú, fl¡˘…±Ìfl¡¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±› ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛, øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Ù¬À˘, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬

Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬, õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıœ › ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú˜”˘fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ú± Ô±fl¡±˚˛

Ê√Ú·Ì ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ › ’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ Œ˜ÀÚ ‰¬À˘ › Œ¸˝◊√√ øÚÀ«√˙ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¸Ó¬… ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ˜ÀÚ ŒÚ˚˛, Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬± (Actor) ø √√ ±À¬ı øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò Œfl¡±Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛ øÚø©flË¡ ˛º

Œ¸ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú± ¤¬ı— ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ø¸X±Àz¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Œ¸ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˝√√˘ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛±, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛±

Ú˚˛º ¬Û”¬ı« ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√˙ ¤¬ı— ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚ ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙË¬fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º

[3] ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Parochial Political Culture)ñ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸±˜±Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì± (Cognition) Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıœ ¬ı± ˜”˘…±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

(Affective and Evaluative) õ∂À‰¬©Ü±› Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¬ı…øq¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S øÚÊ√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛,

Ê√Ú¸•x√± ˛ ¬ı± øÚÊ√ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚ «¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœ ˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¸¥¤À&Ò Î¬◊√±¸œÚ

Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ê√Ú·Ì ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø(˜œ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ≈√©x±¬Û…º

Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ (Transitional) ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ’=À˘ ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ≈q¡

¬ı‘˝√√» ¬ı± é≈¬^ ’±=ø˘fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¡Z±¬ı˛± Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬

Ú˚˛º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ ¢∂±˜…¸˜±Ê√º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤˜Ú ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ Œ√‡± ¬Û±›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛±

ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬œ˚ ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò ¬Û≈À¬ı±¬Û≈ø¬ı ’:º ‘√ø©Ü ¬e·œ ≈Ò≈ ±S ¢∂±˜œÌ ¬Û≈À¬ı±ø √√Ó¬ ¬ı± ’±=ø˘fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı

¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬--˚±¬ı˛± ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸Àe· ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

øflz≈¬ ¤·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ ’±√˙« Ò¬ı˛ÚñŒfl¡±Ô±› ’ø¬ıfl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛± Œfl¡±Ô±›

¤fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ô±› ¸˜¸Qø¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ı± ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ (Homogeneous)Ú˚˛º ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛± ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’—˙ ŒÚ˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√

øÚø˘«5 Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Œ√‡± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˝≈√√ ¬ı…øq¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜ ø¬ıÚ± õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√ Œ˜ÀÚ ‰¬À˘, ’ÀÚÀfl¡

’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ˜≈‡¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛

˚±¬ı˛± ’ÒœÚàÔ ¬ı± ˙±ø¸Ó¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı˚≈q¡, ’Ô«±» õ∂±˚˛ ¸¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø˜| ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛º

øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ ¶®È¬ 1910 › 1960-¤ Œ˜ø'¬Àfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬«Ú

’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº 1910-¤ Œ˜ø'¬Àfl¡±¬ı˛ ’øÒ¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ 90Ì øÂ√˘ ¸—fl¡œÌ« (Parochial) 9Ì ’ÒœÚàÔ

(Subject) ¤¬ı— 1Ì ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ (Participant) º 1960-¤ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—‡…±·≈ø˘ øÂ√˘ ˚Ô±flË¡À˜ 25Ì, 65Ì¤¬ı— 10Ìº

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙

øÍ¬fl¡˜Ó¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¤fl¡øSÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡

¬Û≈Ú¬ı˛±˚˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ’…±˘˜`¬ › ˆ¬±¬ı«± ‰¬±¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø˜| ¬ı± ø˜ø|Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘Úº

[1] ¸—fl¡œÌ« ’ÒœÚàÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Parochial Subject Political Culture)ñ¤‡±ÀÚ

¬ı…øq¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛Ú ¸¥¤À&Ò ›˚˛±øfl¡¬ı˝√√±˘, øfl¡z≈¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±À˚˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ¸ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’:º Ó¬± Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’øˆ¬ÀÚÓ¬± (Actor) ø˝√√¸±À¬ı

øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±› ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ ’¶Û©Ü › ’ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬º Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ ˆ¬±À˘±ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ı±Á¡±ÀÚ±

˝√√ ˛ Ú±º

[2] ’ÒœÚàÔ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Subject Participant Political Culture)—¤‡±ÀÚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú › ¸øflË¡˚˛, øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±øfl¡¬ı˛± øÚø©flË¡˚˛º õ∂ÔÀ˜±q¡¬ı˛±

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ˚≈q¡º Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ê√±ÀÚ Œ˚, Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıº ’±¬ı±¬ı˛› ¤› Ê√±ÀÚ Œ˚, ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· fl¡˜º ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú

Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ˝◊√√Î¬◊øÚ˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’ÒœÚàÔ ’—˙¢∂˝√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ¤‡±ÀÚ

’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˚≈q¡ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ¤¬ı— Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

fl¡± «±¬ı˘œ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¸Ê√±· Ô±fl¡À¬ıº Ú±·ø¬ıfl¡À√¬ı ¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ìfl¡±¬ıœ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ·±á¬œÀÓ¬ ¸— ≈q¡ Ô±fl¡±¬ı

Ê√Ú… Î¬◊»¸±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬º ’Ô‰¬, ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ ˙±ø¸Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… › ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√À˙¬ı˛

õ∂øÓ¬ ‹fl¡…˜Ó¬ ’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º

[3] ¸—fl¡œÌ« ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Parochal Participant Political Culture)—¤‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜± õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ’±=ø˘fl¡, Œ˚˜Ú Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı± Ê√±øÓ¬-¸—·Í¬Ú, ˚ø√› Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì

fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ Î¬◊ißÓ¬º øfl¡z≈¬ Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì-Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±˝◊√√ ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬Û ø¬ıø˙©Ü ˝√√›˚˛±˚˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛

’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¸—àÔ± ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

[4] Œ¬ÛÃ¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ (Civic Culture)—¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ’±√˙« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—˚≈q¡º ’ÒœÚàÔ

˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± Ô±fl¡±˚˛√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·Ì˜±Ú… Œ|Ìœ ˚ÀÔ©Ü Î¬◊√…˜ › ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡

’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± Ô±fl¡±˚˛ ·Ì˜±Ú… Œ|Ìœ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÂ√μ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ’…±˘˜`¬

› ˆ¬±¬ı«±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ø¬ıËÀÈ¬Ú › ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ Œ¬ÛÃ¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì« ¬ı˛”¬Ûº

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛∑

[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú]

2º ø˜| ¸—¶®øÓ¬ fl¡œ∑ ø˜| ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑

[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú]

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡¸˜”˝√√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı± ø˜|, ˚±˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Ú Ó¬± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√

·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘ ¸—‡…± ˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡› øÚø¬ıÎ¬ˇº ¤ ◊√√ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡› ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ –ñ

[1] ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±ñŒ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛

‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± ¬ı± ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛

‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º Œ¢∂È¬ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√iß

Ò±¬ı˛± ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ‹øÓ¬˝√√…·Ó¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ’øˆ¬Ú¬ı ¸˜i§˚˛ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ˝◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…À¬ı±Ò › ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø¬ı:±Ú,

õ∂˚≈øq¡ ¤¬ı— ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ø˜|Ì ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± Â√±Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

¸±À¬ıfl¡œ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ˙ ≈√√À¬ı˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡

‡±¬Û ‡±˝◊√√À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º

’Ô‰¬ ÙË¬±Àk¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ øˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛º 1789-¤ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı Ó¬»fl¡±˘œÚ ÙË¬±Àk¬ı˛

õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬±˚˛º øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± ÙË¬±Àk¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıÊ√±Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Õ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ø¬ıù´±¸Àfl¡˝◊√√ ÿÚø¬ı—˙ › ø¬ı—˙

˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º

’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ ≈X øÂ√ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸—À˚±· øÂ√iß fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±º ¤ ◊√√ ≈X Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ ÛXøÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò ‹fl¡˜Ó¬… õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡À¬ı˛, ˚± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬œfl¡±À˘ ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ ·‘˝√√œÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬À˘

¤‡±ÀÚ ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ˚±· ¸•Û”Ì« øÂ√iß ˝√√˚˛ øÚº ’Ô‰¬ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¸±˜…˜”˘fl¡ › õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡

˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ àÔ±˚˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ø˙ä±˚˛Ú

› ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ’øˆ¬¬ı±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ (Immigration) Ù¬À˘› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ øÚº

[2] fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Úñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± øÚÌ«À˚˛¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı

õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙË¬fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛

fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Ú Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÚÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ

õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Î¬◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’øÒ¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬

¤¬ı— Œ¸·≈ø˘ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øfl¡Â≈√È¬± ¸˝√√˜Ó¬› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—¸√œ˚˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙

˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ·‘˝√√œÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º

[3] Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±ÚñŒˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬

fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√˘À¬ıø©ÜÓ¬ ¡Zœ¬Û-’¬ıàÔ±Ú ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ’±flË¡˜Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ¸•ÛÀ√

¸˜‘X ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ àÔ±ø˚˛Q õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º

[4] Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±ñŒ√˙¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı

õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º√ Ó¬À¬ı Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¸¬ı Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ ¤fl¡¬ı˛fl¡˜ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ

õ∂øÓ¬fl”¡˘ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º øfl¬z≈¬ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ Ú±Ú± Ê√±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡¬ı˛À˘› ¸fl¡À˘ ˜±øfl«¡Ú

Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˚˛ Œ·ÀÂ√º Ó¬±¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˜±øfl«¡Úœ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤¬ı— ˜±øfl«¡Ú ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬

’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Œ√‡±˚˛º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬¬ Û±Ô«fl¡… › Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬

Ú±Ú± ¸˜¸…± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± õ∂¬ı˘ ˝√√À˘ ¸—øù≠©Ü ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

¬ı√À˘ øÚÊ√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ õ∂√ø «Ó¬ √√ ˛º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ‘©Ü √√À˘ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Î¬◊ÀM√√Ê√Ú± › ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± Œ√‡± ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

[5] Ò˜«ñ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡ø¬ı:±Ú › ø˙ä±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¸ÀN› ¤¬ı— Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬

˝√√›˚˛± ¸ÀN› ¤˜Ú ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ›

ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛º õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛

’Ú≈õ∂À¬ı˙ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ò˜«Àfl¡ ¬ı±√ ø√À˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬

’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¸•Û”Ì«Ó¬±˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º

[6] ’±Ô« ±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ñ’±Ô« ±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı ’Ú…Ó¬˜ øÚÒ«±¬ıfl¡º ˙ √√¬ıÀfl¡øffl¡

› ø˙äøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ø˙é¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· Œ¬ı˙œ Ô±Àfl¡º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ

›ÀÍ¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·Ì ’øÒfl¡˜±S±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬-¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú, õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı˚≈q¡ ›

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬œ √√Úº ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛ÀÌ› Ó“¬±¬ı˛± ’øÒfl¡˜±S± ˛ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¢∂±˜±=À˘

ø˙é¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· fl¡˜º Ê√Ú·Ì ” Ó¬ fl‘¡ ∏fl¡ ¸•x√± ˛ ≈¬q¡º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¤ ◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬±

› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ fl¡˜º

[7] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«ñ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬

˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ø¬ıù´±¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœfl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı

’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ ’¬ıàÔ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœfl¡±Í¬±À˜±

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛fl¡˜º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬› ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú –-

ñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Î¬◊»À¸¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú ”‰¬fl¡¡

˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ˙øq¡˙±˘œ fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¢∂È¬

ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œ√˙¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ |X± › ’±àÔ± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±

Ê√Ú¶§±ÀÔ«˝◊√√ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ñø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œfl¡±Ú› ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« Ú˚˛º ˜±øfl«¡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı√À√¬ı˛

õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ |X± ’ÀÚfl¡ fl¡˜, Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ |X±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı ˜±øfl«¡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛

fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˚˛ øÚº

ñøàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘

Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ¬ı…øq¡-¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Ô±Àfl¡º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛

fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ fl¡˘…±Ì› ’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±

’±Ô«¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ d¬¬ı˛ › ø˙é¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸—˚≈q¡º ø˙é¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ˝√√À˘ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛

øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±˜Ô«… ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ø˙ä±˚˛Ú › õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ › ¤˝◊√√ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı‘øXÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚…

fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀ˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸Ó¬fl«¡Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û± ˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì› ¬ı‘øX

¬Û±˚˛º Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸z≈¬ø©Ü

› ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬ı±ÀÎ¬ˇº Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± › øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º

21.5.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › õ∂Ó¬œfl¡

Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡¬ı˛±

˝√√˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ÛÓ¬±fl¡± ¬ı± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—·œÓ¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡œ ˜”˘… ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ÛøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

Ô±fl¡À˘› ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ÛøÓ¬ ¬Û√øÈ¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º õ∂Ó¬œfl¡·≈ø˘ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±√˙«˜”˘fl¡

Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±˙º Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ d¬¬ı˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· õ∂Ó¬œfl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬

¸¥¤&Ò ŒÚ˝◊√√º øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı· ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ¬ı…q¡ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ¸˜d¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡› ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±› Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡…À¬ı±Ò ¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› Ò˜«·≈¬ı˛≈¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛

Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂±‰¬œÚ Œ·Ã¬ı˛¬ı fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ Ô±Àfl¡, Œ˚·≈ø˘ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜˝√√ÀM3¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˚˛fl¡º

’Ó¬œÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ fl¡‡Ú› ’¸Ó¬…, fl¡‡Ú› ’Ò«¸Ó¬… ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’ø¬ıù´±¸… fl¡±ø˝√√Úœ

¬ı± ’øÓ¬fl¡Ô± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤ø˘Ê√±À¬ıÀÔ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√Qfl¡±˘

¸y¬ıÀ&Ò ’øÓ¬fl¡Ô± ˝◊√√—À¬ı˛Ê√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ˜˝√√N › Œ·Ã¬ı˛¬ı ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º

õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ ø¬ı˜”Ó«¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÒÀfl¡ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ’±À¬ı· Î¬◊2Â3±¸Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±ø·À˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú¸”‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Ê√±·¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±

fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… › ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ˚ ¸˜d¬ Ê√±øÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√À ˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ ·≈¬ı≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

¶ú‘øÓ¬Àfl¡ ¸ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ‰¬À˘, ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ú¬ı ¬ı˛”À¬Û Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ÛÓ¬±fl¡±

› Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¸‘©Ü ˝√√˚˛º

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑

[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ô±fl¡À¬ı]

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑

3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q fl¡œ∑

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±˝◊√√Ú › ˙‘∫˘± ¸—¬ı˛é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂ùüøÈ¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú˜”˘fl¡ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛

›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ (Output) ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ±

¤¬ı— Œ˚ ˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ‰¬±ø˝√√√± Î¬◊¬ÛàÔ±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬˙œ˘ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ›

¸˜Ô«Ú˜”˘fl¡ ’ÒœÚàÔ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛øÚ ¤¬ı— ’±˝◊√√Ú ˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙À‡ øÚº Ù¬À˘ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œ·±˘À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜Ô«Ú ¬Û±˚˛ Ú±º ’øÒfl¡±—˙ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜¸…±

Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º

Œ˚ ¸¬ı ¬ı…øq¡ Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú (Input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬˙œ˘ ¤¬ı— ˚±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜Ô«…¸”‰¬fl¡

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’±ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı

’±˙± fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú…±Ú… Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡

Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ ˝√√À˘ Œfl¡±Ú› àÔ±Úœ˚˛ Œ·±á¬œÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ¤¬ı— Ó¬±À√¬ı˛

àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¸˜¸…±·≈ø˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ˝◊√√È¬±ø˘¬ı˛ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¬ı…øq¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ¸ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛

fl¡±Ê√Àfl¡ ‡≈¬ı fl¡˜˝◊√√ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ˚‡Ú ’¸z≈¬ø©Ü õ∂¬ı˘ Ú± Ô±Àfl¡, Ó¬‡Ú øÚø©flË¡˚˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú

Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ ˚Ó¬é¬Ì ’¸z≈¬ø©Ü õ∂¬ı˘ Ú± ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬Ó¬é¬Ì ¬ı˛±·, ˝√√Ó¬±˙± › ΔÚ¬ı˛±˙… ‰¬±¬Û± Ô±Àfl¡º ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ó¬± ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡

’±fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙË¬fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√À˙ Ê√±Ó¬¬Û±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜… › Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ·≈¬ı˛≈Ó¬¬ı˛

ø¬ıfl¡±˙¸—flË¡±z¬ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¤fl¡fl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±

Ò¬ı˛Ú ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±øÙË¬fl¡±˚˛ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, ˚±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú¢∂±˝√√… Œfl¡±Ú› ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı&ÒÚ (Common

Bond) ŒÚ˝◊√√º Ù¬À˘ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Ó¬Ô… Ê√±ÀÚ Ú±, ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…› Œ√‡±˚˛

Ú±º Ê±øÓ¬ ·Í¬ÀÚ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¸M√√± ¸¥¤À&Ò Ó¬Ô… ¸•x‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√› ˛± õ∂À ˛±Ê√Ú, Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’e·œfl¡±¬ı˛

õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ’±øÙË¬fl¡± › ¤ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ê√±øÓ¬·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛

õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¡ZiZ Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º Ó¬‡Ú Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ’ÚÚ…Ó¬±¬ı˛ (Identity) õ∂ùü ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«

˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º

Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’ÚÚ…Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ùü ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ÚÓ≈¬Ú ’±ÀÙË¬±-¤˙œ˚˛ Ê√±øÓ¬·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ú˚˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘

’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ √øé¬Ì¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıø26√ißfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂ùü Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’ÚÚ…Ó¬±¬ı˛ (Identity) Œé¬ÀS

¬ı±Ò±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º

Œ˚ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS √œ‚«ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¸— ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√… ŒÚ ◊√√, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸˜¸…±·≈ø˘ ’±¬ı˛› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı , ˜œ˜±—¸± ˛

Œ¬ÛÃÂ√±ÀÚ± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ fl¡øÍ¬Ú ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º àÔ±Úœ˚˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±øÓ¬ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ›

Ò˜π˚˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, ¶≈®˘ øÚ˜«±Ì, ø˙ä·Í¬Ú ¬ı± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀÓ¬ ˚≈¬ıfl¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ¬øÓ«¬ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ø¬ıø‚ÆÓ¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ,

’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ¡ZÀiZ¬ı˛ ‰¬¬ı˛˜ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ·Ì¸À¥œ±˝√√Úœ ŒÚÓ¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ Î¬◊¢∂ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√, Œ˚˜Ú ˝◊√√øÊ√ÀõI◊¬ı˛

Ú±À¸¬ı˛º Œ˜ø'¬Àfl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˜Ò…¬Û&Ôœ ¸˜±Ò±Ú, Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Î¬◊2‰¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸˜Ô«Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ

√˘ › ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… › Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‹fl¡… ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı¯∏«

’±¬ı˛› Δ¬ıø‰¬S…¬Û”Ì« øˆ¬øM√√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ˘Àé¬… Œ¬ÛÃ“Â√ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¸±Ù¬˘… ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ øfl¡ ‚ÀÈ¬øÚ Ó¬± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘

ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß àÔ±ÀÚ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂fl¡È¬ ¤¬ı— ¤·≈ø˘ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±àÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì d¬¬ı˛ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬À˚±·œ › ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ¬ı˛± øfl¡

¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¸Àμ˝√√ fl¡À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± › ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú øfl¡ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¶§±ÒœÚ › ¸˝√√Ê√ˆ¬±À¬ı

‚ÀÈ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı ∏À ˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øfl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ¤ ◊√√ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡

’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛º Ê√±˜«±Úœ › ˝◊√√Ó¬±˘œÀÓ¬ ·Ó¬ 50 ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ≈√–‡Ê√Úfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛

Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ø √√ ±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬…±Ê√… ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± √√ ˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸—À˚±· ø¬ıø‚ÆÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ Œ√‡±

˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√Ó¬La › ˘Î«¬¸ˆ¬± ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ ¤‡Ú› ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬± ¸ÀN› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬Laœfl¡¬ı˛Ì ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º

Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… √˘¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ øfl¡Â≈√ |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬øq¡ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º

Œˆ¬±ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬ ¸—‡…± › ≈√íøÈ¬ õ∂Ò±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ’±˘±± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±, ˚ø√› ¸±˜±Ú… øfl¡Â≈√ Œ˘±fl¡˝◊√√ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛

˚≈q¡ Ô±Àfl¡ , Ù¬À˘ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸±˜…˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· |X±˜”˘fl¡ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

¸—ø˜|Ì ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡øÈ¬ d¬¬ı˛ø¬ıÚ…d¬ ’Ô‰¬ ‹fl¡…¬ıX, ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ ’Ô‰¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ’Ô‰¬ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸˜±Ê√ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ øfl¡ ¸±˜?¸… ø¬ıÒ±Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ Ú±øfl¡ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò › ø¬ıÀˆ¬√¸”‰¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±ñ¤˝◊√√ õ∂ùüøÈ¬› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸—˚≈q¡º ø¬ıËÀÈ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ˚±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛

Δ¬ıÒ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±˝◊√√Úõ∂Ì˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸˜d¬ ¶§±Ô«˚≈q¡ Œ˘±Àfl¡À√¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛±˜˙« › fl¡Ô±¬ı±Ó«¬±¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Œ˚ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú › ‰¬±ø˝√√√± ¬Û”Ì« fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Úº ¤¬ı˛˝◊√√ Î¬◊ÀåÈ¬± Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˝√√˘

¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜ ¸—¢∂±˜ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ˜±'¬π˚˛ ˜Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬Ó¬

¬Ûø¬ı˛©®±¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸˜d¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡˝◊√√ õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’Òd¬Ú Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛

õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± øfl¡—¬ı± Œ˙±ø¯∏Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ˙‘∫˘±À˜±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ ø˙©Ü±‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ (Civility) d¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º Œ¸ÃÊ√Ú…, ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ø¸X ¬ÛXøÓ¬

› ’±√˙« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øˆ¬iß˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬±Àfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√È¬± ˝}√√±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıËÀÈ¬Ú › ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú¸ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ø¸X

› ¬ı˛œøÓ¬¬ıø˝√√ˆ”«¬Ó¬ õ∂˚˛±¸·≈ø˘ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Úº ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø˜Ó¬ ’±√À˙«¬ı˛ (Moderating

Norms) ’ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±øÙË¬fl¡± › ¤ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¸≈ø¬ıÒ±

√√ º

¸—À¬ı√˙œ˘ (Responsive) ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ˝√√˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

ŒÚÓ‘¬Q ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı√˘ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±º ˚ø√ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ’±àÔ±¬ı˛ d¬¬ı˛ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ øÚ•ß˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛

˝√√˚˛, ˚ø√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ˜‘Ó≈¬… ¸—¢∂±˜ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ¸ÃÊ√Ú… Î¬◊¢∂ ¸—¢∂±˜Àfl¡

õ∂˙ø˜Ó¬ Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±˝√√À˘ ¬Û√±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ’øˆ¬Ê√±Ó¬ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬…±· fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú

¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ÛÔ ŒÂ√ÀÎ¬ˇ Œ√›˚˛± fl¡øÍ¬Ú ˝√√À˚˛ “√±Î¬ˇ±˚˛º

¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ê√±Ú± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± øfl¡ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±øfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛·øÌÓ¬

˝√√˚˛ , ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜Ô«… øfl¡ ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÚ± Î¬◊ø‰ Ó¬, Ú±øfl¡ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸ÀμÀ˝√√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ Œ√‡± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬ › ˚Ó¬”√¬ı˛

¸y¬ı øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ¬ı˛±‡± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ¬ı˛±©Ü™ øfl¡ ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬ Ê√Úfl¡˘…±Ì˜”˘fl¡ fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±øfl¡ ’øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ¬ı±Ê√±¬ı˛-

’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ñ¤˝◊√√ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı¸˜˚˛ ·ÌÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡ ›ÀÍ¬ Ú±∑ õ∂±˚˛˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬

øfl¡Â≈√ ¸œ˜± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ‰¬À˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¸—flË¡±z¬ õ∂d¬±¬ı·≈ø˘ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ÚœøÓ¬ ˜±ÚÀÂ√

øfl¡Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Û”¬ı«¬ıÓ¬π õ∂ùü·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜”˘…¬ı±Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˜”˘fl¡ ˚La (Tool), ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛

¬ı…øq¡ › ¸˜ø©Ü¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q (Micro-Macro Gap) ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ’øÓ¬flË¡˜ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬

¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ÛÃ“Â√±ÀÚ± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬

¸±é¬±»fl¡±¬ı˛, õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± › ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± (Case Study) ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸—‡…±Ú › Œ·±á¬œ

’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± Ê√±Ú± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸¥¤À&Ò ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¬ı∞I◊Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛

¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…Àfl¡ ˚≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛º

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ≈√íøÈ¬ ø√fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Ú∑

2º ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙË¬fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

¸±¬ı˛±—˙

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ’…±˘˜`¬ › ˆ¬±¬ı«±¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬º ˘≈ø¸˚˛±Ú

¬Û± ◊√√, ¬Û±›À ˛ , ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘, ¬ı≈¬ı˘±È¬ø¶® ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Œ˘‡fl¡› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œ˚ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Ó¬±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º ¤øÈ¬

¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡ ˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡ ˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ¸¥¤À&Ò

Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛,

ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±› fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±,

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º Œfl¡±Ô±› ¤˝◊√√ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… Œ¬ıø˙ ˝√√À˘ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú

Ô±Àfl¡º ˆ¬±¯∏±, ’=˘, Ò˜«, ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬

Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ø√fl¡ ’±ÀÂ√ñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ :±Ú ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

¸Àe· ¤fl¡±R ¬ı± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜”˘…˜±Ú ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛º øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√

fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ øÓ¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ñ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ’ÒœÚàÔ ¤¬ı— ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±øÈ¬˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡ › ’ø¬ıfl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Œfl¡±Ô±› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±, ø˜ø|Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ø˜|

¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı ’±¬ı±¬ı ‰¬±¬ıøÈ¬ õ∂fl¡±¬ıÀ ¬√ √√ ñ¸—fl¡œÌ«-’ÒœÚàÔ, ’ÒœÚàÔ-’—˙¢∂ √√Ìfl¡±¬ıœ, ¸—fl¡œÌ«-’—˙¢∂ √√Ìfl¡±¬ıœ

¤¬ı— Œ¬ÛÃ¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬º

‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙, fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Ú, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú, Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±, Ò˜«, ’±Ô«¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« › Œ|Ìœ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ˝√√í˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙

Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı·, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › Î¬◊ÀM√√Ê√Ú± Ê√±·¬ı˛Ì

¡Z±¬ı˛± ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ‰¬À˘ ¤¬ı— ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬± ‰¬±˘±˚˛º

Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛Q øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø‰¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘º ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ŒÚÓ‘¬Q, ˚≈X, ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬º

’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ø√fl¡ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑ ¤˝◊√√ ø√fl¡·≈ø˘

Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¸—flË¡±z¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛∑

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘∑

3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±· fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡¬ı˛± √√ ˛∑ ø˜| ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ fl¡œ∑ ø˜| ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑

4º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑

5º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

1º Gabrial A. Almond and Sidney Verva : The Civic Culture, Sage Publication,

Newbury Park, London, New Delhi. 1989, pp. 1-44.

2º Lucian Pye & Sidney Verva (ed) : Political Culture and Political Development,

Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1965, pp. 1-24.

3º Allan R. Ball : Modern Politics and Government, English Language Book Society

& Macmillan, London, ELBS ed 1982, pp. 52-63.

4º Amal Kumar Mukhopadhyay : Political Sociology, K.P. Bagchi, Calcutta—1994,

pp. 86-102.

5º ’Ú±ø√ fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜˝√√±¬Û±S . ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ¸≈˝‘√√√ ¬Û±¬ıø˘Àfl¡˙Ú, fl¡À˘Ê√ Œ¶®±˚˛±¬ı˛ [¬Ûø(˜],

fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, ¬1997, Û‘á¬± 378-399º

6º õ∂±ÌÀ·±ø¬ıμ √±˙ . ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™Ó¬N, øÚÎ¬◊ Œ¸KC±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ ¤ÀÊ√kœ, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1990, ¬Û‘á¬± 682-

598ºÀ

22.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

22.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

22.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

22.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…

22.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√

22.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…˜

22.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

22.6 ¬¸±¬ı±—˙

22.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

22.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

22.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ˝√√˘ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ›

Ó¬±¬ı˛± ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ ’±¬ÛÚ±Àfl¡ Ê√±Ú±ÀÚ±º ¤‡±ÀÚ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ñ

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸y¬ıÀ&Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ˘‡Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜≈‡… › Œ·ÃÌ ˜±Ò…˜¸˜”˝√√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂Ê√ij ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

õ∂Ê√ij·Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬± ˝√√˘ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ‘Ó≈¬…¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜‘Ó≈¬… ‚ÀÈ¬ Ú±º Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬ı˝√√˜±Ú Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı—

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˙øq¡ÀÓ¬ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛º Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı…øq¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤fl¡±R

˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±, ’±√˙«, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛, ¬ı…øq¡ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±˜?¸… àÔ±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊Àij¯∏

‚ÀÈ¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø˙é¬±¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º

˚‡Ú ¤˝◊√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø˙é¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± Ô±Àfl¡, Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘ ø˙é¬±¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛

õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › ’Ú≈fl”¡˘ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ õ∂¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

Ú± ¬Û±¬ı˛À˘ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ø¬ıø‚ÆÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

¸±Ù¬˘…, ¬ı± ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬± øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡fl¡±À˘ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘› ¤ ¸—flË¡±z¬

’±À˘±‰¬Ú± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Œõ≠ÀÈ¬± Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ·ÀÎ¬ˇ

Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛øÂ√À˘Úº ’…±ø¬ı˛àÈ¬È¬˘› ¸±—ø¬ıÒ±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸—¬ı˛é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Úº Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ, Ú±»¸œ¬ı±√œ

¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ øÚÊ√ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘Úº Ó¬À¬ı

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ‚ÀÈ¬ ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ √˙Àfl¡º ‰¬±˘«¸ Œ˜ø¬ı˛˚˛˜

ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±, ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’øÊ«√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¬ı± ¤fl¡ Œ√˙ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… Œ√À˙

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ õ∂¬ı˝√√˜±Ú ˝√√˚˛º ’Ô«±», ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¬

¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ :±Ú, Ó¬Ô…, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¤fl¡±R ˝√√˚˛, ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÂ√μ øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛

¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± › ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ìø¬ıøÒ ’±˚˛M√√ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ù¬˘ ˝√√˘

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¤¬ı— ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬Û±˘Úfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò :±Ú (Cognition) ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò

(Value Standard), › ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ (Feelings)º

¤¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ fl¡œ ¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ√‡± ˚±fl¡º ¤¸. ¤˘. › ˛±¸ø¬ı¬ı˛

˜ÀÓ¬, ¸øflË¡ ˛ ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸˜ ˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛› õ∂±!¡±À˘ Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ˛ Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ” …À¬ı±Ò

’Ê«√Ú ¤¬ı— Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘º › ˛±¸ø¬ı¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ” …À¬ı±Ò ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ≈Ò≈ ±S √˘œ ˛ ¬ÛÂ√μÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˛

Ú±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±Ô« › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬Àfl¡› Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı

¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± › ¸•x¸±¬ı˛Ì˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº øÊ√. ¤.

’…±˘˜`¬ ¤¬ı— øÊ√. ø¬ı. ¬Û±›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ÛXøÓ¬, ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì › ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛, ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı—

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ◊√√àÈ¬Ú › ŒÎ¬øÚ¸ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

˝√√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ ø¬ıfl¡±˙˜±Ú ¬ÛXøÓ¬, ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ’Ê«√Ú

fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¸ÀÊ√À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø˙é¬±˜”˘fl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬ › ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√ ˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ˝√√˘ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ø˙øé¬Ó¬ › Î¬◊ißÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˚±ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ¸√À¸… ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

22.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ø˙é¬±¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¸˜˚˛ ˝√√˘ Δ˙˙¬ıº øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ø˙é¬± Δ˙˙À¬ı¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬

¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ú˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸˜¢∂ Ê√œ¬ıÚ Ê≈√ÀÎ¬ˇ ¤˝◊√√ ø˙é¬± ‰¬À˘º ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ¬ı˚˛À¸¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S…¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’ä ¬ı˚˛À¸¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ¬ı√À˘ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ˙øq¡˙±˘œ› fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

Δ˙˙À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛¸”ÀS ¬ı…øq¡ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¸¥¤À&Ò ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬˜”˘fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ø˙é¬±, ‰¬±fl¡¬ı˛œ, ¬ı&Ò≈¬ı±&Ò¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ¸ ◊√√ √ ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ı¬ı≈X

˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ≈À‡± ≈ø‡ √√› ˛±, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ˚±·±À˚±·, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—fl¡È¬ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ’± ˛M√√ fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À ˛±Ê√Ú √√ ˛, ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ

¬ıÊ«√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ’±Ê√œ¬ıÚfl¡±˘œÚ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂Ê√Àij¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤¬ı— ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√˙ ¬ı± ˜˝√√±À√À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛¬

˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡ ˛±øÈ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬‡Ú ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’¬ı˘≈ø5 ‚ÀÈ¬ Ú±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±Àfl¡ √œ‚«àÔ±˚˛œ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ø˙˙≈À√¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—

¬ı˚˛¶®À√¬ı˛› øÚÊ√¶§ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ø¬ıù´±¸ Œ˙‡±ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˚˛¶®À√¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ø˙˙≈À√¬ı˛› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬

fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬ı± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¬ı± Î¬◊√±¸œÚÓ¬±Ê√øÚÓ¬

˜Ó¬¬ı±√ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ıÀÓ¬

Î¬◊»¸±ø˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º

’…±˘˜À`¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Œõ∂ø¬ı˛Ó¬ õ∂Ô˜

·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Input)º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ê√Ú˜Ó¬ ·Í¬ÀÚ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« › ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛, ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÚÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ’±√˙« › õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸fl¡À˘¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı Ô±fl¡À˘

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‹fl¡…¸±ÒÚ ¸ √√Ê√ √√ ˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ √√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ

› ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡±ø¬ı˛Ó¬±› ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±, Œ˚˜Ú, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ ¬ı± ’¬ıÚøÓ¬, ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ^≈Ó¬Ó¬± ¬ı± ù≠Ô·øÓ¬, √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ˙±øz¬ ¬ı± ‚Ú ‚Ú ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡ ‚È¬Ú±,

’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ¬ı± ’ˆ¬±¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÒÀfl¡ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛√±¬ı˛

fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q› ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º

ÙË¬À ˛Î¬ › ˜Úd¬Nø¬ı√¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø¬ıÀˆ¬√fl¡±˜œ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬

¬ÛÀÔ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± › Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸Àe· Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸—˚Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡±º ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· Œõ≠ÀÈ¬±¬ı˛ ’±√˙« ¬˚± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Ê√ij·Ó¬

ø¬ıÀˆ¬√˜”˘fl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸—˚Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˙‘∫˘± ’±Ú˚˛Ú fl¡À¬ı˛, Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛≈À˙±¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˝◊√√26√± ¬ı± ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˝◊√√26√±˚˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·› ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¬ıq¡À¬ı…¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛàÔ±¬ÛÚ±

fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√ ’¬ı˙… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ı…øq¡Q › ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛Úñ˜Úd¬ÀM3¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Ú˚˛º

øÓ¬Ú ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ñ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì (Imitation), øÚÀ«√˙

(Instruction), ¤¬ı— Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì± (Motivation)º ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ Œ˘ ˆ¬±˝◊√√Ú ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬·≈ø˘ Δ˙˙À¬ı

fl¡± «fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√ ˛º øfl¬z≈¬ ¬ı˛±˙ › ’…±˘ÔÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¤·≈ø˘ ¸˜¢∂ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡ ˛± õ∂¸Àe· ◊√√ fl¡± «fl¡¬ı˛œº ø˙ ≈À√¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º øfl¡À˙±¬ı˛ › õ∂±5¬ı˚˛¶®À√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì, øÚÀ«√˙ › Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛

¸—ø˜|Ì ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ø˙˙≈ ’:±Ó¬¸±À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ¬±˜±Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÂ√μ·≈ø˘ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛

’±·Ó¬ ¢∂±˜¬ı±¸œ ˙˝≈√√À¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÚÀÊÀfl¡ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’øÒ¬ı±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¢∂˝√√ÌÀ˚±·… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø˙é¬±, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ø˙é¬±¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ı± ¬ı‘øM√√˜”˘fl¡ õ∂ø˙é¬Ì ˝√√˘ øÚÀ«√À˙¬ı˛ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛

’±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ ¬ı± õ∂‡…±Ó¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¸¥¤À&Ò Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ øÚÀ«√˙ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛

ø˙é¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ø˙˙≈ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¸≈Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ‰¬±˘±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı˛ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ Œ˙‡±ÀÚ± ˝√√ ˛, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬±ÀÚ± √√ ˛º Œ˚˜Ú, Œfl¡±Ô±› ¤fl¡Ú± ˛fl¡Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ √√À˘ ¬ı± Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À˘ ¶≈®À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±¸ ¬ı√˘±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛, ¶≈®˘ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı± ¤fl¡Ú±˚˛fl¡Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ ‰¬À˘º

¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ‚È¬Ú± ¬ı± ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«, Œ˚˜Ú ˚≈X ¬ı± ˜μ± ˘é¬ ˘é¬ Œ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛

fl¡±ÀÂ√ ≈√–‡Ê√Úfl¡ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± ¬ı˝√√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ’ÀÚfl¡ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ Œ√À˙ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ¸—¢∂±À˜ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¤fl¡

ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—¢∂±À˜ Œ˚±·√±Ú ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√√ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¥¤À&Ò Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˘Àé¬…¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ Ò±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬¤¬ı— Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·Í¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ õ∂¬ı˝√√˜±Ú ¬ı˛±À‡º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¸‘Ê√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º àÔ±˚˛œ › ¸≈øàÔ¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±Ê√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬ àÔ±˚˛œ › ¸≈øàÔ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘ ¸˝√√Ê√˘ˆ¬… Ú˚˛º ’ÀÚfl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸—¢∂±˜¬ı˛Ó¬ ¤¬ı—

ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı…d¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú¸”‰¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’±øÙË¬fl¡± › ¤ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü±˚˛ ¬ı˛Ó¬, ¤Ê√Ú… ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸‘Ê√Ú˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±Ê√ ¤Àé¬ÀS õ∂±¸øe·fl¡º Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡

¬Ûø¬ıÀ¬ı˙, Ú±·ø¬ıfl¡ › ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˘é¬… ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÀÚ¬ı ›¬Û¬ı øÚ «¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı ¬ı±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ıÀÌ¬ı

øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±ÚøÈ¬ Œ¬ı˙œ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√À¬ıº ¬ı±d¬ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ô±Àfl¡º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬

fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± ¬ı‘øX fl¡À¬ı˛º

’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ - 1

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’Ô« fl¡œ∑ ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ‰¬±¬ı˛Ê√Ú ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ø˘‡≈Úº

[10¬ Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬Àfl¡ ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…q¡ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

[15 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ñõ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¤¬ı— ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ¬ı± õ∂26√iß (Direct

or Manifest and Indirect ¬ı± Latent)º Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ó¬Ô…, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ›

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘º ¤‡±ÀÚ Ó¬Ô…,

” …À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ô±Àfl¡º Î¬◊√±˝¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß √˘ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… øÚø«√©Ü Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ˜Ó¬±√˙« › ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ¬ı± ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ¬Û±Í¬ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¸¥¤À&Ò ø˙é¬±˘±ˆ¬º Œ˚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ õ∂26√iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

¬ıÀ˘º ¤‡±ÀÚ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ’¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı

¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ , øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ’¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛¸—flË¡±z¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬

fl¡À¬ı˛º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø˙˙≈¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı, ˚± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛

øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı˛‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ıÌ ≈¶Û©Ü › õ∂26√iß ≈√íÒ¬ıÀÚ¬ı ¬ı± Î¬◊ÀV˙… ” fl¡ › Î¬◊ÀV˙… √√œÚ (Intentional & Unintentional)

˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ø˙é¬fl¡ ˚‡Ú Â√±SÀfl¡ ’±˝◊√√Ú ˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙‡±Ú, Ó¬‡Ú Î¬◊ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¡ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

‚ÀÈ¬º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø˙˙≈ ˚‡Ú ¬Û≈ø˘˙ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸√À¸…¬ı˛ øÚ¢∂˝√√ Œ√À‡ ¬Û≈ø˘˙Àfl¡ ˆ¬˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙À‡

Ó¬‡Ú Î¬◊ÀV˙…˝√√œÚ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˚‡Ú ø˙˙≈Àfl¡ Œ˙‡±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˆ¬±À˘±

ŒÂ√À˘ ¬ıÎ¬ˇÀ√¬ı˛ ˜±Ú… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú Î¬◊ÀV˙…˜”˘fl¡ õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ‚ÀÈ¬º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±, ø˙˙≈øÈ¬ ˚‡Ú Œ‡˘±Ò≈˘±˚˛

Œ˚±· ø√À˚˛ øÚ˚˛À˜¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú Î¬◊ÀV˙…˝√√œÚ õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì Œ√‡±

˚±˚º

¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊À√…±· ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±À¸ Ú±, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§

’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜”˘… ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…øq¡Q, ‚È¬Ú± › fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂2Âiß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ø¬ıfl¡±˙˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜i§˚˛ › ¸˝√√±¬ıàÔ±Ú Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡±ÀÚ±øÈ¬˝◊√√

¤fl¡fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¸=±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º Ó¬À¬ı fl¡±¬ı˛›

Œé¬ÀS ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛, fl¡±¬ı˛› Œé¬ÀS ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙

·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º

’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ - 2

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

[10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıX ˝√√À¬ıº]

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸fl¡˘ Œ√À˙˝◊√√ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Œ√˙¬ı±¸œ¬ı˛

¸˜Ô«Ú¸”‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ‰¬À˘º ¤ õ∂¸Àe· fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ˜±Ò…˜ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º ¸—àÔ±·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ≈√íˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ –ñ

[fl¡] õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ± .

