Seminario residenziale
“L’approccio territoriale tra aiuto e crescita”
22-23 giugno 2012
Villa Flangini - Asolo
Organizzato dal SerAT (Servizio Alcologia e Tabagismo Ulss 8) Con il contributo di ACAT-ULSS 8 onlus e Cooperativa Sonda
Con il patrocinio di Alcologia Ecologica
Rete e RetiPer-che' e per-chi?
Paolo Massahttp://www.gnuband.org
Chi sono ioLaurea e dottorato in informatica: riduzionista ;)
MA ricerca su social networking http://sonet.fbk.eu
E ~volontariato: parrocchia, Caritas, cooperazione internazionale
PoV “diverso”
Seminario residenziale
“L’approccio territoriale tra aiuto e crescita”
22-23 giugno 2012
Villa Flangini - Asolo
Organizzato dal SerAT (Servizio Alcologia e Tabagismo Ulss 8) Con il contributo di ACAT-ULSS 8 onlus e Cooperativa Sonda
Con il patrocinio di Alcologia Ecologica
Cosa voglio fare
Parlare di “rete”: evoluzione del concetto, serve come modello o e' una keyword?
Fornire spunti a partire da ricerche su “reti”
Le Città invisibili Italo CalvinoA Ersilia, per stabilire i rapporti che reggono la vita della città, gli
abitanti tendono dei fili tra gli spigoli delle case, bianchi o neri o grigi o bianco–e–neri a seconda se segnano relazioni di parentela, scambio, autorità, rappresentanza. Quando i fili sono tanti che non ci si può piú passare in mezzo, gli abitanti vanno via: le case vengono smontate; restano solo i fili e i sostegni dei fili. Dalla costa d’un monte, accampati con le masserizie, i profughi di Ersilia guardano l’intrico di fili tesi e pali che s’innalza nella pianura. È quello ancora la città di Ersilia, e loro sono niente.
Riedificano Ersilia altrove. Tessono con i fili una figura simile che vorrebbero piú complicata e insieme piú regolare dell’altra. Poi l’ abbandonano e trasportano ancora piú lontano sé e le case. Cosí viaggiando nel territorio di Ersilia incontri le rovine delle città abbandonate, senza le mura che non durano, senza le ossa dei morti che il vento fa rotolare: ragnatele di rapporti intricati che cercano una forma.
“fare rete” in Google
6: 0-1995
154: 1995-2000
614: 2000-2005
9.000: 2005-2010
47.400: 2010-2012
Rete = panacea?
Rete = panacea? … non proprio ;)
Un po' di storiasulle reti
Internet: decentralized by design
“On Distributed Communication Networks,” Paul Baran. 1964.
A network without central authority or single outage point.
Resistant to attacks (to single nodes).
US DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)
Internet is NOT = Web
Resistente
Inclusiva (democratica?)
Efficiente?
Tutti pari? Chi comanda?
Reti Peer2Peer
VS
ClientServer (Web)
Graph theory
1735 - Seven Bridges of Königsberg – Euler
v
Social networks
Dyads agglomerate to formlarge interconnected webs
The simplest network is a dyad or pair
Node=person, Edge=relationship
Network:the focus in on
the edge, the relationship,
the “thing” between 2 nodes.
Maria Giovanni
First studies = small samples
Jacob Moreno introduced sociogram (1930 – Who shall survive?)
Relationship via interviews.
Who do you
like,
eat Pizza with
see after work
(any relationship)
Social Network Analysis
The study of networks has depended on a visual thinking since the beginning
"If we ever get to the point of charting a whole city or a whole nation, we would have … a picture of a vast solar system of intangible structures, powerfully influencing conduct, as gravitation does in space. Such an invisible structure underlies society and has its influence in determining the conduct of society as a whole."
J.L. Moreno, New York Times, April 13, 1933
Not all edges are equal!Strength of weak ties.
Granovetter. 1973. The American Journal of Sociology.
Most jobs were found through "weak" acquaintances.
(Different) value in social relationships.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tie-network.jpg
The Strength of Weak Ties
Strong ties (i.e. family members) affect people more deeply Weak ties often link more people.
Photo by johntrainor, Flickr
Power in NumbersSocial ties, rather than money, were used as collateral and could be used to guarantee a loan.
Yunus founded the Grameen Bank which now fosters social networks which
• optimize trust • connect groups through weaker ties• help find creative solutions through connections
Serge Latouche = ricchezza nelle relazioni (Il pensiero creativo contro l'economia dell'assurdo)
Photo by Inkyhack, Flickr
Social capital
Putnam 1995 “Bowling alone: America's Declining Social Capital:
~500,000 interviews in US (19752000) >
decline of social capital over time
(belong to fewer orgs (58%),
know their neighbors less (35%), ...)
Bridge (ponte)
Legame che connette due parti della rete che sarebbero altrimenti separate (componente connessa).
