X Congresso del Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” · 2 X Congresso del Dipartimento di...

X Congresso del Dipartimento di Fisica

“E.R. Caianiello”

March 10-11, 2016

2 X Congresso del Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”

Program

Thursday 10/3/2016 start speaker title 9:00 R. Scarpa Welcome address 9:15 S. Pace Nafassy and beyond: actual and future activity 9:30 C. Attanasio Superconductivity at the nanoscale 9:45 A. Romano Interplay between superconductivity and magnetism in layered

systems 10:00 M. Salerno Compacton matter waves induced by time dependent interactions 10:15 S. Pagano Material properties investigated through noise 10:30 A. Di Bartolomeo Graphene and carbon nanotubes in transistors, diodes and field

emission devices 10:45 R. Citro Quantum many-body physics and transport in low-dimensions 11:00 coffee break 11:30 I. Rabuffo Critical Phenomena I: Systems at the critical point 11:45 M.T. Mercaldo Critical Phenomena II: Quantum Phase Transitions 12:00 F. Corberi Dynamics of a phase-transition in the presence of quenched

disorder 12:15 C. Noce The exciting world of transition metal oxides 12:30 A. Avella Out-of-Equilibrium, Disordered and Strongly Correlated Systems 12:45 R. De Luca Simple mathematical fireworks 13:00 lunch break 14:30 P. Cavallo Complex Systems Science in Public Health: a transdiscipline

between Physics and Medicine 14:45 S. Scarpetta A statistical mechanics approach to brain activity 15:00 A. Amoruso High-precision geodetic metrology: I - experimental activity 15:15 L. Crescentini High-precision geodetic metrology: II - theoretical/numerical activity 15:30 P. Capuano Looking inside (not only) the Earth 15:45 A. Fedullo Some Results in Elementary Quantum Probability 16:00 coffee break 16:30 V. Bozza Search for extrasolar planets by the microlensing and transit

methods 16:45 S. De Pasquale The ALICE Experiment at LHC…and more. Part 1 17:00 S. De Pasquale The ALICE Experiment at LHC…and more. Part 1 17:15 T. Virgili The ALICE Experiment at LHC…and more. Part 2 17:30 A. De Caro The ALICE Experiment at LHC…and more. Part 3

X Congresso del Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” 3

Friday 11/3/2016 start speaker title 9:00 M. Fusco Girard The activities of “Gruppo Collegato” INFN - Salerno

9:15 U. Gambardella Superconducting wires, cables, and magnets

9:30 C. Bozza Neutrino Astronomy and Multi-Messenger Astrophysics

9:45 M. Blasone Entanglement in neutrino oscillations

10:00 G. Lambiase G. Vilasi

Theories of gravity beyond General Relativity

10:20 F. Barone Interferometric detectors of gravitational waves: scientific and technological aspects and problems

10:35 I. Pinto UNDER A NEW LIGHT - Universe Observation and Gravitational Waves: the tools and the algorithms. Part 1

10:50 V. Pierro UNDER A NEW LIGHT - Universe Observation and Gravitational Waves: the tools and the algorithms. Part 2

11:05 coffee break

11:30 A. Vecchione The Salerno Unit of the SPIN Institute of the National Council of the Research (CNR)

11:45 M. Cuoco Manipulating electron spin and orbital degrees of freedom: basic concepts and perspectives in quantum materials

12:00 G. Grimaldi High current transport properties in superconductors

12:15 R. Fittipaldi The crystal growth programme at MUSA laboratory

12:30 A.M. Cucolo There’s plenty of room at the SPNM-laboratory! Part 1

12:45 F. Bobba There’s plenty of room at the SPNM-laboratory! Part 2

13:00 R. Scarpa Conclusion


Le attività di ricerca del Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R.Caianiello” coprono un’ampia gamma di settori: la fisica nucleare e subnucleare, la fisica della materia, la superconduttività e gli elettroni fortemente correlati, la fisica statistica, quella dei sistemi complessi e le transizioni di fase, la teoria dei campi, la gravitazione e l’astrofisica, la geofisica. Il congresso del Dipartimento di Fisica, che si terrà nei giorni 10 e 11 marzo 2016, ha il principale obiettivo della presentazione agli studenti dei corsi di laurea triennale e magistrale in Fisica delle principali attività di ricerca svolte dai docenti e ricercatori del Dipartimento. Quest’anno saranno inoltre presentate alcune delle problematiche legate alla rivelazione delle onde gravitazionali effettuate da colleghi dell’ateneo di Salerno e del Sannio nell’ambito dei progetti LIGO e VIRGO. Il presente opuscolo illustra tutti gli autori, i titoli e i riassunti degli interventi pianificati in questo convegno.


Nafassy and beyond: actual and future activity

S.Pace*, G.Grimaldi**, *Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello ** Istituto SPIN del CNR UOS Salerno;

Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (Sa)

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

The NAFASSY project (NAtional FAcility for Superconducting SYstems), funded with 10.8 million € by Structural Funds of U.E., was presented by the University of Salerno, together with ENEA, INFN and CRdC Technologies Scarl. The project’s aim is to set up an international research infrastructure in the University campus for testing power superconducting devices. In particular, the facility is devoted to carry out tests on high power superconducting cables, such those used for the plasmas magnetic confinement in controlled thermonuclear “fusion” projects, and on magnetic dipoles and other superconducting devices for accelerators in subnuclear particles physics. The Nafassy project will also promote a link with the national productive system and the development of the "Convergence" Territories. The core of the project was the realization of the ENFASY superconducting magnet able to produce a magnetic field of about 7 Tesla within its warm bore of about 1m diameter. The Nafassy laboratory, with a surface around 500m2, is equipped with a cryogenic generator, for the production of liquid helium or supercritical helium for cooling ENFASY or dipoles, a 20KA power supply to feed them and a 50K A power supply for cable testing. At present, the laboratory is substantially ready for testing superconducting dipoles, while the completion of equipments for cable testing will take place in 2016, with the acquisition of the sample test unit made of the internal cryostat and of two 50KA feedthroughs for cable biasing. In the near future, as part of the INFN activities, we will likely have a large order from GSI Darmstadt center for testing 80 superconducting dipoles and we will likely participate to the tests of superconducting devices within the activities for the high luminosity up-grading of LHC at CERN. We also plan to further strengthen the Nafassy laboratory within the U.E. 2014-2020 Structural Funds. This reinforcement may concern with an enlargement of the available space and an improvement of the cryogenic facilities, as well as the realization of an higher field Emfasy insert and/or a high Tc very high field magnet with smaller dimensions than the Enfasy ones. The beginning of activities on development and test of superconducting devices will also depend on the availability of companies, which operate in the electrical engineering field, to develop activities using superconducting materials. Beyond the strengthening of activities related to superconducting materials, by means of the Structural Funds, it is possible that Salerno University in collaboration with ENEA will start the construction of a medium-large infrastructure to realize a small neutron source with significant outcomes in several fields, ranging from “fusion” to materials science and technology and to the production of radionuclides for medical purposes.