[1] ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ñ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… õ∂Ê√Àij ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬ı± ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬

fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« › √œ‚«àÔ±˚˛œº ø˙˙≈ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ’Ú…±Ú…

ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ø˙é¬±¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ 10˚˛15 ¬ıÂ√À¬ı˛˝◊√ ø˙˙≈ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…øq¡ÀQ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±—˙È¬±˝◊√√ ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¸ ¬ı±¬ı±, ˜± › ’Ú…±Ú…À√¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ˘é¬… fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ¸·≈ø˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ

àÔ±˚˛œ Â√±¬Û ŒÙ¬À˘º ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¸ÀN› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˙˙≈fl¡±˘œÚ

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø˙é¬± ¬ı˝√√±˘ Ô±Àfl¡º ’Ú≈¸&Ò±ÀÚ Œ√‡± Œ·ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ 75Ì Œˆ¬±È¬√±Ó¬± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…

’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ‰¬À˘Úº Î¬◊˝◊√√ø˘¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ˙˝√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì± ŒÔÀfl¡ Ê√±Ú± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

¸y¬ıÀ&Ò ø¬ıÀ¡Z¯∏ ø˙˙≈À√¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, ˚ø√› ¶≈®˘¬Û±Í¬… ¬ı˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ ’Ú… Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ø‰¬øSÓ¬

fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ø˙ ≈À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¬ıø √√Ê«√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ó¬± ˛Ú , ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ◊√√ ≈¶Û©Ü › õ∂26iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

‚ÀÈ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ø˙˙≈ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ó«¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂√˙«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛¬ı±ø¬ı˛fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡

fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…øq¡Q ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º

ø˙˙≈¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø˙˙≈À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ –ñ

(i) ’ÀÚfl¡ø√Ú ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡˜±S ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ø˙˙≈¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ô±Àfl¡º

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Δ√ø˝√√fl¡, ˜±Úø¸fl¡ › ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¬Û”Ì« fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙˙≈› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±¬ı±¸± › ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛

›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, Œ¸ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¬ı± ¬ı±¬ı±-˜±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±À˘±˜μ Œ¬ı±Ò › ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛

¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º

(ii) ø˙˙≈¬ı˛ ¬ı±¬ı±-˜±Àfl¡ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Ô±Àfl¡º ¬ı±¬ı±-˜± Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛ÌÀ˚±·… ˜ÀÎ¬˘

¬ıÀ˘ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ø˙˙≈ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ Ê√·» ŒÔÀfl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ˜ÀÎ¬˘ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛

øÍ¬fl¡˝◊√√, øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±¬ı±-˜±À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶ú‘øÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ fl¡‡Ú› ˜≈ÀÂ√ ˚±˚˛ Ú±º

(iii) ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛, ¤fl¡˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˙œ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛, ¤fl¡˝◊√√

¸—¬ı±√¬ÛS ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ¬ı± Œ¬ı˛øÎ¬›, ŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬˙ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ’Ú≈á¬±Ú Œ√À‡º Ù¬À˘, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛

¤fl¡˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˝√√À˚˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ Ú± ¬ı±

fl¡‡Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈XÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±, ¤fl¡Ô± øÍ¬fl¡ Ú˚˛º øfl¬z≈¬ Ó¬± ˝√√À˘› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ÛÓ¬±˜±Ó¬±¬ı˛

ø˙˙≈fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛

¸±À¬ıfl¡œ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¸—¬ı˛é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ^≈Ó¬ › Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ı±Ò±¶§¬ı˛”¬Û õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙˙œ˘

¸˜±Ê√·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜¸…± õ∂±˚˛˝◊√√ ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

[2] ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Δ˙˙¬ıfl¡±À˘ Î¬◊M√√œÌ« ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q fl¡˜ÀÓ¬

Ô±Àflº ¶§±Ó¬La… ’Ê«√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡ õ∂d≈Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙…

¬ı…øMê√Àfl¡ ’ôL¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸… ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜¬Û˚«±˚˛ˆ≈¬q¡ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œÀfl¡˝◊√√ ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡fl¡±À˘ ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸±À¬ıfl¡œ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√--¸˜¸…±›

¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q› ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ’z¬¬ı˛e· ¬ıKÒ≈¬ı±&ÒÀ¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬

ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ ø¸X±z¬-¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸√¸…¬ı˛±

’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊Àij¯∏ ‚ÀÈ¬, Ó¬± Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

√é¬Ó¬±¬ı‘øXÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˝√√Ê√ ’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ ¤¬ı— ’±À¬ı·õ∂¬ıÌ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡

Ô±Àfl¡º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘, ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±Ù¬˘…˘±ˆ¬ ¸˝√√Ê√ ˝√√ ˛º Ó¬À¬ı ’z¬¬ı˛e·

Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸±Ù¬˘… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸±˝√√ ’±ÀÂ√ øfl¡Ú± Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú, ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ’z¬¬ı˛e·

Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Î¬◊»¸±˝√√ fl¡˜º Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ øÍ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı

¸•Û±√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º

[3] ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ñ¬ıÀ˚˛±¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ø˙˙≈ ø˙é¬±˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ õ∂À¬ı˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—

ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛, fl¡À˘Ê√ › ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·≈¬ı˛≈Q˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º

ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¬ı± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸y ¬ı ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ı√…±˘À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬flË¡˜ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ

’±√˙«, Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛ ’Ó¬œÓ¬ Œ·Ã¬ı˛¬ı, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√… ¬ı± ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬

’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ø˙é¬±¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛

›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ø˙é¬±√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ø˙é¬±ÔπÀfl¡ Œ˘øÚÚ¬ı±√œ-˜±'«¬¬ı±√œ √˙«ÀÚ √œøé¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±

fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa› ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ø˙é¬±ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì › ¬Û±Í¬…¸”‰¬œ õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

é¬˜Ó¬± ˚±À√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Ú…d¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó“¬±¬ı˛± Œ|Ìœ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ é¬˜Ó¬± õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¬ı˘ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚,

˜±øfl«¡Ú ≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘ ” …À¬ı±Ò õ∂øÓ¬á¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ø˙é¬±õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ˜±øfl«¡Ú ø˙é¬±¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« õ∂¸±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±

˝√√ ˛º õ∂26√iß ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ‚ÀÈ¬º ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡

› ’Ú…±Ú… Ú±Ú± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ø˙é¬±Ôπ¬ı˛ Œ˚±· Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ ¸—À˚±· Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √é¬Ó¬±

¬ı‘øX fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Í¬…¸”‰¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± fl¡±˚«flË¡À˜ ø˙é¬±Ôπ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı ∏À ˛ ’—˙¢∂ √√ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ·≈Ì±¬ı˘œ ø¬ıfl¡±˙˘±ˆ¬

fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ Â√±SÂ√±Sœ¬ı˛± øÚ˚˛˜fl¡±Ú≈Ú › fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂√˙«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±

¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ øÚ˜«±Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º fl¡À˘Ê√ › ø¬ıù´ø¬ı√…±˘À˚˛¬ı˛ ø˙é¬± fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú›

Œfl¡±Ú› ø˙é¬±Ôπ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

Œ√À˙¬ı˛ Â√±S ’±Àμ±˘Ú ¤ õ∂¸Àe· Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…, Œ˚˜Ú 1968 ¸±À˘¬ı˛ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ¸—fl¡ÀÈ¬ Â√±SÀ√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±,

’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Â√±SÀ√¬ı˛ øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬Ú±˜ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¬ı± fl¡˘fl¡±Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œõ∂ø¸ÀÎ¬øk fl¡À˘ÀÊ√ Úfl¡˙±˘ ’±Àμ±˘Úº

[‡] Œ·ÃÌ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ± .

[1] Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬Úñ¬ı‘øM√√ ¬ı± Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Ú±Ú± ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ |ø˜fl¡ ¸—‚, ¬ıøÌfl¡

¸—‚, fl‘¡¯∏fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ¤˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º Ó¬À¬ı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘

¤·≈ø˘ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ Ô±Àfl¡º Ù¬À˘ ¸—·Í¬ÚøÈ¬ √˘œ˚˛ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬

fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √˘œ˚˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙« õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬

¶§±Ô« ¸—¬ı˛é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡±˚« ‰¬±˘±˚˛, ø¬ıÀé¬±ˆ¬-’±Àμ±˘Ú › Ò˜«‚È¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ › ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ‰¬±¬Û ¸‘ø©Ü

fl¡À¬ı˛, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸— ≈q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡±À «

Œ˚±· Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ Ó¬˝√√ø¬ıÀ˘ ’Ô« ¸—¢∂À˝√√¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± ‰¬±˘±˚˛º Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › ø‰¬z¬±-ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±º

[2] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˚≈q¡º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

√À˘¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·Ì ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡± «±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ≈q¡ √√› ˛±¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛, fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

√ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈ ∏Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß fl¡± «±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ˙øq¡˙±˘œ ˝√√˚˛, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ¬ı± ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛,

’±¬ı±¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±˜”˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‰¬±˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛

fl¡À¬ı˛ √˘øÈ¬¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, fl¡±˚«Ò±¬ı˛± › õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe·

¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ › ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ √˘ Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü

’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ › Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º

[3] ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸—¬ı±√¬ÛS, Œ¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛, ‰¬˘ø2‰¬S, ”√¬ı˛√˙«Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√

·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ ¸≈¶Û©Ü › õ∂26√iß Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ı:±Ú › õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤·≈ø˘ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ

‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‚È¬Ú± › ‚È¬Ú±¸—flË¡±z¬ ˆ¬±¯∏… ·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ’øÓ¬ ^≈Ó¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛

fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œ¬ÛÃ“ÀÂ√ ˚±˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ¬ı±ÀÎ¬ˇ, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ

õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜« ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ¤·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ õ∂26√iß

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìº ≈¶Û©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı ◊√√ fl¡± «fl¡¬ı˛œº

é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÊ√ ¬ıq¡¬ı… Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¤·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¬Û”Ì«¬ı˛”À¬Û ¬ı± ’±—ø˙fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±·±˚˛º

¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øÚ ˛LaÌ Ô±fl¡À˘ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı ∏À ˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Î¬◊¬ÛàÔ±ø¬ÛÓ¬

fl¡À¬ı˛º ˙≈Ò≈ Œ˚ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ Ó¬± Ú˚˛º Î¬◊√±¬ı˛¬Û&Ôœ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡

¬ı˛±©Ü™·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬›, ¤˜Úøfl¡ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬› ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±›

·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ Œ¬ı¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ Î¬◊À√…±À· ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Œ¸Àé¬ÀS ˜±ø˘fl¡ ¬ı± øÚ˚˛LaÌfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

” …À¬ı±Ò ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ Ê√±Ú±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛º

[4] ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±--¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ø¬ıÀfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˘ ¬ı˝≈√√¸—‡…fl¡ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ›

’±˜˘±À√¬ı˛ ¸—¶ÛÀ˙« ’±¸±¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¬Û±˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± › ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±ÀÎ¬ˇº ’±¬ı±¬ı˛, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛

fl¡±Í¬±À˜± Œfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ Ô±fl¡À˘ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œ˚±· fl¡˜ Ô±Àfl¡º Ù¬À˘ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±Ò±õ∂±5 ˝√√˚˛º

[5] Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Úñ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé ÀS˝◊√ ’Ô«¬ı˝√√ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˝}√√±¸

Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬¬ı≈› Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡

’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚± ˛ Ú±º ◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ¬ı˛±˜±Ú fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ Ò…±ÚÒ…±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚« , ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘, Ò˜π˚˛ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡Ó¬±

ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ˚± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ 10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ Œ·ÃÌ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò ø˘‡≈Úº

[’±¬ÛÚ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ 10 ¬Û„ƒøq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ı]√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…˜ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ±·≈ø˘ ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ¤¬ı— ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı, õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…˜ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸Àe· fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ Œ√‡±

˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ø¬ıø26√ißˆ¬±À¬ı Œ√‡± øÍ¬fl¡ Ú˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛±

¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ¸˜øi§Ó¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı± ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò õ∂À˚±Ê√…º

fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¸e·øÓ¬ Œ√‡± ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛

˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı˝◊√√ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ’±Ú ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Ú ’±ÀÂ√º ¸˜±ÀÊ√ õ∂øÓ¬ø√Ú

Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬º ¤·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡

fl¡Ó¬È¬± õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬± Ê√±Ú±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸y¬ıÀ&Ò :±Ú õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº

Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ ’±Ê√ ¶§±ÒœÚº ¤fl¡ ¸˜À˚˛ ¤¬ı˛± ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ’ÒœÀÚ øÂ√˘º ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ

˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ øÂ√˘º Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ√À˙˝◊√√

¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤À√¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±› ’±ÀÂ√º ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ± Œfl¡˜Ú Ê√±Ú± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬

Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’±Ô« ±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› ¤‡Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈À‡º ¤Ê√Ú… ÚÓ≈¬Ú ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úº

˜±'«¬¬ı±√ ’±¬ı±¬ı õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡À¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·ÀÎ¬ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚º Ó¬±¬ı± ¬ı≈ÀÊ«√±˚± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ıÌÀfl¡

˜±ÀÚ Ú±º ¤˝◊√√ ¸fl¡˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂¸e· ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ‰¬À˘ ¤¬ı— ¤øÈ¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√iß õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º Ó¬±˝◊√√, ˝√√Í¬±» Œfl¡±Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤À¸

¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ı˙‘∫˘± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º

Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡º Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˚±ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ ˆ¬±„√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ Ú± ¬Û±À¬ı˛, Œ¸Ê√Ú…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤Ê√Ú… Ú±Ú± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› ¢∂˝√√Ì

fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛

¸Àe· ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…º ¤‡±ÀÚ› Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬± ø¬ıÚ©Ü ˝√√À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—‚¯∏« ‚ÀÈ¬,

¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸—fl¡È¬ Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ø¬ı ‘∫˘± ‚ÀÈ¬, Œ˙ ∏ ¬Û «z¬ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı Œ√‡± Œ√ ˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ øÍ¬fl¡˜Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ú± ¬Û±¬ı˛À˘ ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‚È¬Ú± ‚ÀÈ¬º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸fl¡˘ d¬À¬ı˛ ¸˜±Úˆ¬±À¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬ Ú±º ˜”˘ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…

ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸˜¸…± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ˚‡Ú ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˜”˘ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Œ¸Ë±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜≈‡œ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛, Ó¬‡Ú Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛

ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛± Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ø¬ıÚ©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±˙efl¬± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛ ¬ı± ø˙é¬±

õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸˜Ó¬Q ø¬ıø˙©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS

^≈Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬±˚˛º Î¬◊¬Û¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± Ó¬± ¬ÛÂ√μ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ú±º Ù¬À˘ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± › ø¬ıÀˆ¬√fl¡±˜œ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±

¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ø¬ı¬Û7¬¬¬Úfl¡º ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±À·

¬ı± ◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ ˙øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡ ˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û √√d¬Àé¬¬Û fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬õ∂√±Ú ’±¬ı˙…fl¡º

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ‚ÀÈ¬ ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡º ‰¬±˘«¸ Œ˜ø¬ı˛˚˛˜,

øÊ√. ¤. ’…±˘˜`¬, øÊ√. ø¬ı. ¬Û±›À˚˛˘, ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ ø¸ÀÊ√˘, ŒÎ¬øˆ¬Î¬ ˝◊àÈ¬Ú, ¤¸. ¤˘. ›˚˛±¸ø¬ı, ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√

¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ·Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø√fl¡ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸¥¤À&Ò

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò › :±Ú ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¤fl¡ø√ÀÚ ’øÊ«√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛

Ú±º Δ˙˙¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸˜¢∂ Ê√œ¬ıÚ¬ı…±¬Ûœ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ‰¬À˘º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¡Z±¬ı˛±

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¤fl¡±RÓ¬± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ñ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¤¬ı— õ∂26√ißº ¸≈¶Û©Ü ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò :±Ú ˘±ˆ¬ ˝√√˚˛º õ∂26√iß ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ’¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¸¥¤À&Ò

¬ı…øq¡ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¸—flË¡±z¬ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ ±¬ıÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜ ¬ı± ¸—àÔ±·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ≈√íˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ñõ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ¸—àÔ± ¤¬ı—

Œ·ÃÌ ¸—àÔ±º õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ¸—àÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… ˝√√˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, ’z¬¬ı˛e· Œ·±á¬œ › ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Úº ¤‡±ÀÚ

¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ øÚø¬ıÎ¬ˇ Œ˚±· Ô±Àfl¡º Œ·ÃÌ ¸—àÔ±·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘, ·Ì˜±Ò…˜,

¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Úº ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‚øÚá¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ΔÚ¬ı«…øq¡fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ Œ√‡±

˚±˚˛º Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂ùüøÈ¬ ¸—˚≈q¡º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡fl¡±À˘

ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì › ’Ú…±Ú… Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±ÀÁ¡Ú∑ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±

fl¡¬ı≈Úº

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì fl¡˚˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛∑

3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑

4º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

1º G. A. Almond and Sidney Verba : The Civic Culture, Sage Publication, NewburyPark 1989, pp. 266-306.

2º G. A. Almond and G. B. Powell : Comparative Government, Amerind PublishingCo. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, New York.

3º Allan Ball : Modern Politics And Government, English Language Book Society,London, LLBS ed 1982, pp. 63-71.

4º Ali Ashraf and L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology, Universities Press, Hyderabad,1995, Reprint pp. 167-178.

5º Amal Kumar Mukhopadhyay : K. P. Bagchi & Co. Calcutta, 1994, pp. 103-119.

6º õ∂±ÌÀ·±ø¬ıμ √±˙ . ¬ı˛±©Ü™Ó¬N, øÚÎ¬◊ Œ¸KC±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ ¤ÀÊ√øk, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1990, ¬Û‘á¬± 569-582º

7º Î¬. ’Ú±ø√fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜˝√√±¬Û±S . ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ¸≈˝‘√√√ ¬Û±¬ıø˘Àfl¡˙Ú, fl¡À˘Ê√ Œ¶®±˚˛±¬ı˛ [¬Ûø(˜],

1997, Û‘á¬± 399-418º

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24.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

24.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

24.2 ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

24.2.1 ÒÀ «¬ı˛ ¸¥¤À&Ò øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…

24.3 Ò « › ¸˜±Ê√

24.3.1 ¬ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

24.3.2 ¬ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

24.4 Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬

24.4.1 ¬Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬

24.4.2 Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬

24.5 ¬¸±¬ı±—˙

24.6 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

24.7 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

24.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤ ◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙… ˝√√˘ Ò «, ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ fl¬œˆ¬±À¬ı ¸•Ûfl«¡ ≈q¡ Œ¸ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±¬ÛÚ±Àfl¡ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬

fl¡¬ı˛±º ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ’±¬ÛøÚ Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ

ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › Ò˜« ¸¥¤À&Ò øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıq¡¬ı…º

¬ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ õ∂¸Àe· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º

Ò « › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Òº

Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º

’±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Àfl¡ ø˙é¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¤fl¡Àfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛± Ò˜«, ¸˜±Ê√ ›

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº õ∂ÔÀ˜ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’Ô«, Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ Ò˜« › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛

˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¤¬ı— ¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò, Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ›

Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸¥¤À&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘º

Ò « √√ ’øÓ¬õ∂±fl‘¡Ó¬, ’øÓ¬˜±Úø¬ıfl¡, ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ ¤¬ı— ¤ ◊√√ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¸z≈¬ø©Ü ø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ¬ı˛

õ∂À‰¬©Ü±º Ò˜« ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ø¬ıù´±¸ Ú˚˛, ø¬ıù´±¸Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ’Ú≈á¬±Ú, øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û, Î¬◊»¸¬ı › Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º

Ò˜«Àfl¡ ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ˜±Ú¬ıÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ˜±Ú¬ıÓ¬± ¬ı± ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙≈XÓ¬± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

¸˜±ÀÊ√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Î¬◊¬Ûfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±ÀÂ√, Ú±Ú± ’¬Ûfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ò˜« ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬

› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ÚœøÓ¬À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡À¬ı˛, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì › ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡

øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ , ≈√–À‡ ¬ı± ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√ ¸±b√LÚ± › øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± Œ√˚˛ , ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ø˙äfl¡˘±, ˘ø˘Ó¬fl¡˘±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ ‚È¬±˚˛ ,

¬ıd≈¬Ê√·»Àfl¡› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ Œ¸Ãw¬±S › ‹Àfl¡…¬ı˛ ¬ı&ÒÀÚ ¢∂øÔÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« Ú±Ú±

¸˜±Ê√À¸¬ı±˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√› Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì± Œ√˚˛º

Ò˜« ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Î¬◊√…˜, õ∂À‰¬©Ü± › ¶§±ÒœÚ ø‰¬z¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ’‘√©Ü øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘ ,

Ò˜«±&ÒÓ¬± › ø¬ı:±Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ ¬ı±Ò± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º ˜±'«¬ Ò˜«Àfl¡ Î¬◊2‰¬

Œ|Ìœ ¡Z±¬ı˛± |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ Œ|ÌœÀfl¡ Œ˙± ∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û± ˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…› ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ø¬ı√…˜±Úº õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ Î¬◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±√ ¬ı˛±Ê√±Àfl¡

÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¬ ıÀ˘ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÒ±˝√√œÚ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ˜Ò…˚≈À·¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û

Œ¬Û±¬Û › ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¡ZiZ ‰¬À˘ Œfl¡ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Àùüº Ò˜« Ú±Ú± ø¬ıõ≠¬ı › ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛

¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º õ∂±Ôπ ¬ı±Â√±˝◊√√ ¬ı± ˜Laœ¸ˆ¬± ·Í¬ÀÚ

Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂ùüøÈ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º

õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘ Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ¬ÛÓ¬º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘ õ∂±˚˛ ¸¬ı«S Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬

˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı ¤‡Ú› ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂±Àz¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò˜π˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛

Ô±Àfl¡º

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬Àfl¡ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚±fl¡º ŒÊ√˜¸ øÊ√. ŒÙË¬Ê√±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

˜ÀÓ¬, ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡, ˚± õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± › ˜±Ú¬ıÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬¬ÛÔ øÚÀ«√˙ › øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡À¬ı˛

Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂¸ißÓ¬± ¬ı± ¸z≈¬ø©Ü ¸±ÒÚ ˝√√˘ Ò˜«º ’·¬ı±Ú« › øÚ˜fl¡ÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ Ò˜« ˝√√˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡

Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œº ˜…±fl¡±˝◊√√ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, Ò˜« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤¬ı— ˜±Ú≈¯∏

› Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸•Ûfl«¡Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º ¤ø˜˘ Î≈¬fl«¬˝3±˝◊√√À˜¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˜Ó¬ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ Ò˜« ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡

Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸ › ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¬Ûø¬ıS ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˜. ø¸.

È¬…±·±ÀÈ«¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ Ò˜« ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ’±À¬ı·, ˚± ˜±Ú≈¯∏ › ø¬ıù´¸—¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‹fl¡… ’±ÀÂ√, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛

õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl“¡±» ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, Ò˜« › ˜±Ú¬ıÓ¬± ’øˆ¬ißº øÓ¬øÚ ˜±Ú¬ıÓ¬±Àfl¡˝◊√√ Ò˜« ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ·Ì… fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

Ò˜« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ˜…±Àfl¡?œ ¬Û”Ì« ˙≈XÓ¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±z¬ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’Ú≈¬ı˛øq¡Àfl¡ ¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ı˛±Ò±fl‘¡cÌ› ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¸≈μ¬ı˛,

ø˙¬ı › ¸ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú˝◊√√ ˝˘ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛±ÒÚ±º

Ò˜« ¸¥¤À&Ò ˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬º øÓ¬øÚ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ó¬œ¬ıË ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬,

Ò˜« ˝√√˘ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ √ø¬ı˛^ |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ

Œ|ÌœÀfl¡ ’±øÙ¬À˜¬ı˛ ŒÚ˙±¬ı˛ Ú…±˚˛ Œ˜±˝√√±26√iß › ’¬ı˙ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ˝√√˚˛º Ò˜π˚˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±Àfl¡ øÓ¬øÚ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ √±¸ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˚˛fl¡ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ Ê√Ú·Ì Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ≈√–‡fl¡©ÜÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛øÓ¬ ¬ı± ’‘√©Ü ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛

fl¡±ÀÂ√ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸˜¬Û«Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ò˜« ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ’‘√©Ü¬ı±√ Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛º

’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜…±'¬ Œ 3√√¬ı±¬ı˛ Ò «ø¬ıù´±¸ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸¥¤&Ò øÚÒ«±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

24.2.1 Ò˜« ¸¥¤

Ò « ¸¥¤À&Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

[1] ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ÷ù´¬ı˛ø‰¬z¬± ¬ı± Œ√¬ıˆ¬±¬ıÚ± ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ˚≈q¡º Œfl¡±Ú› Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±àÔ±

› ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸¬ı ÒÀ˜«˝◊√√ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡Àfl¡ ˜˝√√M√√˜, ¸¬ı«·≈Ì±øi§Ó¬ › ˙øq¡˙±˘œ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

[2] Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±¸ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ Ú±Ú± ’±À¬ı·˜”˘fl¡ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬, Œ˚˜Ú--ˆ¬˚˛, ˆ¬øq¡,

|X± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸‘©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¤·≈ø˘ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬º

[3] ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øflË¡˚˛±˜”˘fl¡ ¬ı± ’±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ ø√fl¡ ’±ÀÂ√º Ú±Ú± ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’Ú≈á¬±Ú, ¬Û”Ê√±-Î¬◊»¸¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛

˜±Ò…À˜ Ò˜π˚˛ ’±À¬ı· ¬ı± ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ ¬ı…q¡ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’Ú≈á¬±Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√› ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬º

[4] ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ¬ı± ’¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ’±˙±-’±fl¡±eé¬± ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±˙±-’±fl¡±eé¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛

˙øq¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º

[5] Ò˜« ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’±ÀR±¬Û˘øt, ’±˙±-’±fl¡±eé¬± ¤¬ı— ˜±Ú¬ıÊ√œ¬ıÀÚ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸Àe·

˚≈q¡, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’±√˙«, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò› Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º

Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ò˜« ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º

[6] ¸¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤fl¡È¬± ’z¬¬ı˛e· ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ıø˝√√¬ı˛e· ø√fl¡ ’±ÀÂ√º Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±àÔ±, ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬

¬ı± ’±À¬ı· ˝√√˘ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’z¬¬ı˛e· ø√fl¡º ’±¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛, ’Ú≈á¬±Ú ¬ı± øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û ˝√√˘ ¬ıø˝√√¬ı˛e· ø√fl¡º ’z¬¬ı˛e·

ø√fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ Ê√·» ’±¬ı˛ ¬ıø˝√√¬ı˛e· ø√fl¡øÈ¬ Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

[7] ˜±'«¬¬ı±√œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ò˜« Œfl¡±Ú› Î¬◊2‰¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ú˚˛, ¬ı¬ı˛— ˜±˚˛±Ê√±˘ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏ÌÀfl¡ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬

¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Ò˜«Àfl¡ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

1º Ò˜« ¸¥¤À&Ò ‰¬±¬ı˛Ê√Ú ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ø˘‡≈Úº

2º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…·≈ø˘ øfl¡ øfl¡∑

Ò˜« ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂±‰¬œÚ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Úº ’±ø√˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ò˜«À¬ı±Ò › Ò˜« ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ¤¬ı— ’±ø√˜ fl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±˘ ¬Û˚«z¬ ¸¬ıÀ√À˙˝◊√√ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜Ú › ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ àÔ±˚˛œ ’±¸Ú Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ò˜« Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤fl¡øÈ¬

ø¬ıù´Ê√ÚœÚ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ › ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡

≈√íÒ¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Œ√‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛º

¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÚ, ¬Û±ø¬ı˛¬ı±ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡±—˙ Ê≈√ÀÎ¬ˇ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Úº Ò˜« ¬ı…øq¡-˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡

ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÀÔ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ’ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÔ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ Ò˜« ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ ˆ¬˚˛ø˜ø|Ó¬ |X±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı Ê√±·ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¬ı Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì

› ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ¸—˚Ó¬ › øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’øÓ¬-õ∂±fl‘¡ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú ¡Z±¬ı˛± Ò˜« ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂Ô± ›

¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡› ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« øfl¡Â≈√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Ê√Àfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈XÓ¬± › ÷ù´¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛

fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡±Ê√Àfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú› fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı Ò˜« ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ ¸¥¤À&Ò

Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ√˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‚È¬Ú±, Î¬◊»¸¬ı ¬ı± ’Ú≈á¬±Ú Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬

˝√√˚˛º Ê√ij, ˜‘Ó≈¬…, ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√, Î¬◊¬ÛÚ˚˛Ú, √œé¬± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ‚È¬Ú± , ˝√√±˘‡±Ó¬±, ·‘˝√√õ∂À¬ı˙ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Î¬◊»¸¬ı ¤¬ı— ˙¸… ¬ı¬ÛÚ,

Ò±Ú…À¬ı˛±¬ÛÌ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’Ú≈á¬±ÀÚ Ò˜π˚˛ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛ › ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ò˜« ¬ı…øq¡-˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛

’±‰¬±¬ı˛-¬ı…¬ı˝±¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛

¤˝◊√√ øÚ˚˛LaÌ˜”˘fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡º

Ò˜« ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì › ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ¸—˚Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡

Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ ‚È¬±˚˛º ¸≈àÔ, ¸≈μ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ÚœøÓ¬·Ó¬ ¸Ó¬Ó¬± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úº Ò˜« ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ¸Ó¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˙é¬±

Œ√˚˛ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ |X±˙œ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ’¸» ¬ÛÔÀfl¡ ¬Û±¬Û ¬ıÀ˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’¸»

¬ÛÔ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜«À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ¸˝√√…˙øq¡, ¸˝√√±Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬ › ˜˜QÀ¬ı±ÀÒ Î¬◊¡Z≈X fl¡À¬ı˛º

¸˜±Ê√¬ıX ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ˚±ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂Ô± › øÚ˚˛˜ øÍ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˜ÀÚ ‰¬À˘ ¤¬ı— ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ √±ø˚˛Q ˚Ô±˚Ô ˆ¬±À¬ı

¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ò˜« Œ¸ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛› ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Ò˜« ÚœøÓ¬À¬ı±Ò › ¸Ó¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø˙é¬± ¡Z±¬ı˛±

¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ › ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¸≈ÚœøÓ¬ › Ú…±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÚ › ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ¸˜¸…± ¬ı± ˝√√Ó¬±˙± Œ√‡± Œ√˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ≈√–‡fl¡©Ü

¬ı± ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸¥œ≈‡œÚ ˝√√À˘ ˝√√Ó¬±˙±¢∂d¬ › ˆ¬œÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ Δ√¬ı˙øq¡¬ı˛ ’±|˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± õ∂√±Ú

fl¡À¬ı˛º ≈√–‡ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√ Œ¸ ¸±b√LÚ± ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ› õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¬Û˚«˚˛, ˚≈Xø¬ı¢∂˝√√ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡

¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ ø¬ı¬Û√¢∂d¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º Ò˜« › Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ’±|˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± Œ¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛,

’±˙±¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ô«±» ¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÚ › ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ Ò˜« øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±, ¸±b√LÚ± › ’±˙± Œ˚±·±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ˝√√Ó¬±˙±

¬ı± ø¬ı¬Û√ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜≈q¡ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º

Ò˜«À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˚≈À· øÚø˜«Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ú±Ú± ˜øμ¬ı˛,

˜¸øÊ√√ ø·Ê«√±, ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ¸e·œÓ¬ › ø‰¬Sfl¡˘±› ¸‘©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ø˙äfl¡˜«, ˆ¬±¶®˚«,

˜±Ò≈˚« › fl¡±ø¬ı˛·¬ı˛œ Î¬◊»fl¡¯∏« ¤‡Ú› ø¬ı¶ú˚˛fl¡¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ˜±Ú¬ı¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√Ú

Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˆ¬±¶®˚«, Œ¸ÃÒ, ¸e·œÓ¬ › ø‰¬Sfl¡˘±¬ı˛ ¸˜‘øX¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ’Ô«±», ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√Ú

˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü˙œ˘ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ Î¬◊¡Z≈X fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º

Ò˜« ¬ı…øq¡ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±ø¬ı˛fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤ÀÚÀÂ√º ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3√√¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì › ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ø˙é¬± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬

Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Œ¬ıÃXÒ˜« ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ ’Ô«˝√√œÚ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ › Δ¬ı¬ı˛±À·…¬ı˛ › øÚ¬ı«±ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±

¬ıÀ˘º Ó¬± ◊√√ Œ¬ıÃXÒÀ « ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸ ‘øXÀfl¡ Î¬◊»¸± √√ Œ√› ˛± √√ ˛ Ú±º ø √√μ≈ÒÀ «› ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ ¸•Û√Àfl¡ ·≈¬ı≈Q √√œÚ

ˆ¬±¬ı± ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ø˝√√μ≈Ò˜« ’Ú≈¸¬ı˛Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ıd≈¬·Ó¬ ¸•ÛÀ√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±fl‘¡©Ü ÚÚº ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ Ò˜« ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı±Ò± ¬Û±˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂ÀÈ¬àÈ¬±KI◊ Ò˜« ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛

¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡ ø˙é¬± Œ√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˝◊√√—˘…±`¬, ˝√√˘…±`¬ ¬ı± ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±˚˛ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º

˜øμ¬ı˛, ˜¸øÊ√√, ø·Ê«√± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¤˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬

Î¬◊¬Û±¸Ú±, ¬Û”Ê√± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Î¬◊¬Û˘Àé¬ ¬ı˝≈√√ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¤fl¡øSÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Œ˜˘±À˜˙±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•xœøÓ¬ › Œ¸Ã˝√√±«√… ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Â√±˚˛±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… w¬±Ó‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı&ÒÚ

·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ¤˝◊√√ w¬±Ó‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı&ÒÚ, Œ¸Ãw¬±S › ¸•xœøÓ¬ ¸‘ø©Ü ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º

Ò˜«À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı…øq¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ é≈¬^ ë’˝√√—í-Œfl¡ ¬¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬…±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı‘˝√√» ë’˝√√—í ¬ı± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ¸Àe·

¤fl¡œˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ , ¸—fl¡œÌ« ¬ı…øq¡¶§±Ô«Àfl¡ ø¬ı¸Ê«√Ú ø√À˚˛ ¬ı‘˝√√» ¸˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙À‡º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ‹fl¡… › ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ÷√, ‡Ëœ©Ü˜±¸, ≈·«±¬Û”Ê√± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ Ò˜π˚˛ Î¬◊»¸À¬ı ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ Œ˚±·√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛, ¤fl¡ ◊√√ ¬±À¬ı ’±Úμ Î¬◊¬ÛÀˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡ ◊√√ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ¡Z±¬ı˛± Î¬◊¡Z≈X √√ ˛º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¸—À˚±·fl¡±¬ı˛œ

¬ı± ¸—˝√√øÓ¬¸±ÒÚfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ‡≈¬ı Œ¬ıø˙º

˚Ô±Ô« Ò˜«À¬ı±Ò ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√À¸¬ı±˚˛ Î¬◊¡Z≈X fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ê√Úø˝√√Ó¬fl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı± Œ¸¬ı±˜”˘fl¡ Ú±Ú± fl¡±Ê√

Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±·, Œ˚˜Ú ‡¬ı˛±, ¬ıÚ…± › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±·, Œ˚˜Ú ˚≈X, ø¬ıõ≠¬ı

˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú ˝√√Ó¬±˙±¢∂d¬ › ’¸˝√√±˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬Û±À˙ “√±øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ Ê√ÚÀ¸¬ı±˜”˘fl¡

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√±¸¬Û±Ó¬±˘, ø¬ı√…±˘˚˛, ’Ú±Ô ’±|˜, ¬ı‘X±|˜, √±Ó¬¬ı…

¸—àÔ± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√› ≈√–àÔ, √ø¬ı˛^, ’±Ó«¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ¸¬ı±˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º

¤Ó¬é¬Ì ’±˜¬ı˛± ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø√fl¡ Œ√‡˘±˜, øfl¡z≈¬ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√

ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø√fl¡› ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¸·≈ø˘ ÚœÀ‰¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘º

Ò˜« ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡ÀQ¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙Àfl¡ ¬ı±Ò± Œ√˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¶§±ÒœÚ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜«

’&Òø¬ıù´±¸, Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘Ó¬± ¤¬ı— øÚ˚˛øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ’±RøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘Ó¬± ›

¶§±ÒœÚ ¬ı…øq¡Q ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ Ú±º

Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…øq¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈√–‡fl¡©Ü › ø¬ı¬Û√Àfl¡ ’‘√À©Ü¬ı˛ ¬ı± ˆ¬±À·…¬ı˛ Ù¬˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ≈√–‡fl¡©Ü ¸˝√√…

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ˙À‡º Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’±˙± fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ √˚˛±˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ’&Òfl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ı”√ø¬ı˛Ó¬

˝√√À¬ıº Ù¬À˘ Ú±Ú± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’Ú…±˚˛Àfl¡› Ó¬±¬ı˛± Úœ¬ı˛À¬ı Œ˜ÀÚ ŒÚ˚˛º ’Ú…±À˚˛¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’±¬Û¸ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±¬ı‘øM√√

ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º Ù¬À˘ ’Ú…±À˚˛¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± Ê√Ú·Ì ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘º Ù¬À˘

˜±Ú≈¯∏ fl¡˜«ø¬ı˜≈‡ › ’‘√©Ü¬ı±√œ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº

ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, Ò˜« ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ı¬ıøÊ«Ó¬ ¤¬ı— ’±À¬ı·õ∂¬ıÌ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛º

Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ Ò˜«±&ÒÓ¬±, ’&Ò fl≈¡¸—¶®±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’¬ı√±Úº Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸œÀ√¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚, ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ˚±¬ıÓ¬œ˚˛ :±Ú, ¸Ó¬… › √˙«Ú øÚø˝√√Ó¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸&Ò±Ú ’Ô«˝√√œÚº ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸,

Ó¬Ô… › :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±Àfl¡ Ò√ı—¸ fl¡À¬ı˛, ¸‘Ê√Ú˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ¬ı±Ò± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı—

Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º

Ò˜«ø¬ıù´±¸œ ˆ¬±À¬ıÚ Œ˚, Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú ˝√√˘ ˙±ù´Ó¬ › ø‰¬¬ı˛z¬Úº ¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±,

ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ Ò˜« Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’Ú≈á¬±Ú ’¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø¬ÛÀ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À‡º

Ù¬À˘ Ò˜« õ∂·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±˜√±øÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º

ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ˚˜Ú ¸—˝√√øÓ¬˜”˘fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± Ô±Àfl¡, ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀˆ¬√˜”˘fl¡ ˙øq¡› Ô±Àfl¡º ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛

’ôL√ˆ≈¬«q¡ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡±RÓ¬± Ò˜«À¬ı±Ò ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ò˜«À¬ı±Ò ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò˜π˚˛

¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Δ¬ı¬ı˛œ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Δ¬ıø¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ’ÀÚfl¡º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«

ø˝√√μ≈ › ˜≈¸˘˜±Ú ≈√íøÈ¬ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Δ¬ıø¬ı˛Ó¬±, √±e·± › ¸—‚À¯∏«¬ı˛ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø¬ı˛Ó¬±

¸±•x√±ø˚˛fl¡ ¸•xœøÓ¬ é≈¬J fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ıÀ¡Z¯∏˜”˘fl¡ › ø¬ıÀˆ¬√˜”˘fl¡ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º

˜±À'«¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Ò˜« ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı˛ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜« Ú±˜fl¡ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±¬ı˛øÈ¬ Î¬◊2‰¬À|Ìœ

¬ı± Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±ø˘fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ˝√√±ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı— ¤¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œ˙±¯∏Ì ‰¬±˘±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛º

Ò˜« ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì |˜Ê√œ¬ıœ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ’±øÙ¬À˜¬ı˛ ŒÚ˙±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±º ¤˝◊√√ ŒÚ˙±˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀˆ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡±˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛±

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬ Œ˙±¯∏fl¡ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ Œ˙±¯∏Ì ø¬ıÚ± õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√ Œ˜ÀÚ ŒÚ˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˜±'«¬ Ò˜«Àfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ é¬øÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛

¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ - 2

1º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

2º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¥¤À&Ò ø˘‡≈Úº

Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ñ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˝√√˘ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ Ê√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¤¬ı— ’Ú…øÈ¬ ¬ı±d¬¬ı Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛

¸Àe· ˚≈q¡º Ó¬± ¸ÀN› Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ‚øÚá¬ ¤Àfl¡ ’Ú…Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ’ÀÚ…¬ı˛

¡Z±¬ı˛± õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı± fl¡Ó«‘¬Q ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¸˜øÔ«Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤¬ı— Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√

õ∂¸Àe· ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ Î¬◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±√ ˜Ó¬øÈ¬ Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º ¤ ◊√√ ˜Ó¬±Ú≈ ±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ÷ù´¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ‘©Ü ¤¬ı— ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ◊√√26√±Ú≈ ±À¬ı˛ ◊√√

¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√± ˝√√À˘Ú ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒ ˙±¸fl¡º Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊√√ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛

˝◊√√26√± õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ’±À√˙ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’±À√˙º Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡Ó«¬¬ı… ˝√√˘ ø¬ıÚ± õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√ Ó¬± Œ˜ÀÚ

‰¬˘±º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ’±À√ ’˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’Ô« √√ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ◊√√26√±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡¬ı˛±º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√À^±ø √√Ó¬± √√ Ò «À^±ø √√Ó¬±º

õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬, Ê√±¬Û±Ú, ø˜˙¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¤ø˙˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ Î¬◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±À√¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú øÂ√˘º ˜˝√√±ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

˚≈øÒøá¬¬ı˛Àfl¡ Ò˜«¬Û≈S ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±˜±˚˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±˜‰¬f ˝√√À˘Ú ø¬ıc≈º ø˝√√¬ıË≈ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ›ã ŒÈ¬àÈ¬±À˜ÀKI◊› ¬ı˛±Ê√±Àfl¡

÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ˆ¬±¬ı± ˝√√Ó¬º

˜Ò…˚≈À·¬ı˛ ‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú Ê√·ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«·≈¬ı˛≈ Œ¬Û±¬Û ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… √œ‚«ø√Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ‰¬À˘ÀÂ√º Œ¬Û±¬Û

Ú± ¬ı˛±Ê√±ñŒfl¡ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¤˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈º Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛˝◊√√ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡

÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… √±ø¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ≈√íøÈ¬ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬º õ∂Ô˜ ø√Àfl¡ ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ Œ¬Û±¬Û õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ø¸—˝√√±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’ÀÚfl¡ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ√‡± Œ˚Ó¬º fl¡‡Ú› ¬ı± Œfl¡±Ú› Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˜˘Ó¬ Ú±º Ù¬À˘

Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬±‰«¬ ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ‰¬±‰«¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬ ¬ı±

ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø¬ıøÊ√Ó¬ ˆ”¬‡ÀG¬ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂¸±À¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ˜Ò…˚≈À·¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ ’¬ı˙… ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√±˝◊√√

¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº õ∂ÀÈàÈ¬±KI◊ ø¬ı˛Ù¬À˜«˙Ú ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛

fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬À¬ı ¸˜¢∂ ˜Ò…˚≈· ÒÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø˜|Ì ¤¬ı— ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ Ò˜«Ê√·»

Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı Ê√·ÀÓ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√±› ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú ‡≈“Ê√ÀÓ¬Úº

Ò˜« ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı, ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ ¬ı± ’±Àμ±˘ÚÀfl¡ ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ õ∂ÀÈ¬àÈ¬±KI◊ ’±Àμ±˘Úº

¤˝◊√√ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ Ò˜π˚˛ ¶§±Ô«, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±Ô« › Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸˜i§˚˛ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛

’Ú…Ó¬˜ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝√√˘ fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¤¬ı— Œ¬Û±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±

˝}√√±À¸¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√±À√¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±º

Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚±· õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ‰¬À˘ ’±¸ÀÂ√º õ∂±‰¬œÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛

é¬øS˚˛¬ı˛± ˙±¸Ú é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬Ú, ’Ô«±» ¬ı˛±Ê√¬Û√ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø˝√√μ≈ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ê√±øÓ¬Àˆ¬√ õ∂Ô±

’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ é¬øS˚˛À√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ıË±pÌÀ√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√Ó¬º ’Ô«±», ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øÂ√˘

¬ıË±pÌÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q˜”˘fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ¬ı± fl¡Ó«¬À¬ı…¬ı˛› Î¬◊À~‡ Ô±fl¡Ó¬º õ∂±‰¬œÚ

‰¬œÚÀ√À˙¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ıÒ±Ú ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± ¬ı˛é¬± › ¬ıÚ…± ≈√øˆ«¬é¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q øÂ√˘ ‰¬œÚ

¸•⁄±ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º øÓ¬øÚ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q¬Û±˘ÀÚ ’¸˜Ô« ˝√√À˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬ Œ˚, øÓ¬øÚ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛

’Ú≈À˜±√Ú ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ŒÙ¬À˘ÀÂ√Úº ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√√Ó¬º

’±¬ı±¬ı˛ õ∂Ê√±À√¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·› Œ¸‡±ÀÚ Ô±fl¡Ó¬º

Ò˜«±Ú≈¬ı˛±·œ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ Ô±fl¡± ¸y ¬ı Ú˚˛º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√, õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ≈√À˚«±À· Œ√À˙¬ı˛

’Ú…±Ú…À√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ó“¬±¬ı˛±› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛±› Ò˜«±Ú≈¬ı˛±·œÀ√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±Àfl¡ ’Ú≈õ∂ø¬ı©Ü fl¡¬ı˛±Úº Ù¬À˘, ’±Ò…±øRfl¡ Ê√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±ø˜«fl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¶§±Ô«Àfl¡ Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ê√·ÀÓ¬ ¸œ˜±¬ıX Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Ú Ú±º

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À· ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ øÚø¬ıÎ¬ˇº ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡Àf › ¬ı˛±ÀÊ√… ¸—¸√œ˚˛

˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘·≈ø˘ Ò˜π˚˛ √˘ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸˜ÀÁ¡±Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¤˘±fl¡±˚˛ õ∂±Ôπ

¬ı±Â√±˝◊√√ õ∂Àùü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘·≈ø˘ ‹ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ Ò˜« ¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛ õ∂±ÔπÀfl¡ √˘œ˚˛ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡ õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛á¬ √˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ˜Laœ¸ˆ¬± ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀQ¬ı˛

ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¡ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ√˚˛º ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ¸•x√±˚˛¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸—‡…±˘‚≈

Ò˜π˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈ˆ”¬øÓ¬Àfl¡ ’¢∂±˝√√… fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò˜π˚˛ ¸•x√±À˚˛¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈ ¬ı±

’±‰¬±˚« ¬ı± Œ˜Ã˘±Ú±À√¬ı˛ ’±˙œ¬ı«±√ › ¸˜Ô«Ú ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±›

¤˝◊√√ ¸≈À˚±·Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±·±ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜ÀÁ¡±Ó¬±¬ı˛

¸•Ûfl«¡ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛±› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ¬ı…q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ¤¬ı— Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈·±˜œÀ√¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬ ¬ı± Œˆ¬±È¬ Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ø˝√√Ó¬ ¬ı± ˚±Ê√fl¡ ¸•x√±˚˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™Àfl¡˝◊√√ Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ ı˘± ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√

Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’±˝◊√√Ú õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡, ‰¬±‰«¬ ¬ı± ˚±Ê√fl¡ ¸•x√±˚˛ ¬ı± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ø˝√√Ó¬À√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı—

˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’±À¸ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ Î¬◊»¸ ŒÔÀfl¡º ˜Ò…˚≈À· ˜≈¸˘˜±ÚÀ√¬ı˛ ’±˜À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬

¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ øÂ√˘º ¸≈˘Ó¬±ÚÀ√¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙… øÂ√˘ ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸Ú·≈ø˘Àfl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±º

¸≈˘Ó¬±Ú¬ı˛± õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ › Ò˜π˚˛ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ ø√Àfl¡˝◊√√ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ é¬˜Ó¬±Àˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¸≈˘Ó¬±øÚ ’±˜À˘ ˙ø¬ı˛˚˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛

øÚÀ«√˙Ú±˜±˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√fl¡œ˚˛ ’Ú≈˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√º ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ Ò˜«˙±À¶a¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øÚ˚˛˜ õ∂ÌœÓ¬ ˝√√Ó¬º

˝◊√√¸˘±˜œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√, ˙øq¡ › ¸—·Í¬Ú ø˝√√¸±À¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ÷ù´¬ı˛

Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œº Ó¬“±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝√√¸±À¬ı õ∂ÔÀ˜ ¬Û ˛·¥¤À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛

‡ø˘Ù¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ˙±¸Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Î¬◊À˘˜±À√¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… øÂ√˘º ˜≈¸ø˘˜ Ò˜«Ó¬Nø¬ı√˝◊√√ Î¬◊À˘˜±

Ú±À˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ øÂ√À˘Úº Î¬◊À˘˜±¬ı˛± ˙ø¬ı˛˚˛» ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¸≈˘Ó¬±Ú¬ı˛± Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬ı…±‡…± Œ˜ÀÚ Ó¬√Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº

˜Ò… ≈À· ◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û› ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… øÂ√˘º Œ¬Û±¬Û Œ·˘±ø¸ ˛±¸--1 [‡Ëœ©Ü¬Û”¬ı« 492-96] ˜Ò… ≈À·¬ı˛ ◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û

‰¬±‰«¬ › ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ Δ¡ZÓ¬ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ¤¬ı— ¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ˚, Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q˝◊√√ ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛

fl¡Ó«¬¬ı… øÂ√˘ ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˜ÀÓ¬ ‰¬˘± , øfl¡z≈¬ Œ¬Û±¬Û ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q øÂ√˘

Œ¬Û±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬ ‰¬˘±º ¤fl¡ ˙Ó¬fl¡ ’±À· Œ¸KI◊ ’…±˜À¬ıË±¸ ¬ıÀ˘øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√± ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬, ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛

Ú˚˛º ¸˜¢∂ ˜Ò…˚≈· ÒÀ¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ Œ¬Û±À¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÂ√˘ fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…¬Û±˘Ú , ¬ı˛±Ê√±

Ó“¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ó«¬¬ı… øÍ¬fl¡˜Ó¬ ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ‰¬±‰«¬ ÷ù´À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√ ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀ«√˙ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˙±¸ÚÀfl¡ ˚±Ô±Ô« õ∂√±Ú

fl¡¬ı˛Ó¬º ¬Û=√ › Œ ∏±Î¬ˇ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ˜±ø «ø¢≠›, ˜…±øfl¡ ˛±Àˆ¬ø˘ ¬ı± Œ¬ı±øÎ¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±ø¬ı «¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı« ¬Û «z¬ ‰¬±À‰«¬¬ı˛ ’±Ò…±øRfl¡

õ∂±Ò±Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√·ÀÓ¬› õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ øÂ√˘º

¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˙œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬Û±øfl¡d¬±Ú ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™º ¤‡±ÀÚ ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ Ò˜« ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ Ò˜« ø˝√√¸±À¬ı

¶§œfl¡‘Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ˙±¸Ú, ’±˝◊√√Ú › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ Œfl¡±¬ı˛±Ú › ˙ø¬ı˛˚˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… › øÚ˚˛LaÌ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º

˜Ò…õ∂±À‰¬…› øfl¡Â≈√ ˝◊√√¸˘±˜œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ’±ÀÂ√º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ› ˙ø¬ı˛˚˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú, ’±˝◊√√Ú, ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ √√ ˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ŒÚ¬Û±˘ √√ ø √√μ≈¬ı˛±©Ü™º Ó¬À¬ı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘ ’øÒfl¡±—˙ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ◊√√ Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ± õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬º

˜±Ú¬ı ¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ ˚≈À· Ò˜«˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú øÚ˚˛LaÌº õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¸”S,

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜ ¸¥¤À&Ò :±Ú › ø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂øÓ¬á¬±

fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘, Ò˜π˚˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛

Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º ÒÀ «¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Ü¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ≈øq¡ › :±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛± øÚ ˛øLaÓ¬

˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ√‡± ˚± ˛º Ò˜π ˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬

˝√√ÀÓ¬ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬Ûø(˜œ Ê√·ÀÓ¬ ¬Û=√˙ › Œ¯∏±Î¬ˇ˙ ˙Ó¬fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¬Û±øÔ«¬ı ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ò˜« › ’±Ò…±øRfl¡

ø¬ı ∏ ˛Àfl¡ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ fl¡¬ı˛± √√À ˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú… õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ √√À ˛ÀÂ√º Ù¬À˘, ¬ı…øq¡Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ,

¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˝}√√±¸ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º

Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ’Ò±ø˜«fl¡ ¬ı± Ò˜«ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¬ı± Œ√¬ıÓ¬±˝√√œÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ ¬fl¡±ÀÊ√

Ò˜π˚˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ’¬ı˘≈ø5, ¸¬ı ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Œ˘±Àfl¡À√¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ú ¸≈À˚±·, ˜Ú≈¯∏…¸‘©Ü ’±˝◊√√ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…, Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙

¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±fl¡¬ı˛Ì ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜¸…±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛, Δ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…±

·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ú√ÀG¬ ¸˜d¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ øàÔ¬ı˛œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À·¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ ¤˝◊√√ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬

¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…º ¶§±ÒœÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú 1950 ¸±À˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À· ø˙é¬±¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛, Ú±¬ı˛œø˙é¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛, Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú ›

¬Ûø(˜œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¤ ◊√√ Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ¸ √√± ˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ Ò «øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛

’Ú≈fl”¡À˘ Ú±Ú± ¸±—ø¬ıÒ±øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› ·‘˝√√œÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º

¤¸ÀN› ¬ı˘± ˚±À¬ı Ú± Ò « › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—À˚±· ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ŒÚ ◊√√º Ò˜π ˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√fl¡œ ˛ ¬ı± ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ø˝√√Ó¬Ó¬La

¤‡Ú ’±¬ı˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ¤‡Ú› ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±¬Û≈ø¬ı˛ ¬ı&Ò ˝√√˚˛ øÚº ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬

‡Ëœ©Ü±Ú Ò˜«±¬ı˘¥¤œ¬ı˛± ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Û › Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±˚˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙øq¡º ˝◊√√˝≈√√ø√ Ò˜«, ˝◊√√¸˘±˜ Œ˜Ã˘¬ı±√,

‰¬¬ı˛˜¬ÛKÔœ fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ ¤‡Ú› ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø˙‡ Ò˜«±¬ı˘¥¤œÀ√¬ı˛

ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘Ú ¤ õ∂¸Àe· Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º

’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ - 3

1º Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸¥¤&Ò ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

2º Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

3º Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

’±À˘±‰¬… ¤fl¡Àfl¡ Ò˜«, ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· õ∂ÔÀ˜ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, Ó¬±¬ı˛¬Û¬ı˛ Ò˜« ›

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡, ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¤¬ı— ¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡,

Ò˜π˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ò˜« ¤fl¡ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛

¸•Ûfl«¡ àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡ Œ¸˝◊√√ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ ’±˙œ¬ı«±√ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ø¬ıù´±¸ › ’±À¬ı· ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡ «¬ÛXøÓ¬ › ’Ú≈á¬±Ú ’±ÀÂ√º õ∂Ô˜øÈ¬ ÒÀ «¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛øÈ¬

ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø√fl¡º ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú¬ıÓ¬±, ˙≈XÓ¬± › ¸Ó¬…Àfl¡˝◊√√ Ò˜« ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ˜±'«¬¬ı±√œ¬ı˛± Ò˜«Àfl¡

¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ Œ√À‡Ú ¤¬ı— Ò˜«Àfl¡ Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

Ò˜« ¸˜±ÀÊ ÚœøÓ¬À¬ı±Ò õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì › ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±ø‰¬z¬±Àfl¡

øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ı¬ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ’±|˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡, ¸˜±Ê√Àfl¡ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Ò˜π˚˛ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ Ú±Ú±

Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ¸±ø˝√√Ó¬…, ø‰¬Sfl¡˘±, Œ¸ÃÒ, ¸e·œÓ¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißøÓ¬ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º ¬ıd≈¬Ê√·ÀÓ¬¬ı˛

’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ› Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Ò˜π˚˛ ’Ú≈á¬±ÀÚ ¬ı˝≈√√ Œ˘±Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸˜±À¬ı˙ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… w¬±Ó‘¬Q

¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‹fl¡… › ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ¸≈‘√Ï¬ˇ fl¡À¬ı˛º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√À¬ ¬ı±˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±Ê√› fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º

Ò˜« ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ ¸M√√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ ø¬ıfl¡±˙Àfl¡ ¬ı±Ò± Œ√˚˛ › Ó¬±Àfl¡

ˆ¬±·…øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º Ò˜« ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ fl≈¡¸—¶®±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛ › ø¬ı:±Úø¬ı˜≈‡Ó¬± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ ¬ı˛≈X ˝√√˚˛º Ò˜π˚˛ ’±À¬ı· ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ıÀ¡Z¯∏ › ø¬ıÀˆ¬√˜”˘fl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ’±À¸º ˜±'«¬ ŒÓ¬±

Ò˜«Àfl¡ Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

Ò˜« ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¡Z±¬ı˛±› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ‹ù´ø¬ı˛fl¡ Î¬◊»¬ÛøM√√¬ı±√ ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛

¸±˝√√±À˚… ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˜Ò…˚≈À· Œ¬Û±¬Û › ¬ı˛±Ê√±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√

¤¬ı— Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛˝◊√√ øÚÊ√ õ∂±Ò±Ú… ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂À‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ò˜« ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¬ı± ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì± ˚≈ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√º

Ò˜π˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂ùü ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º

˜Ò… ≈À· ◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı±À¬Û › ¬ˆ¬±¬ıÀÓ¬ Ò˜π˚ ¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ øÂ√ º ¤‡Ú Ú·¬ı±˚Ì, ø˙ä±˚Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ıÀÌ¬ı

Ù¬À˘ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂±Ò±Ú…˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸—ø¬ıÒ±Ú ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú±

‚øÈ¬À˚˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı ¤‡Ú› ˜±ÀÁ¡ ˜±ÀÁ¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸—À˚±· Ú±Ú± Œ˜Ã˘¬ı±√œ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘Ú

¬ı± øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º

1º Ò˜« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

2º ÒÀ˜«¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± fl¬œ∑

3º Ò˜« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

4º Ò˜«œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ fl¡±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘∑

1] Rakhahari Chatterjee (ed.) : Religion, Politics and Communication, The South

Asian experience, South Asian Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi 110002, 1994,

pp. 1-20.

2] Bottomore : Sociology, Blackie & Son (India Ltd.), Bombay, 1979 (4th Impression),

pp. 237-249.

3] Roumila Thapar : From Lineage to State, Oxford, New Delhi, 1990, pp. 62-

4] ’Ú±ø√ fl≈¡˜±¬ı˛ ˜ √√±¬Û±S . ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ≈ ‘√√√ ¬Û±¬ıø˘Àfl¡˙Ú, fl¡À˘Ê√ Œ¶®± ˛±¬ı˛ [¬Ûø(˜] 1997,

¬Û‘á¬± 421-461º

5] Kingsley Davis : Human Society, Surjeet Publication, Delhi, 1981, pp. 509-545.

6] ŒÈ¬˜ ¬ıÀÈ¬±˜±¬ı˛ . ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı√…±, ’Ú≈¬ı±√fl¡ ø˝√√˜±‰¬˘ ‰¬flË¡¬ıÓ¬π, Œfl¡. ø¬Û. ¬ı±·‰¬œ ’…±`¬ Œfl¡±•Û±Úœ, øÚÎ¬◊

ø√~œ, 1992, ¬Û‘á¬± 247-262º

7] Î¬. ’˜À˘μ≈ ˜≈À‡±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . õ∂¸e· ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, Œ¸KC±˘ ¬ı≈fl¡ ¬Û±¬ıø˘Àfl¡˙Ú, fl¡ø˘fl¡±Ó¬±, 1990, ¬Û‘á¬±

238-258º

25.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

25.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

25.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·

25.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸—:±

25.2.2 ¬ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙

25.2.3 ¸—:±¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±

25.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜”˘ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú

25.3.1 ¬Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± – õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

25.3.2 Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±

25.3.3 ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±

25.3.4 ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛±

25.4 õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·

25.5 ¬Î¬◊¬Û¸— √√±¬ı

25.6 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

25.7 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

25.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ øÚ•ßø˘ø‡Ó¬ ’—À˙ ’±¬ÛøÚ ˚± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚñ

Œ˚±·±À˚±· Œfl¡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ‰¬±ø˘fl¡± ˙øq¡º

ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡í › ëŒ˚±·±À˚±·í-¤¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¸—:± , ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜”˘ Î¬◊ÀV˙…º

¢∂œfl¡˚≈· ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈· ¬Û˚«z¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ›

’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬¬ , ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬¸¬ı˛˘ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬º

Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±º

¬õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂¬ı˘ ’¢∂·øÓ¬º

õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±

¤˝◊√√ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ’±À˘±‰¬… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

√˘ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡ ˛ Œ·±á¬œº ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ı ∏ ˛ ” √√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ø¬ıd¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ ˚±› ˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬¬ı˛

ø√Àfl¡ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡¬ı˛± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú, ¤‡±ÀÚ Ó¬± ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À26√º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡

Î¬◊Àij±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ÚÊ√¬ı˛ Œ√˚˛ , Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ ÚÊ√À¬ı˛¬ı˛› ¤fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’±ÀÂ√º ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ˝√√˘ Δ¬ıÒ é¬˜Ó¬±º øÚÂ√fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Δ¬ıÒ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º øÚÂ√fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ≈¬Q (domination); ¤Àé¬ÀS ˚±À√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ≈¬Q fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

Ô±Àfl¡ Œ·ÃÌº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒÀÓ¬ ˙±ø¸ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˚ÀÔ©Üº ¤˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ Œ¬ı˛À‡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN Ó¬N±˚˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ëé¬˜Ó¬±í (power) › õ∂ˆ≈¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…

øÚ¬ı˛”¬ÛÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸º ¤Àé¬ÀS ’¬ı˙… õ∂‡…±Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øNfl¡ ˜…±'¬ Œ˝3√√¬ı±¬ı˛ (Max Weber)-¤¬ı˛ ’¬ı√±Ú ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı

¶ú¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ëé¬˜Ó¬±í, ëõ∂ˆ≈¬Qí › ëfl¡Ó‘«¬Qí (authority)-¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ øˆ¬ißÓ¬± ›

¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÓ¬øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¸y¬¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛

ŒÓ¬±À˘Úº ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π fl¡±À˘ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û˚≈q¡ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛¸”¬ı˛œ·Ì ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıd‘¬øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˚ÀÔ©Ü ’¬ı√±Ú ¬ı˛±À‡Úº

é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’ø¬ıÀ26√√…º ¤ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™-é¬˜Ó¬±Àfl¡

õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ‹ é¬˜Ó¬±Àfl¡ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ˆ¬±À¬ı ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’¸œ˜º ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Œ˝3√√¬ı±¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± – ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡

¸—·Í¬Ú ˚± ˙±¬ı˛œø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˘ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒˆ¬±À¬ı øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±˚˛M√√±ÒœÚ ¬ı˛±À‡ (“The State is an

institution that legitimately monopolises the means of physical coercion”)º

¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˜”˘ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ≈√øÈ¬ – [1] é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬--fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı

’Ú…Àfl¡˚’Ú…À√¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±ÒœÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ˚±˚˛ , [2] fl¡Ó‘¬«ÀQ¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬--fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸y ±¬ı…

¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸¥œøÓ¬ øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±˜¬ı˛± ˚‡Ú ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ‘√ø©Ü¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛¬ı Ó¬‡Ú ¤˝◊√√

≈√˝◊√ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± flË¡˜˙ ¶Û©Ü ˝√√À¬ıº

Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ˜±Ú¬ı Ê√œ¬ıÚ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q fl¡äÚ± fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±,

’øˆ¬:Ó¬± › ø¸X±z¬ ¸˝√√ Δ√ÚøμÚ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Œé¬ÀS ¤¬ı˛ ’ø¬ıÀ26√√… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√º õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬

˜±Ú¬ı¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¶ú˚˛fl¡¬ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜”˘ ‰¬±ø¬ıfl¡±øÍ¬› ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√

·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ øÚø¬ı˛À‡˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬Û”Ì«Ó¬± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º

’±¸À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜”À˘˝◊√√ ’±ÀÂ√ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ó¬Ô… › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ’±√±Ú-õ∂±Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

’±˜¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬œ« ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ Œ√‡¬ı, ¤˝◊√√ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± Ó¬N±˚˛Ì › ¬ı±d¬À¬ı flË¡˜˙

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛˝◊√√ ¶Û©Ü ŒÔÀfl¡ ¶Û©ÜÓ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ – Œ˚±·±À˚±· ◊√√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ‰¬±ø˘fl¡± ˙øq¡º ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ fl¡±˘« Î¬À˚˛˙ (Karl Deutsch) Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Nerves

of Government Ú±˜fl¡ ¢∂À&Ô¬ı˛ ˙≈¬ı˛≈ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ Œfl¡f˜”À˘ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı± õ∂øflË¡˚˛±

ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ √±¬ıœº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’±ÀÂ√ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œé¬ÀS--Ó¬± Œ˚-Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ’=˘˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ˝◊√√

Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±©Ü™ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı‘˝√√» ¸—·Í¬Ú˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡--¸—øù≠©Ü ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡º ¤˝◊√√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ·Í¬Ú Œ˚, Œ˚ÃÔÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜”À˘˝◊√√ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ” øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ Œé¬ÀS ÚÊ√¬ı˛ ø√À˘ Œ√‡± ˚± ˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ◊√√ ¸•Û‘q¡ √√À ˛ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·

õ∂øflË¡˚˛± –

[1] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ (Social foundation of political order)—¤Àé¬ÀS

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Œ˚ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ Œ¸

ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

[2] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ (Social base of political behaviour)—¤Àé¬ÀS

øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬Û√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¬ı±

¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º

[3] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ (Social dimensions of political process)—

¤Àé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬ › ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì

fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¸Àμ˝√√±Ó¬œÓ¬ ˝√√À˘› ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

˜Ó¬¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ’±ÀÂ√º ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì (general) › øÚø√«©Ü (specific) ¸—:± Î¬◊À~‡

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º

25.2.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸—:±

ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡í › ëŒ˚±·±À˚±·í ¤ ◊√√ ≈√ ◊ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬±À¬ı ¸—:±ø ˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ¬ıº ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡±ÀÔ« ëŒ˚±·±À˚±·í-

¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬Ô…, ¬ıq¡¬ı…, ¸—Àfl¡Ó¬ ¤¬ı— õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡¬ı˛ ’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Ú ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡±ÀÔ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¤˜Ú

¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±ÒÀ˜ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˝◊√√26√±fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’±Ú± ˚±˚˛º

¤ ◊√√ ”ÀS ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±fl‘¡Ó¬ › õ∂ÀÌ±ø√Ó¬

fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û ’e·œˆ”¬Ó¬º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¸—:±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬º ¤Àé¬ÀS

Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂±Ôπ¬ı˛ ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬± ¬ı± ¤fl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀ√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú… ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀ√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±,

¤˜Úøfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬¬Û√àÔ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ øÚÀ«√˙› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±ˆ≈¬q¡º

’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü ¸—:±˚˛ Ó¬± ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ú±Ú± Ó¬Ô…º Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬øe·¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√±¬ıÚ › Œõ∂¬ı˛Ìº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±˜”˘fl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ¶Û©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ˝√√…±¬ı˛ã ˘±¸›À˚˛˘

(Harold Lasswell) Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Propaganda Technique in the World War [1927] ¢∂À&Ô Œ¬ı˛øÎ¬›

› ø˘Ù¬À˘È¬ ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚ ë˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ˚≈Xí ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü ¸—:±¬ı˛

¸Àe· ¸±˜?¸…¬Û”Ì«º øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬˙Ú, Œ¬Û±©Ü±¬ı˛ › ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬±, ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± › ’±˝◊√√Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±· Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬

Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß fl¡ø˜øÈ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√Ú ¤¬ı— ¸—¸√œ˚˛ ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛

¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚø«√©Ü ¸—:± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ˚ø√› ¤Àé¬ÀS ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú, Î¬◊˝◊√√˘¬ı±¬ı˛ àflË¬…±˜ (Wilbur

Schramm) › ¸˜˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı±¬Ûiß ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏À:¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏

õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˘› õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±ø5 ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙º Ó¬±À√¬ı˛

˜ÀÓ¬, ¤˝◊√√ ¸efl¡œÌ« ¬ı…±‡…±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ w¬±z¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ Ó¬Ô… ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±˚≈q¡ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏

õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q fl¡À˜ ˚±˚˛º

Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¬ı˝≈√√˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¸—:± Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ –

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¸•Ûiß Ó¬Ô… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

¤fl¡ ’—˙ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… ’—À˙ Œõ∂ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ , ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡ › Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬Ô…

’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ÓNø¬ı√¬ı˛± ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¤fl¡˜Ó¬ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ≈√øÈ¬ ˜”˘ Î¬◊ÀV˙…

˝√√˘ Ó¬Ô… õ∂√±Ú (twin form) › õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± (persuasion)º ¤Àé¬ÀS ” õ∂ùü ˝√√˘ – Œfl¡

¬ı± fl¡±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬±À26√∑ fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡±À√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À26√∑ Œfl¡Ú ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬±ÀÚ± ¸y¬ı ˝√√À26√∑

25.2.2 ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬± ≈¬q¡ ˝√√À˘› ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏ÀÌ¬ı˛

¸”S ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú ˜˝√√±Ú √±˙«øÚÀfl¡¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS Œõ≠ÀÈ¬± (Plato)-¬ı˛ Gorgius, ¤…±ø¬ı˛àÈ¬È¬˘

(Aristotle)-¤¬ı˛ Rhetoric, Ê√Ú àÈ≈¬ ˛±È«¬ ø˜˘ (John Stuart Mill)-¤¬ı˛ System of Logic ›

˜…±øfl¡ ˛±Àˆ¬ø˘ (Machiavelli)-¤¬ı The Prince Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º Œõ≠ÀÈ¬± Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ‹ ¢∂À&Ô õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ (propaganda)-

¤¬ı˛ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤…±ø¬ı˛àÈ¬È¬˘ › ø˜À˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀV˙… øÂ√˘ Î¬◊»¸ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛

fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛±º

Rhetoric ¢∂À&Ô ¤…±ø¬ı˛àÈ¬È¬˘ õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº õ∂Ô˜, ¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬

‰¬ø¬ı˛S – ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛, ë¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±í¬ı˛ (audience) ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ± , Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛, ¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡À¬ı…¬ı˛ õ∂‡¬ı˛Ó¬±º

¤…±ø¬ı˛àÈ¬È¬˘ ’±¬ı˛› Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¸±Ô«fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ ˚≈øq¡À¬ı±Ò õ∂‡¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬

˝√√À¬ı › ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı· ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸˜…fl¡ :±Ú, ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π fl¡±À˘ ˜±fl«¡¸ (Marx)-¤¬ı˛

German Ideology ¬ı± Œ¸±À¬ı˛ (Sorel)-¤¬ı˛ Reflection on Violence ¬ı± Œ˘øÚÚ (Lenin)-¤¬ı˛ What

is to be Done ¬ı± ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± (Pareto)-¤¬ı˛ The Mind and Society ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ‹

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ √±˙«øÚfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¤ ◊√√ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ¸—flË¡±z¬ õ∂Ó¬… ˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬

¸¬ı«±À¬Ûé¬± ·≈¬ı≈Q ¬Û± ˛º ’¬ı˙… ’©Ü±√ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ Œ˙ ∏ ˆ¬±· › ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ≈¬ı≈ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊æ√±ø¬ıÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ” fl¡

·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ (representative democracy)-¤¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ Œ˚±· ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı

ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±ÀÎ¬ˇ Œ˚ é¬˜Ó¬± Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬ı± øÈ¬øfl¡À˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬

˝√√À˘ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S øÚÀÊ√˚øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¸¬ı«À|á¬ ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘˝◊√√ ‰¬˘À¬ı Ú±º é¬˜Ó¬± ÒÀ¬ı˛

¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ·À˘ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√ ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı Œ˚ ·‘˝√√œÓ¬ ÚœøÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±˜… ¤¬ı—

¤˝◊√√ ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú › ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˚ÀÔ©Ü Œ˚±·…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¸X±z¬ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ¸y¬¬ı Ó¬‡Ú˝◊√√ ˚‡Ú ¤fl¡ ¬ı± ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ¬ı…øq¡˚Œ·±á¬œ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛˚øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛

◊√√26√±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ’Ú…À√¬ı˛ ◊√√26√±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·Àfl¡ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı”À¬Û

·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œõ∂¬ı˛fl¡ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¤˜Úˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Û±Í¬±˚˛ Œ˚ Ó¬±¬ı˛

Ù¬À˘ ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬± ’Ú…Ô±˚˛ Œ˚ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬± Ú± Ó¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ıÌ«Ú±˚˛

øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ˘é¬Ìœ˚˛ –

[1] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô…¬ , [2] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì ¬ı± ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ › [3] ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±Àfl¡

¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¬Û±˘ÀÚ ¬ı±Ò… fl¡¬ı˛±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ fl¡Ô± ˆ¬±¬ı± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ

Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı àÔ±Úœ˚˛ Ê√Ú·Ì øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ Œˆ¬±È¬ Ú± Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤Àé¬ÀS ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± Œ√‡± Œ·˘

Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± øÚ¬ı«±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˘ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚ ¬ı± àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¡√±¬ıœ

› ’øˆ¬À˚±· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛À¬ıÚº ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬

¬Û≈Úø¬ı«À¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ Œˆ¬±È¬ ø√À˘Úº ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸±Ô«fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ‚È¬˘ ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±À˙ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬› ’Ó¬…z¬

·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÀÈ¬¬ı˛ Ó¬±øNfl¡ › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·Ó¬ ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ≈√˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´˚≈X õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛ õ∂Ô˜ › ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈X ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ø¬ı˙√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¸y¬ı

Ú˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¤fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú Œ˚ õ∂Ô˜ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe·˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸—flË¡±z¬ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±˚˛

ÚÓ≈¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı ’±À˘±fl¡¸•Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√ ˛º ˘± ƒ›À ˛ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”À¬ı«±ø~ø‡Ó¬ ·À¬ı ∏Ì± ˛ Œ√ø‡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚ Ó¬»fl¡±˘œÚ ˜±øfl«¡Ú

¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ÛøÓ¬ Î¬◊ÀE± Î¬◊˝◊√√˘¸Ú (Woodrow Wilson)-¤¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±V √Ù¬± fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ (Fourteen Points) Î¬◊æ√±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛

¸˜ ˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ◊√√ ø˜S˙øq¡ Ê√± «±Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX ¤fl¡ õ∂¬ı˘ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ˜Úd¬±øNfl¡ ≈X ≈¬ı≈ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Ê√± «±Úœ›

øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛ fl¡± ˛√± ˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜ ø¬ıù´ ≈ÀX ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√À ˛¬ı˛ ¸¥œ≈‡œÚ √√À ˛ Ê√± «±Ú ˙±¸fl¡¬ı·«

¤fl¡À¬ÛÀ˙ Ó¬Ô… Œõ∂¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Œ˚ Ê√±˜«±Ú Œ˚±X±À√¬ı˛ ˚≈XÀé¬ÀS √é¬Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√

¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√˚˛ ’±À¸øÚ , ¤˝◊√√ ¬Û¬ı˛±Ê√À˚˛¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˜S˙øq¡¬ı˛ ø˜Ô…± õ∂‰¬±À¬ı˛ Ê√±˜«±Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıw¬±øz¬º

’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú Ú±»¸œ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ’¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ›

˜±øfl«¡Úœ ·≈5‰¬¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ ‹ ¸•x‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ Ú±»¸œ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√Úœ¬ı˛ ·≈5 ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˝√√ø√˙

¬Û±›˚˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¬ı˛”¬Û ¬Û±˚˛º

ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±fl¡º ’±À˘fl¡Ê√±`¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ê«√ (Alexander George) Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Propaganda

Analysis ¢∂À&Ô Œ√ø‡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú, øÚ ˛ø˜Ó¬ Ú±»¸œ ¸•x‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ Ê√± «±Ú ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ flË¡˜±Ú≈ ±¬ı˛, ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú ‚È¬Ú±¸ ”À √√¬ı˛

Î¬◊À~‡, ¸•x‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ıøÌ«Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’±√À˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÀÓ«¬ Ú˚˛± ’±√À˘¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±øÓ¬Q, õ∂d≈¬øÓ¬

õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±˜«±Úœ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‚È¬Ú±õ∂¬ı±˝√√ ˝√√ø√˙ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√Ó¬º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q ¤‡±ÀÚ˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¤øÈ¬ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛

˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ˚‡Ú Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ ˜≈q¡ õ∂¬ı±˝√√ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¤Àé¬ÀS ëøÚø˝√Ó¬ ’Ô«í ‡≈“Ê√ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˚‡Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ [¤Àé¬ÀS Ú±»¸œ] ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı˛é ¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º

’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¸˝√√Ê√ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬Ô… ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛› ¸y ¬ı ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º

˙œÓ¬˘ ≈X (Cold War)-¤¬ı˛ ’±˜À˘ ¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ˝◊√√Î¬◊øÚ˚˛Ú › ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡ ›

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:·Ì Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√Úº ˚ø√›

’ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œé¬ÀS› ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı·« ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±ÒœÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ’±¬Û±Ó¬

øÚ¬ı˛œ˝√√ Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı± ˚‡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı√·Ì Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂fl¡±˙…

Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ ëøÚø˝√√Ó¬ ’Ô«í ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬‡Ú ¤˝◊√√ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¸—:±¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±

’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ d¬À¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı± ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± õ∂˜±Ì

fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ‹ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ’øÓ¬ ¸¬ı˛˘œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û√ ’ÀÚfl¡º õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛

˜”À˘ øÚ(˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º øfl¡z≈¬ ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√

Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬±º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ˚‡Ú ≈√˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ı√ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ fl≈¡˙˘ ø¬ıøÚ˜˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, Œ¸˝◊√√ ’±¬Û±Ó¬

¸¬ı˛˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ‰¬±¬Û± Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬±º ‹ õ∂fl¡±˙… ø¬ıøÚ˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±

·≈5 ¸Àefl¡Ó¬º

¤˝◊√√ ¬ ıq¡À¬ı…¬ı˛ ¸”S ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬ ¸¬ı˛˘ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ‹ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛

Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬± Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ Ú±º ≈√-¤fl¡øÈ¬ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ıq¡¬ı…øÈ¬ ¶Û©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±

˝√√˘ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’øÓ¬¸¬ı˛˘ ¸—:±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıƒ√À√¬ı˛ ë¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¸—˘±À¬Û¬ı˛í

’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ¸Àefl¡Ó¬ Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ Ú±º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Laœ¬ı˛ Œfl¡À˘efl¡±ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ¬ÛÎ¬ˇ± › ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛

Œ¸˝◊√√ Œfl¡À˘efl¡±ø¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ΔÓ¬¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±› Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ Ú± Œfl¡±Ú› ’øÓ¬

¸¬ı˛˘ ¸—:±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛, Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ Ê√Ú¸ˆ¬±˚˛ ¤fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ¬± ¸•Û”Ì« Úœ¬ı˛¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡›

Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ‚È¬±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Ú Ó¬±› Ò¬ı˛± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ Ú± Œfl¡±Ú› ’øÓ¬ ¸¬ı˛˘œfl‘¡Ó¬

¸—:±˚˛º ’±¸À˘ ¸efl¡œÌ« ’ÀÔ« ëÓ¬Ô…íÀfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛À˘, Œ˚ Ó¬Ô… ¤˝◊√√ Úœ¬ı˛¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’˙‘q¡ Ó¬± ‘√ø©Ü¬ı˛

’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±À¬ıº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛˘œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı…±‡…± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√√ ’Ú… ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡›

øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√ ¸±¬ıÒ±ÚÓ¬± ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤ ◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± √√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛Àfl¡

¸˜±Ô«fl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ˘Àé¬…¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛º ¤ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ’±˜¬ı˛±

˝◊√√øÓ¬˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√º øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ˘é¬…Àfl¡ ë¤fl¡˜±Sí ˘é¬… ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ø¬ıw¬±øz¬ ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀ¬ıº Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛

’Ú…±Ú… ˘Àé¬…¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì, ’±¢∂˝√√ ¸‘ø©Ü › õ∂ÀÌ±√Ú (motivation)º ¤˝◊√√ ˘é¬…·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±·Àfl¡ ëõ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«¶§í fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ ’Ô« ‹ Ê√øÈ¬˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡Ó¬±

¬ı√À˘ ’—˙ø¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜”˘ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ (dissemination) ‚ÀÈ¬ ¤fl¡

Δ¬ıø‰¬S…¬Û”Ì« õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ¬ıq‘¡Ó¬±, øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úœ ˝◊√√d¬±˝√√±¬ı˛ (manifesto), ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¬ı±

Ê√ÚÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘, ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ, ’±˝◊√√Ú¸ˆ¬±,

√ œ˚ ¸À¥œ˘Ú ¬ı± Œ¬ıøÎ¬› ŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬˙ÀÚ¬ı ¸•x‰¬±¬ı ˜±Ò…À˜º Ó¬À¬ı ¤ ◊√√ Ò¬ıÀÚ¬ı Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚± ¸—àÔ±Ú·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı

(structurally) ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’—˙ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏º ¤ ◊√√ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ”À˘ ’¬ı˙… Ô±Àfl¡ Œ¸ ◊√√ õ∂ùü¸ ” √√ ˚± ˘±¸›À ˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Œfl¡ fl¡œ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, fl¡œ ˆ¬±À¬ı, fl¡±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙…,

fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı¸˝√√∑ (Who says what, in what channel, to whom, with what effects?)

