Seminario residenziale

“L’approccio territoriale tra aiuto e crescita”

22-23 giugno 2012

Villa Flangini - Asolo

Organizzato dal SerAT (Servizio Alcologia e Tabagismo Ulss 8) Con il contributo di ACAT-ULSS 8 onlus e Cooperativa Sonda

Con il patrocinio di Alcologia Ecologica

  

Rete e RetiPer-che' e per-chi?

Paolo Massahttp://www.gnuband.org

  

Chi sono ioLaurea e dottorato in informatica: riduzionista ;)

MA ricerca su social networking http://sonet.fbk.eu

E ~volontariato: parrocchia, Caritas, cooperazione internazionale

PoV “diverso”

  

Seminario residenziale

“L’approccio territoriale tra aiuto e crescita”

22-23 giugno 2012

Villa Flangini - Asolo

Organizzato dal SerAT (Servizio Alcologia e Tabagismo Ulss 8) Con il contributo di ACAT-ULSS 8 onlus e Cooperativa Sonda

Con il patrocinio di Alcologia Ecologica

  

  

Cosa voglio fare

Parlare di “rete”: evoluzione del concetto, serve come modello o e' una keyword?

Fornire spunti a partire da ricerche su “reti”

  

Le Città invisibili Italo CalvinoA Ersilia, per stabilire i rapporti che reggono la vita della città, gli 

abitanti tendono dei fili tra gli spigoli delle case, bianchi o neri o grigi o bianco–e–neri a seconda se segnano              relazioni di parentela, scambio, autorità, rappresentanza.        Quando i fili sono tanti che non ci si può piú passare in mezzo, gli abitanti vanno via: le case vengono smontate; restano solo i fili e i sostegni dei fili. Dalla costa d’un monte, accampati con le masserizie, i profughi di Ersilia guardano l’intrico di fili tesi e pali che s’innalza nella pianura. È quello ancora la città di Ersilia, e loro sono niente.

Riedificano Ersilia altrove. Tessono con i fili una figura simile che vorrebbero piú complicata e insieme piú regolare dell’altra. Poi l’ abbandonano e trasportano ancora piú lontano sé e le case. Cosí viaggiando nel territorio di Ersilia incontri le rovine delle città abbandonate, senza le mura che non durano, senza le ossa dei morti che il vento fa rotolare: ragnatele di rapporti intricati che cercano una forma.

“fare rete” in Google

6: 0-1995

154: 1995-2000

614: 2000-2005

9.000: 2005-2010

47.400: 2010-2012

Rete = panacea?

Rete = panacea? … non proprio ;)

Un po' di storiasulle reti

  

Internet: decentralized by design

“On Distributed Communication Networks,” Paul Baran. 1964.

A network without central authority or single outage point.

Resistant to attacks (to single nodes).

US DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency)

Internet is NOT = Web

  

Resistente

Inclusiva (democratica?)

Efficiente?

Tutti pari? Chi comanda?

  

Reti Peer2Peer

VS

Client­Server (Web)

Graph theory

1735 - Seven Bridges of Königsberg – Euler

v

Social networks

Dyads agglomerate to formlarge interconnected webs

The simplest network is a dyad or pair

Node=person, Edge=relationship

Network:the focus in on

the edge, the relationship,

the “thing” between 2 nodes.

Maria Giovanni

  

  

First studies = small samples

Jacob Moreno introduced sociogram (1930 – Who shall survive?)

Relationship via interviews.

Who do you 

like, 

eat Pizza with

see after work

(any relationship)

  

Social Network Analysis

The study of networks has depended on a visual thinking since the beginning

  

"If we ever get to the point of charting a whole city or a whole nation, we would have … a picture of a vast solar system of intangible structures, powerfully influencing conduct, as gravitation does in space. Such an invisible structure underlies society and has its influence in determining the conduct of society as a whole."

J.L. Moreno, New York Times, April 13, 1933

  

Not all edges are equal!Strength of weak ties.

Granovetter. 1973. The American Journal of Sociology.

Most jobs were found through "weak" acquaintances.

(Different) value in social relationships.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tie-network.jpg

The Strength of Weak Ties

Strong ties (i.e. family members) affect people more deeply Weak ties often link more people.

Photo by johntrainor, Flickr

Power in NumbersSocial ties, rather than money, were used as collateral and could be used to guarantee a loan.

Yunus founded the Grameen Bank which now fosters social networks which

• optimize trust • connect groups through weaker ties• help find creative solutions through connections

Serge Latouche = ricchezza nelle relazioni (Il pensiero creativo contro l'economia dell'assurdo)

Photo by Inkyhack, Flickr

  

Social capital

Putnam 1995 “Bowling alone: America's Declining Social Capital:

~500,000 interviews in US (1975­2000) ­­> 

decline of social capital over time 

(belong to fewer orgs (­58%), 

know their neighbors less (­35%), ...)

  

Bridge (ponte)

Legame che connette due parti della rete che sarebbero altrimenti separate (componente connessa).