Superconductivity at the nanoscale

Carmine Attanasio*, Carla Cirillo Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and CNR-SPIN Salerno



Superconductivity is one of the best-known examples of macroscopic quantum phenomenon. The most striking property of a superconducting material is the vanishing of the electrical resistance when it is cooled below the transition temperature Tc. However, if the dimensions of the sample are in the range of nanometers some peculiar effects can emerge which are very interesting to be studied from a fundamental point of view. Moreover, since rapidly progressing miniaturization of devices opens new horizons for applications of superconducting nanocircuits, a better understanding of the phenomenon of superconductivity in reduced dimensions is very important also in view of potential applications (for example, quantum information-processing devices, 1D interconnects, superconducting spintronics, etc.). In the talk, we briefly review some experimental findings [1-7] obtained in the laboratory “Fabrication and electrical characterization of superconducting thin films and heterostructures” of the Department. In particular, we show some recent results found on interconnected networks of ultrathin superconducting nanowires obtained on different templates. The effect of the substrates is to template the superconductor creating a network of nanowires with size and thickness comparable to the superconducting coherence length. Transport measurements show a behavior typical of 1D superconducting individual nanowires and experimental data are satisfactorily reproduced by models describing both thermal and quantum fluctuations of the superconducting order parameter. In addition, we report on long-range superconducting correlations in ferromagnets observed in Nb/NiFe heterostructures with thickness of the Nb equal to 25 nm and thickness of the ferromagnetic layer ranging between 140 and 250 nm. The effect is related to the emergence of an intrinsically inhomogeneous magnetic state in NiFe. [1] M. Trezza et al., Superconductor Science and Technology 29, 015011 (2016). [2] R. Loria et al., Physical Review B 92, 184106 (2015). [3] C. Cirillo et al., Nanotechnology 25, 425205 (2014). [4] S. L. Prischepa et al., Superconductor Science and Technology 27, 055024 (2014). [5] M. Trezza et al., Applied Physics Letters 103, 252601 (2013). [6] C. Cirillo et al., Applied Physics Letters 101, 172601 (2012). [7] E. A. Ilyina, et al., Physica C 479, 170 (2012).


Interplay between superconductivity and magnetism in layered systems

Alfonso Romano* Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”



Superconductivity and ferromagnetism are often considered antagonistic phenomena, the former being usually originated by attraction between electron pairs in anti-parallel spin orientation, the latter favoring the parallel alignment of spins. Nonetheless, in proximity of an interface separating a superconductor (S) and a ferromagnet (F) new physical phenomena emerge from the interference of the electrons coming from the two sides of the system, often as a consequence of the development of spin triplet correlations producing equal-spin pairs that can propagate over relatively long distances through a magnet. On the basis of this mechanism, S-F-based devices can under suitable conditions support spin currents, i.e. currents where the carriers all share the same value of the spin component. This is a potentially relevant effect as far as technological applications are concerned, since the generation of spin currents allows to transmit information with much greater velocity and energy efficiency with respect to the charge currents flowing in conventional electronic devices. An even stronger synergy between superconductivity and spin-based electronics (the so-called “spintronics”) can be achieved by using the recently discovered spin-triplet superconductors where electron pairs are intrinsically in a spin-polarized state. Finally, it is remarkable that similar effects can be generated also in the absence of a ferromagnetic material, owing to the emergence of a finite interface magnetization, possibly accompanied by spin currents, in layered structures made of triplet superconductors interfaced with conventional singlet ones. A large attention has been devoted in the last years to the above-mentioned phenomena, mainly with the aim of improving device functionality and performance. Some related aspects are qualitatively analyzed here, on the basis of results obtained within a microscopic model for layered systems where triplet superconductors are interfaced with vacuum [3], with ferromagnets [4] or with conventional singlet superconductors [5]. [1] F. S. Bergeret, A. F. Volkov, and K. B. Efetov, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 1321 (2005); A. I. Buzdin, Rev. Mod. Phys. 77, 935 (2005).. [2] J. Linder and J. Robinson, Nature Phys. 11, 307 (2015). [3] A. Romano, P. Gentile, C.Noce, I.Vekhter, and M. Cuoco, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 267002 (2013). [4] P. Gentile, M. Cuoco, A. Romano, C. Noce, D. Manske, and P.M.R. Brydon, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 097003 (2013). [5] A. Romano, P. Gentile, C.Noce, I.Vekhter, and M. Cuoco, Phys. Rev. B 93, 014510 (2016)


COMPACTON MATTER WAVES INDUCED BY TIME DEPENDENTENT INTERACTIONS

Mario Salerno Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”, INFN- Gruppo collegato Salerno



Compacton matter waves in Bose-Einstein condensates (BEC) trapped in deep optical lattices in the presence of strong and rapid periodic time modulations of the atomic scattering length, are discussed. It is shown that, contrary to ordinary solitons, the amplitude of a compacton reduces exactly to zero outside the localizing domain, this implying the total suppression of the inter-well tunneling at the compacton edges. The existence of such excitations is considered both for ordinary BEC and for binary BEC mixtures. Besides BEC, results apply to all systems modeled by the periodic nonlinear Schroedinger equation, including propagation of light in photonic and photorefractive crystals. [1] F.Kh.Abdullaev, P.G. Kevrekidis, M. Salerno, Compactons in Nonlinear Schroedinger Lattices with Strong Nonlinearity Management, Phys.Rev.Lett.105, 113901 (2010). [2] F.Kh. Abdullaev, M.S.A. Hadi, M. Salerno, B. Umarov , Compacton matter waves in binary Bose gases under strong nonlinear management, Phys. Rev. A 90, 063637 (2014). [3] J. D’Ambroise, M. Salerno, F. Kh. Abdullaev, P. G. Kevrekidis, Multidimensional discrete compactons in nonlinear Schr¨odinger lattices with strong nonlinearity management, Phys. Rev. A 92, 053621 (2015). [4] F.Kh. Abdullaev, M.S.A. Hadi, M. Salerno, B. Umarov, Interspecies scattering length management of binary Bose gases in optical lattices, J. Phys. B, to appear, (2016) .