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·Ó¬ Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ Œ¬ı˛À‡ ’±˜¬ı˛± fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬¬ı˛

’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛ ˚±¬ıº

Œ˚±·±À˚±· fl¡±Í¬±À˜± – õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬Û“±‰¬øÈ¬ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ˚±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬Ô… õ∂¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ – [1] ’Ú±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· , [2] ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±--Œ˚˜Ú

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, Ò˜π˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ , [3] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ëÎ¬◊»¬Û±√í (output) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±--Œ˚˜Ú ’±˝◊√√Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±· › ’±˜˘±Ó¬La ,

[4] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ëÎ¬◊¬Û¬Û±√í (input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±--Œ˚˜Ú, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ , [4] ·Ì˜±Ò…˜º

’Ú±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ ˜≈À‡±˜≈ø‡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡

¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊ißÓ¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛ Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±

˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ˝◊√√ø˘˝≈√√ fl¡±Êƒ√ › ¬Û˘ ˘±Ê√±¬ı˛¸ÀÙ¬ã (Elihu Katz and Paul Lazarsfeld) Personal Influence

Ú±˜fl¡ ¢∂À&Ô Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú ’øÒfl¡±—˙ ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¤Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙º ’±Rœ˚˛-¶§Ê√Ú, ¬ı&Ò≈¬ı±&Ò¬ı,

¸˝√√fl¡˜π ¬ı± õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˙œ¬ı˛ ˜z¬¬ı… ¬ı± ø¬ı¬ı‘øÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ :±Ú, ø¬ıù´±¸ › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± fl¡À¬ı˛º

¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı√ Œ˚¸¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ≈√¬ı«˘ Œ˚¸¬ı Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú › õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ øÚ˜«±ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˜±S ¬ÛÔ, Ó¬À¬ı Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√› ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛

·≈¬ı≈Q øfl¡Â≈√ fl¡˜ Ú ˛º ˚ø√› Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¤fl¡˜±S øˆ¬øM√√ Ú ˛º fl¡±Ê√ › ˘±Ê√±¬ı˛ ÀÙ¬ã Œ√ø‡À ˛ÀÂ√Ú

Œ˚ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± › ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙˝◊√√ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡Ê√Ú ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ë˜Ó¬¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ

ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛í (Opinion leaders) ˜±Ò…À˜ ˚±¬ı˛± ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ◊√√ ìfl¡±ÀÂ√¬ı˛ Œ˘±fl¡îº ‹ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏:¡ZÀ ˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

˜˚«±√±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ø˜˙≈Àfl¡ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛± ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

ë’±Ò≈øÚfl¡í ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Œ√‡± Œ·À˘›

¤¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ˚ÀÔ©Üº ˚ø√› ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√--Œ˚˜Ú ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸˜±Ê√--¤˝◊√√ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛

Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ’Ó¬…z¬ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¸˜±Ê√ ëõ∂Ò±Úí ¬ı± ¸«√±¬ı˛ ’Ô¬ı± ¬ıÀ˚˛±¬ı‘XÀ√¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú

(council of elders) ’Ô¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÒ«Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı± Ò˜π˚˛ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛± ¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı± Ê√±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó¬Ô…

õ∂√±Ú ¬ı± ¬ı…±‡…±˚˛ ’Ó¬…z¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¿˘efl¡±˚˛ Œ¬ıÃXøˆ¬é≈¬À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› õ∂˜±Ì

fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±ø√¬ı±¸œ ¬ı± õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ Ò˜π ˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈¬ı≈Qº ◊√√¸˘±˜œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ”À˝√√ Œ˜Ã˘ø¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı± øÙ¬ø˘ø¬ÛÚƒÀ¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ fl¡…±Ôø˘fl¡ ˚±Ê√fl¡ › ’±À¬ıø√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› ¤Àé¬ÀS õ∂±¸øe·fl¡º

˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı, ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚…› fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¬ı± ¬ı±Ò±› ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ëÎ¬◊»¬Û±√í fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚«º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı·« ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛ÀÌ¬ı˛

Ú±Ú± øÚÀ«√˙ ¸—‚¬ıXˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß d¬À¬ı˛ Œ¬ÛÃ“ÀÂ√ ˚±˚˛º Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛

Ú±˜fl¡ ë¸—·Í¬Úí ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜i§ ˛ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸•ÛÀ√ ¸¬ı˛ Ó¬± ‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛

¸Àe· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ëÊ√Ú¸—À˚±·í› ¸y ¬ı ˝√√˚˛ ‹ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ¤Àé¬ÀS ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ø¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛› ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

Ô±Àfl¡º Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬À˚±À·¬ı˛ øÚ©ÛøM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıˆ¬±· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú˜ÀÚ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º

’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ó¬Ô…› (general information) õ∂√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

’Ú…øÀfl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ó¬Ô… Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‡¬ı¬ı˛ (news releases) õ∂fl¡±À˙… ¤ÀÚ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú·≈ø˘

·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ Ó¬Ô… ’±˝√√¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ¸”S ø˝√√À¸À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ëÎ¬◊¬Û¬Û±√í (input) fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ › ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˝◊√√ õ∂Ò±Úº õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬Ú Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± √±¬ıœ˚’øˆ¬À˚±· › ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¸Àe·

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ‚È¬±˚˛, Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸¥œÅ‡œÚ Ú± ˝√√À˚˛ ¶§±ÒœÚˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¤¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

ŒÚÓ‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ’Ô‰¬ ø¬ı¬ı˛˘ ¸—À˚±· ‚È¬±ÀÓ¬ ¸˜Ô« ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛

Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡› Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ¸e∏‚¬ıX ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”˝√√

Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ Œ˚±·±À˚±· àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı± fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ ¸˜Ô«Ú ’±√±˚˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± › ¸øflË¡˚˛Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX ¬˝√√˚˛º

ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ Œ˙À¯∏ › ¤fl¡±ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ õ∂±!¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ Œ˚ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±

õ∂¬ı˘ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÂ√ Ó¬± ·Ì˜±Ò…˜º ¸—¬ı±√¬ÛS, Œ¬ı˛øÎ¬›, ŒÈ¬ø˘øˆ¬˙Ú, ¬ÛøSfl¡±, ¬ı˝◊√√, ø¸ÀÚ˜±

·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛”¬Ûº ’±À˘±‰¬… fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ·Ì˜±Ò…˜˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (specialization) ›

¬Û‘Ôfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ (differentiation) ¸±Ô«fl¡Ó¬˜ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ìº ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√

Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º ˚ÀÔ±¬Û˚≈q¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… Œ¬ÛÀ˘ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ Ú±Ú± ¬ı±Ò± ¤øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛

fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ó¬Ô…˚¬ı±Ó«¬± Œ¬ÛÃ“ÀÂ√ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜º ‹ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı…±ø5 (mileage)-¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú›

˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¸ø√26√± Ô±fl¡À˘ ˙øq¡˙±˘œ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬Q Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… Ú±Ú± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±¢∂˝√√ › ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛Úº ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¡˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±Ú ˝√√À˘ ’¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ (informed)

Ê√Ú·Ì (public) Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ :±¬ÛÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¤˜Úøfl¡ ¬ ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ›˚˛±øfl¡¬ı˝√√±˘ ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÚÀ¬ı±ÀÒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ › Œ√˙¬ı±¸œÀfl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Î¬◊»¸±ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±·±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ˙±¸fl¡˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡

¬ı± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ◊√√ Œ √√±fl¡, õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ø√À ˛ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡ ˛±fl¡˘±¬Û

øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì › øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı˛±À‡º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ˜≈q¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛˜G¬˘ ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˜≈q¡ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈·Àfl¡ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛

·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ˚≈·º ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıd‘¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À· Œ˚ ˚≈·±z¬fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬ÀÂ√

Ó¬± ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ’—À˙ ø¬ıd¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº√

¤˝◊√√ ¸”ÀS ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¸˜”˝√√ fl¡Ó¬È¬± fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√À¬ı Ó¬± øÚˆ¬«¬ı˛

fl¡¬ı˛À¬ı ‹ ¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¸ ”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± › øÚ ˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±S±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ◊√√ Δ¶§¬ı˛Ó¬±øLafl¡

˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±˚«fl¡±ø¬ı˛Ó¬± ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ fl¡˜ ˝√√À¬ıº ˙±¸fl¡˜G¬˘œ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±S± ˆ¬˚˛efl¡¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬À˘ ‹ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ø¬ı¬Ûiß ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬À¬ıº Ó¬À¬ı ¤fl¡Ô±› øÍ¬fl¡

Œ˚ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬› Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ˜±S±˚˛ Ó¬Ô… øÚ˚˛LaÌ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú ’±˜¬ı˛± Ê√±øÚ

Œ˚ ΔÚøÓ¬fl¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ › øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±·Ó¬ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ Œ¸Ú¸¬ı˛ (censor) õ∂Ô± ¸¬ı Œ√À˙˝◊√√ ‰¬±˘≈ ’±ÀÂ√º

¤Àé¬ÀS› ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ëÓ¬Ô…˝◊√√ é¬˜Ó¬±í ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q õ∂˜±øÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛º

Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±

’…±˜`¬ › ¬Û±›À ˛ (G. A. Almond and G. B. Powell) Comparative Politics ¢∂À&Ô

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì, ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸é¬˜Ó¬± (system capability), ÚœøÓ¬õ∂Ì˚˛Ú (rule formulation) ›

¶§±Ô« õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì (interest articulation) õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±

¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±øÈ¬Àfl¡ ‰¬±¬ı˛ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ – [1] ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì ›

’øˆ¬À˚±Ê√Ú øflË¡ ˛± – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (Maintenance and Adaptation

Function : Political Communication and Political Socializaiton); [2] ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬± –

Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı õ∂¸±¬ı › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬± (system capabilities : Expansion and Social Moblization);

[3] ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛± 1 – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú (Conversion Functions : Pol.

Communication and Rule Making); [4] ¬ı”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ øflË¡ ˛± 2 – ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¶§±Ô«õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì

(Conversion Functions : Political Communication and Interest Articulation)º ÚœÀ‰¬ ¤ ◊√√ ‰¬±¬ı˛øÈ¬

ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ø¬ı˙ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘º

’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı« ¸”S ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, ø˙é¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı± ‰¬±‰«¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Ò˜π˚˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı…øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬˚¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛

Œ˚ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ‰¬À˘ Ó¬± Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛

Ó≈¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œˆ¬À„ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Ê√ij ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬Ûø(ø˜ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸¬ı˛˘ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ‹ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ øfl¡Â≈√

Œé¬S [Œ˚˜Ú – Î¬◊2‰¬ø¬ıM√√-˜Ò…ø¬ıM√√-øÚ•ßø¬ıÀM√√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú] ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ Ó¬Ô…õ∂¬ı±˝√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛º

¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ’ÀÚfl¡ Ê√øÈ¬˘ ’±fl¡±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ Ó¬Ô…õ∂¬ı±À˝√√¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S… ’ÀÚfl¡

Œ¬ıø˙º Ó¬À¬ı Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… ¸‘ø©ÜÀÓ¬ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º

’¬ı˙… ¤Àé¬ÀS ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˜Ó¬ ‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛›

’Ó¬…z¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ëˆ¬±„√√±·Î¬ˇ±¬ı˛ Œ‡˘±í˝◊√√ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú›

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬Ì±À¬ıé¬Ì ¬ı± ’øˆ¬À˚±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±S±º

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±

Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚≈À· ëÓ¬Ô… ø¬ıÀ¶£¬±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛í (Info-explosion) ˝√√±Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛é¬±

Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ’¸—‡… √±¬ıœ › ‰¬±ø˝√√√± ˚± ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœº Œ˚±·±À˚±·

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ ‚È¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ◊√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˆ¬± ∏±À·±á¬œ, Ê√±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ, ’±=ø˘fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ, õ∂ ‘¬øÓ¬ øÚÊ√¶§ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±

Œõ∂¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú › ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ıø˙

fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡˚˛±Ú± (traditionalism) › ‡G¬œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (fragmentation) ”√¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡

› ˜±Ú¬ı¸•ÛÀ√¬ı˛ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬± ¬ı‘øXÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º

’±¸À˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬± ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙˝◊√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ù¬˘º Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ¸±é¬¬ı˛Ó¬±, õ∂±‰¬œÚ

õ∂Ô±–¸•Ûfl«¡-ø¬ıù´±¸-¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò˜π˚˛ ˙±¸Ú ˜≈q¡ fl¡¬ı˛±, fl¡˜«¸—àÔ±Ú–¤ ¸¬ı˝◊√√ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·

¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe·º ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬± Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ fl¡±˜…, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±› ¬Û¬ı˛œøé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ˚ø√ Ú±Ú± √±¬ıœ › ’±˙±-’±fl¬±eé¬± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸‰¬˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¬ı‘øX

Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ¤˜Ú ’±fl¡±¬ı˛ ŒÚ˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Ó¬± ¸±˜±˘ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±¬ , ¤Àé¬ÀS Ú±Ú±

’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± › ’¸Àz¬± ∏ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ√‡± Œ√À¬ı ˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À ˛ ‹ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ‰¬…±À˘À?¬ı˛ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘±

fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√¬ı˛± ˚±Àfl¡ ìflË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ’±˙±-’±fl¡±eé¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıî (revolution of rising

expectations) ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬± õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μÀfl¡ ¤ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ ¸efl¡ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ŒÙ¬À˘

Œ√ º

¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛±

ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ø¸X±Àz¬¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛º ø¸X±z¬ ŒÚ›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Ú øÚˆ«≈¬˘ › õ∂±¸øe·fl¡

Ó¬Ô…º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ ˚‡Ú ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıÚ Ó¬‡Ú àÔ±Úœ˚˛ õ∂±fl‘¡øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙, Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛

˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± › ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, õ∂±fl‘ øÓ¬fl¡ › ˜±Ú¬ı ¸•Û√ õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Î¬◊¬Û˚≈q¡ Ó¬Ô…±ø√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Ô±fl¡±

Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛º Ó¬À¬ı, Ó¬Ô… ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±À˝√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ø¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸y ±¬ıÚ±› ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º Ú±Ú±ø¬ıÒ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ Ó¬± ‚È¬ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬ – ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚø«√©Ü Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚø«√©Ü ¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˙≈Ò≈ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚø«√©Ü ˜±S±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√

Ó¬Ô… ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ (process) fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬ – ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˝◊√√26√±, ’±À¬ı· › õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± › ’ÀÚfl¡Àé¬ÀS

õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬ ‚È¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ é¬˜Ó¬±

Î¬◊2‰¬¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœˆ”¬Ó¬ Œ¸¸¬ı Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ø¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸y±¬ıÚ± Œ¬ıø˙º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛Ì ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ Œ¸Àé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰≈¬…øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸y±¬ıÚ± Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡˜º

é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœfl¡¬ı˛Ì ‚È¬À˘ ¸±˜±Ú… ¸—‡…fl¡ ˙±¸fl¡ › Î¬◊2‰¬¬ÛàÔ¡ ’±˜˘±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ’Ê√¸Ë √±ø˚˛Q

¸—flË¡±z¬ ’¸—‡… Ó¬Ô… ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± › ¸øÍ¬fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y¬¬ı ˝√√ ˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛

é¬˜Ó¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ |X± Ô±fl¡À˘› fl¡±¬ı˛› ¬ÛÀé¬˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œfl¡Ã˙˘, ˜≈^±¶£¬œøÓ¬,

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı˝√√Ú, ¶§±àÔ… ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ øˆ¬iß ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¬Û≈∫±Ú≈¬Û≈∫ Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√¬ı˛

√‡˘ ¬ı˛±‡± ’¸y ¬ıº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈À· ¬ı˝≈√√ Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ (technical) õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√

≈√À¬ı«±Ò… ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º ¤ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ’±ÀÂ√ ˙±¸fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’À˚Ãøq¡fl fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« ˚± Ó¬Ô…ø¬ıfl‘¡øÓ¬ÀÓ¬

¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º

¤ø˘È¬ ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û › Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬˘±Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı‘øX

¬Û±À26√º ¤Àé¬ÀS ·Ì˜±Ò…˜, ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ Œ·±á¬œ › ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ¬Û «± ˛ Ó¬Ô… ’±√±Úõ∂√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±À· ◊√√ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬

˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛˝◊√√ ìÊ√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’±›˚˛±Ê√î (vox populi) ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ˙±¸fl¡À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√

Œ¬ÛÃ“ÀÂ√ ˚±˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ’Ú… ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø√fl¡› ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ Œ√‡±

˚±˚˛ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı·« ¤˝◊√√ Ê√Ú¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬± ¬ı˛≈X fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√Úº Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬ –

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ¬ı ≈√√ Œé¬ÀS ◊√√ fl¡± «fl¡±¬ı˛Ì·Ó¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¶Û©Üˆ¬±À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y ¬ı ˝√√ ˛ Ú±º ¤Àé¬ÀS ˙±¸fl¡·Ì

Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ÚœøÓ¬ ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œ¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì fl¡œ Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸•Û”Ì« ’Ú… fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Ó≈¬À˘ Ò¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛Úº ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬ – ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˚≈À· ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡˜« ¬ı˝≈√√ Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ :±Ú Œfl¡Ã˙˘·Ó¬

Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤Àé¬ÀS Œfl¡±Ú› ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬Û√Àé¬¬Û ˜”˘…±˚˛Ú fl¡¬ı˛±› Œ¸˝◊√√ Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛

¬ÛÀé¬ ¸˝√√Ê√ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û, ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬ı±ÀÊ√ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ≈√À¬ı«±Ò…Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±

¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¤Àé¬ÀS¡ Ó¬ÀÔ…¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬ – ’ÀÚfl¡

Œé¬ÀS Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ øÚ¶Û‘˝√√ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œfl¡±Ú›

’±¢∂˝√√ ¬ı± ¸øflË¡˚˛Ó¬± Œ√‡±˚˛ Ú±º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ › Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜±Úø¸fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú Œ¬ıø˙

˝√√À˘ ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÚ¶Û‘˝√√Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¶§±Ô« õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Ó¬±ø·√› Œ‰¬±À‡

¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ Ú±º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ Œ√À˙ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ Œ‰¬±À‡ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº

õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˚≈À· ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· fl¡œ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬ÀÂ√, ¤ ’—À˙ Œ¸ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±

fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¤fl¡ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’±ÚÀÂ√ õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıº

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜–ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú (electronic) ·Ì˜±Ò…˜º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú Ê√·ÀÓ¬

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜π (actors) › ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘ÀÚ, ¬ı˝≈√√ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú › ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ

¤¬ı— ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı àÔ±Úœ ˛, Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q Î¬◊M√√À¬ı˛±M√√¬ı˛ ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±À26√º ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏:¬ı˛±

˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ø¬ıù´±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˚≈À· ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı Ú± ˝√√À˘› ¬ı˝≈√√˘±—À˙ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸¬ı˛ (space)

› ¸˜À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú ‚≈ø‰¬À˚˛ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø¬ıù´±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ø¬ıù´¬ı…±¬Ûœ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¤˜Ú Ó¬œ¬ıË

’¢∂·øÓ¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ”√¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π àÔ±Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ Œ˚±·¸”S˝◊√√ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±, àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ‚È¬Ú± › ”√¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ‚È¬Ú± ¤Àfl¡

’ÀÚ…¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± øÚÒ«±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¤Àé¬ÀS é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ùü˝◊√√ ˙≈Ò≈ Ú˚˛, Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸M√√± › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸M√√± ø¬ıù´¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › àÔ±Úœ˚˛ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂ùü›

Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ı¶ú˚˛fl¡¬ı˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸Àe· ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚±·¸”S › Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ıÀfl¡ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛

fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Î¬◊¬Û¢∂˝√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œ˚˜Ú ø¬ıøˆ¬iß àÔ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ó¬±»é¬øÌfl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸y¬¬ı ¬˝√√À26√

¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ıÀÓ¬ ˝√√À26√, Œˆ¬ÃÀ·±ø˘fl¡ ›

¸˜˚˛·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¸ÀN› Œ˚˜Ú ’±˜¬ı˛± ø¬ıù´fl¡±¬Û øflË¡Àfl¡ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ë¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛í Œ√ø‡º ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ”√¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π

¤˘±fl¡±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚfl¡È¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ àÔ±¬ÛÀÚ ˚± Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˚≈·±z¬fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ¸y ¬ı

˝√√À26√, Ó¬± ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ › ’Ú±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‚È¬Ú±õ∂¬ı±À˝√√¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÙ¬˘ÀÂ√º

·Ì˜±Ò…À˜ ¤Àé¬ÀS Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜±S± Œ˚±·

fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜-Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ‚È¬Ú± (Media event) ëø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊íº

ëø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˜±À¬Û¬ı˛ ‚È¬Ú± ˚± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ë¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±íÀ√¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ·Ì˜±Ò…˜

¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ › ¬ı”¬Û±ø ˛Ó¬ √√À ˛ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ √√ ˛º ø˜øÎ¬ ˛± ◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊-¤¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q¬Û”Ì« õ∂Ó¬œfl¡œ (symbolic),

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ë¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìí ‚È¬Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤Àfl¡ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√˚˛º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ı˛±Ê√¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√ ’Ú≈á¬±Ú [Œ˚˜Ú ‰¬±˘«¸-Î¬±˚˛Ú± ø¬ı¬ı±˝√√], ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« Î¬◊À¡Z±ÒÚ ’Ú≈á¬±Ú, ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ ¸»fl¡±¬ı˛ [Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛±©Ü™õ∂Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛

Œé¬ÀS] ¬ı± ˙±øz¬‰≈¬øq¡¬ı˛ ¶§±é¬¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ‚È¬Ú± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Î¬◊ißÓ¬ õ∂˚≈øq¡ › ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚…

Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ Œé¬ÀS ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬√˙π ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º øÎ¬ ˝√√…±ø˘Ú ›

ø¬Û ˜…±Úø‰¬øÚ (D. Hallin and P. Mancini)-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂Ô˜ ¸±ø¬ı˛¬ı˛ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¬ı˛± ø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬ÀKI◊¬ı˛

·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, ¤˝◊√√ ‚È¬Ú±·≈ø˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ù¬±¬ı˛±fl¡ ”√¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√±fl¡±øÂ√ ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º

’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ëø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q› ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¬ı˛± Œ˚˜Ú Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú,

’±ø˙¬ı˛ √ Àfl¡ ≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™-Œ¸±øˆ¬À ˛Ó¬ ≈q¡¬ı˛±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬˜ ¬Û «± ˛ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ Δ¬ıÍ¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q ˚Ó¬È¬± Ú± ·‘ √√œÓ¬ ø¸X±Àz¬¬ı˛

fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ øÂ√˘ Œ˚ ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ‹ Δ¬ıÍ¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ’Ú≈øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú…º

‹ Δ¬ıÍ¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ê√ij±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˙S≈Ó¬±

”√¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı&Ò≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ó¬±¬ı¬ı˛Ì ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ √œ‚« ø√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˙S≈¡Z ˛ ¬ıX¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛º ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À ˛ ë√ «fl¡í¬ı˛± ¤ ◊√√ Δ¬ıÍ¬fl¡·≈ø˘¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬Ú ˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ‹ Δ¬ıÍ¬fl¡·≈ø˘ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬-¬Û±øfld¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±¸ ‰¬˘±‰¬˘ [1999] › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±À˘±Àfl¡

Œ√‡± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

Î¬◊2‰¬˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ó¬Ô…õ∂˚≈øq¡ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ëø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊íÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√ ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û Œ√˚˛º ”√¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¤˘±fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±˚Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ë‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛í ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ √˙«fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¬Û˚«À¬ıé¬fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı, õ∂Ó¬…é¬

’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ıº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¬ı˛±©Ü™ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ › Δ¬ıÒfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ ¤ ◊√√ ø¬ı¬Û≈ ¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛

fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º fl¡±Ê√ › √˚˛±Úƒ (E. Katz and D. Dayan) Media Events ¢∂À&Ô ¬ıÀ˘Ú –ìŒfl¡±Ú› ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛

¸¬ı˛±¸ø¬ı˛ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ‹ ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ õ∂¬ı˘ ‰¬±¬Û ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛...¤Àé¬ÀS ‹ ‚È¬Ú± ˙≈Ò≈ ¸Ù¬˘ ˝√√À˘˝◊√√

˝√√À¬ı Ú±, ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸˜˚˛¸œ˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤˝◊√√ ¸±Ù¬˘… ’±¸ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ıºî

¤Àé¬ÀS Î¬◊À~‡ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¢∂À&Ô Œ˘‡fl¡¡Z˚˛ ëø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Ê√Ú˜Ó¬,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú, fl”¡È¬ÚœøÓ¬, ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛, Ò˜«, õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ëø˜øÎ¬ ˛± ◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±› ŒÊ√±¬ı˛±À˘±ˆ¬±À¬ı √√À26√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˛

¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q› fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º ¸˜±À˘±‰¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…Àfl¡ øÓ¬Úˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬, ·Ì˜±Ò…˜

¤Àé¬ÀS ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ı ∏ ˛ › ¸˜¸…± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œÀfl¡ õ∂±Ò±Ú… Œ√ ˛º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡

d¬À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… fl¡±À˚˛˜ ˝√√˚˛ › ø¬ıfl¡ä ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˝√√±ø¬ı˛À˚˛ ˚±˚˛º ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬, Î¬◊ißÓ¬

Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂ ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ŒÚÓ‘¬àÔ±Úœ ˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ‚È¬± ‚È¬Ú± ø¬ıù´Ê≈ÀÎ¬ˇ ˚Ó¬ ¸ √√ÀÊ√ Œ˚ ˜±S± ˛ ¸•x‰¬±ø¬ı˛Ó¬

fl¡¬ı˛± ¸y¬¬ı Ó¬± Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ≈√¬ı«˘ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±Ú±˚˛ ‚È¬± ‚È¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS

¸y¬¬ı ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ëø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ õ∂¬ı˘ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ › Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ‚È¬Ú±õ∂¬ı±˝√√

‰¬±¬Û± ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ˚±˚˛º Œ˚˜Ú ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬ ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™-Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ˝◊Î¬◊øÚ˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ Δ¬ıÍ¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± Œ·ÀÂ√

Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ ≈√˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ˜Ó¬±ÕÚÀfl¡…¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛·≈ø˘ ˜ÕÓ¬Àfl¡…¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛√±¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬±À¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡¬ı˛ ’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ ‰¬À˘ ˚±˚˛º

ëø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ·≈èQ ’À˘±‰¬Ú± õ∂¸Àe· ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:·Ì ¤› ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡

d¬À¬ı˛ ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡äø‰¬S (images) ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛› øÚÊ√¶§ Ò…±Ú-Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬±ÀÚ±

¸y¬¬ıº ë’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ıí ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¸•x‰¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˝√√À26√ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ fl¡äø‰¬S ¤fl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬

Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ëŒ˜±Î¬ˇfl¡í (package)-¤¬ı˛ ’—˙ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¬ı¬ı˛— ¤Àé¬ÀS fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ø‰¬z¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜Àfl¡ ”√À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡± ˝√√˚˛º ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬

˜±ÀÚ Œfl¡±Ú› fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Δ¬ıÍ¬Àfl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıËÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü¬ı˛ ¸¥œ≈‡œÚ ˝√√›˚˛± ¬ı± Δ¬ıÍ¬Àfl¡ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬

ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛, ë’Ú…¬ı˛fl¡˜í ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ˝√√›˚˛± ¬ı± ¬ıø˝√√¬ı˛±·Ó¬À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ ŒÙ¬˘±º ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛

¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıù´±¸ Œ˚ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ ’øÓ¬ø¬ı˛q¡ ÚÊ√¬ı˛ fl”¡È¬ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ø¬ı¬Ûiß fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ’ÀÚfl¡ fl”¡È¬ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±

·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡¬ı˛ ’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ ëŒ·±¬ÛÚœ˚˛Ó¬±í ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı, ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸¬ı ¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú

˝√√À˚˛ ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬Ô…ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˚≈À· ¤fl¡Ô± ¸¬ı«Ê√Úø¬ıø√Ó¬ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜π › Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸—À˚±· ¬ı˛é¬±˚˛

·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀÂ√º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Û «±À ˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±ÀÓ¬› ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡±

¸±˜±Ú… Ú˚˛º ’¬ı˙… ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œé¬ÀS ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Ú±È¬fl¡œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛

fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±Ú± Ó¬Ô…Àfl¡ ‘√ø©ÜÀ·±‰¬À¬ı˛ ’±Ú±, ÚÓ≈¬Ú Ó¬Ô… ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√ fl¡¬ı˛±º Ê√Ú˜Ó¬Àfl¡ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±ÀÌ¬ı˛

¬ÛÀé¬ øÚÀ˚˛ ˚±›˚˛± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¶Û©Ü Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

ø√À˚˛ ¤¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q flË¡˜±i§À˚˛ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ’¬ı˙… ¤˝◊√√ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø√fl¡› ’±ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛

õ∂¬ı˘ Î¬◊O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˚≈À· Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘μ › ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ë˘é¬…í ˝√√À˚˛

Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º ≈√í¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛˝◊√√ √±¬ıœ Ó¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ Ê√Ú·Ìº Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ« fl¡±Ê√ fl¡À¬ı˛º ˚ø√› ¬ı±d¬¬ı ø‰¬S ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ≈í¬ÛÀé¬˝◊√√

øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«¬ı˛é¬±˚˛ ¸À‰¬©Ü, ¬ı˝≈√√Àé¬ÀS Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı fl¡±Ê√ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ ¤Ó¬˝◊√√ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛±À˘± ˝√√À˚˛

›ÀÍ¬ Œ˚ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ øÚø©flË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛± Â√±Î¬ˇ± ·Ó¬…z¬¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸˚˛±Ú¸Ú (D. Swanson)-¤¬ı˛

˜ÀÓ¬± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¬ı˛± Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú, ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ìø¬ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜-Œfl¡øffl¡ ·ÌÓ¬Laî› ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì

Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡Àfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Ú± Œ√À‡ ë√˙«fl¡í ø˝√√À¸À¬ı˝◊√√ ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√

¸˜¸…±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú Ó¬‡Ú ¸y¬¬ı ˚‡Ú Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı≈ÀÁ¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±

› ·Ì˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛› ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ › ¸é¬˜Ó¬± (capability) ¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À¬ıº ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì

Ú±·ø¬ı˛Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø˚˛Ó¬ ˝√√À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øÒ ’±¬ı˛› ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬ ˝√√À¬ıº

’øÓ¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ˜”˘ Î¬◊ÀV˙… fl¡œ∑

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˝√√…±¬ı˛ã ˘±¸›À˚˛À˘¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… Ê√±Ú±Úº

¶§ä ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±À·¬ı˛ ¸¬ı«¸¥œÓ¬ ¸—:± ŒÚ ◊√√ Œfl¡Ú∑

2º ëø˜øÎ¬˚˛± ˝◊√√Àˆ¬KI◊í-¤¬ı˛ ’Ô« ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

1º G. A. Almond and G. B. Powell : Comparative Politics (New Delhi), 1972,

¬Ûø¬ı˛À26√√ – “Communicative Function”.

2º Michael Rush : Politics and Society (New York), 1992 ¬Ûø¬ı˛À26√√ – “Political

Communication”.

3º David L. Shills ed. International Encyclopaedia of Social Science, Volumes 3+4,

1972, pp. 90-102.

26.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

26.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

26.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – ¸—:±

26.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

26.4 ¬’—˙¢∂˝√√Ú – õ∂Ò±Ú øÚÀ«√˙fl¡¸ ” √√

26.4.1 ¬ø˘e·

26.4.2 ø˙é¬±

26.4.3 ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±

26.5 ¬’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬-¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙·Ó¬ ø√fl¡

26.5.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ù¬˘õ∂¸”Ó¬±

26.5.2 ÚœøÓ¬, ¸˜±Ê√ › Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

26.6 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ·ÌÓ¬La

26.6.1 ¬õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ·ÌÓ¬La

26.6.2 ¬õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La

26.6.3 ¬¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La

26.6.4 ¬’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬N

26.6.5 ¬’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › øÚø©flË¡˚˛Ó¬± – ˜Ó¬±˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú

26.7 ¬Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú ·ÌÓ¬La

26.8 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

26.9 ¢∂&Ô¬Û?œ

26.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À˙À¯∏ ’±¬ÛøÚ ˚± Ê√±ÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±¬ı˛À¬ıÚ–

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ , ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸—:±¬ ,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Œ˘àÈ¬±¬ı˛ ø˜˘¬ıË…±Ô¸˝√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Àfl¡¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ ,

ø˘e· ø˙é¬±, ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ù¬˘õ∂¸”Ó¬±, ÚœøÓ¬-¸˜±Ê√-Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛

øˆ¬øM√ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜”˘ øÚÀ«√˙¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛¬ ,

õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ·ÌÓ¬La ¤¬ı— ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ õ∂¸Àe·¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì¬ ,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬N¬ ,

’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › øÚø©flË¡˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¡ ≈√øÈ¬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ › ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ ˜Ó¬±˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú¬ ,

¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂ √√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ë’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬˜ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±í–Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú ·ÌÓ¬La ˚± Ú ˛± õ∂ ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ’—˙¢∂ √√ÀÌ¬ı˛

Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º

26.1 õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ˚±·±À˚±· ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ’±˜¬ı˛± õ∂ÀÓ¬…Àfl¡˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡-¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ :±Ú ’±˝√√¬ı˛Ì fl¡ø¬ı˛º Ó¬±ÀÓ¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ò¬ı˛Ú-Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ Δ¬ıø‰¬S…

’ÀÚfl¡º Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…øq¡Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’Ó¬…z¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ , ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡Î¬◊ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

√À˘ Œ˚±·±√±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛, Œfl¡Î¬◊¬ı± øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜À˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂±Ôπ¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ õ∂‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛, Œfl¡Î¬◊¬ı± Œfl¡±Ú›

¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡Î¬◊ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Œfl¡±Ú› Î¬◊2‰¬

õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬ÛÀ√ ’±¸œÚ ˝√√Úº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˝≈ ¬ı…øq¡ ’±ÀÂ√Ú ˚±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì« ”√À¬ı˛ ¸À¬ı˛

Ô±Àfl¡Ú, ¤˜Úøfl¡ Œˆ¬±È¬√±ÀÚ› Ó¬±¬ı˛± ’±¢∂˝√√ Œ√‡±Ú Ú±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì

¸˜±Êø¬ı:±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Œfl¡±Ô±˚˛∑ ¤¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√À¬ı˛ õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛,

·ÌÓ¬La˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı± ’Ú… ¬ı±¬ıàÔ±˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬ ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ Ó¬± ‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ’±¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√

¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸”Sº ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛ Œ¸ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛

fl¡˜ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˚ø√› ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˜±S˝◊√√ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±, › ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì Ú± fl¡¬ı˛À˘›

é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±·œ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± ¤Àfl¡¬ı±À¬ı˛˝◊√√ Ú©Ü ˝√√˚˛º

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏fl¡À¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ˜”˘ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü…

Œ˚˜Ú ¸¥œ

3. 2. 4.

(dictated participation)

26.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – ¸—:±

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¤˜Ú Œ¶§26√±ÒœÚ (Voluntary) õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ › Ê√ÚÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛ÀÚ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ŒÚ˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS

˙≈Ò≈˜±S ¸Ù¬˘ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ

Ú±º

26.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

(Lester Milbrath)

1965 Political Participation : How and why do people get involved in

Politics? (hierarchical)

˚ (Gladiators), (Spectators),

(Apathetic) 60Ì

(badge)

(progression)

(adjustment)

¬ı ≈√√Àé¬ÀS ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¸ ” √√

[Œ˚˜Ú, ëŒ˚±X±·Ìí] ’Ú… Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ [Œ˚˜Ú, ë√˙«fl¡í] ˜ÀÓ¬± ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ ø˘5 Ô±Àfl¡Ú

1977 Political

Participation-

(Sidney

Verba), (Norman H. Nie) (J. Kim)-

Participation in America ¥œ The Modes of Democratic

Participation Participation and Political Equality,

(specialization)-

(protestors), (community

activists) (party and campaign workers),

(communicators), (contactors)

(voter) (inactive)

’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – õ∂Ò±Ú øÚÀ«√˙fl¡¸˜”˝√√

(general)

¤˝◊√√ ’—À˙ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ øÚÌ«±˚˛fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ’ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ › ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛¬ıº

fl¡±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡Ú fl¡À¬ı˛∑

(motivate)

(structural)

(Gender),

(education), (life patterns)-

(Gender difference)

(variable)

¤˝◊√√ ¬Ù¬±¬ı˛±fl¡ Œˆ¬±È¬√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√±¬ı˛, √˘œ˚˛

’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Ê√ÚÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ÚœøÓ¬ › ˜”˘…À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı

˘é¬Ìœ˚˛º Œˆ¬±È¬√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¬Û=±À˙¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ ·À¬ı¯∏fl¡¬ı˛± ˘é¬… fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı

¬Û≈¬ı˛≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± ˝√√˘ √øé¬Ì¬Û&Ôœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ¸˜Ô«Ú :±¬ÛÚº ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛

‹ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…, Ò˜π˚˛ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ¬Û±˘Ú,

√œ‚« ’±˚˛≈ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ ¸øflË¡˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬± Œ√‡±

˚±˚º

¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±˚˛ õ∂˜±øÌÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¸¬ı«±—À˙ ¸Ó¬…

Ú˚˛º ¬Û±(±Ó¬… ≈√øÚ˚˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißÓ¬ Œ√˙¸˜”À˝√√ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊2‰¬¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÀ√ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± flË¡˜˙ ¬ı±Î¬ˇÀÂ√ , ’ÀÚfl¡Àé¬ÀS, Œ˚˜Ú Ú¬ı˛›À˚˛, ŒÎ¬Ú˜±fl«¡, ¸≈˝◊√√ÀÎ¬Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√

Œ√À˙ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¬Û≈¬ı˛≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ ¸˜¬Û˚«±À˚˛ Œ¬ÛÃ“ÀÂ√ ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√ º ¬ı˛±©Ü™¸—‚ fl¡Ó‘«¬fl¡ õ∂fl¡±ø˙Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı√Ú

Human Development Report-¤ ¤˝◊√√ ˜±S±˚˛ ˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÌÀfl¡ Ú±¬ı˛œ ¸é¬˜Ó¬± (Women

empowerment)-¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±˙ ¬ıÀ˘ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ˚ø√› ø¬ıËÀÈ¬Ú, ’Àà√∏Cø˘˚˛±, ˝◊√√È¬±ø˘, ’±˚˛±¬ı˛˘…±`¬ › ÙË¬±Àk

˜ø˝√√˘±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘º ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… Œ√À˙, ˜ø˝√√˘±¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√√

¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘Ó¬± fl¡±øÈ¬À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÂ√Úº ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±˚˛ ¤› Œ√‡± ø·À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚ ŒÎ¬Ú˜±fl«¡, ¬Ûø(˜ Ê√±˜«±Úœ,

Œ¶ÛÚ, fl¡±Ú±Î¬± õ∂ˆ‘¬øÓ¬ Œ√À˙ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ê√Àij¬ı˛ ˜ø˝√√˘±¬ı˛± ¬Û≈¬ı˛≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ¸—‡…±˚˛ ¬ı±˜ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸√¸…

√√À26√Úº

Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì±¸˜”˝√√ ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬Û±(±ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißÓ¬ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√

fl¡À¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ º ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Î¬◊ißøÓ¬˙œ˘ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ˜ø˝√√˘±-¬Û≈¬ı˛≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¬Ù¬±¬ı˛±fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

d¬¬ı˛ › Œé¬ÀS ø¬ı√…˜±Úº Œ˚ ’±Ô«¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ÛÓ‘¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ øÈ¬Àfl¡ Ô±Àfl¡,

Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ‹ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’± ” ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Ú± ‚È¬± ¬Û «z¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ ¬Û≈¬ı≈ ∏À√¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ˛ ˜ø˝√√˘±¬ı˛± ø¬ÛøÂ√À ˛

Ô±fl¡À¬ıº

Almond and Verba

(gladiator)-

(Charisma)

(skill)

26.4.3 ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±

26.5 ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì – fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ - ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ı˙·Ó¬ ø√fl¡

(political efficacy)-

˚ (Trust)

4 ¥¤

ÚœøÓ¬, ¸˜±Ê√ › Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ › Δ¬ıÒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±› Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› Œé¬ÀS ¸”Ñ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛

’±›Ó¬±˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº

(Maurice

Duverger), (Vicky Randall), (Karstin Barkman)-

(resource position discrepancy)

Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡ ˚±¬ı˛± Ó¬±¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ’øÒ¬ÛøÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±¸ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± (dominant

beliefs structure) fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛≈ø‰¬ (preference) › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ì ·Í¬ÀÚ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º

26.6 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ·ÌÓ¬La

4 – ˚

˚ 5 6

26.6.1 õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ·ÌÓ¬La

(local govt. institutions)

(Electronic

democracy)

õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ˜”˘fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La

(common features)

õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ≈‡œ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ › õ∂øflË¡ ˛±·Ó¬ d¬À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ·≈¬ı≈Q ¬Û± ˛º

26.6.3 ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La

˜±fl«¡¸, ¤Àe·˘¸ › Œ˘øÚÀÚ¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ˛ ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La › ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬ı˝≈√√ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛º Ó¬¬ı≈› ¤˝◊√√ ¶§ä ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıfl¡ä ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±

õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úº

¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ˛ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬LaÀfl¡ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ ≈À·¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡

ëÎ¬◊ißÓ¬Ó¬¬ı˛í ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˘› ¤˝◊√√ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ë¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±í ›

ë’±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡Ó¬±í¬ı˛ ø√Àfl¡› ¤Àé¬ÀS ‘√ø©Ü ’±fl¡¯∏«Ì fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ¤fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ˚≈øq¡ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ Œ˚ ’¸˜ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬La Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ Ó¬± ¸—øù≠©Ü Œ˙± ∏Ì › øÚÀ©Û ∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ G¬À˘

fl¡‡ÀÚ± ◊√√ ¬ı±d¬¬ı±ø ˛Ó¬ √√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· ≈ø¬ıÒ± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’øÒ¬ÛøÓ¬À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¸√ …¬ı˛±

Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛Ú , ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, øÚÀ©Ûø¯∏Ó¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ëÙ“¬±¬Û± õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬í-ŒÓ¬ ¬Û˚«¬ıø¸Ó

˝√√˚˛º ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ Œ˚ ë¸±¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Úí-¤¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬Û”¬ı«±—À˙ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛˘±˜ Œ¸˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛

Ê√Ú-’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øÈ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıfl¡ä ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ Œ˜øfl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì (pseudo-participation) ¬ıÀ˘ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛±

√√ º

’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ◊√√øÓ¬ √√±À¸ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ô˜ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¸—‡…±·ø¬ı˛Àá¬¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì ¸y¬¬ı √√ ˛º

¸˜±Ê√Ó¬La Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚÊ√¶§ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘º

Œ˙±¯∏Ì˜≈q¡ |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ ¬ı…øq¡˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú± ¬ıøÊ«√Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ìõ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±î¬ı˛ ¶§±√ ¬Û±˚˛º ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀÔ˝◊√√ Ê√ij ŒÚÀ¬ı ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¶§˙±¸Ú

˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú › ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜±S± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ ø¬ı˘≈5 ˝√√À˘

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› ˘≈5 ˝√√À¬ıº

26.6.4 ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬N

¸Ú±Ó¬Úœ ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛¬ õ∂¬ıq¡±À√¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬La ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ õ∂Ò±Ú ’±¬ÛøM√√ ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Œ|Ìœø¬ıÚ…±¸ (hierarchy) ¬ı…±˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˜”˘Ó¬N ¤˝◊√√ – é≈¬^

Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˙±¸Ú ˙≈Ò≈˜±S fl¡±˜… Ú˚˛, ’¬ı˙…yˆ¬±¬ıœ› ¬ıÀÈ¬º ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸Àe· õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı øÓ¬Ú õ∂¬ıq¡±¬ı˛ Ú±˜

›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬–ø·È¬±ÀÚ± ˜¸ƒfl¡± (Gaetano Mosca), (Vilfred Pareto)

(Roberto Michel)- øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ¸•Û”Ì«ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡ Ú± ˝√√À˘› ¤¬ı˛±

¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸˝√√˜Ó¬ Œ¬Û±¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬Ú Œ˚ ëõ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜≈‡œ-·ÌÓ¬Laí ¤fl¡ ’Ó¬…z¬ ìø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡î Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º

˜¸ƒfl¡±, ¬Û…±À¬ı˛ÀÈ¬± › ø˜À‰¬˘-¤¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¸•ú≈‡œÚ ˝√√˚˛ ˚‡Ú ø¬ı—˙

˙Ó¬±sœ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ › Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡ ˝◊√√Ó¬±ø˘¬ı˛ Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ ˙±¸Àfl¡¬ı˛± ¤˝◊√√ ë¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛í ˜±Ò…À˜ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛

’·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚Ãøq¡fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º ¸y¬¬ıÓ¬ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ˜¸ƒfl¡± ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘

Ê√Úõ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜≈‡œÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ ¬ıÀ˘Ú, ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ’z¬˜≈«‡œ › ’øÓ¬¸z≈¬©Ü ˙±¸fl¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˝≈√√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±

’±¸À¬ı › ¤˝◊√√ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± fl¡±˜…º õ∂¸e·Ó¬ ˙≈˜ø¬ÛÈ¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ , ˙≈˜ø¬ÛÈ¬±¬ı˛

˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¶§±àÔ…fl¡¬ı˛º

Ó¬À¬ı ¤ø˘È¬ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ “±¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ ˛ ˚± ˛, øÓ¬øÚ ø¸-¬ı˛± ◊√√È¬ ø˜˘ ƒ (C-wright Mills)º

Ó“¬±¬ı˛ The Power Elite ¢∂À&Ô ¬ı˛±˝◊√√È¬ ø˜˘¸ƒ ˜”˘Ó¬ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ëé¬˜Ó¬±À·±á¬œí¬ı˛

õ∂¬ı˘ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¬ı˛±˝◊√√È¬ ø˜˘À¸¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™ › ’Ú…±Ú… ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«

¬ÛÀ√ ’±¸œÚ ¬ı…øq¡À√¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ é¬˜Ó¬±À·±á¬œ ·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ › Œ¬ı¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ

’±¸œÚ Î¬◊2‰¬¬Û√àÔ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛› ¬ı˛±˝◊√√È¬ ø˜˘¸ ¤˝◊√√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸… ¬ı˛”À¬Û ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±˝◊√√È¬ ø˜˘À¸¬ı˛

¬ıq¡¬ı… ˜”˘ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ ¬Û√ ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… Œé¬ÀS ë˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ¬Û˚«±˚˛í-¤¬ı˛ fl¡˜«‰¬±¬ı˛œ ›

Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú › ’Ú…±Ú… ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ˚≈q¡ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øfl¡z≈¬ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛

Ú±º

¤ õ∂¸Àe· ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Ó¬±øNfl¡

¬ıÎ¬ˇ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ Î¬±˘ (Robert Dahl) Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Who Governs › Polyarchi

Participation and Opposition ¢∂&Ô¡ZÀ˚˛ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˝√√Ó¬±˙Ê√Úfl¡ ø‰¬S Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛Úº ¤Àé¬ÀS

Î¬±˘ ¬ı± ¸˜¸±˜ø˚˛fl¡ Ó¬±øM3fl¡·Ì ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ√‡±Ú fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı øfl¡Â≈√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

’—˙¢∂ √√Ì fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˜G¬À˘¬ı ’±›Ó¬±˚ ’±Ú± √√ ¤¬ı— øfl¡Â≈√ Ò¬ıÀÚ¬ı ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ◊√√

‹ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜G¬À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚±˚˛º

26.6.5 ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › øÚø©flË¡˚˛Ó¬± – ˜Ó¬±˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‡øÓ¬˚˛±Ú

Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú ·ÌÓ¬La

(electronic town meeting)

(electronic referendum)

¤fl¡øÈ¬ fl¡•Û≈…È¬±¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂±z¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ú… Œ˚-

Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂±Àz¬ Ó¬Ô… › ¬ıq¡¬ı… Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì ¬ı± ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø√À˚˛ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸fl¡À˘˝◊√√ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬ÚÓ¬±

¬ı±Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛ › ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ˛ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛–¤ ◊√√ ≈øq¡ ◊√√ Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú

·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√º

øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı

Δ¬ı≈√…øÓ¬Ú ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±˚˛Ì ¸˝√√Ê√ Ú˚˛º

26.8 ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ

’øÓ¬¸—Àé¬À¬Û Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

¸—Àé¬À¬Û Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

ø¬ı˙√ˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –¬

1 L. Milbreth and M. Goel : Political Participation, (Chicago), 1977.

2 D. L. Silhed : International Encyclopoedia of Social Sciences, Vol. 11 and 12,

1972, pp. 252-265.