Rimuovere un bridge significa sconnettere il grafo, ovvero dividerlo in due grafi piu' piccoli, e non connessi tra di loro

  

Network structure and roleConnector – span different worlds (central in 

network)

“Connectors” have many weak ties to members outside their group.

Mavens ­ information specialists ­ start word­of­mouth epidemics (good for marketing)

Connector

  

Specific social rolesFinding social roles in Wikipedia. Proceedings of the 

2011 iConference.

  

Operatori come connector tra due famiglie?

Oppure quale altro “ruolo sociale”?

Chi e' connector? E chi connette?

Cambia nel tempo?

Connector

  

Reti come sistemi dinamici

Dynamic Network Analysis

Monitorare lo stato di salute di una rete? Prevederne la fine?

Bowling alone and trust decline

in social network sites

Paolo Massa, Martino Salvetti, 

Danilo Tomasoni

SocialCom 2011

  

Social Network Analysis

We shape our network1. We determine structure of our network:

how many people we are connected to

The average American has 4 close social contacts known as their “core discussion network”The same number of people can be arranged and connected in different ways, and have different topologies

We shape our network

2. We influence the density of interconnections between friends and family

we introduce friends from separate groups to one another

We shape our network

3. We control how “central” we are within the social network

Are you the life of the party? Or the wall flower?

  

Linked: The New Science of Networks, 2002.

Barabási, Albert­László, physics.

Data, data, data!

All networks (Web links, Internet cables, collaboration among actors, scientists, sexual interaction, biological networks of cells, food webs in ecology, phone call patterns, word co­occurrence in text, neural network connectivity of flatworms, conformational states in protein folding) …

Same property = small world, power law

  

One law behind everything?!? (2002)

Tracking the Spread of Information

Word of mouth (marketing, new ideas and products), Viruses (epidemiology, SARS), ...

Photo by Christian Keenan

  

6 degrees of separationMilgram 1967 ­ 296 letters to reach target

Average path length ~ 6 (just 64 successes!)

Folklore but the message is

“It's a small world”

Connected: How Kevin Bacon cured cancer

Movie: 6 degrees of separation

  

Social Networking Sites

Facebook: 800 million active users (?!?)

Twitter, Ebay, P2P, …

Rendono visibili 

le “reti degli altri”

  

http://qualitypoint.blogspot.com/2010/05/list-of-social-networking-sites.html

  

Not so virtual worlds

Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook "friends:" Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer­Mediated Communication http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/ellison.html

2010 ­ Social Networking Affects Brains Like Falling in Love ­ Paul Zak. "Your brain interpreted tweeting as if you were directly interacting with people you cared about or had empathy for," Zak says. "E­connection is processed in the brain like an in­person connection."

http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/147/doctor­love.html

  

Networksasa

lensto

understandSociety

  

TrentiniNelMondo – http://next.trentininelmondo.it

  

Self­awareness of you in the network is important?

  

E io?

Bisogna essere coscienti della rete (big picture)? Delle proprie relazioni (ego­network)? Della propria “posizione” nella rete? Del proprio ruolo? A cosa e' utile? A chi?

  

Trust networks

Goal: influenzare la “cultura” del bere.

Ci si fida dei propri peer, si mutuano i loro comportamenti

Connected: The Surprising Power of Our Social Networks and How They Shape Our Lives, Christakis, Nicholas A.; Fowler, James H

  

What spread over social networks?

Do behaviours of your connected nodes influence yours?

Framingham Heart Study:  started in 1948, 5,000 participants, multiple generations, tracking health and contact information every two to four years.

No Laughing MatterIn 1962 in Tanzania an epidemic of laughing spread through many villages resulting in the closing of several schools

This was a “mass psychogenic illness” – also known as “epidemic hysteria” and was traced to three teenage girls

Photo by Casey Lehman Photo by Federia Olivieri Photo by k-girl, Flikr

Family FeelingsExperiment using beepers to record and track the emotional states of family members

• The strongest path was from daughters to parents• Parents had little affect on daughters• Fathers had a significant effect on wives and sons

What this means…when a father returns grumpy from work the whole household soon becomes miserable

Photos by Mike Carroll and Squiddles, Flikr

  

Dynamic spread of happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart 

James H Fowler and Nicholas A Christakis, 2008

4739 individuals followed from 1983 to 2003.

People’s happiness depends on the happiness of others with whom they are connected. See happiness, like health, as a collective phenomenon.

Objectives To evaluate whether happiness can spread from person to person and whether niches of happiness form within social networks.

(credits: Photo by beija-flor released on Flickr under Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial No Derivative license)

Results: Clusters of happy and unhappy people are visible in the network, and the relationship between people’s happiness extends up to three degrees of separation (for example, to the friends of one’s friends’ friends).People who are surrounded by many happy people and those who are central in the network are more likely to become happy in the future. Longitudinal statistical models suggest that clusters of happiness result from the spread of happiness and not just a tendency for people to associate with similar individuals. A friend who lives within a mile (about 1.6 km) and who becomes happy increases the probability that a person is happy by 25% (95% confidence interval 1% to 57%). Similar effects are seen in coresident spouses (8%, 0.2% to 16%), siblings who live within a mile (14%, 1% to 28%), and next door neighbours (34%, 7% to 70%). Effects are not seen between coworkers. The effect decays with time and with geographical separation.