Material Properties investigated through Noise

Sergio Pagano*, Carlo Barone, Costantino Mauro, Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”,

Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (SA) CNR, Istituto SPIN, Sede di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (SA)


An hot topic in solid state physics is to study and realize new materials for electronic application in the post-silicon era. Current transport in the matter is the basic physical mechanism at the heart of all electronic applications that surround us. Studying how current depends on external parameters, such as applied voltage, temperature, light intensity, magnetic field, allows the understanding of the physics at work in the matter and to predict and, possibly, control it. This is the basic starting point to develop new devices and new applications. When current flows in a material or device, e.g. a thin film of a novel superconductor or an advanced polymeric solar cell, beside its average flow, there are always associated tiny fluctuations. These fluctuations are typically very small but can nevertheless be measured and carry information of the details of the current transport in the material. We have an experimental setup dedicated to the investigation of the electric noise generated by conductors in various conditions, such as illumination, temperature and dc current bias. We have performed noise analysis on several materials and devices: the materials investigated are magnetic manganites, copper and iron based superconductors, carbon nanotubes, silicon solar cells, polymeric solar cells and the most recent perovskite based solar cells. The basic aspects of the noise analysis will be briefly reviewed, as well as the obtained experimental results and their interpretation in the context of the physics of current transport in the matter.


Graphene and carbon nanotubes in transistors, diodes and field emission devices

A. Di Bartolomeo*, F. Giubileo, L. Iemmo Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and CNR-SPIN.



We present graphene transistors, in the back and side-gate configuration, fabricated using contacts of metals (Au, Ti, Ni, Pd, Nb) with different workfunctions. We propose a model based on graphene doping by contacts to explain peculiar features of the transfer characteristics, such as asymmetry and double dip. We discuss graphene/semiconductor heterojunctions, with focus on devices fabricated with Ge or InP nanodots grown on Si nano-tips. We use I-V-T measurements to investigate electric conduction mechanisms and to extract the Schottky barrier height in a Gr/InP/p-Si heterostructure. We further present field emission from graphene flakes on a Si/SiO2 substrate, and from a freestanding films of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. [1] A. Di Bartolomeo Graphene Schottky diodes: an experimental review of the rectifying graphene/semiconductor heterojunction Physics Reports 606 (2016) 1-58 [2] A. Di Bartolomeo, F. Giubileo, F. Romeo, P. Sabatino, G. Carapella, L. Iemmo, T. Schroeder, G. Lupina Graphene field effect transistors with niobium contacts and asymmetric transfer characteristics Nanotechnology 26 (2015) 475202 (9pp) [3] A. Di Bartolomeo, F. Giubileo, L. Iemmo, F. Romeo, S. Santandrea, U. Gambardella Transfer characteristics and contact resistance in Ni- and Ti-contacted graphene-based field-effect transistors Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 25 (2013) 155303 [4] A. Di Bartolomeo, S. Santandrea, F. Giubileo, F. Romeo, M. Petrosino, R. Citro, P. Barbara, G. Lupina, T. Schroeder, A. Rubino Effect of back-gate on contact resistance and on channel conductance in graphene-based field-effect transistors Diamond and Related Materials 38 (2013) 19-23 [5] F. Giubileo, A. Di Bartolomeo, M. Sarno, C. Altavilla, S. Santandrea, P. Ciambelli, A.M. Cucolo Field emission properties of as-grown multiwalled carbon nanotube films Carbon 50 (2012) 163-169 [6] A. Di Bartolomeo, F. Giubileo, S. Santandrea, A. Romeo, R. Citro, T. Schroeder, G. Lupina Charge transfer and partial pinning at the contacts as origin of a double dip in the transfer characteristic of graphene based field-effect transistors Nanotechnology 22 (2011) 275702 [7] S. Santandrea, F. Giubileo, V. Grossi, S. Santucci, M. Passacantando, T. Schroeder, G. Lupina, and A. Di Bartolomeo Field emission from single and few-layer graphene flakes Applied Physics Letters 98 (2011) 163109


Quantum many-body physics and transport in low-dimensions

Roberta Citro*, Francesco Romeo, Marilena Catapano Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and Spin-CNR



Low dimensional systems, in which one or more spatial dimensions are small enough to restrict the wavefunction of electrons or atoms contained inside, exhibit some of the most diverse and intriguing physical phenomena seen in condensed matter physics. There has been tremendous interest in low-dimensional quantum systems during the last twenty years, fueled by a constant stream of striking discoveries and by the potential for, and realization of new state-of-art nanostructured devices useful in quantum information and teleportation. The workhorse of low-dimensional systems is the nanometer scale, where “nanostructures”, which consist of compositionally varying materials (semiconductors, superconductors, ...) can be engineered at the atomic scale. In addition, there are systems of great interest in physics, such as ultracold atomic gases which can be loaded in highly anisotropic traps or one dimensional optical lattices. Other low-dimensional materials that have received considerable interest, since their discovery less than a decade ago, are graphene and topological materials. Many of the subjects covered by our research group are central to the currently fashionable fields of nanoscience[1] and spintronics[2]. The study of low-dimensional quantum phenomena has led to entirely new fields of research, such as the physics of mesoscopic systems and low-dimensional systems have shed new light on the difficult questions of how disorder (impurities, for example) and electron-electron interaction affect a quantum system. In fact, understanding the combined effects of disorder and interactions in many-body systems is currently a problem of enormous interest. Here I will provide a very brief overview on the quantum transport at low-dimensions. In particular, I will focus on one of the most intriguing effects in quantum mechanics, the quantum pump, originally proposed by David Thouless[3]. It entails the transport of charge (or spin), in the absence of an external bias, through an adiabatic cyclic evolution of the underlying Hamiltonian. In contrast with the classical case, the transported charge is quantized (for a noninteracting system) and purely determined by the topology of the pumping cycle, which makes it robust against perturbations, such as interaction effects or disorder. Various proposals of pumps for the most fashionable materials and nanostuctures[4] will be reviewed and discussed. [1] M. Cazalilla, R. Citro, T. Giamarchi, E. Orignac, M. Rigol, Review of Modern Physics, 83, 1405-1458 (2011). [2] F. Romeo, R. Citro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 226801 (2013) [3] R. Citro, Nature Physics, (2016) doi:10.1038/nphys3649 [4] R. Citro, N. Andrei, and Q. Niu, Phys. Rev. B 68, 165312 (2003); R. Citro, F. Romeo, Phys. Rev. B 73, 233304 (2006); R. Citro, F. Romeo, and N. Andrei, Phys. Rev. B 84, 161301(R) (2011); D. Bercioux, D. F. Urban, F. Romeo, and R. Citro, Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 122405 (2012); P. Marra, R. Citro, C. Ortix, Phys. Rev. B, 91, 125411 (2015).