3º A. H. Birch : The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy (London),

4 B. Axford et al. (eds) Politics : An Introduction, Political Participation

(London), 1997.

27.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

27.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

27.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı

27.3 Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú

27.3.1 ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±

27.4 fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

27.4.1 õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQfl¡¬ı˛Ì › ’Ô«¸—¢∂˝√√

27.4.2 ¬ŒÚÓ‘¬Q › ˆ≈¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì

27.4.3 ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ › Δ¬ıÒfl¡¬ı˛Ì

27.4.4 Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¸‰¬˘Ó¬±

27.4.5 ÚœøÓ¬ › ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ Î¬◊¬ÛàÔ±¬ÛÚ

27.4.6 ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬Ú

27.5 ¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±

27.5.1 ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±

27.5.2 ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±

27.6 Î¬◊¬Û¸— √√±¬ı

27.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

27.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

27.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚« › ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø‰¬Sº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬M3±˚˛Ú–ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ø˜À‰¬À˘¬ı˛ ì’±˚˛¬ı˛Ú ˘ ’¬ı

’ø˘·±øfl«¡îº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S… ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±º

27.1 õ∂d¬±¬ıÚ±

ì¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ î-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ ‹øÓ¬ √√±ø¸fl¡ ≈ ”√√ÀÓ«¬ Î¬◊æ√¬ı √√ ˛º ÿÚø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬±sœÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ ≈‡œ

õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › Œˆ¬±È¬±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ˝◊Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Û › ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ õ∂¸±¬ı˛˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º õ∂Ô˜ø√Àfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡

øÂ√˘ Œ¸˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬Ú¸˜”˝√√ Œ˚·≈ø˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ¬Û√ ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ˘Àé¬… ¤fl¡ ¬ı± ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸˝√√À˚±À·

ëøÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬± ˛í Œ˚±· ø√Ó¬º ’¬ı˙… ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ì¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘î-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√ ˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS

øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ≈q¡ Ú ˛ ¤˜Ú ¸—·Í¬Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… √√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º Œ˚¸¬ı é≈¬¬^ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸—·Í¬Ú ˚±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± fl¡˜, ¤˜Úøfl¡ øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú›,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬Û±˚˛º

¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈À· Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ¤Ó¬˝◊√√ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Œ˚

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ¬ıøÊ«√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ø‰¬z¬± fl¡¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ˚±˚˛ Ú± , ˚ø√› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛

¸¥¤ ¥¤(rhetoric)

(interact aggregation) (interest articulation)

¥¤ (M. I.

Ostrogoski) (R. Michel)

(Iron Law of Oligarchy)

27.3 Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú

(Mourice Durverger)

Political Parties

(mass party) (cadre

party)

(caucus);

(branch), (cell), (militia),

(coteric) (clique)

(agrarian);

(Giovanni Sartori) Parties and Party Systems

(atomistic)

(hegemonic) (pre-dominent)

(moderate) (extreme)

¥¤ (Joseph La Palombora)

(Myron Weiner) Political Parties and Political Development

(hegemonic ideological);

(hegemonic pragmatic); (turnover ideological);

(turnover pragmatic)

27.3.1 ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ¸˜fl¡±˘œÚ Ó¬N±˚˛ÀÚ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ øÚ˜«±ÀÌ ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ‰¬±¬ı˛øÈ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˜ÀÎ¬˘ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˘ –

[1] ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ (Undeveloped Loyalty model) – ¤Àé¬ÀS √˘ ¸˜Ô«fl¡À√¬ı˛ fl¡±Â√

ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊2‰¬˜±S±¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… › ’ø¬ıø26√iß ¸˜Ô«Ú √±¬ıœ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÚÓ¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ›

øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˜±S±˚˛ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… õ∂fl¡±˙ Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº Ó¬À¬ı ¤Àé¬ÀS ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı± ’Ú…±Ú… ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ŒÚ˝◊√√º

[2] Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ (Developed Loyalty Model) – ¤Àé¬ÀS ¸˜Ô«fl¡À√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ √À˘¬ı˛

’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ ¬ÛÀ√±ißøÓ¬ › Ú±Ú± Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸•Û√øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ±¬ı˛

õ∂ùüº

[3] Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ’Ú±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ (Developed Non-Loyalty Model) – ¤Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ ¬ı‘˝√√»

¬ı˛±©Ü™¸˜”˝√√, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√… › ’=À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√øÈ¬˘ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’±ÀÂ√, Œ˚‡±ÀÚ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡ ¤Àé¬ÀS √˘œ˚˛

’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ≈√¬ı«˘¬ , ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ’±˜˘±Ó¬La › ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛º

[4] ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ’Ú±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ (Undeveloped Non-Loyalty Model) – ¤Àé¬ÀS √˘ ˝√√ ˛ ‡≈¬ı ◊√√

≈√¬ı«˘ ’Ô¬ı± ’ød¬Qø¬ı˝√√œÚº Œ˚¸¬ı ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¤˝◊√√ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡ Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ › Œ¬ÛÃ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ (Civil

Society) ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… Ô±Àfl¡ Ú± , ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ õ∂±‰¬œÚ ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬`¬ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛±

˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛ › ¬ı&Ò≈¬ı±&Ò¬ıÀ√¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸≈À˚±·¸≈ø¬ıÒ± ø√À˚˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡

≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ê√ij Œ√˚˛º

27.4 fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬Û › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¬ÛøM√√ › ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ Œ˚Ãøq¡fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± ’Ê«√Ú › ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛

˘é¬…º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±¬ÛÀfl¡ ¬Û“±‰¬ ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

[1] ÚœøÓ¬øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì¬ , Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú › õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛¬ ,

[2] øÚ¬ı«±‰¬Ú õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛ › √˘œ˚˛ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±À˚… Ê√Ú¸˜Ô«Ú ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ ,

[3] ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¢∂&Ôœfl¡¬ı˛Ì › õ∂Ó¬…é¬fl¡¬ı˛Ì¬ ,

[4] √À˘ ¤ø˘È¬¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬Û√ ¬ı‘øX¬ ,

[5] ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬Úº

Ó¬À¬ı ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À¬ı, Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡øÈ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ú ·≈¬ı˛≈Q Ú±›

ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú Ê√Ú¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘é¬… øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ fl¡± «fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ’±›Ó¬±¬ı˛

¬ı±˝◊√√À¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ëø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ √˘í ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±˘±ˆ¬Àfl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø˘fl¡± ŒÔÀfl¡

˝◊√√26√±fl‘¡Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı±√ ø√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‹ √À˘¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º

¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ‡≈¬ı øÚø«√©Ü ˜±S±˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¸˝√√Ê√ Ú˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı

¤Àé¬ÀS fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Œé¬ÀS¬ı˛ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¥¤

øÚ¬ı«±‰¬ÀÚ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì › Ê√˚˛˘±ˆ¬ –

¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈· Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜ ¤fl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º (image)

27.4.1

27.4.2 ŒÚÓ‘¬Q › ˆ≈¬øMê√fl¡¬ı˛Ì

(Joseph Schlesinger)

(Leader producing organisation)

¸—˝√√øÓ¬ › Δ¬ıÒfl¡¬ı˛Ì

Œ˚±·±À˚±· › ¸‰¬˘Ó¬±

— –

ÚœøÓ¬ › ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ Î¬◊¬ÛàÔ±¬ÛÚ

(Common minimum programme)

¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬Ú

27.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±

¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±

(heterogenous), (fragile)

Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝√√±¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı± ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Ú±Ú± ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ’¬ıÓ¬±¬ı˛Ì± fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ ˚±˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡

Ú± Œfl¡Ú, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜±Ú¬ı¸—·Í¬Ú ¤˝◊√√ ’ÀÔ« Œ˚ ¤øÈ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¸‘ø©Üº ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¤˝◊√√ ¸—·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

é¬˜Ó¬± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’øÓ¬˜±S±˚˛ ’±˙± ¬ı± ¸•Û”Ì« ˝√√Ó¬±˙± õ∂fl¡±˙ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸Ó¬…øÈ¬ ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡±

õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úº

’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ

’øÓ¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

1º ëfl¡fl¡±¸í › ë¬ıË±=í ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±ÀÁ¡Ú∑

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘Àfl¡ ìŒÚÓ¬± Î¬◊»¬Û±√Úfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¸—·Í¬Úî ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛ Œfl¡Ú∑

1º M. Duverger : Political Parties (London), 1964.

2º R. Rose : Do Parties Make a Difference? (London), 1984.

3º J. Blondal : Votero, Parties and Leaders (London), 1963.

4º D. L. Sill (ed.) : International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, 1972, Vols.

11 + 12, 1972, pp. 428-453.

5º J. Blondel (ed.) : Comparative Government, (Harmondsmith), 1975.

6º B. Axford ed.al. (eds.) : Politics : An Introduction, (London), 1997,

“Political Parties”.

28.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

28.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

28.2 Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ – ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸”S

28.3 ¶§±Ô«±Ài§ ∏œ Œ·±á¬œ

28.4 ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ – Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú

28.5 é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙fl¡

28.5.1 ’Ô«

28.5.2 ¬¸√¸…¬Û√

28.5.3 ˜Ó¬±√ « › ˘é¬…

28.5.4 Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

28.6 Î¬◊¬Û¸— √√±¬ı

28.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

28.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

28.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¸—flË¡±z¬ Ó¬M3±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸”Sº ¤Àé¬ÀS ¬Ûø(ø˜ Ó¬M3ø¬ı√À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛

¬Û±Ô«fl¡…º

¬¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬º

¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Úº

¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÌ«±˚˛fl¡º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ò…±Ú-Ò±¬ı˛Ì± › Œ¸˝◊√√

ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ú±Ú± ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì Ê√øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˜”˘ Î¬◊¬Û±√Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”˝√√ ˝√√À˘›

¤ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú¢∂±˝√√… Œfl¡±Ú› Ó¬N øÚ˜«±Ì ¸y¬¬ı ˝√√˚˛øÚº Õ¬ıø‰¬ÀS…¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú ¸¬ı«¸¥œÓ¬ ëŒ·±á¬œÓ¬Ní

¬ı± ëŒ·±á¬œ ˜ÀÎ¬˘í-¤¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ w¬±z¬ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÀ˚˛ ˜ÕÓ¬fl¡… Ô±fl¡À˘› ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:¬ı˛± ¤fl¡˜Ó¬ Œ˚ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ı≈Á¡ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À˘ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√

¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ˚¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º

˜”˘Ó¬ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·À¬ı¯∏Ì± ˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±©Ü™¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißÓ¬ Œ√˙¸˜”À˝√√ ˙≈¬ı˛≈

˝√√˚˛º ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ Œ˚, Œ˚ Œ√À˙ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛-¬ıø˝√√ˆ”«¬Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¶§±ÒœÚˆ¬±À¬ı ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ¸˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ¸—flË¡±z¬ ‰¬‰«¬±¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏fl¡À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ê√Úøõ∂˚˛ ˝√√˚˛º

28.2 Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ – ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸”S

(Gierke)

(Meitland)

(G.D.H. Cole) (Harold Laski)

(Glamplwicz)

(Zimmel)

(Arthur Bently)º ˚ø√› ¤Àé¬ÀS Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘¬ı˛ ¸˝√√fl¡˜π Ê√Ú øÎ¬Î¬◊ø ˛ (John Dewey)-¬ı˛ Ú±˜› Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±

Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ó¬À¬ı 1908 ¸±À˘ ø¬ı‡…±Ó¬ ¢∂&Ô (The Process of Government)-¤ Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

Œé¬ÀS Œ·±á¬œ¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± › ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¤fl¡ ì¸≈¸—˝√√Ó¬ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Úî fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸˜Ô« ˝√√Úº ·Í¬Ú˜”˘fl¡

¸˜±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ø˘ø‡Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¢∂À&Ô Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ ·Ó¬±Ú≈·øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬-ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX

ëø¬ıÀ^±˝√√í fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ‘√©Ü ˜ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊√√ ¤fl¡˜±S ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ¸y¬¬ı–¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¬ı˙¬ıÓ¬π ˝√√À˚˛

Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ Œ·±á¬œøflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ˜”˘…±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤˝◊√√

Œ·±á¬œøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ ì’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Úî (transactions)-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ó¬À¬ı ‹

¢∂À&Ô Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ ì’±√±Ú-õ∂√±Úî ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ø¬ı˙√ ¬ı…±‡…± Œ√ÚøÚº

Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ì¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛î ›¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ ø√À˘›, ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ˚¶§±Ô«Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ Œfl¡fø¬ıμ≈ÀÓ¬ ’±À¸, Ù¬À˘ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛¬ ¬ı√À˘ ¤fl¡ øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı±

¸—fl¡œÌ« Œé¬ÀS ’±À˘±fl¡¬Û±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ≈¬ı≈ √√ ˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Ê√ÚÚœøÓ¬ ¬ı± ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ

¸—·Í¬Ú ¬ı± fl¡±˚«fl¡˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ›¬Û¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ø√À˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º

28.3 ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ

¬ı± ’z¬Ó¬ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤Àé¬ÀS ‹ Œ·±á¬œ [¸˜”˝√√]

› ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ˚≈À· ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¤Ó¬˝◊ Œ¬ıÀÎ¬ˇÀÂ√ Œ˚ ¬ı˘±

˝√√˚˛ ¤À√¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤fl¡fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ (Single issue)-

øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√À26√º

28.4 ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ – Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú

[1 (Sectional Group);

[2] (Promotional Group)

˚ (Green peace)

28.5 é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙fl¡

28.5.1 ’Ô

¸√¸…¬Û√

ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı± ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Úfl¡±¬ı˛œÀ√¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… Œ¬ÛÃ“ÀÂ√ ø√ÀÓ¬ ‹ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸… ¸—‡…±,

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¸—‡…± ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì«º ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ÚœøÓ¬ › Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ¸√¸…¬ı˛±

˜Ó¬±√ « › ˘é¬…

Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø‰¬z¬±ˆ¬±¬ıÚ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û&Ôœ ˝√√À˘ ‹ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± Œ˚˜Ú fl¡˜±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ±

Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ø¬ı¬Û7¡¡¡Úfl¡ ˜ÀÚ Ú± ˝√√À˘ Œ¸ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX

˝√√˚˛º ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ Œé¬ÀS Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± Œ¬ıÀÎ¬ˇ ˚±˚˛º

Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı˝≈√√·≈Ì ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ˚ø√ ‹ Œ·±á¬œ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡

¸√Ô«fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ô±Àfl¡º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ Œ˚ Œ·±á¬œ Ê√Ú¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬Û±˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛› Œ¸ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı…

Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, Œfl¡±Ú› Œ·±á¬œ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ŒÚøÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Ô±fl¡À˘ Œ¸ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±

› ·≈¬ı˛≈Q fl¡À˜ ˚±˚˛º

28.6 Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝√√±¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı˝≈√√Q¬ı±À√¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ Œ˚±À·¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ’±À·˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛±

˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¤Àé¬ÀS ˚≈øq¡ ˝√√˘, ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ú±Ú± Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡

Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ìõ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ Δ¬ıø‰¬S…î › ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜G¬˘ ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¶§±Ô« ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… Ê√±ø¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±, Ù¬À˘

‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜… ¬ı˛é¬± ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜… ¤˜Ú ˝√√˚˛ Ú± ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ˝◊√√ ¸˜±Úˆ¬±À¬ı

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß õ∂±Àz¬ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ Ú˚˛± √øé¬Ì¬ÛKÔœ (New

Right) ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˝√√˚˛, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬ õ∂Ì˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛, ˜±ø˘fl¡À·±á¬œ › ˝◊√√Î¬◊øÚ˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ¸œ˜±¬ıX , ’Ú… Œ·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øS˜≈‡œ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±˚˛ Œ˚±· Œ√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ìé¬˜Ó¬± ŒÚ˝◊√√îº ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±— ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ø¬ıÓ¬øfl«¡Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Úº

28.7 ’Ú≈˙œ˘Úœ

’øÓ¬ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

1º Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ‰¬±¬ı˛Ê√Ú ¬ÛøÔfl‘¡ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ú±˜ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

2º ’±Ô«±¬ı˛ Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ õ∂ÌœÓ¬ ¢∂À&Ô¬ı˛ Ú±˜ fl¡œ∑

¸—Àé¬À¬Û Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ø·˚˛fl¡« › Œ˜˝◊√√È¬˘…±À`¬¬ı˛ ¬ıq¡¬ı… fl¡œ∑

2º Œ·±á¬œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ Œ¬ıKI◊ø˘ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú∑

1º ø¬ıˆ¬±·œ˚˛ › ˜Ó¬õ∂‰¬±¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

2º ¶§±Ô«±Ài§¯∏œ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙¸˜”˝√√ Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì ¸˝√√fl¡±À¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

28.8 Î¬◊¬Û¸—˝√√±¬ı˛

1º D. L. Sillsed : International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Vols. 11 + 12,

1962, pp. 241-245.

2º A. Grant : The American Political Process (Dartmouth), 1994.

3º G. A. Almond and G. B. Powell, Jr. : Comparative Politics (New Delhi), 1972,

pp. 74-79.

29.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

29.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

29.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú

29.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜

29.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

29.5.2 ¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Lucian Pye.

29.6 ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

29.7 Î¬◊¬Û¸— √√±¬ı

29.8 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

29.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

29.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¤˝◊√√ ¤fl¡fl¡øÈ¬ ¬Û±Í¬ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ Ê√±Ú± ˚±À¬ıñ

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…º

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¤¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡º

ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±øÈ¬ Œfl¡˜Ú∑

¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ‰¬‰«¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜‘øX › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¤¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ˙±‡± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√, Œ˚˜Ú ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ¤ ◊√√¸¬ı Ú±Ú± ˙±‡±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N ¸˜±Ê√ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø√Àfl¡¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬, Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú-¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N,

Œ˚˜Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú-¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ’±¢∂˝√√œ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú

õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√œ¬ı…º Ó¬À¬ı ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ë¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úí

› ëÎ¬◊iß ˛Úí Ú±˜fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ≈√íøÈ¬ ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ŒÓ¬± Ú ˛ ◊√√, ¬ı¬ı˛— Ó¬± ¶Û©ÜÓ¬ ◊√√ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ¬Û‘Ôfl¡ ’ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ”‰¬fl¡º Ó¬± ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ≈√íøÈ¬ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¤˝◊ õ∂¸Àe· ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (modernization) Ú±˜fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Î¬◊À~‡…º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬

¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜–Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, ·Ì¸—À˚±·

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙-ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ flË¡˜±i§À˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¤fl¡À˚±À· ‚È¬±ÀÚ±º Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘

¤fl¡ õ∂¬ı˘ ’±Rø¬ıù´±¸œ › ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º

Î¬◊iß ˛Ú õ∂øflË¡ ˛±¬ı˛ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ì øÚÀ ˛ Ó¬± ◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Ú±Ú± ˜Ó¬±ÕÚfl¡… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº Ó¬À¬ı fl¡À ˛fl¡øÈ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·øÈ¬ ¤‡±ÀÚ ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˘º

ë¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úí › ëÎ¬◊iß˚˛Úí ˙s ≈√íøÈ¬ ’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À˘› ø¬ı˙√ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ › ≈√˝◊À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¬Û±Ô«fl¡…¬ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˜”˘Ó¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ‚È¬Ú± ¬ı± øflË¡˚˛±¬ , ˚±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú›

¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ˝√√˘ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±, ¤fl¡ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Ô« ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√

¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú¬ , øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ıÀ˘ Œ˚-Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˝◊√√ ëÎ¬◊iß˚˛Úí ¬ıÀ˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬˝◊√√øÓ¬¬ı±‰¬fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ¬ı± ¸˜‘øXÀfl¡˝◊√√ Œfl¡¬ı˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬

fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˚Ó¬È¬± ˜”˘…˜±Ú-øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±

Ú˚˛º Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¬ı± õ∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± øÚø˝√√Ó¬º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛

¬Û”¬ı«Ó¬Ú ¸¬ı˛˘˜±øSfl¡ (linear) d¬¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ (diversified) ¸˜‘XÓ¬¬ı˛ ô¶À¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡˝◊√√

¬ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’Ô«±» ˚± øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ fl¡Ó¬È¬± ˆ¬±À˘± ˝√√˘, fl¡œ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì

’¢∂·øÓ¬ ˝√√˘ Œ¸È¬±˝◊√√ ¤‡±ÀÚ ’±¸˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬…º ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ·Í¬Ú › Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛± Œˆ¬À„√√ ø·À˚˛

ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œé¬S ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛º

Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛z≈¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˚Ó¬‡±øÚ ¸˝√√ÀÊ√ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚÀ˚±·… › ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú Ó¬Ó¬‡±øÚ

¸ √√ÀÊ√ ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚÀ˚±·… Ú ˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò-ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡› ¬ı˛œøÓ¬˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂¬ı˘º Œfl¡±Ú› ¤fl¡ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ·Ìø¬ıÀé¬±Àˆ¬¬ı˛

˜±Ò…À˜ ’Ô¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˙±¸fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√À˘ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú

¬ıÀ˘ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fl¡±¬ı˛≈¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› ’±¬ÛøM√√ Ô±fl¡À¬ı Ú±º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú fl¡Ô±øÈ¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜”˘…˜±ÀÚ¬ı˛

õ∂ùü Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±, Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ı± ’¬ıÚ˚˛Ú

¤ øÚÀ˚˛ ˜Ó¬Àˆ¬√ ‚È¬± ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Ú˚˛º

Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ¸˜‘øX › Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛Ì ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ˜”˘…˜±Ú¸”‰¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¸•Û‘q¡ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¶§ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬˝◊√√ ¤Àfl¡

¸—:± øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì ¸yˆ¬¬ı Ú˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ø¬ıøˆ¬ißˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛±

˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ·ÌÓ¬La¬ı±√œ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ√ › ˜±'«¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ√À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂¬ı˘

˜Ó¬¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¤˜Úøfl¡ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ¬ı˛±› øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì-Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl ¡Î¬◊iß ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸e·øÈ¬Àfl¡

ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó¬¬ı≈ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛± › ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜

˚‡Ú Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú-ø¬ıÚ…±¸ flË¡˜-¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬±Ê√±Ó¬ ¸efl¡È¬ › √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ

¸é¬˜ ’øÒfl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú Ú±À˜

’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ‹ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ 2˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛

¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ¬Û˚«±À˚˛º ¸√…ø¬ı·Ó¬ ø¬ı˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜Ò…ˆ¬±À· ˚‡Ú ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙øq¡·≈ø˘ ^nÓ¬ ø¬ı¬Û˚«À˚˛ ˝√√œÚ¬ı˘

˝√√À˚˛ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± õ∂±ÀôL√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ ¤ø˙˚˛± › ’±øÙË¬fl¡± ˜˝√√±À√À˙¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ√˙ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Ú-

Œ˙±¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˙‘∫˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜≈Mê√ ˝√√À˚˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œé¬ÀS ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ › ¸—˝√√Ó¬ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ ˙≈¬ı˛≈

fl¡À¬ı˛¬ , ¸√… ¶§±ÒœÚ ¤ ◊√√ ¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛ fl¡Ì«Ò±¬ı˛ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ±ø¬ıƒ√¬ı˛± Î¬◊iß ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± õ∂fl¡ä › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı”¬Û ¬Û¬ı˛œé¬± ” fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı

Î¬◊æ±¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜˚˛ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ı± ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ’Ô«¬ı˝√√ ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—

¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ı± ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ¬ı± Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√˙ › Ê√±øÓ¬¬ı˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬Û”Ì« ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º

¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· Î¬◊À~‡… ø¬ı˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¬Û“±À‰¬¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ ˜±øfl«¡Ú-Œ¸±øˆ¬À˚˛Ó¬ ¡ZÀiZ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÀ˜¬ı˛≈Àfl¡øffl¡ Í¬±`¬±˚≈ÀX¬ı˛

√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ øÚº Ó‘¬Ó¬œ ˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√ ·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ õ∂±q¡Ú fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ˙±¸Ú-Œ˙± ∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX ø¬ı¬ı”¬ÛÓ¬± › ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡

¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±¢∂˝√√ ¸ÀN› ¤˝◊√√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıø‰¬S È¬±Ú±À¬Û±ÀÎ¬ˇÚ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ˝√√À˚˛

›ÀÍ¬º ¬Ûø(˜œ ø˙ä-õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ Ò“±À‰¬ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ó¬±ø·√Àfl¡ ’¢∂±˝√√… fl¡¬ı˛± Œ·˘ Ú±º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛

’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ¬ı˙ øfl¡Â≈√ ˜±S±˚˛ ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì › ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛

‚È¬˘º ¤˝◊√√¬ı˛fl¡˜ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ˝√√À˚˛ Î¬◊Í¬À˘± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ › Î¬◊iß˚˛Úº

Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ26≈√ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸˜œé¬± › ·À¬ı¯∏Ì± ‰¬±ø˘À˚˛ ˚±›˚˛±¬ı˛ √±˚˛ˆ¬±¬ı˛

õ∂Ô˜ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Ú ’À¬Ûé¬± ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı√…± › ’Ô«ø¬ı√…±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√√ Œ¬ıø˙ ¬ıÀÓ«¬øÂ√˘º ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±À˚±À·¬ı˛

ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ˝√√˘ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı Î¬◊iß˚˛Úfl¡±˜œ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú

¬ı± ¬ı”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı, fl¡Ó¬‡±øÚ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡±Úƒ ¬ÛÀÔ ¸±øÒÓ¬ √√À ˛ÀÂ√∑ ¬ı˘± ¬ı± ≈√√ …, Î¬◊iß ˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√ ·≈ø˘ Î¬◊iß ˛Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ , ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±› ¸˜À·±Sœ˚˛ Ú˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸¬ı Œ√À˙ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˚≈Ê√… ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±À‡øÚº ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±ÀÚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± ˙±‡±¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ˚±Àfl¡ ëÓ≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬í

Ú±À˜ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º√

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ‚øÚá¬

’Ú≈¯∏e· ˝√√˘ Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, ˚La±˚˛Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ı±˝√√… õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˚≈øq¡¬ı±√œ

ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±, Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ˆ¬±¬ı·Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˚˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¤fl¡ ¸±ø¬ı«fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚±Àfl¡ Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬Ù¬˘Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±, õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ ” fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±-¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛

˜±Ò…À˜º

fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« ¸±•⁄±Ê√…¬ı±√œ ˙±¸Ú-Œ˙±¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√-

’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ d¬À¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı± √√… õ∂øflË¡ ˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ”S¬Û±Ó¬ √√À ˛øÂ√ , ˚ø√› Œ¸ ◊√√ ¬ı õ∂øflË¡ ˛± øÂ√ ‡øG¬Ó¬ › ø¬ıøé¬5º

¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±-Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı«› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ŒÚÓ‘¬¬ı‘Àμ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ ˜≈‡… õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√›˚˛± õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛

õ∂±øz¬fl¡ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ê«√Ú±¸˝√√ Œ¸·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¸—˝√√Ó¬ › Q¬ı˛±øi§Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ Œ˙±¯∏Ì-˘≈FÀÚ Ê√œÌ« ¸˜±Ê√-

’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û≈Ú·«Í¬Ú › ≈Ó¬ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¬ı± Î¬◊iß ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘Àé¬… ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ fl¡Ì«Ò±¬ı˛¬ı˛± ¬Ûø(˜œ Ò“±À‰¬¬ı˛ ø˙äõ∂ ≈øq¡,

Ú·¬ı˛± ˛Ì ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı± √√… õ∂øflË¡ ˛±·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ’Ú≈ ¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤ ◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß ˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û√Àé¬¬Û ø √√À¸À¬ı ◊√√ ·Ì… √√À ˛ ’±¸ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì

õ∂øflË¡˚˛± õ∂øÓ¬ˆ¬±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜, Œ˚˜Ú – [fl¡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ˙±¸Ú

› fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Œ˚Ãøq¡fl¡Ó¬± õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ Œ·±á¬œ, Ê√±øÓ¬, Ò˜« øfl¡—¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı±¬ı˛øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛

’¬ı¸±Ú ‚ÀÈ¬º Ó¬±¬ı˛ Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬Qº [‡] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±S± › ¬ı…±ø5 ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º

[·] ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ıÀÌ¬ı Ù¬À˘ ¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À « ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ıÌ (differentiation) › ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏œfl¡¬ıÌ (specialization)

‚ÀÈ¬º [‚] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜”˘fl¡ › √˘øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú¸˜”˝√√ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ

Œé¬ÀS Ú±Ú± ¸—À˚±·-˜±Ò…À˜¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ¬ı‘øX ¬Û±˚˛º

˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚, ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±ÀÓ¬ Œ˚¸¬ı ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ‚È¬Ú±

Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˝√√˘ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛ ’±Àμ±˘Ú, Δ¶§¬ı˛Ó¬Laø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ·Ìø¬ıõ≠¬ı,

ø˙äø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ d¬À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± Ê√ij ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ’±√˙«,

˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√˘ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬

Œ˚˜Ú Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú ¬ı± ˚La±˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ√ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬

› ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÚœøÓ¬, ΔÚ¬ı«…øq¡fl¡ ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ › ¶§±ÒœÚ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛¬ı…¬ıàÔ±, Œfl¡Ã˜Àfl¡øffl¡

¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø¸øˆ¬˘ Œ¸±¸±˝◊√√øÈ¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıfl¡±˙ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-

’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚˜Ú Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, ø¬ı:±Ú › õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¬ıø˝√√˘«é¬Ì õ∂Ó¬…é¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ

’±Ú≈á¬±øÚfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œfl¡±Ô±› Œfl¡±Ô±› ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú-¬ÛXøÓ¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√› ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Ûø(˜œ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡ ¸˜À·±Sœ˚˛ ¬ı± ¸˜Ò˜π ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛±

¸˜œ‰¬œÚ Ú˚˛º ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± Œ√ø‡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ˜Ò…˚≈·œ˚˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ flË¡ø˜fl¡ ’¬Û¸±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛

˜±Ò…À˜ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ ¤fl¡ ¬Û”Ì«±e· ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√º Œ¸‡±ÀÚ ø‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ àÔ±Ú øÚÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ ˚≈øq¡, fl¡Ó«‘¬ÀQ¬ı˛

¸Àe· ˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ √±˚˛¬ıXÓ¬±, Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÚÀfl¡ ¸‰¬˘ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ Î¬◊æ√±¬ıÚœ øflË¡˚˛±fl¡˘±¬Û, Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ é≈¬^ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛

Ê√±˚˛·±˚˛ ŒÊ√À·ÀÂ√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˜˚«±√±À¬ı±Ò ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡-˜±Ú≈¯∏ ¤À¸ “√±øÎ¬ˇÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ ¸¬ıøfl¡Â≈√¬ı˛ Œfl¡Àfº

’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬± ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’z¬–àÔ˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Ú± Î¬◊ÀÍ¬

˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøÚÀ¬ı˙¬ı±√œ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’±À¬ı˛±ø¬ÛÓ¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¤‡±ÀÚ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±ÀÚ¬ı˛

¬ı√À˘ ‹øÓ¬˝√√… › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Œfl¡ÃÓ≈¬fl¡˜˚˛ ø˜|Ì ‚ÀÈ¬ ˚±Àfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ë‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìí

(Modernization of tradition) ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛Úº ¤‡±ÀÚ ¬ı…øq¡ fl¡√±ø‰¬» Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ›¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ àÔ±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛

øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ , ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ’±‚±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√˜”˘ ≈√¬ı«˘ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¸˜˚˛ ˘±À· ’ÀÚfl¡º ¬Û≈¬ı˛±ÀÚ± Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

¬Û≈Ú¬ı˛±¬ı‘øM√√ ¬ı&Ò fl¡À¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂˚≈øq¡ ø√À˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¬ı‘øX ‚È¬±ÀÚ± Œ¬ı˙ fl¡øÍ¬Ú fl¡±Ê√º ’ÀÚfl¡±—À˙ ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛

’Ú≈fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬± ’±À¸º

Ù¬˘Ó¬ ¬Ûø(˜œ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬± Œ˚ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı…øq¡¸M± ¬ı± ¬ı…øq¡˜±Ú¸ ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛

Maccleland, Everett Hagen, Alex Inkeles õ∂˜≈‡ Œ˘‡fl¡¬ı˛± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ (Modern Man)

Œ˚ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√ø√˙ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ¸˝√√Ê√˘ˆ¬… Ú˚˛º√

¬Û”À¬ı«˝◊√√ Î¬◊ø~ø‡Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ › Ó¬N·Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬

‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛ ø¬ıù´ ≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ¬Û «±À ˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ ˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’ÀÒ«±ißÓ¬ ¬ı± Î¬◊iß ˛ÀÚ26≈√ Œ√ ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊iß ˛Ú ” fl¡ õ∂ ˛±À¸¬ı˛

õ∂¸Àe·º Ó¬À¬ı, õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛ ¬Ûø(˜œ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À˘±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬

Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√º ˜≈‡…Ó¬, fl¡±Í¬±À˜±-fl¡±˚«·Ó¬ ÓN ¬ı± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±:±¬Ûfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ Ú±Ú± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì › ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ˜ÀÎ¬˘ Ó≈¬À˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Edward Shils, Lucian Pye, Samuel

Huntington, Daniel Larner, David Apter, Almond › Powell õ∂˜≈‡√ ¬ı˝≈√√ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœº

¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±, fl¡±Í¬±À˜±-fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸¬ı˛˘

¬Û˚«±˚˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬¬ı˛, ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ÌÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú Ú±À˜ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

¤fl¡Ô±› ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ˝√√˘ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

fl¡±˚«flË¡˜ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø(˜œ ’±À˘±‰¬fl¡¬ı˛± ˜”˘Ó¬ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…˚˛ ¬ı…q¡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬Ûø(˜œ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬

Œ√˙·≈ø˘˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ › Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ú√G¬ àÔ±¬ÛÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√

Deutsch, Daniel Larner, Edward Shils ¤¬ı— Rostow › Pye-¤¬ı˛ Ú±˜ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º

¤ ◊√√ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıƒ√¬ı˛± õ∂± ˛ ¸fl¡À˘ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß ˛Ú˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ õ∂Ò±Ú ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ì ø √√À¸À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ˛

Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÌÀfl¡√ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Rostow › Pye-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘é¬…

˝√√˘ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‹fl¡… › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ø¬ıd‘¬øÓ¬¸±ÒÚº Edward Shil-› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

¤fl¡øÈ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˘é¬Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¡ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

øˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜”˘ õ∂øÓ¬¬Û±√… ˝√√˘,

ø¬ıfl¡±˙˜±Ú Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¸˜fl¡±˘œÚ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ Œ˚ Ê√øÈ¬˘Ó¬± › ¸˜¸…±ø√¬ı˛

¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ÛXøÓ¬

·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Hagen Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬

¬ı≈øÁ¡À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú “growth of institutions & practices that allow a political system to deal with

its own fundamental problems more effectively”. ŒÓ¬˜Ú ◊√√ ¤fl¡ ◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛ Eisenstadt

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÚÀfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú “the ability of a political system to sustain continuously new

types of political demands & organisations”. ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ õ∂±˚˛ ¬˝≈√√¬ı˝≈√√ ¤fl¡˝◊√√ ¸≈À¬ı˛

fl¡Ô± ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Alfred Diament.

Ó¬À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¸—flË¡±z¬ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ¬ı˛ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±ÀÌ¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ¸—øé¬5 ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡

¬Û±À¬ı˛º

Gabriel Almond ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¸˜”˝√√Àfl¡ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ñõ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√

≈√íøÈ¬ ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛À˘› ¤ ≈˝◊À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛ (Transitional) ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±›

Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº Ó“¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú õ∂˚˛±¸ Œ˚ ø¬ıù´±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ Ó¬± ˝√√˘, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜¸…±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ’À¬Ûé¬± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ’øÒfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ ë√é¬íº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ √é¬Ó¬± ¬ı± ë¸±˜Ô«…í ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸e·øÓ¬ ¬ıÊ√± ˛ Œ¬ı˛À‡ fl¡± « ¸•Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛

õ∂øflË¡ ˛±Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˛º Almond-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ √é¬Ó¬± ¬ı± ¸±˜Ô«… øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ¬Û «±À ˛¬ı˛ fl¡± «±¬ı˘œ¬ı˛

¡Z±¬ı˛± ˚±‰¬±˝◊√√ ˝√√˚˛--[fl¡] ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ, [‡] ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ › [·]

’øˆ¬À˚±Ê√Ú ” fl¡ fl¡± «±¬ı˘œº

Almond › Powell ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÚÒ±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ ¸˜øÒfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q

’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › ¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛º ¤À√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

building), [3] ¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂ √√Ì (Political Participation) ¤¬ı— [4] ¬ı∞I◊Ú › fl¡˘…±Ì¸±ÒÚ (Distritution

& Welfare)º

õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± fl¡¬ı˛± ◊√√ √√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·Í¬Úº ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

¸¬ı˛˘˜±øSfl¡ ¸—·Í¬Ú › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ‹¸¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ Œ˚¸¬ı ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛Ê√±Ó¬ Ê√øÈ¬˘ ¸˜¸…±ø√¬ı˛ ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ d¬À¬ı˛

Ú±Ú± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl‘¡Ó¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡º ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√…¬ı±˝√√œ

¸—·Í¬Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ õ∂±z¬¸œ˜±ÀÓ¬› ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ õ∂±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ÚÀ¬ı±æ”√Ó¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛

fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬ ≈√¬ı«˘ › ø˙øÔ˘º ¬ı…øq¡¬ı˛ Ê√±øÓ¬·Ó¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬…-Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬À˚˛ :±øÓ¬À·±á¬œ·Ó¬, Œfl¡Ã˜·Ó¬ ¬ı±

¸•x√± ˛·Ó¬ ’±Ú≈·Ó¬… Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± õ∂¬ı˘Ó¬¬ı˛ √√ ˛º ˘é¬…Ìœ ˛ √√ , ¬ı˛±©Ü™·Í¬Ú › Ê√±øÓ¬·Í¬Ú õ∂øflË¡ ˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡

˝√√À˘› Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¸˜±Ú ¸±˚≈Ê√… ¬ı˝≈√√ ¸˜À˚˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ õ∂±˚˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√Ìfl¡±¬ı˛œ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡

¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¬ı‘øXº Ú±Ú± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘, ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ › ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛

˜±Ò…À˜ Ê√Ú·Ì Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂ √√ÀÌ¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛√±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬±À˘º ¤ ◊√√ ¬ı √±¬ıœ√±› ˛±¬ı˛ ‰¬±À¬Û ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛›

’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ≈À˚±· ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±ÀÔ ◊√√ ’±øÔ«fl¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ≈À˚±· ≈ø¬ıÒ±¬ı˛

˝√√ ˛, ’Ô¬ı± ¬ı±Ò… ˝√√˚˛º

29.5.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂¸Àe· Lucian Pye

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂¸Àe· Lucian Pye-¤¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬Ûø¬ı˛ø‰¬øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˘é¬Ì·≈26√

(Development Syndrome) Ú±À˜º Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ˘é¬Ì·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ øÓ¬øÚ Œ˚ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬

ø¬ı¯∏˚˛Àfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ¸·≈ø˘ ˝√√˘ ¸˜Ó¬± (Equality), ¸±˜Ô«… (Capacity) ¤¬ı— ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì

(Differentiation)º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › ¸øflË¡˚˛ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬ Ô±fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬Àfl¡˝◊√√ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Pye ¸˜Ó¬±

¬ıÀ˘ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤Àfl¡ ◊√√ ¸øflË¡ ˛ Ú±·ø¬ı˛fl¡Ó¬± (Active Citizenship) ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√ ˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ·ÀÎˇ¬ ›ÀÍ¬ Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀˆ¬√-

Δ¬ı¯∏À˜…¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ ¸˜±Ú±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Œ˚ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˝√√Ê√ ’Ô« ˝√√˘

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±Àfl¡ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛, øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ › õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±º Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸é¬˜Ó¬± ¸‘ø©Ü ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ’Ô«±»,

fl¡±Í¬±À˜±-fl¡±˚«·Ó¬ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ¸é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Pye-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ fl¡±˚« ¸•Û±√ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±˜Ô«… øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß ÀÚ¬ı Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚ ‰¬±ø¬ıS˘é¬Ì √√ ø¬ı ¬±Ê√Úfl¡¬ıÌ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏œfl¡¬ıÌº (Differentiation Specialization)º

’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS flË¡˜¬ıÒ«˜±Ú |˜ø√¬ıˆ¬±À·¬ı˛ Œ˚ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ fl¡˜«·Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › fl¡˜«·Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±› ¸˜Ó≈¬˘º ¤fl¡øÈ¬

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¤Î¬ˇ±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º

¤ õ∂¸Àe· ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… ¸Ó¬fl«¡¬ı±ÌœøÈ¬ Î¬◊2‰¬±¬ı˛Ì fl¡À¬ı˛ ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Pye ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú, Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√À˙¬ı˛

Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸˜Ó¬±, ¸±˜Ô«…, › ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œ˚ øS˜±øSfl¡ ˘é¬Ì·≈26√, Ó¬±¬ı˛± Œ˚ ¬Û¬ı˛¶ÛÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

øÚø(Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¸e·øÓ¬¬Û”Ì« Ó¬± Ú˚˛ , ¬ı¬ı˛— ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ı˛œøÓ¬˜ÀÓ¬± È¬±Ú±À¬Û±ÀÎ¬ˇÚ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº (“In

recognising these three dimensions of equality, capcity & differentiation as lying at the

heart of the development process we do not mean to suggest that they necessarily

fit easily together. On the contrary, historically the tendency has been that there are

acute tensions between the demands for equality, the requirements for capacity & the

process of great differentiation”.)