  

“Alone in the Crowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social Network,” 2009, James H Fowler and Nicholas A Christakis, The Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 

In a 10­year study of 5,100 people and their           social contacts, researchers tracked feelings of loneliness               over time by asking participants how many days a week they                 felt lonely. What they discovered was that loneliness could be                   contagious and followed a distinct path as it spread through          social networks.

Over time, each additional day of loneliness per            week that people experience leads to a little more than one extra            day of loneliness per month among those in their social network 

The average person experiences loneliness about 48 days a year, but having a lonely friend can add 17 days of loneliness annually. By comparison, every additional friend can decrease loneliness by about 5 percent, which translates to about two and a half fewer lonely days a year.

  

The Spread of Alcohol Consumption Behavior in a Large Social Network, J.N. Rosenquist, J. Murabito, J.H. Fowler, and N.A. Christakis,  

Annals of Internal Medicine (April 2010)

Drinking habits can be contagious: if a close connection (friend, relative, coworker) drank heavily — defined as an average of one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men — participants were 50% more likely to drink heavily themselves; if someone connected by two degrees of separation (a friend of a friend) drank heavily, participants were 36% more likely to do so.

The social impact of drinking continued to three degrees of separation — that is, if your friend’s mom’s cousin drinks heavily, you’re about 15% more likely to do so too.

For every social contact who abstained from alcohol, a person’s likelihood of heavy drinking decreased by 10%.

The study findings “reinforce the idea that drinking is a public health and clinical problem that involves groups of interconnected people who evince shared behaviors, and targeting those behaviors would rightly involve addressing groups and not just individuals.”

  

What spreads over social networks?

Christakis NA, Fowler JH. Dynamic spread of Happiness in a large social network: longitudinal analysis over 20 years in the Framingham Heart Study, 2008.

Cacioppo JT, Fowler JH, Christakis NA, Alone in the Crowd: The Structure and Spread of Loneliness in a Large Social Network 2008.

J.N. Rosenquist, J. Murabito, J.H. Fowler, and N.A. Christakis, "The Spread of Alcohol Consumption Behavior in a Large Social Network," Annals of Internal Medicine   152(7): 426­433 (April 2010)

Christakis NA, Fowler JH. The collective dynamics of Smoking in a large social network. N Engl J Med2008;358:2249­58.

Christakis NA, Fowler JH. The spread of Obesity in a large social network over 32 years. N Engl J Med2007;357:370­9.

  

The grand theory of networking

Obesity, happiness, smoking, loneliness, … vaseline spread across networks.

http://www.gnuband.org/2010/01/13/networks_of_loneliness/

  

Vladimir Hudolin

"...se i Club lavorano per la pace interiore di ognuno di noi, è indubitabile che questa pace verrà trasmessa alle persone che ci sono più vicine e poi si allargherà, a macchia d’olio, a tutta la nostra comunità, portandoci così a riappropriarci del nostro futuro..."

Chapter 9The Whole is Great

Since the Beginning…

Photo by jankie, Flickr

Since the beginnings of human civilization, connections have shaped and aided our development as a race.

Even the Bible refers to the strength of ties in passages like the Tower of Babylon and the story of Jericho.

Since the Beginning…

Photos by The National Gallery, London and Sir Paul, Flickr

Theorists from Hobbes to Rousseau have speculated about “social contracts” and what would make the best form of human interaction.

The Human Superorganism

Photos by stevendepolo and sara.atkins, Flickr

By joining together, humans are able to accomplish feats otherwise unimaginable, just like ants cooperate to make an ant hill.

The Human Superorganism

Photos by adrigu and gaminrey and Editor B, Flickr

Cooperation is key.

Networks of cooperation can lead to self-sustaining “organisms,” whether it be cells in a human body or human bodies in a neighborhood!

The Human Superorganism

Photos by KidMoxie and tbertor1, Flickr

With this cooperation, networks can do great things.● However, the power and influence of networks can also be

dangerous.

Habitat for Humanity Volunteers Shoes taken from victims

during World War 2

Social Network InequalityThe connections we have with others can influence us to do many things from giving more to charity to stealing a car.Our connections depend on where we are located in our social network.

There is “positional inequality” -- not because of who we are but because of who we are connected to.

Social Network Inequality

Photos by Andyrob and alexik, Flickr

If you are connected to the right people, you may have opportunities to get jobs, gifts, or other extra benefits.

If you are connected to others you could be influenced to commit crimes or eat unhealthy food.

Position matters.

ConnectedSocial networks seem to have so much power and influence over us…

But remember: Social networks are not just about the influence other have over us, but also about the effect we have on others!

Be the change you want to see

in theworld

Be the change you want to see

in the network

  

Riprendere “rete come modello o solo come keyword?”

  

Rete o …?

Rete? O comunita'? O gruppo? O …?