Critical Phenomena I: Systems at the critical point

I. Rabuffo*, M.T. Mercaldo Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”



A huge number of systems exhibit phase transitions. Examples range from the ice-water phase transition observed in our daily life to the loss of ferromagnetism in iron to more sophisticated cases as, for instance, the onset of superconductivity and superfluidity, or metal-insulator transitions. As an overview on this topic, we present the general phenomenology of a system crossing a critical point. We underline the essential features to be captured in a theoretical description of a so special condition for a system. Furthermore, we mention the most appropriate mathematical tools. [1] S.-K. Ma, Modern Theory of Critical Phenomena, (Benjamin, Reading, MA, USA 1976) [2] J. J. Binney, N. J. Dowrick, A. J. Fisher, and M. E. J. Newman, The Theory of Critical Phenomena: An Introduction to the Renormalization Group, (Oxford University Press, New York, NY, USA, 1992)


Critical Phenomena II: Quantum Phase Transitions

M.T. Mercaldo*, I. Rabuffo Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”,



Quantum phase transitions are phase transitions which occur at zero temperature and are driven by a non-thermal control parameter (such as pressure, chemical potential, applied magnetic field, doping, etc.)[1]. In this kind of transitions, quantum fluctuations (due to non-commuting terms in the Hamiltonian) are responsible for taking the system from one phase to another, in contrast to the thermal fluctuations in finite-temperature (or classical) phase transitions. One might think that such phase transitions are not relevant to the real world due to the unattainability of zero temperature. However, it has been found that many finite temperature properties of a system can be explained by understanding its quantum critical point. Indeed, the study of quantum phase transitions and, in particular, of the low-temperature properties close to a quantum critical point of a wide variety of materials constitutes today a topical subject in condensed matter physics and also in other branches of theoretical physics. Moreover, it is now well understood that quantum criticality is not just a trivial extension of the classical case: quantum critical fluctuations can have surprising strength and subtlety. Indeed, it has then been realized that the phase diagram close to a quantum critical point has a very rich structure and, for many aspects, new intriguing questions emerge. For instance, anomalies appear in the behavior of transport properties and, for different compounds, new phases of matter emerge, as for example unconventional superconductivity or topological order. Due to the competing ground states occurring in proximity of a quantum critical point the phase boundary can exhibit a non-trivial profile. In this context we showed that, indeed, field-induced quantum criticality in the presence of crystal field interaction yields an anomalous phase diagram with a reentrant behavior for the critical lines [2]. A different scenario occurs in the case of a phase transition changing its character from continuous to discontinuous, i.e. when dealing with the so-called tricritical point. In general, by tuning opportunely the control parameter that drives the transition, it is possible to move the tri-critical point to zero temperature, creating then a quantum tricritical point [3]. In this framework, our results may be also relevant for some materials, as the heavy fermion compound URhGe, where at very low-temperature recent experimental observations provided evidence for a quantum tricritical behavior [4]. [1] M.T. Mercaldo, L. De Cesare, I. Rabuffo, A. Caramico D’Auria, Phys. Rev. B 75, 014105 (2007); ibidem, 77, 184424 (2008). [2] M.T. Mercaldo, I. Rabuffo, L. De Cesare, A. Caramico D`Auria, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 364, 85-94 (2014); ibidem 403, 68 (2016). [3] M.T. Mercaldo et al., Eur. Phys. J. B 84, 371-379 (2011). [4] Y. Tokunaga et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 216401 (2015).


Dynamics of a phase-transition in the presence of quenched disorder

Federico Corberi* Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”



I will consider the phase-ordering phenomena occurring in systems where quenched features - such as lattice vacancies - spoil homogeneity. The current understanding of the problem in ferromagnetic systems will be briefly reviewed.


The exciting world of transition metal oxides

Adolfo Avella, Vittorio Benvenuto, Wojciech Brzezicki, Mario Cuoco, Filomena Forte, Paola Gentile, Delia Guerra, Canio Noce*, Alfonso Romano, Zujian Ying

Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” Università degli Studi di Salerno, CNR-SPIN

Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (Sa)


We all know that oxidized transition metals can lend themselves to appealing colors, ranging from the captivating green hue to the reddish. In the more recent past, however, transition metal oxides (TMO), with complex lattice structures, have attracted a different interest being the platform where several collective quantum phenomena may be investigated. Indeed, TMO exhibit intriguing physical properties, ranging from high-Tc superconductivity in layered cuprate oxides, colossal magnetoresistance in manganite oxides, to the coexistence of magnetism and ferroelectricity, termed multiferroicity, for instance in iron and manganite oxides. When atoms are put together to form a three-dimensional substance, the properties of the substance are governed by how quantum clouds of electrons, the orbitals, move around and interact with each other. Often, these orbital degrees of freedom underpin the physical properties of TMO. Nevertheless, in these compounds the orbital degree of freedom is intimately coupled to other fundamental degrees of freedom such as the spin, the lattice, and the charge giving rise to a plethora of unexpected macroscopic quantum phenomena. In parallel with the further unveiling of these new quantum phenomena, the challenging aspect of this topic is progressing towards practical potential in the real world, where these fascinating phenomena can be used for technological applications. In this talk I will discuss, in a hopefully simple way, some of these concepts that constitute the topic of the research activity of the group in which I am currently involved. [1] M. Imada, A. Fujimori, Y. Tokura Metal-insulator transitions Rev. Mod. Phys. 70, 1039 (1998). [2] Y. Tokura, N. Nagaosa Orbital physics in transition-metal oxides Science 288, 462 (2000). [3] A. M. Oleś Fingerprints of spin–orbital entanglement in transition metal oxides J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24, 313201 (2012). [4] W. Brzezicki, A. M. Oleś, and Mario Cuoco Spin-Orbital Order Modified by Orbital Dilution in Transition-Metal Oxides: From Spin Defects to Frustrated Spins Polarizing Host Orbitals Phys. Rev. X 5, 011037 (2015). [5] W. Brzezicki, C. Noce, A. Romano, and M. Cuoco Zigzag and Checkerboard Magnetic Patterns in Orbitally Directional Double-Exchange Systems Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 247002 (2015) [6] M. E. Amendola, A. Romano, and C. Noce Analytical diagonalization study of a two-orbital Hubbard model on a two-site molecule Physica B 479, 121 (2015).