Rimuovere un bridge significa sconnettere il grafo, ovvero dividerlo in due grafi piu' piccoli, e non connessi tra di loro
Network structure and roleConnector – span different worlds (central in
network)
“Connectors” have many weak ties to members outside their group.
Mavens information specialists start wordofmouth epidemics (good for marketing)
Connector
Specific social rolesFinding social roles in Wikipedia. Proceedings of the
2011 iConference.
Operatori come connector tra due famiglie?
Oppure quale altro “ruolo sociale”?
Chi e' connector? E chi connette?
Cambia nel tempo?
Connector
Reti come sistemi dinamici
Dynamic Network Analysis
Monitorare lo stato di salute di una rete? Prevederne la fine?
Bowling alone and trust decline
in social network sites
Paolo Massa, Martino Salvetti,
Danilo Tomasoni
SocialCom 2011
Social Network Analysis
We shape our network1. We determine structure of our network:
how many people we are connected to
The average American has 4 close social contacts known as their “core discussion network”The same number of people can be arranged and connected in different ways, and have different topologies
We shape our network
2. We influence the density of interconnections between friends and family
we introduce friends from separate groups to one another
We shape our network
3. We control how “central” we are within the social network
Are you the life of the party? Or the wall flower?
Linked: The New Science of Networks, 2002.
Barabási, AlbertLászló, physics.
Data, data, data!
All networks (Web links, Internet cables, collaboration among actors, scientists, sexual interaction, biological networks of cells, food webs in ecology, phone call patterns, word cooccurrence in text, neural network connectivity of flatworms, conformational states in protein folding) …
Same property = small world, power law
One law behind everything?!? (2002)
Tracking the Spread of Information
Word of mouth (marketing, new ideas and products), Viruses (epidemiology, SARS), ...
Photo by Christian Keenan
6 degrees of separationMilgram 1967 296 letters to reach target
Average path length ~ 6 (just 64 successes!)
Folklore but the message is
“It's a small world”
Connected: How Kevin Bacon cured cancer
Movie: 6 degrees of separation
Social Networking Sites
Facebook: 800 million active users (?!?)
Twitter, Ebay, P2P, …
Rendono visibili
le “reti degli altri”
http://qualitypoint.blogspot.com/2010/05/list-of-social-networking-sites.html
Not so virtual worlds
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook "friends:" Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of ComputerMediated Communication http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/ellison.html
2010 Social Networking Affects Brains Like Falling in Love Paul Zak. "Your brain interpreted tweeting as if you were directly interacting with people you cared about or had empathy for," Zak says. "Econnection is processed in the brain like an inperson connection."
http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/147/doctorlove.html
Networksasa
lensto
understandSociety
TrentiniNelMondo – http://next.trentininelmondo.it
Selfawareness of you in the network is important?
E io?
Bisogna essere coscienti della rete (big picture)? Delle proprie relazioni (egonetwork)? Della propria “posizione” nella rete? Del proprio ruolo? A cosa e' utile? A chi?
Trust networks
Goal: influenzare la “cultura” del bere.
Ci si fida dei propri peer, si mutuano i loro comportamenti
Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives, Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H
What spread over social networks?
Do behaviours of your connected nodes influence yours?
Framingham Heart Study: started in 1948, 5,000 participants, multiple generations, tracking health and contact information every two to four years.
No Laughing MatterIn 1962 in Tanzania an epidemic of laughing spread through many villages resulting in the closing of several schools
This was a “mass psychogenic illness” – also known as “epidemic hysteria” and was traced to three teenage girls
Photo by Casey Lehman Photo by Federia Olivieri Photo by k-girl, Flikr
Family FeelingsExperiment using beepers to record and track the emotional states of family members
• The strongest path was from daughters to parents• Parents had little affect on daughters• Fathers had a significant effect on wives and sons
What this means…when a father returns grumpy from work the whole household soon becomes miserable
Photos by Mike Carroll and Squiddles, Flikr
Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart
James H Fowler and Nicholas A Christakis, 2008
4739 individuals followed from 1983 to 2003.
People’s happiness depends on the happiness of others with whom they are connected. See happiness, like health, as a collective phenomenon.
Objectives To evaluate whether happiness can spread from person to person and whether niches of happiness form within social networks.
(credits: Photo by beija-flor released on Flickr under Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial No Derivative license)
Results: Clusters of happy and unhappy people are visible in the network, and the relationship between people’s happiness extends up to three degrees of separation (for example, to the friends of one’s friends’ friends).People who are surrounded by many happy people and those who are central in the network are more likely to become happy in the future. Longitudinal statistical models suggest that clusters of happiness result from the spread of happiness and not just a tendency for people to associate with similar individuals. A friend who lives within a mile (about 1.6 km) and who becomes happy increases the probability that a person is happy by 25% (95% confidence interval 1% to 57%). Similar effects are seen in coresident spouses (8%, 0.2% to 16%), siblings who live within a mile (14%, 1% to 28%), and next door neighbours (34%, 7% to 70%). Effects are not seen between coworkers. The effect decays with time and with geographical separation.