’Ú…±Ú… Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬› ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡

›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ‚øÚá¬º ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ˙±¸Ú±ÒœÀÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ı…¬ı¸±-¬ı±øÌÊ√… › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±G¬Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ú·¬ı˛-Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛ , ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˜±S±˚˛ ˝√√À˘› ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø˙é¬±¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ ›

:±Úø¬ı:±Ú ‰¬‰«¬±¬ı˛, ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛ õ∂˚≈øq¡ õ∂À˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ø¬ıøé¬5 õ∂¸±¬ı˛º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¸Î¬ˇfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı˝√√Ú, Œ¬ı˛˘¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬˘Ú,

fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ õ∂¸±¬ı˛, ≈ ±˚ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸± √√±À˚… Œ√ œ-ø¬ıÀ√ œ ˆ¬± ∏±¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı±√¬ÛÀS¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±˙ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√

’±˜±À√¬ı˛ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√, ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ , Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ˙øq¡ , ˙≈¬ı˛≈ ˝√√˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±˚˛ Ú±Ú± ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±º

fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ Œ˙¯∏

¬Û˚«z¬ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±Àfl¡ õ∂¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ › Œ¬ı·¬ı±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Ó¬À¬ı ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛Ó¬±¬ıœ

Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±¬Ûœ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¢∂˝√√Ì › ’±RàÔ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˙≈Ò≈ ’¬Û±¬ı˛·˝◊√√ øÂ√˘ Ú±, ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS

’øÚ26≈√fl¡› øÂ√˘º ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ flË¡ø˜fl¡ ’¬ı˘≈ø5¬ı˛ ˜Ò… ø√À˚˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±ÒÚ ‚ÀÈ¬øÚ ¤‡±ÀÚ , ¬ı¬ı˛—

‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ ‹øÓ¬À √√…¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì (modernization of tradition)—˚±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’ÀÚfl¡ ’±¬Û±Ó¬-’¸e·øÓ¬

› ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± ¬ı˛œøÓ¬˜ÀÓ¬± õ∂¬ı˘º

¤¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±-Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ ¬ÛÀ¬ı« Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛Ó¬±¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛

‰¬±À¬Û ø¬ıËøÈ¬˙ ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ Œ˚È≈¬fl≈¡ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛À√¬ı˛ ø√À˚˛øÂ√˘ Ó¬± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡

˙±¸Úõ∂Ì±˘œ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬ Œ√˙œ˚˛ Î¬◊2‰¬¬ı·π˚˛À√¬ı˛ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ ’øˆ¬: › √é¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó≈¬À˘øÂ√˘º

¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛ ’¬ı…¬ıø˝√√Ó¬ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¤ø˘È¬ ¸•x√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ

˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ ¤ø·À˚˛ øÚÀ˚˛ Œ˚ÀÓ¬ õ∂˚˛±¸œ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı±d¬À¬ı¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û˚≈q¡ ’Ô‰¬ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ Ê√±øÓ¬

·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸ √√± ˛fl¡ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡-’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’Ài§ ∏Ì ¤Ê√Ú… ’Ó¬…z¬ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úœ ˛ øÂ√ º ø¬ı¬Û≈ Δ¬ıø‰¬ÀS…

ˆ¬¬ı˛± ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ¬ı˝≈√√Q¬ı±√œ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒ˜”˘fl¡ õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

¸y¬±¬ı… õ∂fl¡ä·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸øißÀ¬ı˙ ‚È¬±Úº ¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¶§±ÒœÚ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛

¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬¬ı˛ ’—˙¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¬ı˝≈√√·≈Ì ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘… flË¡˜¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±

ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊æ”√Ó¬ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± › ¸efl¡È¬·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘±¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ı˝≈√√˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ

Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ ¶§±é¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛, ¤˝◊√√ ¸±˜Ô«… ¬ı± √é¬Ó¬± ’øÊ«√Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º

Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”˘fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ‰¬‰«¬±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±˚˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ø¬ı¯∏˚˛

˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂ùüøÈ¬º ’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À˘› ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úí › ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

Î¬◊iß˚˛Úí ≈√íøÈ¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ’±ÀÂ√º ¸˜d¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬

˝√√ ˛ Ú±º

¬ı±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı Î¬◊iß ÀÚ¬ı ¸±ÀÔ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ıÀÌ¬ı ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’Ó¬…z¬ ‚øÚá¬º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı±¬Ûœ˚ Ò“±À‰¬¬ı ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ıÌ

õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˙≈¬ı˛≈ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ·Ì-’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒø¬ıÒ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜Ó¬±, flË¡˜¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±, ¡ZiZ¸—fl¡È¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ √é¬Ó¬± ¬ı± ¸±˜Ô«… ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ ø¬ıˆ¬øq¡fl¡¬ı˛Ì › fl¡˜«·Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏œfl¡¬ı˛Ì ¬ı‘øX–¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì ˘é¬Ì ¬ıÀ˘

¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬º

ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸—øé¬5 Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Ú –

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ø¬ı¯∏˚˛fl¡ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

3º ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

4º ë‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ìí Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬ fl¡œ∑

6º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú õ∂¸Àe· Lucian Pye-¤¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

7º ˆ¬±¬ı˛ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Ú±øÓ¬√œ‚« õ∂¬ı&Ò ø˘‡≈Úº

1º G. A. Almond & G. B. Powell : Comparative Politics

2º Ali Ashraf & L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology

3º J. C. Johari : Comparative Politics

4º Samuel Huntington : Political Order in a Changing Society

5º ˜‘Ì±˘fl¡±øz¬ Œ‚±¯∏√ød¬√±¬ı˛ . ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Ú

30.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

30.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

30.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú

30.3 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì [Î¬◊»¸]

30.3.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸·Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú¸˜”˝√√

30.4 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛±

30.4.1 ¬õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√, ø¬ıÀé¬±ˆ¬, ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√, ¯∏Î¬ˇ˚La, ’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú

30.4.2 ¬ø¬ıõ≠¬ı

30.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú . ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

30.6 ¸±¬ı±—˙

30.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

30.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

30.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊»¸·≈ø˘ fl¡œ∑

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › Ó¬±»¬Û˚«º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜˝√√œÚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú-õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ’±ÀÂ√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ › ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¬

¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ › ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬

õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı˝◊ √√ ¬ı˛±Ê√œÚøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı± ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ‚ÀÈ¬ ¬ı± ‚È¬±ÀÚ± ˝√√˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ › ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ’z¬ˆ≈«¬q¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈À˘± ¬ı˝≈√√ › ø¬ıø‰¬Sº Œ˚˜Ú,

’±Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, õ∂˚≈øMê√·Ó¬ fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙À˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, Ê√Ú¸—‡…±·Ó¬ › ’øˆ¬¬ı±¸Ú·Ó¬

(migration) ¬ Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì Ê√øÚÓ ¬ Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ|Ìœ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı·Ó¬

øÚÀ ˛±··Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ’±ôLÊ«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ˙øMê√ ”À √√¬ı˛ ˆ¬±¬ı˛ ±À˜…¬ı˛ ¬ Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º¬ ¤ ◊ ¸˜ô¶ Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±ôL › ø¸X±ôL¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ›

õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › Ó¬»¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’¬ı˙…y±¬ıœº øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı± ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛

¬ı˛”¬Û, õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì, ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…, ¸¬ıÀé¬ÀS ¤fl¡¬ı˛fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± fl¡‡ÀÚ± Œ˚˜Ú

flË¡ø˜fl¡ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛¬Û&Ôœ fl¡‡ÀÚ± Ó¬± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’±˜”˘ ¸—À˙±ÒÚ¬Û&Ôœ › ’±fl¡ø¶úfl¡ , fl¡‡ÀÚ± Œ˚˜Ú ¸œø˜Ó¬ ¬ı± ‡øG¬Ó¬

fl¡‡ÀÚ±¬ı± Ó¬± ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ , fl¡‡ÀÚ± Œ˚˜Ú Ó¬± ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« › øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡ fl¡‡ÀÚ± Ó¬± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸ø˝√√—¸ › ¬ı˛q¡é¬˚˛œº

ø¬ıõ≠¬ı, ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…, ¤fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˚±¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì ’Ú…±Ú…

¤¬ı— Œ¸˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ¤¬ı˛ ¬ı…±ø5 › ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛Ó¬± ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ ˜±S±˚˛ Î¬◊»øé¬5 › ’±À˘±øÎ¬ˇÓ¬

fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¶§Ó¬La˜˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¸•ÛÀfl«¡

¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ Ó¬±øNfl¡¬ı˛± Ú±Ú± ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ¬Û˚«±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛-øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ŒÓ¬± Ú ˛ ◊√√, ¬ı¬ı˛— Î¬◊ ¬À ˛ ¤fl¡ ‚øÚá¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±¬ıXº ¤ ◊√√ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡

¸±À¬Ûé¬Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬N (Political Sociology)-¬ı˛ Œfl¡fœ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º

¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ’±ôL–øSê˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

·ÀÎ¬ˇ-›Í¬± øÚø¬ıÎ¬ˇ, ø¬ıø‰¬S › Ê√øÈ¬˘ ¸•§gÊ√±˘º ¶§ ¬±¬ıÓ¬ ◊√√ ¤ ◊√√ Ê√øÈ¬˘ ¸•§gÊ√±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ê√ij ŒÚ ˛ øfl¡Â≈√

õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¬ı± õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¤¬ı— ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±º ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¤˝◊√√

¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ’±z¬–øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › ¸—øù≠©Ü

ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛º ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸˜≈√˚˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛Àfl¡˝◊√√ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘

’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛”¬ÛÀfl¡ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œ¬ı±Á¡±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ˜±Ú¬ıÀ√À˝√√¬ı˛

’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ ’ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜ Ú±Ú± ¬ı˛±¸±˚˛øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı± metabolism ‚ÀÈ¬, Ù¬˘|≈øÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ’±fl‘¡øÓ¬-õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ÀÓ¬

Social metabolism ¬ı± ¸˜±Ê√À√À˝√√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±¸±˚˛øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ˝√√˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸≈¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬Û”Ì« fl¡Ó‘«¬Qfl¡±Í¬±À˜± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

¤˝◊√√ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬Û”Ì« fl¡Ó‘«¬Q-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬Àfl¡ ˚Ô±Ô«ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÚ fl¡¬ı˛±

˚±À¬ı Ú±º ’Ú…ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’øÚ¬ı±˚«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú-õ∂¬ı±À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ’øi§Ó¬º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

˚Ó¬ øÚø¬ıÎ¬ˇˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ≈√íøÈ¬ ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±

Ú˚˛º ¸˜¢∂ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÚÀfl¡ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ëÎ¬◊¬Û¬ı…¬ıàÔ±í (Sub-

system) ¬ıÀ˘ Ò¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ¸M√√±øÈ¬ Œõ∂±øÔÓ¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¡ZiZ ¸—‚±Ó¬˜˚˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬º ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

¸≈”√¬ı˛Ó¬˜ ’Ó¬œÓ¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ’Ó¬…±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±˘ ¬Û˚«z¬ Œfl¡±Ú› fl¡±À˘˝◊√√ ¤˝◊√√ ¡ZiZ˜˚˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛±

˚±˚˛øÚº [˜±'«-fl¡øÔÓ¬ ’±ø√˜ ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ¸˜±Ê√ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡› ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛ ’¬ıfl¡±˙ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú]º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±Ó¬˜˚˛

õ∂fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Ê√ij ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√–¤fl¡ ø‰¬¬ı˛z¬Ú õ∂¬ı±˝√√ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√ øÈ¬Àfl¡ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤˝◊√√ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬ ¤fl¡ ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜˝√√œÚ Œ¸Ë±Ó¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ô« ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ¤ Ú˚˛ Œ˚ ¤˝◊√√ Œ¸Ë±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛

Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı√˘ ‚ÀÈ¬øÚº ¬ı¬ı˛— õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ¸Ó¬…øÈ¬ ˝√√˘, ¤˝◊√√ Œ¸Ë±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı√˘ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¬Û˚«±À˚˛, Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı

¤¬ı— ¤·≈À˘±˝◊√√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡ ¸ø&Òé¬Ì ¬ıÀ˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ ’±ÀÂ√º ¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛ Ó¬±˝◊√√, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬

’±¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ‰¬˘˜±ÚÓ¬± ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛Àfl¡ øÚ˚˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ Ò±¬ı˛± Ú±Ú± ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ›

’±Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú¸ ”À √√¬ı ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¸˜± √√±À¬ı¬ı ¸±ÀÔ ‚øÚá¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸¥¤&Ò ≈q¡º (“Political change is intricately

related to a wide Spectrum of social & economic factors”—Davies & Lewis : Models

of Political Systems) º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˚‡Ú ø˙ä±˚˛Ú, Ú·¬ı˛±˚˛Ì, ø˙é¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛,

õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± flË¡˜˙ ø¬ıd‘¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬‡Ú Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, õ∂Ó¬…±˙±

› ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı õ∂Ó¬…±˙± › √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±·≈ø˘¬ı˛ Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘±˚˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

¸e·øÓ¬ ¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ Œ√À˙ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › ¬ÛXøÓ¬-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ õ∂À ˛±Ê√Úœ ˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú±º ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú flË¡˜±i§ø˚˛fl¡, Òœ¬ı˛·øÓ¬¸•Ûiß › øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡º

øfl¡z≈¬ ¤ fl¡Ô± fl¡‡ÀÚ± ¬ı˘± ˚±À¬ı Ú± Œ˚, Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Œ˚¸¬ı ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ó¬…±˙± › √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±

Ê√ij ŒÚ˚˛ ¤¬ı— Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ú≈¬Û±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˝◊√√

¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¬ı¬ı˛— ’ÀÚfl¡ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬À¬ı· ¬ı± ˜±S± ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ

›Í¬± ‰¬±ø˝√√√± › √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ù≠Ô·øÓ¬ › ¸œø˜Ó¬˜±øSfl¡º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ õ∂Ó¬…±˙±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı±d¬¬ı ·øÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ ’¸±˜?¸… ¬ı± ‚±È¬øÓ¬ Ó¬± flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀÓ¬ Ô±fl¡À˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

¬Û≈ø?ˆ”¬Ó¬ ø¬ıÀé¬±ˆ¬ ˝◊√√Ó¬d¬Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√-ø¬ıÀ¶£¬±¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˆ¬e·œÀÓ¬ ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙ ‚È¬±˚˛ , ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡‡ÀÚ±¬ı± Ó¬± ¸≈¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬

ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û ŒÚ˚˛º ¤ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±, ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√ é¬˜Ó¬±˝◊√√ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ı± Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±¬ı˛ ·…±¬ı˛±øKI◊º ¤Àfl¡ ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬

¬Û±ø¬ı˛ ë¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı±ø˝√√fl¡Ó¬±í (Continuity through change)º

30.3.1 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸·Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú¸˜”˝√

’±À·˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ˚, ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı…øq¡, Œ·±á¬œ, ¬ı·«, ¸•x√±˚˛ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¡ZiZ-

¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ ”¬ø˜ ŒÔÀfl¡ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì › Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Ê√ijº ¶§ ¬±¬ıÓ¬ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜”À˘› ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¤˝◊√√ ¡ZiZ¸efl≈¡˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˚± ’øÚ¬ı±˚«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º√

¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú˝◊√√ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛–¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ fl¡Ô±

¬ı˘± ˝√√À˘› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ø˝√√À¸À¬ı fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂Ò±Ú Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú¸”ÀS¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

Tom Bottomore ¤˝◊√√¬ı˛fl¡˜ øÚø«√©Ü fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú¸”SÀfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ¬ıÀ˘ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ø√fl¡

ŒÔÀfl¡ õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛Àfl¡º ˜±'¬π˚˛ ‘√ø©ÜÀfl¡±Ì ŒÔÀfl¡,

Œ|Ìœø¬ıˆ¬q¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Δ¬ı¯∏ø˚˛fl¡ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÚÒ±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ Œfl¡f fl¡À¬ı˛ Œ˚ ≈√íøÈ¬ ˜≈‡… Œ|Ìœ ≈√˝◊√√ ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛-ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛

¸—‚±ÀÓ¬ ø˘5 ˝√√˚˛, Ó¬±¬ı˛¬ Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ é¬˜Ó¬±-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ ˚± ’¬ı˙…y±¬ıœˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ”‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛º ˜±'¬π ˛ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ ’Ú≈ ± ˛œ, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Δ¬ı ∏ø ˛fl¡ Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú › ¬ı∞I◊ÚÒ±¬ı˛±, ’Ô«±» ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛Àfl¡ øÚ ˛øLaÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ≈Ò≈ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ◊√√ Ú ˛, ’Ú…±Ú…

Î¬◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±, Œ˚˜Ú ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ø˙é¬±·Ó¬ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Ûø¬ı˛-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤˝◊√√

’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú˝◊√√º

Œfl¡±Ú› Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Ù¬˘|≈øÓ¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Œ√‡± ˝√√˚˛ Ú±, Œ√‡± ˝√√˚˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú fl¡À˜«

øÚ˚≈q¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙À˘¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú-õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ Ó¬7¡¡¡øÚÓ¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ø˝√√À¸À¬ıº ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ø˙ä¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı › ø¬ıfl¡±À˙¬ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¤ fl¡Ô± ’±Ê√ ¸¬ı«Ê√Ú¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ Œ˚, ’Ó¬…±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ˚LaøÚˆ«¬¬ı˛

Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˙øq¡¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ˝√√˚˛, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ Œ˚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú

’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡› ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ø˙äø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π

ø¬ıÀù´ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ˚±øLafl¡ › õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ ø¬ıfl¡±˙-ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ ˙≈Ò≈˜±S ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú › ¬ı∞I◊Ú-ø¬ıøÚ˜˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛

Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ‚È¬±˚˛øÚ, ¬ı√À˘ ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ˜±Úø¬ıfl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì±

˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√, ˚±¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬‚±ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú ¸˜”À˝√√º ˚±øLafl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’ˆ”¬Ó¬¬Û”¬ı«

’¢∂·øÓ¬ ¸—À˚±·-¬ı…¬ıàÔ±› õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ √é¬Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı ≈√√·≈Ì ¬ı±øÎ¬ˇÀ ˛ Ó≈¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬Àfl¬ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’ˆ¬±¬ıÚœ˚˛ ’¢∂·øÓ¬ [Œ˚˜Ú fl‘¡øS˜ Î¬◊¬Û¢∂˝√√ Œ˚±·±À˚±·, ˝◊√√KI◊±¬ı˛ÀÚÈ¬-fl¡ø•ÛÎ¬◊È¬±¬ı˛ Œ˚±·±À˚±·,

ƒ’±Ìø¬ıfl¡ Œ¬ı±˜± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√] ˙≈Ò≈˜±S Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡˝◊√√ Ú˚˛, ’±ôL√Ê«±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˙øMê√¸±˜…Àfl¡

¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ”S √√ ≈Xº Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Nø¬ı√ ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏Ó¬

Œfl“¡±Ó¬, Œ¶Ûk±¬ı˛, ›À¬ÛÚ˝√√± ◊√√˜±¬ı˛ ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı˛+¬Û±ôLÀ¬ı˛¬ı˛ ”À˘ ¤fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ≈ÀX¬ı˛

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº õ∂±‰¬œÚfl¡±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ŒÂ√±È¬ ŒÂ√±È¬ Œ·±á¬œ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıô¶±¬ı˛ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ,

Î¬◊¬ÛÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚ ¬ı‘˝√√M√√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ¬ı˛ ’e·œˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, é≈¬^ é≈¬^ ø¬ıø26√iß Ê√ÚÀ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸˜¬ı±À˚˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ

Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ ¸≈ø¬ı˙±˘ ¸±•⁄±Ê√…º ‡G¬-é≈¬^ ˜±Ú¬ıÀ·±á¬œÀfl¡ ¸—‚¬ıX ø¬ı˙±˘Ó¬± √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ øˆ¬øM√√¬ı˛

‘√Ï¬ˇfl¡¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ˚≈X ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛

ë¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±˚≈Xí-¤¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜˝◊√√ ¶§Ó¬La Ê√±øÓ¬¸M±¬ı˛ ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙ ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ¬ı‘˝√√» ¸±•⁄±ÀÊ√…¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ±˙ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º

¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛, ˚≈X Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ é≈¬^ é≈¬^ ˜±Ú¬ıÀ·±á¬œÀfl¡ ¸˜øi§Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸≈¬ı‘˝√√» ¸±•⁄±Ê√…Àfl¡

‡G¬-ø¬ıø26√iß fl¡À¬ı˛ Ê√ij ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¶§˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛º Ù¬˘Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ¬Û&Ô±-¬ÛXøÓ¬¬ı˛

Ú¬ı Ú¬ı ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ ˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ’ø¬ı¸—¬ı±√œº

’±¬ı±¬ı˛, fl¡± « ˜…±Ú √√± ◊√√ õ∂Ê√ij·Ó¬ ø¬ı ∏ Ó¬± ¬ı± ¬ı…¬ıÒ±ÚÀfl¡ (Generation gap) ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

’Ú…Ó¬˜ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú¸”S ¬ıÀ˘ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡fl¡±À˘ ^≈Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú˙œ˘ ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

¤fl¡ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ê√ij ¬Û”¬ı«¬ıÓ¬π õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò, ¬ı˛≈ø‰¬ › ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’±‰¬¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¤Ó¬È¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı√À˘

˚±˚˛ Œ˚ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…±˙± › ’±˙±-’±fl¡±eé¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı˛ÀÌ ÚÓ≈¬ÚÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ Ê√±Ú±ÀÓ¬

Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı-¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂Ê√Àij¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬La › ˜≈q¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤ õ∂¸Àe·

·Ìõ∂Ê√±Ó¬±øLafl¡ ‰¬œÀÚ øÓ¬À˚˛Ú-’±Ú-Œ˜Ú Œ¶®±˚˛±À¬ı˛ ¸˜À¬ıÓ¬ Â√±SÀ√¬ı˛ ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±› ¶ú¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ Ú±¬ı˛œ¬ı±√œ ’±Àμ±˘Ú ¸˜±Ê√ › ¬ı˛±©Ü™fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¤¬ı— ¬ı…øq¡-¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± Ó¬Ô± ˜±Ú¬ı±øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛

ÚÓ≈¬Ú ¤fl¡ ˜±S± Œ˚±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬Û”¬ı«±Ú≈¸‘Ó¬ ø¬ıøÒø¬ıÒ±Ú-¤¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı√À˘ ˚±›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± Œ√‡± ø√À˚˛ÀÂ√º

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬·Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ≈√íˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˝√√˘ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡, ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬

¬ı± ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ’Ú…øÈ¬ ÷øoÓ¬, õ∂d¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±º õ∂øÓ¬øÚ˚˛Ó¬ ’±˜±À√¬ı˛

¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ Œ˚ ø¬ıø‰¬S ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ õ∂øflË¡ ˛±–’±Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡, ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂ ≈øq¡·Ó¬–Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«Ó¬ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛, Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¤˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡, ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ ¬ı± øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±ÀÌ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±-øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘

ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ù¬À˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì-õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú±ø√¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±øÒÓ¬

˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±ÀÚ±flË¡À˜˝◊√ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ‰¬À˘ Ú±¬ , ¬ıÎ¬ˇ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Ó¬± ¤fl¡ ˜±S±·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úº

¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…, ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¡˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ’äø¬ıd¬¬ı˛ ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬

˝√√À ˛ ‰¬À˘ÀÂ√º√

’±¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˝√√˘ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ˝◊√√26√±õ∂¸”Ó¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬º Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛

Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¤˝◊√√ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ › ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸ÀM3› õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œ˚ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘ ˆ¬±¬ı˛¸±˜… ¬ıÊ√±˚˛

Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸fl¡˘ ’—À˙¬ı˛ › d¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÂ√ ¸˜±Úˆ¬±À¬ı ¢∂˝√√Ìœ˚˛ ¬ı± ¸˝√√Úœ˚˛ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ù¬À˘

Œ¸˝◊√√¸¬ı ˜±Ú≈¯∏ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú õ∂Ó¬…±˙±˚˛ õ∂d¬±¬ı fl¡À¬ı˛Ú ¤¬ı— ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± fl¡À¬ı˛Ú øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛º

¬ıÎ¬ˇ¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˜±ÀÚ˝◊√√ Œ˚ Ó¬± ¸¬ı¸˜˚˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬œ , Ó¬± Ú˚˛º

fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú-¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ˙≈Ò≈˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı± ˜±S±·Ó¬, ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡‡Ú›¬ı± Ó¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¤˝◊√√ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú–˚± ¸À‰¬Ó¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı

˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± õ∂d¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬–Ó¬± øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√

õ∂d¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú fl¡‡Ú› Œ˚˜Ú ’±˜”˘¬Û&Ôœ ¬ı± Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ fl¡‡Ú› flË¡ø˜fl¡ ›

Òœ¬ı˛·øÓ¬¸•Ûiß , fl¡‡Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ˚˜Ú ’±À¬Û±¯∏˜≈‡œ fl¡‡Ú› Ó¬± ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸—‚±Ó¬¬Û”Ì« , fl¡‡Ú› Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛q¡±q¡

ŒÓ¬˜øÚ fl¡‡Ú› ¬ı˛q¡¬Û±Ó¬˝√√œÚº

30.4.1 õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√, ø¬ıÀé¬±ˆ¬, ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√, õ∂±¸±√ ¯∏Î¬ˇ˚La, ’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú

õ∂ùü·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ‚øÚá¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬º øfl¡z≈¬ Œfl¡±Ú› øÚø«√©Ü

¸˜˚˛fl¡±À˘ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¡ZiZ¸—‚±Ó¬ › ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…-’ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±Ú¸”S ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

¬ı± ¬ÛXøÓ¬õ∂fl¡¬ı˛Ì ‰¬±˘≈ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¸fl¡˘ ’—À˙¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q › ¸˜‘øX¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¶§ˆ¬±¬ıÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸˜±Ú ’Ú≈fl”¡˘

Ú˚˛º Ù¬À˘ ¤˝◊√√ ’¸±˜… › ’¸±À˜…¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±Ò ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ¸=±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œé¬±ˆ¬ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ Œé¬±ˆ¬ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√

fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ø¬ıÀé¬±ˆ¬ › ø¬ıÀ^±À˝√√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬˝√√±¬ı˛± ŒÚ˚˛º ø¬ıø26√iß Œé¬±ˆ¬ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√ øfl¡Â≈√È¬± ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ’±fl¡±À¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ^±À˝√√¬ı˛ Œ‰¬˝√√±¬ı˛± øÚÀ˘› ’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±Ú› ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¬ı± ”√¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬ ˘é¬… øàÔ¬ı˛

Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ ø¬ıÀé¬±Àˆ¬ › ø¬ıø26√iß õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ¸≈¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤¬ı— Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬

› ”√¬ı˛±˚˛Ó¬ ˘Àé¬… ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛˝◊√√ fl¡±˚«fl¡±¬ı˛œˆ¬±À¬ı ”√¬ı˛õ∂¸±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ ¸y ¬ıº Ó¬À¬ı ¤˝◊√

¸≈¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ › ¸≈¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ õ∂˚˛±¸ ≈√˝◊√√ ø¬ıfl¡ä ¬ÛÀÔ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸±¬ı˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛¬ , ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ’À¬Ûé¬±fl‘¡Ó¬ ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« ›

øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛÔ ¤¬ı— ’Ú…øÈ¬ ¸˙¶a › Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ÛÔº Ó¬À¬ı ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« › øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛÀÔ

¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S √√ ˛ Òœ¬ı˛·øÓ¬¸•Ûiß › øÚÓ¬±z¬ ◊√√ ˜±S±·Ó¬º ¤¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

Œfl¡±Ú› ’±˜˘ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ Ú±º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤ fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛±› ¸e·Ó¬ Ú˚˛ Œ˚, ‰¬¬ı˛˜ ¸—‚±Ó¬˜˚˛

› ¸˙¶a ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ˜±ÀS˝◊√√ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ › ’±˜”˘ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬fl¡º Œ˚˜Ú, õ∂±¸±√ ¯∏Î¬ˇ˚La ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸˜±Ê√-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ’±˜”˘ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ‚ÀÈ¬ Ú±º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

·≈Ì·Ó¬ › ”√¬ı˛õ∂¸±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤fl¡˜±S ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú±ø√¬ı˛

’±˜”˘ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ’¬ı√±Ú › ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ › ‰¬˜fl¡õ∂√, Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › Ó¬±»¬Û˚« ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± √±¬ıœ fl¡À¬ı˛º

ø¬ıõ≠¬ı

ø‚À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Ò±¬ı˛Ì±·Ó¬ ø¬ıw¬±øz¬ › Ó¬±øNfl¡ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û › ¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Œ˚˜Ú Ú±Ú± ø¬ıw¬±øz¬fl¡¬ı˛

Ò±¬ı˛Ì± õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ, ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe·, ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ø˝√√—¸±¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡øÈ¬Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡

˝√√˘ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıº ¤˝◊√√ ’ÀÔ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± √‡À˘¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ëõ∂±¸±√ ¯∏Î¬ˇ˚Laí ¬ı± Œfl¡±Ú› ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú› ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¬Û√¬ı±‰¬… ¬ı± ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸˜Ò˜πº ¬ı˘± ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…, ¤ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˚Ô±Ô« Ú˚˛º ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’øÓ¬

ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬º øfl¡z≈¬ õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ’ÀÔ« ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬˜ ˘é¬ÌøÈ¬ ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’Ú≈¬ÛøàÔÓ¬º ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

¸˜±ÀÊ√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…-’ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ¬ı√À˘ ˚±˚˛º ¬Û”À¬ı«fl¡±¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ÚÓ≈¬Ú

Œfl¡±Ú› Œ|Ìœ¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… õ∂øÓ¬á¬±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬Ú± ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ õ∂±¸±√ ¯∏Î¬ˇ˚La ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

¸˜±Ê√ ¬ı± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ|Ìœ·Ó¬ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı∞I◊Ú ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Œ˝√√¬ı˛ÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Ù¬˘Ó¬, ‹øÓ¬˝√√±ø¸fl¡

ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛º ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

¤˝◊√√ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ’¢∂·øÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı › õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ‚ÀÈ¬ ¤fl¡ ’±˜”˘ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛, õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¤fl¡

ÚÓ≈¬Ú Œ|Ìœ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…º ’±¬ı˛ ¤È¬± ◊√√ ˝√√˘ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ”‡… ‰¬±ø¬ı˛S˘é¬Ìº ’Ó¬¤¬ı Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ·‘ √√ ≈ÀX¬ı˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬, õ∂±¸±√-¯∏Î¬ˇ˚La ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÚÀfl¡ ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ˆ≈¬q¡ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±¬ , ¬ı¬ı˛— fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú›

Ú˚˛¬ , ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˝√√˘ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ıÚ…±¸-¸—àÔ±¬ÛÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸”‰¬fl¡º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÓ¬±z¬˝◊√√ øÚ¬ı˛≈¬Û±˚˛ √˙«Àfl¡¬ı˛º

¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ø˝√√—¸±¬ı˛ ˚Ô±Ô« ¸•Ûfl«¡ øÚÀ˚˛› Ú±Ú± ø¬ıÓ¬Àfl«¡¬ı˛ ¸”S¬Û±Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±Ô«-

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ıøÒø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± √‡À˘¬ı˛ Œ˚ õ∂˚˛±¸

ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬± øfl¡ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ø˝√√—¸±|˚˛œ › ¬ı˛q¡¬Û±Ó¬¬Û”Ì«∑ ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±˚˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√

Œ˚ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ˜”˘Ó¬˝◊√√ Ò√ı—¸±Rfl¡ › ¸ø˝√√—¸ fl¡˜«fl¡±G¬ ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± [˜”˘Ó¬

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú]-Œfl¡ Ò√ı—¸ fl¡À¬ı˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Œ‰¬©Ü±¬ı˛

ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¬Û”À¬ı«fl¡±¬ı˛ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…fl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ|Ìœ › õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú·≈ø˘ ¸ø˝—¸ õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±Ò ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ ˚±¬ı˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ Œ|Ìœ·≈ø˘¬ı˛

¬ÛÀé¬› ø˝√√—¸±|˚˛œ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ’¬ı˘•§Ú ’¬ı˙…y±¬ıœ › Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛ ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º øfl¡z≈¬ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ ˙øq¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø˝√√—¸±|˚˛œ

õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜±S± ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ Œˆ¬À√ øˆ¬iß ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ø¬ıõ≠¬ı-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ Ó¬±øNfl¡¬ı˛± ø¬ıõ≠¬ıÀfl¡ ¸˜±Ê√

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤˝◊ ’øˆ¬À˚±· fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

√¬ı˛≈Ú ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Œ˚ ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ é¬˚˛é¬øÓ¬, ¸•ÛøM√√¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ±˙ › ˝√√Ó¬…±˘œ˘± ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ fl¡˘…±ÀÌ¬ı˛

Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’fl¡˘…±Ì˝◊√√ ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ é¬˚˛é¬øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Î¬◊2‰¬˜”À˘…¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ˝◊√√ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı ¸˜±Ê√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

¬Û&Ô± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ’fl¡±˜… › ¬Ûø¬ı˛Ó¬…±q¡º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡¬ı˛± ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Œ˚, ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı ø˝√√—¸± › ˝√√Ó¬…±˘œ˘±¬ı˛

√±˚˛ˆ¬±· ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœÀ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ıÓ«¬±˚˛ Ú±¬ , Ó¬± ¬ıÓ«¬±˚˛ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± é¬ø˚˛c≈ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ fl¡±À˚˛ø˜¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ≈¬À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛, ˚±¬ı˛±

ø˝√√—¸Ëˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂˚˛±¸Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊√…Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬˘Ó¬, fl¡±À˚˛ø˜¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛√ ¤˝◊√√ ø˝√√—¸±Rfl¡

õ∂øÓ¬À¬ı˛±ÀÒ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛˝◊√√ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıœ ø˝√√—¸±¬ı˛ ˜±S± › ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡Ó¬± øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘º

ø√ÀÓ¬ ¸øflË¡˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡, Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬˜Ó¬±√˙« ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœº ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˘ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ’¸—·øÓ¬, ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú,

’± ” ¬ı”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı± Î¬◊À26√À√ ¸øflË¡ ˛ ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛±º ’Ô«±», ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¬ı˛é¬±fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

˜Ó¬±√˙« ’±ÀÂ√, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬˜fl¡±˜œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı› ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛

Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡˜ √√ º ¤fl¡fl¡Ô± ˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¬ı± àÔ±ø ˛ÀQ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS›

ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸˜±Ú Î¬◊À~‡Úœ˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œ˚ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬ı˛À˚˛ÀÂ√ Œ¸øÈ¬ Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√À˘ õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊√√ ¶ú¬ı˛ÀÌ

¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ ≈√íˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˝√√˘ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡

¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ › ’øÚ¬ı±˚« Ò±¬ı˛± ˚± ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú ˝◊√√26√±õ∂¸”Ó¬ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ Ú˚˛º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘

Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬‚±ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ¬ı±Ò…Ó¬ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√ ˛º ¤¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ¸•Ûfl«¡ ŒÚ ◊√√º øfl¡z≈¬ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú õ∂d¬±¬ı › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ’Ú≈ ± ˛œ Œ˚¸¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ¬ı± ¸±ÒÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂˚˛±¸ ‰¬À˘ Ó¬± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√ « ◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øÚø √√Ó¬ ’¸—·øÓ¬ ’À˚Ãøq¡fl¡Ó¬± › ’˜±Úø¬ıfl¡Ó¬±,

¤˜Úøfl¡ ¸˜¢∂ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı…¬ıàÔ±øÈ¬¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬± ¬ı± ’õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬±Àfl¡ Î¬◊Àij±ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ Ó¬±¬ı˛ flË¡ø˜fl¡ ¸—‡…±¬ı˛

’Ô¬ı± ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ ø¬ıÀ˘±¬Û › ¬ı”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ó¬± ◊√√ ˜Ó¬±√ «Àfl¡

¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬œ ˜Ó¬±√˙«º Ó¬À¬ı, ’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ˆ¬±· ¸øÍ¬fl¡ ˜ÀÚ ˝√√À˘› ·ˆ¬œ¬ı˛Ó¬¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ

˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ø¬ıˆ¬±Ê√Ú ˝√√˚˛ÀÓ¬± ‡≈¬ı ˚≈øq¡˚≈q¡ Ú˚˛º fl¡±¬ı˛Ì, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬

ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛¬ı±√œ › Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ‰¬ø¬ı˛ÀS¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… øÚÌ«˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬º Œ˚˜Ú, Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√

Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ø¬ı√…˜±Ú Œfl¡±Ú› ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡ Ó¬±˝◊√√ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√ ¤˝◊√√ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙

¤¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛¸±ÒÚ › ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±øÒÓ¬± fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, ˜±'«¬¬ı±√ Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬

Œ|ÌœÀ˙±¯∏Ìøˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¬ı≈ÀÊ«√±˚˛± ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Ó¬±˝◊√√ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÒÀÚ ¬Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Û&Ô±¬ı˛ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬œ ˝√√À˘›

õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÀÚ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Û&Ô±¬ı˛ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬œ Ú˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬

¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚, Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚ ˜Ó¬±√˙« Ó¬± ¸¬ı«√±˝◊ ¸—¶®±¬ı˛¬Û&Ôœ, Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡

Ú ˛º

[1] ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬˙œ˘ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú› ¤fl¡ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«

› ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜˝√√œÚ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º øfl¬ôL≈√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡˚≈q¡ ˝√√À˘› ¤ ≈√íøÈ¬

øˆ¬iß ¬Û˚«±˚˛ˆ≈¬q¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±º ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ ˚Ó¬ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ Ó¬± ¸¬ı˝◊√√

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√ ’ÀÔ« ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

’e·º øfl¡z≈¬ ¸˜d¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Ú˚˛, ¬ı˘±˝◊√√ ¬ı±˝≈√√˘…º

[2] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì øÚø˝√√Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬º õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡

¸˜±ÀÊ√ ◊√√ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…-’ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡º√√ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¬ı ≈√√ø¬ıø‰¬S ¡ZiZ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ‰¬±À¬Û

’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬…-’ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂±øÓ¬á¬±øÚfl¡ ¬ı”¬Û¬ı˛œøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ¬ı√˘ ‚ÀÈ¬ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ıÀ˘ ’øˆ¬ø √√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ‰¬À˘º ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛± ˛ Œ˚ ’±øÔ«fl¡, õ∂ ≈øq¡·Ó¬, ¬ı± ø˙é¬±-¸—¶‘®øÓ¬·Ó¬

Ú±Ú± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ ‰¬À˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚È¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı±Ò…º Ó¬À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛

Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±·Ó¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ú≈¬Û±øÓ¬fl¡ ˝√√±À¬ı˛ ¬ı± ·øÓ¬À¬ıÀ· Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ Ó¬± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¬ÛøG¬Ó¬¬ı˛±º ·≈¬ı˛≈ÀQ¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ õ∂ÔÀ˜˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ ’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬

Œ|Ìœ-¸—‚±Ó¬·Ó¬ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Úº ¤¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛˝◊√√ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√Ú Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ÚÓ≈¬Ú õ∂˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±· ›

˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√Àfl¡› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ’øˆ¬‚±Ó¬ ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛

Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ˝√√˘ ˚≈X, ˚±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ õ∂Ê√ij·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıÒ±ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û±√±ÚøÈ¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô±º ¤fl¡ õ∂Ê√ij ŒÔÀfl¡ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬π õ∂Ê√Àij ˜±Ú≈À¯∏¬ı˛

‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ, ” …À¬ı±Ò, ¬ı≈ø‰¬ › õ∂Ó¬…±˙± ˛ Œ˚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ‚ÀÈ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬±À¬Û› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú¸ ” √√

¬ı√˘±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

[4] ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò±¬ı˛± ˛ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ √√ ˛º õ∂Ò±Ú ≈√íøÈ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ √√ ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬, ’øÚ¬ı± «

¬ı± ’¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ’Ú…øÈ¬ õ∂d¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡›

≈√íøÈ¬ Ò±¬ı˛±˚˛ ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛–¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚ˚˛˜Ó¬±øLafl¡ ˙±øz¬¬Û”Ì« ’±˝◊√√Ú±Ú≈· Ò±¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ’Ú…øÈ¬ ‰¬¬ı˛˜¬Û&Ôœ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡

Ò±¬ı˛±º õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛¬±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı±√, ø¬ıÀé¬±ˆ¬ ¬ı± ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ ø¬ıøé¬5 ¬ı± ’¸—˘¢üˆ¬±À¬ı ’±Rõ∂fl¡±˙

fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ıÀÈ¬, øfl¡z≈¬ ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬ ¬ÛÀÔ Ó¬±Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±ø·À˚˛ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ › ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œ˚ ø¬ı¬ı˛±˜˝√√œÚ Ò±¬ı˛± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜Ú ¸•Ûfl«¡

ŒÚ ◊√√ ¬ı˘À˘ ◊√√ ‰¬À˘º øfl¬ôL≈√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˛ ˜±Ú≈À ∏¬ı˛ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Ú õ∂d¬±¬ı › ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ’Ú≈ ± ˛œ Œ˚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú

¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬± õ∂±˚˛ ¸fl¡˘ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈¸±¬ı˛œº ¤Àé¬ÀS ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

ø¡Zø¬ıÒº ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±

¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¸± √√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬Ò˜π Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√ « ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’õ∂¸±øe·fl¡Ó¬±

øÚÀ•ß±q¡ ø¬ı¬ı‘øÓ¬·≈ø˘ øÍ¬fl¡ Ú± ˆ≈¬˘ Ó¬± [ ] ø√À˚˛ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

øÍ¬fl¡ ≈¬˘

1º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˜±ÀS˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú–

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ˜±ÀS˝◊√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú–

3º ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¡ZiZ-¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛–

4º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¬Û±√ÚÒ±¬ı˛± › Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±˚˛ õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ ø¬ıfl¡±˙-ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

√¬ı˛≈Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±øÒÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛–

5º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ¸¬ı«√±˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡øäÓ¬–

6º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¶§Ó¬–¶£”¬Ó«¬ › ’±fl¡ø¶úfl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ˝√√˘ ø¬ıõ≠¬ı–

7º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« Â√±Î¬ˇ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸yˆ¬¬ı Ú˚˛–

ÚœÀ‰¬¬ı˛ õ∂ùü·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸—øé¬5 Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ ø√Úº

1º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

2º ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑

3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜ fl¡œ∑

4º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬«ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’Ô«ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

5º ˚≈X fl¡œˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸±ÒÚ fl¡À¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

6º ø¬ıõ≠À¬ı¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… øÚ¬ı˛”¬ÛÌ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

7º ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ øÚ¬ı˛”¬ÛÌ fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

1º G. A. Almond & G. B. Powell : Comparative Politics

2º T. Bottomore : Political Sociology

3º Samuel Huntington : Political Order in a Changing Society

4º Ali Ashraf & L. N. Sharma : Political Sociology

31.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

31.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

31.2 Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì± Ó¬N › ˜Ó¬±√ «

31.3 ˜Ó¬±√˙« ø¬ıøˆ¬ißÓ¬±

31.3.1 ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Î¬◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ øˆ¬ißÓ¬±

31.4 ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬±·Ó¬ fl¡±˚«±¬ı˘œ

31.4.1 ¬˜Ó¬±√˙« › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı∞I◊Ú

31.4.2 ˜Ó¬±√˙« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú

31.5 ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú

31.6 ¸±¬ı±—˙

31.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

31.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

31.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, Ó¬N ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑

˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ øˆ¬ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì fl¡œ∑

¬˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬± fl¡œ fl¡œ∑

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì › ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º

¬˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Ú ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬˙±À¶a¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ’±À˘±ø‰¬Ó¬¬ı… ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«, ¤¬ı— ø¬ıø¬ıÒ

› õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¸˜”˝√√ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸˜˚˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ‡≈¬ı˝◊√√ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡ ˝√√À˚˛

›ÀÍ¬º ¤¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ˝◊√√øe·Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ø·À˚˛ Alan R. Ball ¬ıÀ˘ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ÚœøÓ¬

øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì › ø¸X±z¬ ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ¬ı˛ fl¡±Ê√ ¤fl¡ ˜”˘…À¬ı±Ò-fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…˝◊√√ ¸•Û±ø√Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º (....in every type of

political system, policies are formulated and decisions are made within a value-frame-

work.) Ó≈¬˘Ú±˜”≈˘fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¸À¬ı˛ Ó¬±˝◊√√ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂¸e· › ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«Ó¬ ¤À¸ ¬ÛÀÎ¬ˇº Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘, Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’z¬·«Ó¬ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú±-ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏ÀÌ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¤fl¡ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« ¸˝√√±˚˛fl¡

Î¬◊¬Û±√±Úº

øfl¡z≈¬ ˜”˘ õ∂ùüøÈ¬ ˝√√˘, ˜Ó¬±√˙«, ¬ı± ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ øÍ¬fl¡ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑ ˜Ó¬±√˙«

õ∂À˚˛±· fl¡À¬ı˛Ú Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø‰¬ôL±ø¬ı√ Destutt de Tracy 1797 ¸±À˘º ˜”˘Ó¬ ’øÒø¬ı√…±˜”˘fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ¬ı±Òœ¬ı+À¬Û øÓ¬øÚ ëˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı±¬ı ø¬ı:±Úí ¬ı+À¬Û ˜Ó¬±√ « ˙søÈ¬ ¬ı…¬ı √√±¬ı fl¡À¬ıÚº ’Ó¬œÀÓ¬¬ı ’Õ¬ı:±øÚfl¡ ’øÒø¬ı√…± ” fl¡

ø‰¬ôL±Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Ù¬¬ı˛±¸œ ø¬ıõ≠¬ıfl¡±˘œÚ ˚≈øq¡øˆ¬øM√√fl¡ ¸—˝√√Ó¬ ˆ¬±¬ıÒ±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ øÓ¬øÚ ÚÓ≈¬Ú ˙søÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√±¬ıÚ

fl¡À¬ı˛Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¸˜”˝√√ (Political ideas), ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬N ¬ı± ˜Ó¬¬ı±√ (Political theory) ›

’ÀÔ« ¤À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ øfl¡Â≈√ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ò…±ÚÒ±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏

¬ı± ‡G¬ ‡G¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ı± õ∂ùü ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸≈ø‰¬øz¬Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±˜Ó¬Àfl¡ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛º ¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œfl¡±Ú› ¸≈¸—¬ıX

¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ˝√√ø√˙ Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º Œ˚˜Ú, ¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜ÀQ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, ¸±À˜…¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ¬ı± ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º

øfl¡z≈¬ ‡G¬ ‡G¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ¸≈¸—¬ıX ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Ó¬‡Ú ’±˜¬ı˛± Ó¬±Àfl¡ Ó¬N ¬ı±

˜Ó¬¬ı±√ Ú±À˜ ’øˆ¬ø˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±ø¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú, ¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜QÀfl¡ ø‚À¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Q¬ı±√œ ¬ı± ¬ı˝≈√√Q¬ı±√œ Ó¬N¬ , ¸±˜… ¸•ÛÀfl«¡

Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬N ¬ı± ¸˜±Ê√¬ı±√œ Ó¬N , øfl¡—¬ı± ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬± ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ¬ı± ˜±'¬π˚˛ Ó¬Nº

’z¬Ó¬ ≈√íøÈ¬ ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¡…¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¤‡±ÀÚ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Î¬◊À~‡Úœ˚˛º õ∂Ô˜Ó¬, Ó¬N ¬ı± ˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛

√±˚˛¬ıXÓ¬± Ô±Àfl¡ Ú± ˚Ó¬‡±øÚ Ô±Àfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀSº ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ ˆ¬±¬ı±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡

Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ˚± ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬Û≈Ú·«Í¬ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛ÌœÀ˚˛¬ı˛ ˝◊√√øe·Ó¬ Œ√˚˛º C. J. Friedrich ¤¬ı— J. K. Brzeziuski

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ “action-related system of ideas” ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¬ıÌ«Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√ « ˜±ÀS ◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬Ì ¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ fl¡±ÀÊ√ øÚÀ ˛±øÊ√Ó¬º

õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ fl¡˜«¸”‰¬œ-√±˚˛¬ıX ‰¬ø¬ı˛SøÈ¬˝◊√√ Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛ Œ‰¬±À‡

’øÒfl¡ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º Œ˚˜Ú, Preston King ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛Ú, Ideology “may or may not possess

a logical or philosophical character at all; but it must possess a political character,

i.e. a content without which it cannot be described an ideology—a guide to direct

political action”. ¤ ◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· Œfl¡Î¬◊ Œfl¡Î¬◊ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ «Ú › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¡…¬ı˛

Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√Ú ¤¬ı— ¬ıÀ˘Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √ «Ú ø‰¬z¬± › Î¬◊¬Û˘øtÀfl¡ ’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛, ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı ŒÁ“¡±fl¡, fl¡± « › √±˚¬ıXÓ¬±¬ı õ∂øÓ¬º (“Political philosophy evoks reflection & understanding,

while ideology is more likely to imply commitment & action”.)

¸—Àé¬À¬Û Ó¬±˝◊√√ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ fl¡˜«˜≈‡œ ø‰¬z¬±Ò±¬ı˛± ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì, ˚≈øq¡

¬Û¬ı˛•Û¬ı˛±, ˚Ô±Ô«Ó¬±, Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ¤¬ı— ø¬ıù´±¸› Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º ’±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ fl¡˜«˜≈‡œ

ø‰¬z¬±·≈26√ ˚± Œfl¡±Ú› øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú¸˜”˝√√Àfl¡ Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛

› ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ Ú±Ú±ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ ˆ¬±· fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º Œ˚˜Ú, Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú›

˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ’À¬Ûé¬±fl‘¡Ó¬ ø˙øÔ˘ › ’¸—¬ıX, ˚ø√› Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±À¬ı√ÀÚ ’±À¬ı· › Î¬◊ij±√Ú±

õ∂¬ı˘º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬, Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ ¬Û±¬ı˛•Û˚« › ø¬ıÚ…±¸ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ ‚Ú¸øiß¬ıX

› ¸≈¢∂øÔÓ¬º Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√ ¬ı± Ú±»¸œ¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ˜Ó¬±√À˙« ˚Ó¬‡±øÚ ’±À¬ı· › Î¬◊ij±√Ú±¬ı˛ Ó¬œ¬ıËÓ¬± Ó¬Ó¬‡±øÚ ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛

¬Û±¬ı˛•Û « › ¸— √√øÓ¬ ŒÚ ◊√√º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√ ’Ô¬ı± ˜±'«¬¬ı±À√ ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ¸—·øÓ¬¬Û”Ì« ø¬ıÚ…±¸ Ó≈¬˘Ú± ” fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı

’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙º

fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’¸±˜… › Δ¬ı¯∏˜…˜”˘fl¡ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± › ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øàÔøÓ¬˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚¸¬ı

˜Ó¬±√˙« Ó¬±Àfl¡ √øé¬Ì¬Û&Ôœ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛º ’¬Û¬ı˛¬ÛÀé¬ ’±øÔ«fl¡ › ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Δ¬ı¯∏À˜…¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚¸¬ı

˜Ó¬±√˙« Ó¬±øNfl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ › ‹¸¬ı ’¸±˜…-Δ¬ı¯∏À˜…¬ı˛ ’¬Û¸±¬ı˛ÀÌ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ’Ú≈õ∂±øÌÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡

¬ı±˜¬Û&Ôœ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ıÀ˘º

ˆ¬±À· ˆ¬±À· fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬Ûé¬¬Û±Ó¬œº Œ˚¸¬ı ˜Ó¬±√˙« øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡±¬ı˛ ’Ô¬ı± àÔ±Úfl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˚≈Ê√…

¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ flË¡ø˜fl¡ ¸—¶®±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ flË¡˜±i§ ˛ ¬ı”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸œ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ ¬ı± øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ±fl¡±˜œ ˜Ó¬±√ «

ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Ì… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ › õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¸ø˝√√—¸ ¬ı± ¸˙¶a ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

’±˜”˘ ’¢∂·±˜œ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıù´±¸œ Œ˚¸¬ı ˜Ó¬±√˙« Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ’±‡…± Œ√›˚˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤

õ∂¸Àe· Î¬◊À~‡… Œ˚ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ±·±˜œ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ‰¬±˝◊√√ÀÓ¬ Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«

’±¬Û±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º

31.3.1 ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Î¬◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ øˆ¬ißÓ¬±

Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Î¬◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ¸KÒ±ÀÚ ø·À˚˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚«ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±À¬ı Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú›

’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ øˆ¬øM√√ˆ”¬ø˜Àfl¡ ¬ı±√ ø√À˚˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ ˚Ô±˚Ôˆ¬±À¬ı

Œ¬ı±Á¡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Œ˚ ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò ¬ı± ¸—‚±Ó¬ ˜”Ó«¬ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬

ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√˙«º Ù¬˘Ó¬,

¸—øù≠©Ü ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬ ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛S ¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò-¸—‚±Ó¬·≈ø˘¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ◊√√ øÚ¬ı”¬ÛÌ fl¡À¬ı˛ øÚø«√©Ü

˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ › ‰¬ø¬ı˛Sº ˜Ò…˚≈·œ˚˛ ¸±˜z¬Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ Œ˚ ¬ı±øÌøÊ√…fl¡ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı˛ › ¬ıøÌfl¡

¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ÛøÓ¬À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊æ√¬ı ‚È¬øÂ√˘ ¤¬ı— ¤¸À¬ı¬ı˛ ’øÚ¬ı±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌøÓ¬ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¸±˜z¬Ó¬±øLafl¡ Δ¶§¬ı˛±‰¬±¬ı˛œ √˜Ú¬ÛœÎ¬ˇÀÚ¬ı˛

Ú±·¬Û±À˙¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ’±˜Ê√ÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œ˚ ø¬ıÀé¬±ˆ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛˝◊ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Ê√ij ˝√√À˚˛øÂ√˘º

’Ú≈¬ı˛+¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı ˝◊√√øÓ¬˝√√±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬iß ¤fl¡ ¬Û˚«±À˚˛¬ı˛ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛Ì ¬ÛÀ¬ı« Ê√ij øÚÀ˚˛øÂ√˘ ˜±'«¬ı±√œ ¬ı± ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ˚±

ø¬ıfl¡ø˙Ó¬ ¬Û≈“øÊ√¬ı±√œ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…ôLÀ¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›Í¬± ¶§ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Ò › ¸—‚±ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì ›

Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔøÚÀ«√˙ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡, Ú±»¸œ¬ı±√ ¬ı± Ù¬…±¸œ¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛

¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı…±5 Œ˚ ¸—fl¡È¬ › ¸—‚±Ó¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SÀfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛±È¬± Ê√èø¬ı˛º

fl¡±˘« øÙË¬Î¬ø¬ı˛˙, øÎ¬. Œfl¡. Œ¬ıËøÊ√Úø¶®, ¬ı˛¬ı±È«¬ Î¬±˘, ’…±˘±Ú ¬ı˘ õ∂˜≈‡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛

õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì › ¸—:± øÚ¬ı˛+¬ÛÀÌ Ó¬±¬ı˛ √±˚˛¬ıX fl¡˜«˜≈‡œ ‰¬ø¬ı˛SøÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q ’±À¬ı˛±¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ıÚ…±¸˝◊√√ Œ˚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¤ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ

˜ √√À˘ õ∂± ˛ ¸¬ı«¬ı±√œ¸¥œÓ¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú ”¬ø˜fl¡± ◊√√ √√ Œfl¡±Ú› øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔõ∂√˙«fl¡ › ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±º ’¬ı˙… ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ò±Ú › õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛

ƒ’±Ú≈¯∏øe·fl¡ ’±¬ı˛› øfl¡Â≈√ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ ’¬ı√±Ú Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬Ìœ˚˛ Ú˚˛º

õ∂ÀÓ¬…fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ı¶ö± ˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛+¬Û±ø ˛Ó¬

˝√√˚˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ›Ó¬Àõ∂±Ó¬ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º Ó¬±˝◊√√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸ Œ˚˜Ú ˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«Ú Ô±Àfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı∞I◊ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±

√±Ú fl¡¬ı˛±› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·Ì… ˝√√˚˛º Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ·Ì¸±¬ı«Àˆ¬Ã˜ÀQ¬ı˛

Ò±¬ı˛Ì±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ Œˆ¬±È¬±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛, Ê√Ú˜Ó¬ ·Í¬ÀÚ ·Ì˜±Ò…˜·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß

¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸øflË¡˚˛ fl¡˜«õ∂˚˛±¸ ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± Œ√˚˛º ¬ı…øq¡·Ó¬ ˜±ø˘fl¡±Ú±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı≈ÀÊ«√±˚˛±

¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˙±¸ÚÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ÛÀÔ ’¬ı±Ò õ∂øÓ¬À˚±ø·Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ Ô±Àfl¡–’±Ô«ÚœøÓ¬fl¡,

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡, ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ ¸fl¡˘ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¬ı…øq¡ › Œ·±á¬œ ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’±˝◊√√Ú·Ó¬ ¸˜˜˚«±√±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛøàÔøÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Ú±Ú±õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÚøÒQ˜”˘fl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± √±Ú

Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı√±Úº ’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ |ø˜fl¡À|Ìœ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ú±˚˛fl¡Q, ¬Û”À¬ı«fl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ

Œ|Ìœ¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’¬ı√˜Ú ¤¬ı— ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œé¬ÀS fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±˜…¬ı±√œ √À˘¬ı˛ ¤fl¡fl¡

õ∂±Ò±Ú…fl¡±¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˜±'«¬¬ı±√œ-Œ˘øÚÚ¬ı±√œ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬º ¤fl¡fl¡Ô±˚˛, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« øÚø«√©Ü

˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¸¬ı«õ∂Ò±Ú fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±øÈ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… Î¬◊¬ÛÀ˚±ø·Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ ’¬ı√±Ú› Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬±

fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ’—˙ › Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛

√±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±¬ı˛ Ú±˚…Ó¬±, › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… ¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ¬ı…Ó¬œÓ¬

¸˜±ÀÊ√ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı…øq¡ ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± øÚÊ√ øÚÊ√ ˚Ô±Ô« › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛º Ó¬±˝◊√√

¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¸˜±ÀÊ√ Ú±Ú±Ú √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± ¸—fl¡ø˘Ó¬ › Î¬◊¬ÛàÔ±ø¬ÛÓ¬ ˝√√˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ øÚø¬ı˛À‡º

¤ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬¬ı˛ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± ›

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ˚Ô±À˚±·…Ó¬± › ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ ¸—øù≠©Ü ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˜±¬Ûfl¡±øÍ¬ÀÓ¬º ˙≈Ò≈ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬˝◊√√ Ú˚˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¸±—¶‘®øÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«fl¡±G¬› õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸e·øÓ¬¬Û”Ì« øfl¡Ú±

Ó¬± ¬ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS› ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ı˝‘√√Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º Œ˚˜Ú, Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ Ò˜«øÚ¬ı˛√À¬Ûé¬

¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ Ò˜«±&ÒÓ¬±õ∂¸”Ó¬ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ’±‰¬±¬ı˛-’Ú≈á¬±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— Œ˜Ã˘¬ı±√œ fl¡˜«fl¡±ÀG¬¬ı˛ ˚Ô±Ô«Ó¬± øÚÀ˚˛ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡ ¸‘ø©Ü

√√ º

Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛z≈¬ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√˚˛º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙ é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ

˘Àé¬…¬ı˛ ¸¬ÛÀé¬ ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ ¸—‡…fl¡ ˜±Ú≈¯∏Àfl¡ ¸˜À¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸é¬˜ ˝√√Úº øÚø«√©Ü ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬Ó¬ ŒÔÀfl¡˝◊√√ Ó“¬±¬ı˛±

fl¡‡Ú› ë·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«í fl¡‡Ú› ë¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«í ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ fl¡‡Ú› ëÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ·ø¬ı˛˜±¬ı˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«í Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

’±À¬ı·˜ ˛ Î¬◊Vœ¬ÛÚ± ¸=±¬ı˛ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬±øˆ¬˘± ∏œ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú, ¤˜Úøfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX ≈XÀ‚± ∏Ì±› fl¡À¬ı˛Ú,

¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¬Ûø(˜œ ≈√øÚ ˛± ˛, ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏Ó¬ ˜±øfl«¡Ú ≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¸˜±Ê√¬ı±√œ ≈√øÚ ˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı≈ÀX Ê√Ú·ÌÀfl¡ ¤fl¡ÀÊ√±È¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

ë·ÌÓ¬La ¬ı˛é¬±í¬ı˛ Œ√±˝√√±˝◊√√ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˜±Ú≈¯∏À√¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ’øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ √±¬ıœÀfl¡

¤¬ı— Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’±Àμ±˘ÚÀfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ë¸˜±Ê√Ó¬La ¬ı˛é¬±í¬ı˛ Œ√±˝√√±˝◊√√ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ¬Û”¬ı« ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ë¸ø˘Î¬±ø¬ı˛øÈ¬í

ƒ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛≈ÀX ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ¤¬ı— ‰¬œÀÚ¬ı˛ øÓ¬À˚˛Ú-’±Ú-Œ˜Ú Œ¶®±˚˛±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‚È¬Ú± ¤-õ∂¸Àe· ¶ú¬ı˛ÌÀ˚±·…º

’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û ø¬ı—˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ øSÀ˙¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ Ú±»¸œ › Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ ˙øq¡ ëÊ√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ·ø¬ı˛˜±í ¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ Œ√±˝√√±˝◊√√

ø√À˚˛ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˙øq¡Àfl¡ ¸—˝√√Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√ ¤¬ı— ’±·±˜œ ’øˆ¬˚±Ú ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√º ¤˜Úøfl¡ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¬fl¡±À˘›

õ∂øÓ¬øflË¡˚˛±˙œ˘Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÂ√ ¬ıÌ«ø¬ıÀ¡Z¯∏œ øfl¡Â≈√ √øé¬Ì¬Û&Ôœ Î¬◊¢∂¬ı±√œ¬ı˛±º

˜Ó¬±√˙« › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú

˜Ó¬±√˙« ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛

fl¡±Ê√ ˝√√˘ ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ’¸—·øÓ¬, ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬± › ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…± ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛

˜±Ò…À˜ ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú, ’±˜”˘ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛ ¬ı± Î¬◊À26√À√ ¸øflË¡˚˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡¬ı˛±º

¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ¸±¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ ‚È¬Ú± ¬ı± ø¬ı¯∏˚˛, ˚ø√› ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛± ¬ı± ¬ÛXøÓ¬

øˆ¬iß øˆ¬iß õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬¬ı˛º Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì« ’¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛ Ú± Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬ ¸˜˚˛

› ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ ¸¬ı«√± ·øÓ¬˙œ˘º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± fl¡‡Ú› Œ˚˜Ú Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ fl¡‡Ú› flË¡ø˜fl¡ ›

Òœ¬ı˛·øÓ¬¸•Ûiß, fl¡‡Ú› ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú Œ˚˜Ú ’±À¬Û±¯∏Ò˜œ« fl¡‡Ú›¬ı± Ó¬± ¸—‚±Ó¬¬Û”Ì« , fl¡‡Ú› Œ˚˜Ú ¬ı˛q¡é¬˚˛œ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ

fl¡‡Ú› ¬ı˛q¡¬Û±Ó¬˝√√œÚº Ó¬À¬ı ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Œfl¡±Ú› ø¬ı√…˜±Ú ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸¬ÛÀé¬ Œ˚ ˜Ó¬±√˙«

Œ¸ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√Úœ˚˛Ó¬±Àfl¡ ¶§œfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛À˘› Œ¸˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ Sêø˜fl¡ ’±À¬Û±¯∏˜≈‡œ › ˙±øôL¬Û”Ì«

¸•ÛÀfl«¡ øàÔÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚÀfl¡ Q¬ı˛±øi§Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ øfl¡Â≈√È¬± ¸—‚±Ó¬˜˚˛

fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ±-¬ı˛é¬±fl¡±¬ı˛œ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ’±ÀÂ√, øÍ¬fl¡ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úfl¡±˜œ

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı› ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡˜ Ú˚˛º ’Ô«±», ¬ı˘± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚,

øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¬ı˛é¬±fl¡±¬ı˛œ ˜Ó¬±√ « Œ˚˜Ú ¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø ˛QÀfl¡

øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ‰¬±˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡ ¤Ó¬W±¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ˙øq¡Àfl¡ ≈√¬ı«˘ › øÚ¬ı˛¶a fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úfl¡±˜œ ¬ı± Δ¬ıõ≠ø¬ıfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙« õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…±‡…±fl¡Ó«¬± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı

Œ˚˜Ú ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ’¬ı√±Ú ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡À¬ı˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ò±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û±z¬¬ı˛

¸±ÒÀÚ ¤fl¡ fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ ˙øq¡ ˝√√À˚˛ ›ÀÍ¬º

˜Ó¬±√À «¬ı˛ ¸—À˚±·-¸—·øÓ¬ øÚÌ« ˛ fl¡¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀ˙ ∏ fl¡©Ü¸±Ò… Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛ Ú ˛º ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¸ ”À √√¬ı˛

Œõ∂é¬±¬ÛÈ¬ Ê≈√ÀÎ¬ˇ Œfl¡±Ú›-Ú±-Œfl¡±Ú› ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¬ı± ¤fl¡±øÒfl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸˜i§À˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˝√√ø√˙ ¬Û±›˚˛±

˚± ˛º ’Ô«±», øÚø«√©Ü øfl¡Â≈√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ Ò…±Ú-Ò±¬ı˛Ì±, ’±√ « › ” …À¬ı±ÀÒ¬ı˛ ≈ — √√Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ¸À‰¬Ó¬Úˆ¬±À¬ı

’Ô‰¬ ¤¬ı˛˝◊√√ ¬Û±˙±¬Û±ø˙ ’øÓ¬ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±À˘–’Ô«±», ø¬ı·Ó¬ õ∂±˚˛ øÓ¬Ú-‰¬±¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡ ë˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí

Œ¬ı˘ (The End of Ideology), Ê√Ú Œfl¡ÀÚÔ ·˘À¬ıËÔ (The New Industrial State) õ∂˜≈‡ ø‰¬z¬±ø¬ı¬ı˛±

õ∂˜±Ì fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ø¬ıù´ ≈ÀX±M√√¬ı˛ ¬Û‘øÔ¬ıœÀÓ¬ ø˙ä-¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈Ó¬ õ∂¸±¬ı˛ › ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂ ≈øq¡¬ı˛ ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

√±¬ıœÀÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ ¬ı˝≈√√˘±—À˙ ø˙øÔ˘ ˝√√À˚˛ ¤À¸ÀÂ√º ¤“À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬

¬ı± ¤fl¡˜≈‡œ √±˚˛¬ıXÓ¬± ’¬ı±ø>Ó¬ › ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡º ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √˘ › ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı›

¤˝◊√√ ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ ’±Ú≈·ÀÓ¬…¬ı˛ õ∂Àùü ’ÀÚfl¡ ø˙øÔ˘Ó¬± › ø¬ı¬Û¬ı˛œÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸ø˝√√c≈Ó¬± ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º

˜±øfl«¡Ú ˚≈q¡¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ø¬ı˛¬Û±¬ıø˘fl¡±Ú › ŒÎ¬À˜±ÀflË¡øÈ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ ¬ı…¬ıÒ±Ú õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ’Ó¬…z¬ ¶§äº

’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı, ¬Ûø(˜ ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛é¬Ì˙œ˘ √˘ › ¸˜±Ê√ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ √˘·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…fl¡±¬ı˛ ¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ±

¬Û≈À¬ı˛±ÀÚ± ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬± ø¬ı¬Û≈˘ ˜±S±˚˛ ¬˝}√√±¸ Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ÒÚÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı±Ê√±¬ı˛-’Ô«ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

’±À¬Û±À¯∏¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ë¬ı±Ê√±¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬Laí (Market Socialism) Ú±˜fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ Ê√ij ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º ’øÓ¬ ¸±•xøÓ¬fl¡

fl¡±À˘ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± õ∂±Àz¬ ëÎ¬◊√±¬ı˛œfl¡¬ı˛Ìí, ëŒ¬ı¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı˛Ìí, ëø¬ıù´± ˛Úí ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ õ∂¬ı˘ ’øˆ¬‚±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ øˆ¬øM√√ flË¡˜˙ ø˙øÔ˘ ˝√√À26√º

ø¬ı˙ ˙Ó¬Àfl¡¬ı˛ ¯∏±ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ √˙Àfl¡¬ı˛ ˜±Á¡±˜±øÁ¡ ŒÙË¬Î¬±ø¬ı˛‡ ›˚˛±È¬øfl¡Ú¸ƒ Ó“¬±¬ı˛ “The Age of Ideology” ¢∂À&Ô

˜Ó¬±√˙« ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú Œ˚ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡È¬± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¤fl¡À¬ı˛±‡±ø˜ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ’±Ê√ ŒÔÀfl¡

õ∂±˚˛ ‰¬±¬ı˛ √˙fl¡ ’±À· øÓ¬øÚ ˜z¬¬ı… fl¡À¬ı˛øÂ√À˘Ú, ì˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ Î¬◊¢∂Ó¬±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ flË¡˜é¬œ˚˛˜±Ì ¸˜Ô«Ú ¤¬ı—

¸±—ø¬ıÒ±øÚfl¡ ·ÌÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Œ¬ı±Á¡±¬ÛÎ¬ˇ±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ flË¡˜¬ıÒ« ±Ú ’±¢∂˝√√ ¤fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ õ∂Ò±Ú Δ¬ıø˙À©Ü…

¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ºî ¤fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ ’øˆ¬˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂±¸øe·fl¡Ó¬± ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ÀÂ√º ¸˜fl¡±˘œÚ ¬ı˝≈√√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ

˚ø√› ¤˝◊√√ ˜ÀÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸˜Ô«fl¡ ÚÚ Ó¬¬ı≈ ë˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬ flË¡˜˙ ’øÒfl¡ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÂ√º

˜Ó¬±√˙«˝√√œÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ÚÓ≈¬Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Î¬◊ÀÍ¬ÀÂ√ √œ‚« ¬Û“±‰¬ √˙Àfl¡¬ı˛ Í¬±`¬± ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√À˚˛¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±ÀÚº ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬La ¬ıÚ±˜

ÒÚÓ¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙«·Ó¬ ˘Î¬ˇ±˝◊√√À˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¤fl¡Ó¬¬ı˛Ù¬± ø¬ÛøÂ√À˚˛ ’±¸± › flË¡˜-’¬ıÀ˘±À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬,

’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ ¬ ı± Ê√±Ó¬œ˚ Î¬◊ ¬˚Àé¬ÀS ◊√√ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±À¬ı±ÀÒ ¬Ûø¬ı‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ fl¡¬ı±¬ı Œ‰¬©Ü± ‰¬˘ÀÂ√º øfl¡z≈¬ øÚÂ√fl¡ ¬ı±d¬¬ıÓ¬±À¬ı±Ò›

¤fl¡¬ı˛fl¡À˜¬ı˛ ˜Ó¬±√˙«˝◊√√º ¸≈Ó¬¬ı˛±—, ˜Ó¬±√˙«˝√√œÚÓ¬± fl¡Ô±øÈ¬ w¬±øz¬Ê√Úfl¡º ¬ı¬ı˛— ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ õ∂¬ı˘ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛

¬ı…¬ı˝√√±ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ ˙±À¶a¬ı˛ ’Ú…Ó¬˜ ’±À˘±‰¬…

ø¬ı ∏ ˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√˙«Àfl¡ ’ÀÚÀfl¡ ¸˜±Ô«fl¡ ø¬ıÀ¬ı‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛Úº õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

˜Ó¬±√˙« ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛ ¤˜Ú ¤fl¡ fl¡˜«˜≈‡œ ø‰¬z¬±·≈26√ ˚±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì, ˚≈øq¡-¬Û±¬ı˛•Û˚«, ˚Ô±Ô«Ó¬±, Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±

¤¬ı— ø¬ıù´±¸ ¸˜øi§Ó¬º

¤fl¡øÈ¬ øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › ¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú¸˜”˝√√Àfl¡ Œ¬ıÃøXfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸˜Ô«Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬±Àfl¡ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ

Î¬◊Í¬ÀÓ¬ › øÈ¬Àfl¡ Ô±fl¡ÀÓ¬ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ú…ø√Àfl¡, õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’z¬øÚ«ø˝√√Ó¬ ’¸—·øÓ¬

› ¸œ˜±¬ıXÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¶§¬ı˛”¬Û Î¬◊ƒ√‚±È¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ˜Ó¬±√˙« ‹ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ’Ô¬ı± ø¬ıÚ±À˙ ¸À‰¬©Ü ˝√√˚˛º Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛z≈¬

¸˜±ÀÊ√ é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±À¸¬ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸¬ı«±øÒfl¡ Ó¬±»¬Û˚«¬Û”Ì«º

¬Ûø¬ı˛À˙À¯∏, ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX±M√√¬ı˛ õ∂±¢∂¸¬ı˛ ø˙ä-¸ˆ¬…Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— ’Ó¬…±Ò≈øÚfl¡ õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ fl¡˘±Àfl¡Ã˙À˘¬ı˛

’ˆ”¬Ó¬¬Û”¬ı« ¬õ∂¸±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Œõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±ÚœÀ√¬ı˛ ¤fl¡±—˙ ë˜Ó¬¬ı±À√¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí Ú±˜fl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ Ó≈¬À˘ÀÂ√Úº

Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ø¬ıÓ¬fl«¡˜”˘fl¡º

1º Î¬◊√±˝√√¬ı˛Ì¸˝√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¸—:± ø√Úº

2º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ Ó¬ÀN¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑

¬3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛Àˆ¬√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

4º ’±Ô«-¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Î¬◊»¸ˆ”¬ø˜¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ fl¡Ó¬‡±øÚ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘∑

7º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¸—¬ı˛é¬ÀÌ ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± fl¡œ∑

8º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± fl¡œ∑

9º ë˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

10º ë˜Ó¬±√À˙«¬ı˛ ’¬ı¸±Úí Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬ fl¡Ó¬”√¬ı˛ ¢∂˝√√ÌÀ˚±·…∑

1º Alan R. Ball : Modern Politics & Government

2º Finer S. E. : Comparative Government

3º Carl J. Friedrich & J. K. Brezinski : Totalitarian Dictatorship & Autocracy

4º Preston King & B. Parekh : Politics & Experience

5º D. Bell : The End of Ideology

6º Johari J. C. : Comparative Politics

32.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

32.1 õ∂ô¶±¬ıÚ±

32.2 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡˘Ó¬±

32.4 ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡

31.5 ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛”¬Û

32.5.1 ¬¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂26√iß › ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û

32.5.2 ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û

32.5.3 ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú

32.6 ¸±¬ı±—˙

32.7 ’Ú≈ œ˘Úœ

32.8 ¢∂KÔ¬Û?œ

32.0 Î¬◊ÀV˙…

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸•Ûfl«¡º√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Úº

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı › ˝√ô¶Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß ¬ı˛”¬Ûº

¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ≈√íøÈ¬ ’±¬Û±Ó¬ ø¬ıø26√iß ø¬ı¯∏˚˛ ¬ıÀ˘ ·Ì… ˝√√˚˛º

õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¸≈¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˜±Ú¬ı¸˜±ÀÊ√ é¬˜Ó¬± ¬ı± fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡È¬± fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬ ø¬ıÚ…±¸ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±·Ó¬

ø¬ıÚ…±¸ › Ó¬»¸—øù≠©Ü õ∂øSê˚˛±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÚÀfl¡˝◊√ ¸—Àé¬À¬Û ’±˜¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ Ú±À˜ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡ø¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛

¤˝◊√√ ’Ú≈˙œ˘ÀÚ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı ’Ú≈ˆ”¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º

˜ÀÒ… ¤fl¡ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ’Ú≈À˜±√Ú ¬ı± ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬ ˚± ‹ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ı¶ö±Àfl¡ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± √±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º øfl¡z≈¬

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ˚± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ àÔ±ø˚˛ÀQ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ ¤fl¡ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚« õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Úº

Ò±¬ı˛Ì±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ¬ı˛±ÊÚœøÓ¬ øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ˆ¬±¬ı˜”øÓ«¬ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛, ¤ ≈√˝◊À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… øfl¡Â≈√ õ∂26√iß

˙±¸Ú õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ’±ÀÂ√ ’Ô¬ı± Œ˚‡±ÀÚ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸fl¡À·±á¬œ Ó¬“±À√¬ı˛ Δ¶§¬ı˛±‰¬±¬ı˛œ ’±øÒ¬ÛÓ¬… ¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ õ∂± ˛ ◊√√

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸±˝√√±˚… øÚÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡Úº

¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ’Ú≈¸±À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¸˜”À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¸•Ûfl«¡˙”Ú… ¤˜Ú

¤fl¡ ¶§Ó¬La › øÚ¬ı˛À¬Ûé¬ ¸—·Í¬Ú ˚± ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ øÚ˚˛LaÌ±ÒœÀÚ ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ › ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛

Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˆ”¬‡G¬·Ó¬ õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬±¬ı˛ √±ø˚˛Q ¸•Û±√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œé¬ÀS ˙±øz¬˙‘∫˘±

¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û≈ø˘˙ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ ¸±˝√√±˚… fl¡À¬ı˛º

øfl¡z≈¬ ¤˝◊√√ ¸±À¬ıøfl¡ › õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬:Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ˚Ô±Ô« › ¢∂˝√√ÌÀ˚±·…

¬ıÀ˘ ø¬ıÀ¬ıø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º ¬ıÓ«¬˜±ÀÚ ¬ı˝≈√√ Œ√À˙˝◊√√ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’ød¬Q ‹¸¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛

¸øflË¡ ˛ ¸˜Ô«ÀÚ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı ≈√√˘±—À˙ øÚ «¬¬ı˛ œ˘º ø¬ı·Ó¬ ’Ò« ˙Ó¬±øsfl¡±À˘ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‚È¬Ú± Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı‘øX Œ¬ÛÀ ˛ÀÂ√º ø¡ZÓ¬œ ˛ ø¬ıù´ ≈ÀX¬ı˛

’±À·˝◊√√ ¬Û”¬ı« ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ Œ√À˙ ¤¬ı— Œ¶ÛÚ › Ê√±¬Û±ÀÚ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ‚È¬Ú± ‚ÀÈ¬ÀÂ√º øfl¬z≈¬ ø¬ıù´˚≈X

¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ ¤Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ‚È¬Ú± ‚È¬ÀÓ¬ ˘±·À˘± Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ≈√øÚ˚˛±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸√… ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±õ∂±5 Œ√À˙º ¤ø˙˚˛±, ’±øÙË¬fl¡±

¤¬ı— ˜Ò… › √øé¬Ì ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± Œ√À˙ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø √√Úœ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± é¬˜Ó¬± ŒÔÀfl¡ ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬

˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√, ’Ô¬ı± ¤fl¡ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ı√À˘ ’Ú… ¤fl¡ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬±˙œÚ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ˜√ÀÓ¬º ¤ õ∂¸Àe· Alan R. Ball-¤¬ı˛ ˜z¬¬ı…øÈ¬ : “The lengthy list of

successful or unsuccessful direct intervention by the military....since 1945 creates the

impression that seizure of political control by the armed forces, or the military ensuring

the replacement of one civilian government by another, is the norm rather than the

exception in modern political systems.”