Out-of-Equilibrium, Disordered and Strongly Correlated Systems

Adolfo Avella* Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”

Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 - 84084 Fisciano (SA)


In the last years, my research activity was mainly devoted to three fields of investigation: § Study of strongly correlated systems in presence of defects and/or disorder Development and application of analytical and numerical techniques for the microscopic description of the fundamental excitations in materials with strongly coupled spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom in presence of defects and/or disorder. Many fundamental ingredients: atomic multiplet structure, crystal field, Jahn-Teller potential, spin-orbit interaction, long-range Coulomb and defect potentials, orbital polarization, percolative and disorder effects, Kitaev physics, order from disorder. Application, in particular, to cubic vanadates and iridates, in general, to oxides. [1] A. Avella, A.M. Oleś, P. Horsch; Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 206403 (2015) [2] G. Jackeli, A. Avella; Phys. Rev. B 92, 184416 (2015) [3] A. Avella, P. Horsch, A.M. Olés; Phys. Rev. B 87, 045132 (2013) § Study of pump-probe optical response of correlated and superconducting systems Development and application of analytical and numerical techniques for the microscopic description of the ultra-fast optical response of correlated, magnetic and superconducting materials within pump-probe experiments. Aim is at analyzing and describing the dynamics of the very tightly entangled spin, charge, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom of these materials, exploiting the difference in their reciprocal relaxation times. Application to BCS and unconventional (cuprates) superconductors, to materials with spin (SDW), charge (CDW) and orbital order, as weel as to iridates. [4] N. Nembrini, …, A. Damascelli, A. Avella, C. Giannetti; Tracking short-range magnetic correlations in a honeycomb lattice iridate via QMO; in preparation. [5] A. Avella, …, G. Pepe; Disorder-sensitive pump-probe measurements on Nd1.83Ce0.17CuO4±δ films; submitted [6] D. Fausti, …, A. Avella, …, F. Parmigiani; Dynamical coupling between off-plane phonons and in-plane electronic excitations in superconducting YBCO; arXiv:1408.0888 [7] A. Schnyder, D. Manske, A. Avella; Phys. Rev. B 84, 214513 (2011) # Study of strongly correlated systems with momentum selective dynamics. Development and application of analytical and numerical techniques for the microscopic description of unconventional magnetic and superconducting materials whose anomalous dynamics features high selectivity in momentum and frequency. Understanding and describing non-Fermi liquid behaviors call for development and use of innovative non-perturbative techniques capable to analyze and reproduce quantitative and qualitative variations in the response of these materials on probing different regions in momentum and frequency. Application to superconducting cuprates. [8] A. Di Ciolo, A. Avella; The Hubbard model and the cuprates puzzle; in preparation [9] A. Avella; Adv. Cond. Matt. Phys. 2014, 515698 (2014) [10] A. Avella; Eur. Phys. J. B 87, 45 (2014)


Simple mathematical fireworks

R. De Luca*, O. Faella Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”



It is not rare to find papers in which basic knowledge of physics is used to predict, explain, or reproduce uncommon or amusing phenomena like, for example, fireworks. The basic physics notions lying behind the glaring bursts of fireworks are rather simple [1]. In the same way, these types of phenomena, when opportunely simplified, give students the possibility of verifying concepts related to the center of mass motion in Newton’s second law extended to particle systems. In fact, if we consider the trajectory of the full explosive body (shell), launched with a speed V0 from the origin O of an Oxy Cartesian plane at angle α with respect to the horizontal, by neglecting air resistance and by imaging that propulsion during the shell flight is absent, we may use the parametric equations written for projectile motion in terms of the time t.

These equations are well known to students. In treating the problem of fireworks, however, the validity of these parametric expressions is limited to all times t before explosion occurs. After the body bursts into N bright colored pieces, each tiny particle will follow its own path. All particles together give the pleasant optical phenomenon of fireworks. The center of mass of the particle system, however, continues to move according to these parametric equations even after the “silent” outburst of mathematical fireworks, because of conservation of momentum.

In the present work we consider shell motion and explosion in two dimensions in a Mathematica graphical environment. In this respect we speak of mathematical fireworks, assuming throughout that air resistance can be neglected and that shells have initial velocity V0 and are not propelled during their flight in air. We also assume that every explosion is isotropic in space; i. e., the N particles are evenly distributed over the angular interval (0, 2π); furthermore, we take the k-th particle departing from the point where the explosion occurs, with an additional velocity Vk1, whose modulus V1 does not depend on k. Under these assumptions, we write the parametric equations for each k-th particle flying off the shell after explosion and provide some simple graphical constructions of their trajectories. Generalization of the present analysis to three dimensions is also given and a related problem concerning the geometric figures the tiny particles falling on the ground make after explosion is studied.

REFERENCE

[1] R. De Luca, O. Faella, Eur. J. Phys. 35 (2014) 025010.


Complex Systems Science in Public Health: a transdiscipline between Physics and Medicine

Pierpaolo Cavallo*, Sergio Pagano Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”



Transdisciplinarity is the integration of diverse forms of research to foster otherwise unattainable problem solving. One of the areas of trans-disciplinar cooperation between Physics and Medicine is Biomedical Physics, which is, generally speaking, the application of physics concepts, theories and methods to Medicine and Healthcare. It includes, for instance, well established applications on medical imaging and therapy, but also newer activities, as nanoscale biophysics, biological metallodynamics, protein dynamics, cristallography, computational neuroscience and many more, including the Complex Systems Science (CSS). From the interaction of CSS and Medicine, a new discipline, the Network Medicine (NM) has emerged [1], which aims at elucidating the organizing principles that govern the complex emergence and behavior of a wide range of technological, biological, and social networks. NM studies the interactions at different levels [2]: - societal, in which interactions are the basis for the spread of culture, behavior and diseases; - institutional, in which interactions condition policies, services and technologies; - molecular, in which the interaction between genome and proteome conditions the evolution of biological processes from health into disease and vice versa. A relevant area of study for NM is the Comorbidity, a major health and societal issue, because chronic/multimorbid diseases’ presence is growing due to the average age increase. Its definition is [3] “…Any distinct additional entity that has existed or may occur during the clinical course of a patient who has the index disease under study…". Comorbidity is intrinsically complex, and Network Analysis techniques can be very useful to study it, using a big data approach, based on administrative data bases of prescriptions made by General Practitioners. We have studied a comorbidity network in a dataset of 14.958 patients covering an interval of eleven years, from 2002 to 2013, with a total of 1.7 million prescriptions. We have evidenced the presence of two kind of networks, one of diagnostic prescription and the other of therapeutic prescription, each one giving information on a specific part of the healthcare process: the former shows the health demand, the latter shows the epidemiological status of the population. The implication of this difference are discussed. [1] Barabasi, AL "Network Medicine - From Obesity to the "Diseasome"", N Eng J Med, 375:4, 2007 [2] Pourbohloul, B; Kieny, MP "Complex systems analysis: towards holistic approaches to health systems planning and policy", Bull World Health Organization, 89(4) 242, 2011 [3] Feinstein, AR, "The pre-therapeutic classification of co-morbidity in chronic disease", J Chronic Dis,23, 455–468, 1970


A statistical mechanics approach to brain activity

Silvia Scarpetta *, Ilenia Apicella Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and INFN gruppo coll Salerno Unita Napoli