“Alone in the Crowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social Network,” 2009, James H Fowler and Nicholas A Christakis, The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
In a 10year study of 5,100 people and their social contacts, researchers tracked feelings of loneliness over time by asking participants how many days a week they felt lonely. What they discovered was that loneliness could be contagious and followed a distinct path as it spread through social networks.
Over time, each additional day of loneliness per week that people experience leads to a little more than one extra day of loneliness per month among those in their social network
The average person experiences loneliness about 48 days a year, but having a lonely friend can add 17 days of loneliness annually. By comparison, every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5 percent, which translates to about two and a half fewer lonely days a year.
The Spread of Alcohol Consumption Behavior in a Large Social Network, J.N. Rosenquist, J. Murabito, J.H. Fowler, and N.A. Christakis,
Annals of Internal Medicine (April 2010)
Drinking habits can be contagious: if a close connection (friend, relative, coworker) drank heavily — defined as an average of one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men — participants were 50% more likely to drink heavily themselves; if someone connected by two degrees of separation (a friend of a friend) drank heavily, participants were 36% more likely to do so.
The social impact of drinking continued to three degrees of separation — that is, if your friend’s mom’s cousin drinks heavily, you’re about 15% more likely to do so too.
For every social contact who abstained from alcohol, a person’s likelihood of heavy drinking decreased by 10%.
The study findings “reinforce the idea that drinking is a public health and clinical problem that involves groups of interconnected people who evince shared behaviors, and targeting those behaviors would rightly involve addressing groups and not just individuals.”
What spreads over social networks?
Christakis NA, Fowler JH. Dynamic spread of Happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study, 2008.
Cacioppo JT, Fowler JH, Christakis NA, Alone in the Crowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social Network 2008.
J.N. Rosenquist, J. Murabito, J.H. Fowler, and N.A. Christakis, "The Spread of Alcohol Consumption Behavior in a Large Social Network," Annals of Internal Medicine 152(7): 426433 (April 2010)
Christakis NA, Fowler JH. The collective dynamics of Smoking in a large social network. N Engl J Med2008;358:224958.
Christakis NA, Fowler JH. The spread of Obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N Engl J Med2007;357:3709.
The grand theory of networking
Obesity, happiness, smoking, loneliness, … vaseline spread across networks.
http://www.gnuband.org/2010/01/13/networks_of_loneliness/
Vladimir Hudolin
"...se i Club lavorano per la pace interiore di ognuno di noi, è indubitabile che questa pace verrà trasmessa alle persone che ci sono più vicine e poi si allargherà, a macchia d’olio, a tutta la nostra comunità, portandoci così a riappropriarci del nostro futuro..."
Chapter 9The Whole is Great
Since the Beginning…
Photo by jankie, Flickr
Since the beginnings of human civilization, connections have shaped and aided our development as a race.
Even the Bible refers to the strength of ties in passages like the Tower of Babylon and the story of Jericho.
Since the Beginning…
Photos by The National Gallery, London and Sir Paul, Flickr
Theorists from Hobbes to Rousseau have speculated about “social contracts” and what would make the best form of human interaction.
The Human Superorganism
Photos by stevendepolo and sara.atkins, Flickr
By joining together, humans are able to accomplish feats otherwise unimaginable, just like ants cooperate to make an ant hill.
The Human Superorganism
Photos by adrigu and gaminrey and Editor B, Flickr
Cooperation is key.
Networks of cooperation can lead to self-sustaining “organisms,” whether it be cells in a human body or human bodies in a neighborhood!
The Human Superorganism
Photos by KidMoxie and tbertor1, Flickr
With this cooperation, networks can do great things.● However, the power and influence of networks can also be
dangerous.
Habitat for Humanity Volunteers Shoes taken from victims
during World War 2
Social Network InequalityThe connections we have with others can influence us to do many things from giving more to charity to stealing a car.Our connections depend on where we are located in our social network.
There is “positional inequality” -- not because of who we are but because of who we are connected to.
Social Network Inequality
Photos by Andyrob and alexik, Flickr
If you are connected to the right people, you may have opportunities to get jobs, gifts, or other extra benefits.
If you are connected to others you could be influenced to commit crimes or eat unhealthy food.
Position matters.
ConnectedSocial networks seem to have so much power and influence over us…
But remember: Social networks are not just about the influence other have over us, but also about the effect we have on others!
Be the change you want to see
in theworld
Be the change you want to see
in the network
Riprendere “rete come modello o solo come keyword?”
Rete o …?
Rete? O comunita'? O gruppo? O …?
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