Fred R Vonder Mehden Ó“¬±¬ı˛ The Politics of Developing Nations ¢∂À&Ô ¤fl¡øÈ¬

Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… Ó¬Ô… ¸¬ı˛¬ı¬ı˛±˝√√ √√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıù´˚≈ÀX¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛ ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±õ∂±5 75øÈ¬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… õ∂±˚˛

25øÈ¬ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸Ù¬˘ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º Joseph La

Palambara Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Politics within Nations ¢∂À&Ô Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, 1945 ¸±˘ ŒÔÀfl¡ 1970 ¸±˘

¬Û˚«z¬ ’±øÙË¬fl¡± ˜˝√√±À√À˙¬ı˛ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ¸—‚À¯∏«¬ı˛ õ∂±˚˛ 71 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º

’Ú≈¬ı˛”¬Ûˆ¬±À¬ı ¤ø˙˚˛± ˜˝√√±À√À˙¬ı˛ 42 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ¤¬ı— ˘±øÓ¬Ú ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ 52 ˙Ó¬±—˙ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ¸—‚¯∏« ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ê√øÎ¬ˇÓ¬º

’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ S. E. Finer Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Comparative Politics ¢∂À&Ô ¤¬ı— Jean Blondel Ó“¬±¬ı˛ Comparative

government ¢∂À&Ô ¤ ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ¸õ∂¸e· ø¬ı˙√ ’±À˘±‰¬Ú± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ’Ò…±¬Ûfl¡ Finer-¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬, Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛

≈√¬ı«˘ › ’Ú¢∂¸¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± ’øÒfl¡º ’¬ı˙…, ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ ’¢∂¸¬ı˛

Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± Œ˚ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ŒÔÀfl¡ ˜≈q¡ ¤˜Ú Ú˚˛º Finer ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ˚≈X¬Û”¬ı«

Ê√±˜«±Úœ, Ê√±¬Û±Ú, ÙË¬±k, Œ¶ÛÚ › ¬Û”¬ı« ˝◊√√Î¬◊À¬ı˛±À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ‘©Ü±Àz¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬

Finer-¤¬ı˛ ¶Û©Ü ˜Ó¬ ˝√√˘, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ≈√øÚ˚˛±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ˙≈Ò≈ Ú˚˛, ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ õ∂±˚˛

’øÒfl¡±—˙ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ õ∂‰¬ø˘Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤fl¡ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±º Ó¬À¬ı ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¤˝◊√√ Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¬ı± õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Œ√˙·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬ ˚Ó¬È¬± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › õ∂fl¡È¬ ’Ú…S Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛

Ó¬± ’ÀÚfl¡‡±øÚ õ∂26√ißº

(Autonomous Characteristics)

Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¸˜±ÀÊ√ ¬ı ≈√√ø¬ıÒ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ › ¸•x√± ˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı-õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√Àfl¡

¬ıÊ√±˚˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ › ¬ı‘øX fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛”¬Û Œ√˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı˝◊√√ Ú±Ú± ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ › ¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ

’±Ò≈øÚfl¡ ¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬…z¬À¬ı˛ Ê√ij ŒÚ ˛ › ÒœÀ¬ı˛ ÒœÀ¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ø¸X±z¬¢∂ √√Ì

õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı ‰¬±¬Û ¸‘ø©Ü fl¡¬ı˛± › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı ø¬ıd¬±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ¸≈¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¬Û±˘Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¤˝◊√√¬ı˛fl¡˜˝◊√√ ¤fl¡ ¸≈¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ › õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Œ√À˙¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ·≈¬ı˛≈Q¬Û”Ì« ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± Ô±fl¡± ¸ÀM3› Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº

¶§±Ô«À·±á¬œ·≈ø˘ ¸øflË¡˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¬ı± õ∂±Ôø˜fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ŒÚ˝◊√√ ,

Ó¬±¬ı˛± ¸—·øÍ¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ øÚÊ√¶§ Î¬◊À√…±À·º ¬Ûé¬±z¬À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¤fl¡ ’øÓ¬ ’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«

› õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ ¸—·Í¬Ú ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏QøÈ¬ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¤¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘ øÓ¬ › ¸—·Í¬Ú·Ó¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Q·≈ø˘Àfl¡ ø¬ıÀù≠¯∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛À˘˝◊√√

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± › õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±, ¤˜Úøfl¡ Ó¬±Àfl¡ fl≈¡øé¬·Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ’ÀÚfl¡ Œ¬ıø˙

¸≈ø¬ıÒ±Ê√Úfl¡ ’¬ıàÔ±ÀÚ Ô±Àfl¡º

¡Z±¬ı˛± ø¬ıÀù≠ø¯∏Ó¬ ˝√√À˚˛ÀÂ√º

[1] ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜± flË¡À˜±2‰¬ d¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıÚ…d¬ ¤¬ı— Œfl¡f¬ıX (hierarchical &

centralized)º ¤‡±ÀÚ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ ¸√À¸…¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±Ú ¸À¬ı«±2‰¬ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¸¬ı«øÚ•ß ¬Û˚«z¬ ø¬ıøˆ¬iß d¬À¬ı˛ ø¬ıˆ¬q¡º õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬

‰¬˘ÀÓ¬ ’Òd¬Ú fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ ¬ı±Ò… Ô±Àfl¡º ¸±—·Í¬øÚfl¡ fl¡±Í¬±À˜±¬ı˛ ø√fl¡ ŒÔÀfl¡ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ

’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa¬ı˛ ¸±‘√˙… ˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ÿÒ√ı«Ó¬Ú fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛ ’±À√˙-øÚÀ«√˙ ¤¬ı— Ó¬± ¬Û±˘ÀÚ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ’Òd¬ÀÚ¬ı˛

¬ı±Ò…Ó¬± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤Ó¬ fl¡±ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ˆ¬±À¬ı ’±˜˘±Ó¬ÀLa ’Ú≈¸‘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º

õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬ ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬± › ˙‘∫˘± ¬ı˛œøÓ¬˜ÀÓ¬± ‰¬¬ı˛˜ › ‘©Ü±z¬˜”˘fl¡º ˙‘∫˘±,

øÚ˚˛˜±Ú≈¬ıøÓ«¬Ó¬± › ø¬ıÚ± ¬ı±fl¡…¬ı…À˚˛ Î¬◊2‰¬Ó¬¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛ ’±À√˙-øÚÀ«√˙ ¬Û±˘Ú ˝◊√√Ó¬…±ø√¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛

ø¬ıøÒ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˝√√˘ ’Ó¬…z¬ fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ › ’±¬Û¸˝√√œÚº fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ ˙‘∫˘± › ’±‰¬¬ı˛Ìø¬ıøÒ ’˜±Ú… fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ’øˆ¬À˚±À· ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’±√±˘ÀÓ¬ ’øˆ¬˚≈q¡ ¸√À¸…¬ı˛ ø¬ı‰¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ › fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ ˙±ød¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ˝√√˚˛º ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

Œ·±á¬œ–Ó¬± Œ¸ ˚Ó¬ é¬˜Ó¬±˙±˘œ˝◊√√ Œ˝√√±fl¡ Ú± Œfl¡Ú øÚ˚˛˜˙‘∫˘± ˆ¬Àe·¬ı˛ Ê√ÀÚ… ‡≈¬ı Œ¬ıø˙ ˝√√À˘ Œ√±¯∏œ ¸√À¸…¬ı˛

¸√¸…¬Û√ Œfl¡ÀÎ¬ˇ øÚÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, øfl¡z≈¬ Ó¬±Àfl¡ Œfl¡±Ú›ˆ¬±À¬ı Δ√ø˝√√fl¡ ˙±ød¬√±ÀÚ¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± Ó¬±¬ı˛ ŒÚ˝◊√√º ¤ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ’ÚÚ… é¬˜Ó¬±¬ı˛ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛œº

[2] ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛Ó¬, ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… é¬˜Ó¬±˙±˘œ Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸¬ıÀ‰¬À˚˛ ¬ıÎ¬ˇ

¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ˝√√˘ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Ê√œ¬ıÚÒ±¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—À˚±· ¬ı± ¸e·øÓ¬

Ô±Àfl¡ Ú±º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì Ê√ÚÊ√œ¬ıÚ ŒÔÀfl¡ ø¬ıø26√ißˆ¬±À¬ı øÚø«√©Ü ¬ı…±¬ı˛±Àfl¡ ¬ı¸¬ı±¸ fl¡À¬ı˛º

Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ Œ¬Û±˙±fl¡-’±˙±Àfl¡ › ’±√¬ı-fl¡± ˛√± ˛ Δ¬ıø˙©Ü… ”‰¬fl¡ ¶§±Ó¬La… › ¸˜¬ı”¬ÛÓ¬± ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚± ˛º ¸À¬ı«±¬Ûø¬ı˛ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¤fl¡ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ‹øÓ¬À˝√√…¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬ ’Ú≈·Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˝√√˚˛º (“The armed forces in varying

degrees emphasise their separation from civilian society by separate barracks, distinctive

uniforms and indoctrination of recruits in the history and traditions of that particular

branch of armed forces, resulting in a pride in the tradition and a distinct esprit de

crops.”—Alan R. Ball)

¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ Ê√ÚÊ√œ¬ıÚ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬± › ¶§±Ó¬La…˜˚˛Ó¬±¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛

¬Û‘Ôfl¡ Œ·±á¬œˆ≈¬q¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ê√ÚÊ√œ¬ıÚ ŒÔÀfl¡ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıø26√ißÓ¬±¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¤fl¡ øˆ¬ißÒ˜π ‘∫˘±¬Û¬ı˛± ˛Ì ¸—¶‘®øÓ¬ › ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±À˘ ˚± ¶§ ¬±¬ıÓ¬ ◊√√ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¶§Ó¬La Œ·±á¬œÀ‰¬Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛

Ê√ij Œ√ ˛º

[3] Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’‡G¬Ó¬± › øÚ¬ı˛¬ÛM√√± ¬ı˛é¬±˚˛ Δ¬ıÀ√ø˙fl¡ ’±flË¡˜Ì õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛

’¬Ûø¬ı˛˝√√±˚«Ó¬± › Ó¬±¬ı˛ ≈√–¸±˝√√ø¸fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ fl¡Ó«¬¬ı…øÚá¬± Œ√˙Àõ∂À˜¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬œÀfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛ÌÓ¬

˝√√˚˛ Œ˚, ¤˝◊√√ Œ·±á¬œ ¸˜±ÀÊ√¬ı˛ Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—fl¡œÌ« fl¡±À˚˛ø˜ ¶§±Ô« ¬ı± Œ·±á¬œ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ÿÀÒ√ı« ’¬ıàÔ±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ì

Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸ Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ˝√√˘ ¶§À√˙õ∂œøÓ¬ › ’±RÓ¬…±À·¬ı˛ ˜”Ó«¬ õ∂Ó¬œfl¡º ¤˝◊√√ ˆ¬±¬ı˜”øÓ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ ¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ¬ı˛é¬fl¡ › Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸—˝√√øÓ¬¬ı˛ ¬Û‘á¬À¬Û±¯∏fl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ˙≈Ò≈ Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸˝◊√√

Ú˚˛, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬ Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú±ÀÓ¬› ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì± Œ¬ı˙ õ∂¬ı˘ Œ˚ ‡G¬ ‡G¬ Œ·±á¬œ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛

¸—‚±ÀÓ¬ ø¬ı¬Ûiß ¸˜¢∂ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ › Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¶§±Ô«Àfl¡ Ó¬±¬ı˛±˝◊√√ ˚Ô±Ô«ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬ı± Î¬◊X±¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

[4] ø¬ıÀ√˙œ ’±flË¡˜Ì õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— Œ√À˙¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√± ¬ı˛é¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı— õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ

Œ·±˘À˚±· ¬ı± ·‘˝√√˚≈X Œ˜±fl¡±ø¬ı˘± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˘õ∂À˚˛±· › ø˝√√—¸±¬ı˛ ¸˜d¬ ˝√√±øÓ¬˚˛±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛

¤fl¡À‰¬øÈ¬˚˛± ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡±À˚˛˜ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒ ’øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¸˜±ÀÊ√ › ¬ı˛±À©Ü™

¶§œfl‘¡Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ¶§œfl‘¡øÓ¬ › Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±¬ı˛ ø¬ÛÂ√ÀÚ ’±ÀÂ√ ¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ õ∂±øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’˘e∏‚Úœ˚˛ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±øÈ¬º ’±¬ı˛ Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬

¬ı˛±©Ü™œ˚˛ õ∂±øÒfl¡±¬ı˛ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±˚˛ Œ˙¯∏ ¬Û˚«z¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ˝◊√√ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ’¬ı˘¥¤Ú Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ’Ú≈õ∂À¬ı˙ ¬ı± ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û øfl¡Â≈√È¬± ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß ˝√√˚˛º

[5] ’Ú…±Ú… õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı˙±˘œ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø √√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ˘é¬…Ìœ ˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… √√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡

Œ·±á¬œ·≈ø˘ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜« ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— fl¡À¬ı˛º ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ

Œ·±á¬œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ’—˙¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂Ó¬…é¬ › õ∂26√iß Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ õ∂fl¡±¬ı˛˝◊√√ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

¬ı…¬ıàÔ± ¬ı± é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬ › ø¬ı¬ÛÀé¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛± Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ı Ú±Ú± ’±Àμ±˘ÀÚ ¸±ø˜˘ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º

øfl¡z≈¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛ ¤È¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º ¤fl¡±À˘¬ı˛ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ˙±¸Ú¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ŒÓ¬± ¬ıÀÈ¬ ◊√√ ¤˜Úøfl¡ ’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ı± ’±¬Û»fl¡±˘œÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬› ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø √√Úœ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ø¬ı¯∏˚˛øÈ¬ ’±Î¬ˇ±À˘ Ô±Àfl¡º

¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ±˝◊ ˙≈Ò≈ Ú˚˛ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±-¬ÛXøÓ¬ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ Ó¬±øNfl¡

› ˘±øÓ¬Ú ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ÛÈ¬ˆ”¬ø˜ÀÓ¬ ’øàÔ¬ı˛Ó¬± › ’øàÔÓ¬±¬ıàÔ± ¤¬ı—

Ó¬±¬ı˛ ·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏ÀÌ ¸˜±Ê√ø¬ı:±Úœ¬ı˛± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ·≈¬ı≈Q¬Û”Ì« ”¬ø˜fl¡± øÚÀ ˛ Œ¬ı˙øfl¡Â≈√ ·À¬ı ∏Ì± fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Úº

¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, Œ˚-Œfl¡±Ú› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ ¸•Û”Ì« øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬

‰¬±˚˛ ¤¬ı— ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡Ó‘«¬Q õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√›˚˛±Àfl¡ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ¤fl¡øÈ¬

’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ‚È¬Ú± ¬ıÀ˘ ˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ¬Ûø(À˜¬ı˛ Î¬◊ißÓ¬ ¬ı˛±©Ü™·≈À˘± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬QÀfl¡ ˚Ó¬È¬± ¸±Ù¬À˘…¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬ıÊ√± ˛ ¬ı˛±‡ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Î¬◊iß ˛Ú˙œ˘ ¬ı± ’ÀÒ«±ißÓ¬ Œ√˙·≈À˘±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS

Ú±Ú± ¬ı±d¬¬ı ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬·Ó¬ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ Ó¬± ¸yˆ¬¬ı ˝√√˚˛ Ú±º Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√˙¸˜”À˝√√ ¸˜±Ê√-¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú

¤fl¡ø√Àfl¡ Œ˚˜Ú ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ ‚È¬Ú±õ∂¬ı±À˝√√¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸•Ûøfl«¡Ó¬ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ¤¬ı˛ ¸Àe· ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ Œ˚±·›

Î¬◊À¬Ûé¬Ìœ˚˛ Ú˚˛º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ ’Ô¬ı± Î¬◊iß˚˛Ú˙œ˘ Œ√˙·≈ø˘¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Ú õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ı˝≈√√˘±—À˙˝◊√√ ¬ı±ø˝√√…fl¡

¬Ûø¬ı˛À¬ıÀ˙¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ ˝√√ ˛º ’±¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ¬ı ¬ı±ø √√…fl¡ ‰¬±¬Û–Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ › ’±z¬Ê«√±øÓ¬fl¡ Î¬◊ ¬ ˛Ó¬–

õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ¬ı˝≈√√Àé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˝√√±À˚…¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬

√√ º¬√¡√√√√√√√√√√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ¸˜Ò˜π ¬ı± ¸˜¬ı˛”¬Û Ú˚˛º ¤˝◊√√ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ú±Ú±

fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú Œ˚, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ˜”˘Ó¬ ≈√íøÈ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬ÚœÀ˚˛¬ı˛ (variable) Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øÚˆ«¬¬ı˛˙œ˘º

¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úœ˚˛ ≈√íøÈ¬ ˝√√˘ . [1] ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬ , [2] ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¸±˜Ô«…º ’Ú…ˆ¬±À¬ı ¬ı˘±

Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛, Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ≈√íøÈ¬ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úœ˚˛˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ˙øq¡º

ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ ’øÒfl¡

Œ¬Û˙±√±¬ı˛œ ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±¬ı¸•Ûißº ¤˝◊√√ Œ¬Û˙±√±¬ı˛œ › ˙‘∫˘±¬Û¬ı˛±˚˛Ì ˜ÀÚ±ˆ¬±À¬ı¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ øÚÊ√¶§ ’±R˜˚«±√±À¬ı±Ò › ’Ú…±Ú… ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ Œ·±á¬œ ŒÔÀfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¶§Ó¬La Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›ÀÍ¬º

Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√ Œ¬Û˙±√±ø¬ı˛Q › ¶§±Ó¬La…-Œ‰¬Ó¬Ú± ’Ú…À√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛

Ó≈¬˘Ú±˚˛ Œ¬ıø˙ ’Ô¬ı± fl¡˜ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ¬ı±Ò…Ó¬±˜”˘fl¡ øÚ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛ øˆ¬øM√√ÀÓ¬ ·øÍ¬Ó¬ Œ¸Ú±¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¤¬ı—

Œ¶§26√±˜”˘fl¡ˆ¬±À¬ı ·øÍ¬Ó¬ Œ¸Ú±¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬Û±Ô«fl¡…› ˘é¬… fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Œ¸Ú±¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀÓ¬ øÚ˚≈øq¡¬ı˛

Œé¬ÀS ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ ¸—‡…±øÒfl¡… Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛º Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú› Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ

øÚÀ˚˛±À·¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ Œ˚˜Ú ¤ø˘È¬ ¬ı·«ˆ≈¬Àq¡¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ ŒÓ¬˜øÚ ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› Œfl¡±Ú›

Œ√À˙ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ øÚÀ˚˛±À·¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ŒÊ√±¬ı˛ Œ√›˚˛± ˝√√˚˛ fl‘¡ø¯∏Ê√œ¬ıœ ¸•x√±˚˛ › øÚ•ß-˜Òø¬ıÀM√√¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛º

¤˝◊√√ ¸±˜±øÊ√fl¡ ¬ı·«·Ó¬ ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¡…¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˜±Úø¸fl¡Ó¬± › õ∂¬ıÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¸”ø‰¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¤Â√±Î¬ˇ±›

ø¬ıøˆ¬iß Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏:Ó¬±, õ∂˚≈øq¡·Ó¬ √é¬Ó¬± › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ ø¬ı‰¬é¬ÌÓ¬±¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS Ó¬±¬ı˛Ó¬˜…

Ô±Àfl¡ ¬ıÀ˘ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˙øq¡¸±˜ÀÔ«…¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… ¬Ûø¬ı˛˘øé¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛

øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ˙øq¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Ó¬±˝◊√√ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ıÓ«¬Úœ˚˛øÈ¬ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·…º

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ø¡ZÓ¬œ˚˛ øÚÒ«±¬ı˛fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛

·øÓ¬õ∂fl‘¡øÓ¬› ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏√ ·≈èQ¬Û”Ì«º ø˙Àä±ißÓ¬ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’Ô¬ı± ¤fl¡fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ √À˘¬ı˛

¸±˜ø¢∂fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛

’±Ú≈·Ó¬… ’Ê«√ÀÚ ¬ı…Ô« ˝√√˚˛ › ˜˚«±√± ˝√√±¬ı˛±˚˛ Œ¸˝◊√√¸¬ı ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± Œ¬ıø˙

˝√√˚˛º øfl¡z≈¬ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı Œ˚ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± Œˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Œé¬ÀS ¸‰¬¬ı˛±‰¬¬ı˛

Ó¬± Œ√‡± ˚±˚˛ Ú±º Ó¬±˝◊√√ ¬ı˘± ‰¬À˘ Œ˚ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±¬ı˛±Rfl¡ ¬ı˛fl¡˜ ≈√¬ı«˘Ó¬± ¬ı± ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬± Ú± Ô±fl¡À˘

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¸Ù¬˘ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± fl¡˜º

õ∂fl‘¡Ó¬¬ÛÀé¬ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ë¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Ûí-

¤¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤fl¡˜±øSfl¡ Ò±¬ı˛Ì±¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± Î¬◊¬Û˘øt fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±À¬ı Ú±º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√˜±øSfl¡

› Ê√øÈ¬˘ ¸•Ûfl«¡øÈ¬Àfl¡ ˚Ô±˚Ô ’Ú≈Ò±¬ıÌ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ó¬± ◊√√ ¤Àfl¡ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ ¬Û «±À ˛ ø¬ıÀù≠ ∏Ì fl¡¬ı˛± Œ˚ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡

õ∂øflË¡˚˛±¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı-õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√ ¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛˜±Ì·Ó¬ ˜±S± › ·≈Ì·Ó¬ ¬Û˚«±˚˛ ’Ú≈˚±˚˛œ ¬ı˛±©Ü™ø¬ı:±Úœ

Alan R. Ball ¤Àfl¡ ˜≈‡…Ó¬ øÓ¬ÚøÈ¬ d¬À¬ı˛ ˆ¬±· fl¡À¬ı˛ÀÂ√Ú .

32.5.1 ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂26√iß › ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û

’±¬Û±Ó¬ø¬ı‰¬±À¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ øflË¡˚˛±õ∂øflË¡˚˛± › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛± ¬Û¬ı˛¶Û¬ı˛ ø¬ıø26√iß ˜ÀÚ ¬˝√√À˘›

¤fl¡Ô± ’Ú¶§œfl¡±˚« Œ˚, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ õ∂26√ißˆ¬±À¬ı ˝√√À˘› ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º

ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ı˛±©Ü™ÚœøÓ¬ › õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬± ¸—flË¡±z¬ ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ√

ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ Ú± ˝√√À˘› ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú ¤¬ı— Ù¬˘Ó¬ ‹ ≈√˝◊√√ ÚœøÓ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı

¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±Àé¬ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ’Ú…±Ú… ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡› õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º

Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛z≈¬, ¤fl¡øÈ¬ ‰¬±¬Û¸‘ø©Üfl¡±¬ı˛œ Œ·±á¬œ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ Œ¬Û˙±·Ó¬ √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±, ‰¬±fl≈¡ø¬ı˛¬ı˛

¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±ÀÓ¬˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· Œ¬ÛÀ˚˛ Ô±Àfl¡º ¤ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛

¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ˜≈‡… Î¬◊ÀV˙…˝◊√√ ˝√√˘ ¬Û¬ı˛¬ı˛±©Ü™ ¬ı± õ∂øÓ¬¬ı˛é¬± ¸—flË¡±z¬ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ ÚœøÓ¬Àfl¡ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛

¬ÛÂ√μ¸˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¬ı˛”¬Û±ø˚˛Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ¤¬ı— ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛± ¬Û”¬ı˛ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±

fl¡¬ı˛±º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂˝√√Ì õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸≈À˚±· › ¸y¬±¬ıÚ± ¸¬ı Œ√À˙

¸˜±Ú Ú˚˛º ¸±Ò±¬ı˛Ìˆ¬±À¬ı ˚ø√› Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛ øÚÀ«√˙ › øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±ø˘Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬¬ı≈ ¤˝◊√√ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ¸¬ı Œ√À˙ ¸˜±Úˆ¬±À¬ı fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛ ¬ı± fl¡ÀÍ¬±¬ı˛ ˝√√˚˛ Ú± Œ˚À˝√√Ó≈¬

¸fl¡˘ Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬¬ı±√œ ·ÌÓ¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ øˆ¬Ó¬ › fl¡±Í¬±À˜± ¸˜±Ú ˜Ê√¬ı≈Ó¬ › ¸˜±Ú ‹øÓ¬˝√√…ø¸X Ú˚˛º Ó¬¬ı≈

Œ˜±ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¤ fl¡Ô± ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛ Œ˚, Œ¢∂È¬ ø¬ıËÀÈ¬Ú ’Ô¬ı± ˆ¬±¬ı˛Ó¬¬ıÀ¯∏«¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± Î¬◊√±¬ı˛ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¤¬ı—

·Ì- õ∂Ê√±Ó¬±øLafl¡ ‰¬œÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÓ¬± ¤fl¡√˘œ˚˛ ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ Δ¬ıÒÓ¬±Àfl¡ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ fl¡‡Ú› ŒÓ¬˜Ú ‰¬…±À˘? Ê√±Ú± ˛øÚº

Ó¬À¬ı ˚≈Xfl¡±˘œÚ ¬ı± ’Ú… Œfl¡±Ú› ’±¬Û»fl¡±˘œÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ…

¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¬ı…±¬Û±¬ı˛øÈ¬ øfl¡Â≈√È¬± øˆ¬iß ˜±S± ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ øˆ¬iß ˜±S± ’±¸À˘ ¤fl¡±z¬ˆ¬±À¬ı

’¶§±ˆ¬±ø¬ıfl¡ ¬ı± Ê√¬ı˛≈ø¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ±¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ¬ı…øÓ¬flË¡˜œ ˜±S±º

¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· ’¬ı˙… ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ fl¡Ô±› ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± √¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œ˚, ¸˜±Ê√Ó¬±øLafl¡ › ’Ú…±Ú… ¤fl¡√˘œ˚˛

¬ı˛±©Ü™¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ’Ú…±Ú… ’±Ò±-¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸˙¶a ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ŒÓ¬±˘± ˝√√˚˛º ’±ˆ¬…z¬¬ı˛œÌ Œé¬ÀS

øÚ¬ı˛±¬ÛM√√±¬ı˛é¬±, ¸—fl¡È¬ ”√¬ı˛œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ’±˙efl¬± õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√¸¬ı ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ ¬ı…¬ı˝√√±¬ı˛

fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º ’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ú±»¸œ¬ı±√œ ¬ı± Ù¬…±ø¸¬ı±√œ Δ¶§¬ı˛Ó¬±øLafl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ ŒÚÓ¬±¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı-

õ∂øÓ¬¬ÛøM√√Àfl¡ ¸≈øÚø(Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Ê√Ú… ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ·Í¬Ú fl¡¬ı˛± ˝√√˚˛º

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ › ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛ ¬Û±¬ı˛¶Ûø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡¬ı˛ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ø¬ıfl¡ä ˜±S± ˝√√˘ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Ûº øfl¡z≈¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”Ì« ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú ¬ıÀ˘

˜ÀÚ fl¡¬ı˛À˘ ˆ≈¬˘ ˝√√À¬ıº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¤ ˝√√˘ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ’¬ıàÔ±º Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬

˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¤¬ı— ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÌ ¬ı± ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¤fl¡ ˜Ò…¬ıÓ¬π ’¬ıàÔ±Àfl¡˝◊√√ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¬ıÀ˘

ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û Ú±Ú± fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ › Ú±Ú± Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ‚È¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ ¤¬ı— ¤ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛

by the military in politics, but falling short of the assumption of power by the military

may occur in any type of political system.” Ó¬À¬ı õ∂Ò±ÚÓ¬ Œ˚ ≈√íøÈ¬ fl¡±¬ı˛ÀÌ ¬ı± Î¬◊ÀVÀ˙… ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û Î¬◊À√…±·œ ˝√√ ˛ Ó¬± ˝√√˘ . [1] ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸—fl¡œÌ« Œ·±á¬œ·Ó¬

¶§±Ô«¸±ÒÚ ¤¬ı— [2] ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛ ‰”¬Î¬ˇ±z¬ ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±, ≈√ÚπøÓ¬ ’Ô¬ı± Œfl¡±Ú› fl¡±À˚˛ø˜ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛ ’Ú≈fl”¡À˘

˙±¸Ú ‰¬±˘±ÀÚ±¬ı˛ Œ‰©Ü±Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬˝√√Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬º Ó¬À¬ı ˘é¬…Ìœ˚˛ ˝√√˘, Î¬◊¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±q¡ ¤˝◊√√ Î¬◊ˆ¬˚˛ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl ¡¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ

øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡ ¸˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ Ê√±Ó¬œ ˛ ¶§±ÀÔ«¬ı˛√ õ∂øÓ¬ ”¬ › ¬ı˛é¬fl¡ ø˝√√À¸À¬ı ◊√√ õ∂øÓ¬¬Ûiß fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü± fl¡À¬ı˛º ’Ô«±», ˚‡Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸—fl¡œÌ« Œ·±á¬œ¶§±ÀÔ«› ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬‡Ú› ¬ı…±¬Ûfl¡ Ê√Ú¸˜Ô«Ú ˘±Àˆ¬¬ı˛

õ∂À˚˛±Ê√ÀÚ ¤¬ı— Δ¬ıÒÓ¬± ’Ê«√Ú fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û õ∂˚˛±¸Àfl¡ ¸˜ø©Ü·Ó¬ ¶§±ÀÔ«˝◊√√ ’Ú≈¬õ∂±øÌÓ¬ ¬ıÀ˘ Ê√±ø˝√√¬ı˛

fl¡À¬ı˛º

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ Œfl¡±Ú› ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ ’¬Û¸±ø¬ı˛Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ ¬ÛÂ√μ¸˝◊√√ ’Ú… ¤fl¡ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛Àfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ Î¬◊À√…±·œ ˝√√˚˛º 1964

¸±À˘ Œfl¡øÚ˚˛±, Ó¬±ÚÊ√±øÚ˚˛± › Î¬◊·±`¬±˚˛ ¸—‚øÈ¬Ó¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√œ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ fl¡Ô± ¤˝◊√√ õ∂¸Àe· Î¬◊À~‡

fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ ø¬ıÀ^±À˝√√¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ Œ˚¸¬ı fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Ú øÂ√˘ Ó¬±¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… Î¬◊À~‡À˚±·… øÂ√˘

Œ¬ıÓ¬Ú › fl¡±Ê√fl¡À˜«¬ı˛ ’¬ıàÔ± ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ’¸Àz¬±¯∏, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ Î¬◊2‰¬¬Û√·≈ø˘ÀÓ¬

’±øÙË¬fl¡±ÚÀ√¬ı˛ øÚÀ ˛±À·¬ı˛ √±¬ıœ ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√º Ó¬À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬±¸œÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬Àfl¡ Î¬◊»‡±Ó¬ fl¡¬ı˛±¬ı˛ ¸:±Ú ’øˆ¬õ∂± ˛

¬ı± ¬Ûø¬ı˛fl¡äÚ± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ øÂ√˘ Ú±º ’±øÙË¬fl¡±¬ı˛ ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ ’±¬ı˛› fl¡À˚˛fl¡øÈ¬ Œ√À˙ 60-¤¬ı˛√ √˙Àfl¡ ¤

Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ø¬ıÀ^±˝√√ › ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ø¬ı¯∏À˚˛ ’Ú≈¸&Ò±Ú fl¡À¬ı˛ Œfl¡±Ú› ¸¬ı«Ê√ÚœÚ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì ‡≈“ÀÊ√ ¬Û±›˚˛± ˚±˚˛øÚº

Ó¬¬ı≈ Œ˜±ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬Û¬ı˛ ¬ı˘± ˚±˚˛, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸√¸…À√¬ı˛ √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ’¸Àz¬±À¯∏¬ı˛ ¸˜±Ò±ÀÚ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡

fl¡Ó‘«¬¬ÛÀé¬¬ı˛ ¬ı…Ô«Ó¬±, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ › ’Ú…±Ú… Œé¬ÀS √œ‚«fl¡±˘œÚ ’‰¬˘±¬ıàÔ± › ¸—fl¡ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ øÚ¬ı˛ ÀÚ ’é¬˜Ó¬± ◊√√Ó¬…±ø√

¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û õ∂À¬ı˛±ø‰¬Ó¬ fl¡À¬ı˛º Ó¬À¬ı ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú õ∂øÓ¬á¬±¬ı˛ Œ‰¬©Ü±

õ∂±˚˛ ø¬ı¬ı˛˘º

fl¡Ó‘«¬Q ¬ı± ¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ é¬˜Ó¬± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ √‡À˘ Ô±Àfl¡º ’¬ı˙… ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú±ÒœÀÚ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛

˜±S±˚˛ › ‹ øÚ˚˛LaÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬ı˛œøÓ¬ ¬ÛXøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±Ô«Àfl¡…¬ı˛ √¬ı˛≈Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛› ¬ı˛fl¡˜ÀÙ¬¬ı˛ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ˜Ò…õ∂±‰¬…,

√øé¬Ì¬Û”¬ı« ¤ø˙ ˛±, ’±øÙË¬fl¡± › ˘±øÓ¬Ú ’±À˜ø¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œfl¡±ÀÚ± Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ‚Ú ‚Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ øÚ ˛LaÌ

¬ı± ˙±¸Ú fl¡±˚«fl¡¬ı˛œ ˝√√›˚˛±¬ı˛ ˜”À˘ fl¡Ó¬fl¡·≈ø˘ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬Àfl¡ ø‰¬ø˝êÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛± ˚±˚˛º

¸±Ò±¬ı˛ÌÓ¬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸fl¡ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıƒ√¬ı˛± ˚ø√ ’À˚±·… › ≈√ÚπøÓ¬¬Û¬ı˛±˚˛Ì ˝√√Ú ¤¬ı— Ê√Ú˜±ÚÀ¸

˚ø√ Ó“¬±À√¬ı˛ ¸•ÛÀfl«¡ ’±àÔ± › |X±¬ı˛ Œ¬ı±Ò flË¡˜˙ øÚ•ß·±˜œ ˝√√˚˛ Ó¬À¬ı ’Ú… ø¬ıfl¡Àä¬ı˛ ’ˆ¬±À¬ı Ê√Ú·Ì ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡

¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬ÛÀfl¡ ¶§±·Ó¬ Ê√±Ú±ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º √œ‚«fl¡±˘ ÒÀ¬ı˛ ¸˜±ÀÊ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ Œ˜Ãø˘fl¡ √±¬ıœ√±›˚˛±·≈ø˘ ˚ø√

flË¡˜±·Ó¬ ’¬ıÀ √√ø˘Ó¬ Ô±Àfl¡ ¤¬ı— ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ø¬ıƒ√, õ∂˙±¸fl¡ › ¸˜±ÀÊ√ fl¡±À ˛ø˜ ø¬ıM√√À·±á¬œ¬ı˛ ’ ≈ ¬ ŒÊ√±ÀÈ¬¬ı˛

Ù¬À˘ ˚ø√ ¸˜±Ê√Ê√œ¬ıÀÚ ’øÚ(˚˛Ó¬±, ˝√√Ó¬±˙± › ø¬ı˙‘∫˘± ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬ı…±ø5 ˘±ˆ¬ fl¡À¬ı˛ Ó¬À¬ı ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÀé¬

’Ú≈À˜±√Ú àÔ±˚˛œ ˝√√ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ú± fl¡±¬ı˛Ì Œ√‡± Œ·ÀÂ√ õ∂±˚˛ õ∂øÓ¬øÈ¬ Œé¬ÀS˝◊√√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸fl¡ Ê√Ú-ø¬ıÀ¬ı˛±Òœ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

øÚÀÓ¬ ΔÓ¬ø¬ı˛ Ô±Àfl¡º

˝√√˚˛, ¤¬ı— ¤˝◊√√ Ò¬ı˛ÀÚ¬ı˛ Ê√±Ó¬œ˚˛ › ¬ı˛±ø©Ü™fl¡ ¸—fl¡ÀÈ¬¬ı˛ ¬Ûø¬ı˛Àõ∂øé¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ˆ¬±À¬ı é¬˜Ó¬± √‡À˘¬ı˛

Ê√Ú… Ó¬»¬Û¬ı˛ ˝√√ ˛º ¶§±ÒœÚÓ¬±-¬Û¬ı˛¬ıÓ¬πfl¡±À˘ Ú± ◊√√ÀÊ√ø¬ı˛ ˛± ˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¤fl¡Ú± ˛fl¡Q õ∂øÓ¬á¬±¬ı˛ ‚È¬Ú±Àfl¡ ¤ õ∂¸Àe· ‘√©Ü±z¬

ø˝√√À¸À¬ı Î¬◊À~‡ fl¡¬ı˛± ‰¬À˘º Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ Ú±Ú± ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ ¬ı˛±À©Ü™, ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏Ó¬ Œ˚¸¬ı ¬ı˛±À©Ü™ Œfl¡fœ˚˛ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±À¬ı˛¬ı˛

Ó¬±Â√±Î¬ˇ±› ¸√…¶§±ÒœÚ ¬ı ≈√√ Œ√À˙ Ú¬ı·øÍ¬Ó¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ › õ∂˙±¸øÚfl¡ õ∂øÓ¬á¬±Ú¸ ” √√ ≈¬ı≈ÀÓ¬ õ∂øÓ¬|≈øÓ¬¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜

› Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ˜≈‡… ’—À˙¬ı˛ ŒÊ√±¬ı˛±À˘± ’±¬Û±Ó¬ ‰¬±ø˝√√√±·≈À˘±Àfl¡ Ó‘¬5 Ú± fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛ Ó¬À¬ı Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¬Û≈ø?ˆ”¬Ó¬

’¸Àz¬±¯∏Àfl¡ fl¡±ÀÊ√ ˘±ø·À˚˛ fi¬ÛøÚÀ¬ıø˙fl¡ Î¬◊M√√¬ı˛±øÒfl¡±À¬ı˛ ·ÀÎ¬ˇ ›Í¬± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ øÚÀÊ√Àfl¡ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ S±Ó¬±

ø˝√√À¸À¬ı õ∂øÓ¬á¬±˚˛ õ∂˚˛±¸œ ˝√√˚˛º

’±¬ı±¬ı˛ Ó‘¬Ó¬œ˚˛ ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛ ¬ı˝≈√√ ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ Œ√˙ øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ’±Ò≈øÚfl¡œfl¡¬ı˛Ì › õ∂ø˙é¬Ì ¸—flË¡±z¬

fl¡±ÀÊ√ ¬Ûø(˜œ ˙øq¡¬ıÀ·«¬ı˛ Î¬◊¬ÛÀ√˙ › ¸˝√√±˚˛Ó¬± ¢∂˝√√ÀÌ Î¬◊À√…±·œ ˝√√˚˛º Ù¬˘¶§¬ı˛”¬Û ‹¸¬ı ¬ı‘˝√√»˙øq¡ Ó¬±À√¬ı˛ ¶§±Ô«À¬ı±Ò

› ‘√ø©Üˆ¬e·œ¬ı˛ ¡Z±¬ı˛± ¢∂˝√√œÓ¬± Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√ÚœÀfl¡ õ∂ˆ¬±ø¬ıÓ¬ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¬Û±À¬ı˛º ¤¬ı— fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤˝◊√√ˆ¬±À¬ı

¸¬ıÀ˙À¯∏ ’±¬ı˛ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ fl¡Ô± ˜ÀÚ ¬ı˛±‡± Î¬◊ø‰¬Ó¬, ’ÀÚfl¡ ¸˜˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ › ’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬¬Ûé¬ ˚≈¢¨ˆ¬±À¬ı

¸¬ı˛fl¡±ø¬ı˛ fl¡±˚« ¬Ûø¬ı˛‰¬±˘Ú±¬ı˛ Œfl¡Ã˙˘ ’¬ı˘y¬ıÚ fl¡À¬ı˛º ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸fl¡¬ı˛± øÚÀÊ√À√¬ı˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ fl¡Ó‘«¬ÀQ¬ı˛

õ∂øÓ¬ Ê√Ú·ÀÌ¬ı˛ ¸˝√√Úœ˚˛Ó¬± › ¸˜Ô«Ú ’±√±˚˛ fl¡¬ı˛ÀÓ¬ ¤¬ı˛fl¡˜ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡-’¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ Œ˚ÃÔ ¸¬ı˛fl¡±¬ı˛ ·Í¬ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬ÛÔ

ÒÀ¬ı˛º√

¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛± ¬ÛXøÓ¬ › ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ fl¡˜«Ò±¬ı˛± ¸•Û”Ì« øˆ¬ißÒ˜π ˝√√À˘› Î¬◊ˆ¬À˚˛¬ı˛ ˜ÀÒ… ¬ÛÀ¬ı˛±é¬,

fl¡‡Ú›¬ı± õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸•Ûfl«¡ ¬ıÓ«¬˜±Úº ¬ıd≈¬Ó¬, ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ’¬ı˙…˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±

¸•Û±√Ú fl¡À¬ı˛º ’±¬ı˛ ¤ ◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ”¬ø˜fl¡±¬ı˛ ≈¬ı±À√ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø √√Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ ø¸X±z¬¢∂ √√Ì õ∂øflË¡ ˛±Àfl¡ õ∂¬ı±ø¬ıÓ¬

fl¡À¬ı˛ Ú±Ú±ˆ¬±À¬ıº

øfl¡z≈¬ fl¡‡Ú› fl¡‡Ú› ¤˝◊√√ ¬Ûø¬ı˛¬Û”¬ı˛fl¡ ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡±˝◊√√ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡ ˜≈‡… ˆ”¬ø˜fl¡± ø˝√√À¸À¬ı õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛

˚‡Ú ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ø¬ıÀ˙¯∏ ¸—fl¡È¬fl¡±˘œÚ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬fl¡ õ∂øflË¡˚˛±˚˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛

¸≈À˚±· ¬Û±˚˛, ’Ô¬ı± ˚‡Ú ’ˆ≈¬…O±ÀÚ¬ı˛ ˜±Ò…À˜ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ é¬˜Ó¬± √‡˘ fl¡À¬ı˛º ’¬ı˙… ø¬ıÀù´¬ı˛

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3º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂ˆ¬±¬ı¬ı‘øX¬ı˛ fl¡±¬ı˛Ì › ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ ¬ı…±‡…± fl¡¬ı˛≈Úº

6º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ øÚX«±¬ı˛fl¡ Î¬◊¬Û±√±Ú·≈ø˘ fl¡œ fl¡œ∑

7º Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÕÚøÓ¬fl¡ ¬ı…¬ıàÔ±˚˛ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ’±˙efl¡± fl¡˜, ¤¬ı— Œfl¡Ú∑

8º ’ÀÒ«±ißÓ¬ ¬ı± ’Ú≈ißÓ¬ Œ√À˙¬ı˛ ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸y±¬ıÚ± Œfl¡Ú Œ¬ıø˙ Ô±Àfl¡∑¡

9º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ¬ı˛ ¸œø˜Ó¬ ˝√√d¬Àé¬¬Û ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

10º ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú ¬ı˘ÀÓ¬ fl¡œ Œ¬ı±Á¡±˚˛∑

11º Œfl¡±Úƒ Œfl¡±Úƒ ¬Ûø¬ı˛øàÔøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ ¤fl¡øÈ¬ Œ√À˙ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ’ˆ≈¬…O±Ú ¬ı± ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸Ú õ∂øÓ¬øá¬Ó¬ ˝√√˚˛∑

12º ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬ÀÓ¬ õ∂Ó¬…é¬ ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˝√√d¬Àé¬À¬Û¬ı˛ ¸±ÀÔ ¬Û”Ì«±e· ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ˙±¸ÀÚ¬ı˛ ¬Û±Ô«fl¡… fl¡œ∑

1º Alan R. Ball : Modern Politics & Government

2º Guttridge W. F. : Military Regimes in Africa

3º Finer S. S. : Comparative Government

4º Lucian Pye : Aspects of Political Development

6º J. C. Johari : Comparative Politics

7º ¸≈øÊ√Ó¬Ú±¬ı˛±˚˛Ì ‰¬ÀA±¬Û±Ò…±˚˛ . ¸±˜ø¬ı˛fl¡ ¬ı±ø˝√√Úœ › ¬ı˛±Ê√ÚœøÓ¬º√

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