New experimental advances in Neuroscience are returning large scale, experimental data with ever higher spatial and temporal resolution, which brings novel unexpected discoveries on the functioning of the brain. The simultaneous recording of the activity of hundreds or thousands of neurons in-vivo (and in-vitro), and the observation of averaged activity of large fractions of the whole human brain with ever-increasing precision is leading to a new generation of Big Data in neuroscience. The complexity of the new available data poses a new challenge, and promises deep insights into the emergence of collective behaviour in the brain. A key emerging approach to interpret the new neural population data comes from the physics of critical phenomena.In the last years strong experimental evidence has emerged that brain operate in a regime characterized by the lack of any typical time or length scale,as in the case of the critical point of a thermodynamical system. The criticality has been shown to play an important role in the brain, from the functional point of view [1]. The functional benefits of criticality includes maximized dynamic range, and information capacity, ie. maximize the repertoire of neural spatiotemporal patterns available to a neural population. Power-law distributions such as those observed in the brain are frequently associated with second-order phase transitions, and with self-organized criticality. However, scale-free critical phenomena may also emerge in first-order phase transitions, insofar as one enters the metastability region and approaches the spinodal curve. Close to the spinodal, transition precursors are observed which follow power-law scaling with a cut-off diverging to infinity on the spinodal itself. This is a appealingscenario for the brain where multiple metastable states and hysteresis are crucial. An emerging line of thought posits that metastability and criticality are related, in that criticality serves to maximize the number of available metastable states [2,3] References. [1] Shew et al, PLoS Comput. Biol 2015, Shew et al Nature Phys 2015 [2] Haldeman et al PRL 2015 [3]Scarpetta et al PLoS One 2013


High-precision geodetic metrology: I - experimental activity

Antonella Amoruso*, Luca Crescentini Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli"



Research in high-precision geodetic metrology covers a wide range of activities, both experimental and theoretical/numerical, aiming to measure, interpret and model ground deformation caused by a variety of geophysical phenomena, spanning local-to-global spatial scales and seconds-to-years time scales. A companion presentation is devoted to the theoretical/numerical activity. This presentation reports on the experimental activity, mainly consisting in the development, installation, and operation of geodetic laser interferometers (strainmeters). Those instruments are based on the classical unequal-arm Michelson setup and can continuously record the whole geodynamic spectrum, from near-field seismicity to long-term deformation. The nominal sensitivity is better then 10-12, the frequency band ranges from d.c. up to hundreds of Hz, and the dynamic range is limited only by the capability of maintaining optical alignment. A first realization consisted of two 90-m long instruments which has been operating in the Gran Sasso National Laboratories (INFN) for about 20 years. They have produced valuable results on slow earthquakes (aseismic fault slip), long-period toroidal Earth free oscillations, earthquake nucleation, the free nutation of the Earth core, and the correlation between groundwater flow and deformation. Unfortunately, the Gran Sasso interferometers were dismantled in 2013. In late 2011 we have installed two 70-m long improved instruments close to the Canfranc underground laboratory, excavated in the rock under the Central Pyrenees Chain (Spain) and located in one of the most active seismic areas in Western Europe. For the moment, strain data from the Canfranc interferometers have been used to investigate the local link between groundwater flow and deformation, and have produced the best records of load strain caused by nonlinear shallow-water ocean tides. Two similar instruments have been recently installed on Etna volcano and are currently under testing. The main results related to our interferometers are reported e. g. in: Crescentini L., A. Amoruso, R.Scarpa, Science, 286, 2132-2134, 1999. Park, J., A. Amoruso, L. Crescentini, E. Boschi, Geophys. J. Int., 173, 887-905, 2008. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L24306, 2009. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, Geophys. Res. Lett., 37, L10307, 2010. Amoruso, A., V. Botta, L. Crescentini, Geophys. J. Int., 189, 923-36, 2012. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, S. Martino, M. Petitta, M. Tallini, Water Resour. Res., 50, 2014. Dìaz, J., M. Ruìz, L. Crescentini, A. Amoruso, J. Gallart, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 2014.


High-precision geodetic metrology: II - theoretical/numerical activity

Luca Crescentini*, Antonella Amoruso Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia "A. Zambelli"



The theoretical/numerical activity in high-precision geodetic metrology includes modeling of ground deformation due to earthquakes, postseismic relaxation, volcanic sources, and groundwater. Most recent research mainly relates to the Campi Flegrei deformation at various spatial and temporal scales, and its causes. Using different kind of geodetic data, we have recently shown that large-scale (kilometers) ground deformation at Campi Flegrei caldera has a constant pattern during all inflation and deflation episodes since at least 1980 and can always be modeled using a stable non-migrating source: a quasi-horizontal sill, about 3500 m deep and whose potency changes over time. Our estimates of the intrusion density during the major 1982-1984 unrest indicate its magmatic origin, but, unfortunately, the gravimetric signature of subsequent minor unrests is too small to give definitive results on the nature of the intruding substance. The very many papers about Campi Flegrei in the literature have mainly invoked two different origins of unrest, i. e. fluid injection into the hydrothermal system and shallow sill intrusion by magma. However, the constancy of the large-scale ground deformation pattern is hardly compatible with both a hydrothermal origin of deformation and, at least as modeled so far, sill intrusion because both processes imply large changes of the large-scale deformation pattern over time. We have developed a new model for shallow sill intrusion: it overcomes the stress divergence at the sill moving front which affects the results of previous models and reconciles sill magma intrusion with the observed constant deformation pattern. The main theoretical/numerical results related to Campi Flegrei are reported e. g. in: Crescentini, L., A. Amoruso, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09303, 2007. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, A. Linde, I.S. Sacks, R. Scarpa, P. Romano, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L22313, 2007. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, G. Berrino, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 272, 181, 2008. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, J. Geophys. Res., 114, B02210, 2009. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, L01303, 2011. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, I. Sabbetta, J. Geophys. Res., 119, 858-879, 2014. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, I. Sabbetta, P. De Martino, F. Obrizzo, U. Tammaro, Geophys. Res. Lett., 41, 3081-3088, 2014. Amoruso, A., L. Crescentini, R. Scarpa, R. Bilham, A. T. Linde, I. S. Sacks, J. Geophys. Res., 120, 5467-5478, 2015.


Looking inside (not only) the Earth

P. Capuano*, R. de Matteis, G. Russo, A. Garcia, U. Riccardi, U. Tammaro Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”Università di Salerno, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Università del Sannio, Dipartimento Fisica “E. Pancini” and Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse Università “Federico II” Napoli, Istituto

Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, AMRA scarl


Our main researches developed looking inside the Earth are: 1. Study on the reconstruction of the crustal structures in volcanic areas through the

inversion of geophysical data (mainly seismic and gravity data). Geophysical investigations are a tool for 3D imaging of the subsurface in volcanic areas such as collapsed calderas (e.g., Campi Flegrei, Long Valley, Ischia). Geophysical images beneath volcanoes are generally based on seismic, gravimetric, magnetic or electrical data, and their integration generally increases the resolution of the resulting structural models. At active calderas, results from geophysical imaging can be very helpful because (i) they play a major role in the delineation of the structural context constraining the dynamical characteristics of volcanic areas; and (ii) they are critical for the assessment of hazards associated with caldera unrest and thus for risk mitigation (e.g. [1], [2] [3] [4]). 2. Study on the induces and/or triggered seismicity due to technological activity

(exploitation of underground fluids and/or gas). Over the past few years there have been increasing numbers of reports of moderate seismic activity which is clearly associated with oil and gas operations and most notably deep waste-water injection activities [5]. In addition there have been several recent reports of felt earthquakes induced by Hydraulic Fracturing. We are studying the Emilia 2012 sequence to evaluate the relationship with the hydrocarbon operations [6]. We are also analyzing previous seismic sequence occurred near oil platform in the Adriatic sea to evaluate the relationship with technological activities. 3. Study on the precipitable water contained in the troposphere through the analysis of

GPS data The extensive use of permanent GNSS stations, currently operating for geodetic purposes, offers a tool for a dense and reliable remote sensing of atmospheric water vapour. The tropospheric delay observed on using CGPS networks can be analyzed during extreme weather conditions. We focus mainly on the study of the wet component of the atmospheric delay of the GPS signals and the computation of the precipitable water by using co-located GPS and meteorological stations [7]. The ultimate challenge of this study will be, through the time variable mapping of the PW, the evaluation of the feasibility of an early warning system for selected areas highly exposed to heavy precipitations. References [1] Beauducel et al. 2004, Pure Appl. Geophys. [2] Gottsmann et al. 2008, Devel. Volcanol.; [3] Capuano et al., 2013, Geophys, Geochem Geosys.; [4] Capuano et al., 2015, Bull Volcanol. [5] Ellsworth, 2013,Science [6] Styles et al, 2016 Nature Comm, [7] Riccardi et al,2016, J. Geodesy


Some Results in Elementary Quantum Probability

Aniello Fedullo* Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”



Abstract. Some problems and results in elementary Quantum Probability are presented. Probabilistic models for simple systems are introduced and classified according to statistical invariants explicitly computed. Necessary and sufficient conditions are proved for the existence of Kolmogorovian models, that are shown equivalent to the celebrated Bell inequality expressed sharply in terms of the only transition probabilities. Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of real and complex Hilbert space models are proved too and compared with the former ones. The last conditions not only constitute a full justification of the use of complex numbers in Quantum Mechanics but, as recently shown by the author, prove to have their profound physical root in the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle. [1] Accardi, Fedullo – On the Statistical Meaning of Complex Numbers in Quantum Mechanics, Lettere al Nuovo Cimento, 34, 7 (1982), pp 161-172 . [2] A. Fedullo - Heisenberg Uncertainty Relations as Statistical Invariants (2016) – to appear.

http://link.springer.com/journal/40767/34/7/page/1


Search for extrasolar planets by the microlensing and transit methods

Valerio Bozza*, S. Calchi Novati, G. D'Ago, L. Mancini, G. Scarpetta Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”,

Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (SA) INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo collegato di Salerno

IIASS, Vietri sul Mare (SA) NASA Exoplanet Science Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA

Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Konigstuhl 17, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany


After the discovery of the first planet orbiting a star different from the Sun by Mayor and Queloz in 1995, the search for extrasolar planets has rapidly grown to be one of the most popular frontiers of modern astrophysics. After twenty years, more than 2000 exoplanets have been found by several methods, especially thanks to the Kepler satellite, which has also found the first worlds with conditions suitable for extraterrestrial life. Since 2008, the Astrophysics group of Salerno University is part of the MiNDSTEp consortium, which carries a wide observational program at the Danish telescope at ESO, La Silla, Chile, using the microlensing method. This method is based on the relativistic gravitational lens effect produced by the planetary system on background stars. Since 2013, the Danish telescope has been flanked by the Salerno University Observatory, which was able to observe the brightest events and contribute precious additional data. Microlensing events often represent a very hard challenge for theoretical interpretation, which also needs the employment of the catastrophe theory. In Salerno, we have developed a fully automatic computational platform for the modelling of microlensing events in real time (http://www.fisica.unisa.it/gravitationAstrophysics/RTModel.htm). We have thus been called to co-lead a project funded by NASA for the analysis of data acquired by the future WFIRST spacecraft. Since 2014, observations from ground telescopes have been complemented by the Spitzer spacecraft. By observing the same microlensing events from two different points of view, we are able to accurately fix the distance and the mass of the planets discovered. This opens the possibility to draw the first map of the planets in our Galaxy. By establishing a tight collaboration with Ohio University and IPAC/Caltech, we have led the paper of the pilot project and we have developed a new method to extract accurate light curves from Spitzer images. In 2016, we are at the forefront for the incoming observations from the Kepler spacecraft, which will devote a three-months campaign to microlensing. MiNDSTEp also hosts several side-projects, such as the study of variables in globular clusters, quasar microlensing and high-resolution imaging of planetary systems and interesting celestial objects, like the binary system Luhman 16AB, which is formed by two brown dwarfs at roughly 2 pc from the Solar system. In particular, we also lead the program of accurate characterization of transiting extrasolar planets. The use of the GROND instrument at the 2.2m telescope in La Silla, performing multi-band photometry, opens the way to a spectral investigation of planets atmospheres, in search for the chemical elements that may trace the presence of life.

http://www.fisica.unisa.it/gravitationAstrophysics/RTModel.htm


The ALICE Experiment at LHC…and more.

S. D’Ambrosio, A. De Caro1,2, D. De Gruttola1,2,3, S. De Pasquale1,2,3 *, N. Funicello1, M. Fusco Girard1,2, G. Iannone1,2, Paola Pagano1,2, E. Meninno1,2, C. Ripoli1, T. Virgili1,2 *

1Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” - Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (Sa)

2INFN, Gruppo Collegato di Salerno 3Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “E. Fermi”- Roma

*Corresponding author: [email protected], [email protected]

The ALICE Collaboration has built a dedicated heavy-ion detector to exploit the unique physics potential of nucleus-nucleus interactions at LHC energies. The aim is to study the physics of strongly interacting matter at extreme energy densities, where the formation of a new phase of matter, the “Quark-Gluon Plasma”, is expected. The existence of such a phase and its properties are key issues in quantum chromodynamics in order to investigate the basic properties of early universe. For this purpose, the Salerno group working in ALICE is contributing in carrying out a comprehensive study of the hadrons, electrons, muons and photons produced in the collision of heavy nuclei. ALICE is also studying proton-proton collisions both as a comparison with lead-lead collisions and in physics areas where ALICE is competitive with other LHC experiments.

In the presentation, organized in two separate contributions, the main aspects of ALICE Physics will be shown together with topical and unexpected physics results obtained in the recent past. In the first contribution, some of the other activities carried on in the NEMES Lab and in the NMR Lab will be also presented. About the outstanding standard physics programme of the ALICE experiment, the main results will be presented and illustrated in a very informal way in the second contribution. Special attention will be paid to the activities involving the Salerno group, including simple examples of analysis procedure. References: • Alice Collaboration ALICE: Physics Performance Report Volume I. Journal of Physics G:Nucl.Part.Phys. 30 (2004)1517 • Alice Collaboration ALICE: Physics Performance Report Volume II. Journal of Physics G:Nucl.Part.Phys. 32 (2006)1295 • Alice Collaboration Performance of the ALICE experiment at the CERN LHC. International Journal of Modern Physics 29: 1430044001-143004420, 2014 • Alice Collaboration Precision measurement of the mass difference between light nuclei and anti-nuclei. Nature Physics 11: 1-16, 2015 • Alice Collaboration Study of cosmic ray events with high muon multiplicity using the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2016 (1) 032


The activities of “Gruppo Collegato” INFN - Salerno

Mario Fusco Girard * Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and Gruppo Collegato INFN - Salerno



The National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) is one of the most important Italian research organizations. It is mainly dedicated to the study of the fundamental constituents of matter and the laws that govern them. It conducts theoretical and experimental research in the fields of subnuclear, nuclear and astroparticle physics. Today the INFN employs around 5,000 scientists whose work is internationally recognised not only for their contribution to various European laboratories, but also for their contribution to numerous research centers worldwide. In Italy INFN has 4 National Laboraties, 20 Sections, and 10 Associated groups (“Gruppi Collegati”). Since 1985 exists in Salerno the “INFN Gruppo Collegato” linked to the Naples INFN Section. The group in Salerno is the largest one in Italy. The research activities of this group will be shortly presented.


Superconducting wires, cables, and magnets.

Umberto Gambardella*, Gerardo Iannone INFN Sezione di Napoli, Gruppo collegato di Salerno,

Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (Sa)


The use of superconducting magnets is mandatory in the cutting edge physics instruments: a widely acknowledged example is the LHC collider, made of thousands of superconducting magnets cooled at 1.9 K. Many other large projects in the field of particle accelerators are looking for the use of high magnetic fields, e.g. Hi-LUMI LHC, FCC, FAIR etc.. Of course the applications of superconducting magnets also are in the research on fusion energy (Tokamaks), as well as in medicine, and biology (NMR, MRI), in the transport industry (magnetic trains, ship engines, etc.), in the smart power utilities (SMES, FCL, etc.), and even in the mine and waste managements applications (magnetic separation). In Salerno we belong to the INFN magnet group, together with Genova INFN section and LASA Milan INFN branch [1]. We study the use of “conventional” superconducting wires in the accelerator superconducting magnets, as well as the possible use of HTS tapes in high-field magnets. Other minor activities are spread over cryogenic systems (cryostats, cryogenic refrigerators, cryocoolers), being this technology tightly related to superconductivity.The use of a superconducting materials is just a part in the manufacture of a current-carrying wire, which is actually made of suitable composites of superconducting and normal conducting materials [2]. The normal part of a real superconducting wire, i.e. a wire able to carry high current densities, plays a role as important as the superconducting one. In addition a superconductor has intrinsic and extrinsic dissipation, with a local temperature increase, that has to be handled at cryogenic level. We are specialized in analyses of this kind, as well as in specific features of the superconducting wires operating near the critical point, i.e. in the quench dynamics. All the abovementioned features are part of the basic analyses when designing a superconducting magnet, together with the electromagnetic analyses. More recently INFN has been funded to realize a new test area for accelerator magnets in the University campus, called NAFASSY. This facility is a key point in the INFN programs and may bring in this University huge opportunities for the developments in applied superconductivity tightly connected to wide international projects, like Hi-Lumi LHC, FCC, FAIR, etc. Presently we set up the basic infrastructure able to cool at 4.6 K magnets of tons size, and to bias them up to 20 kA. The short-term step is to run each part of the system first, and then the complete system to demonstrate its working potential.. [1] P. Fabbricatore, F. Alessandria, G. Bellomo, U. Gambardella, S. Farinon, R. Marabotto, H. Muller, R. Musenich, M. Sorbi, G. Volpini, “The Curved Fast Ramped Superconducting Dipoles for FAIR SIS300 Synchrotron: From First Model to Future Developments”, IEEE Applied Superconductivity 23 (2013) 4000505 [2] G. Iannone, F. Quero, U. Gambardella, P. Fabbricatore, S. Farinon, and G. Volpini , “Composite Superconducting Wires for Fast Ramped Magnets”, Composites part B: engineering 90 (2016) 133-140


Neutrino Astronomy and Multi-Messenger Astrophysics

Cristiano Bozza*, Chiara De Sio, Giuseppe Grella, Bernardino Spisso, Simona Maria Stellacci Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and Gruppo Collegato INFN.



It has long been known that the Universe has a different appearance depending on how it is observed. Until very recent times, this statement was implicitly encompassing only optical telescopes, radiotelescopes and X-gamma ray telescopes. All such techniques rely indeed only on the electromagnetic field, but photons at all wavelengths can relatively easily be absorbed or scattered by interstellar matter. Neutrinos can instead travel intergalactic distances suffering neither of the aforementioned effects. So they are unique probes for deep-space exploration. However, neutrino telescopes have only recently come within reach of our detector technology. They can be used to study and understand the mechanisms that drive the onset and evolution of phenomena such as supernovae and "Fermi bubbles", and structures such as active galactic nuclei or supernova remnants. The recent observation of a diffuse neutrino flux by IceCube also calls for confirmation and improved precision measurements. The KM3NeT Collaboration is pursuing a challenging project to have a network of neutrino telescopes in the Mediterranean Sea. After smaller-scale detectors and demonstrators, the first Detection Unit of KM3NeT has been deployed on the seabed at 3500 m depth, 100 km off the shore of Capopassero (Sicily), at the beginning of December 2015 and is actively taking data. An overview is shown of the detection principle, the performances and the expected physics output. The contribution of the Salerno Group in KM3NeT is also presented along with the specific research activity in this Department and possible outlooks in local Master or Ph.D. theses. Multiple analysis techniques can be combined to study and describe complex phenomena. Multi-messenger astrophysics aims at correlating observations from various sources to improve the detection efficiency and/or extract more information from data. Even a single event of gamma-ray burst may tell much more if linked to a neutrino or a gravitational wave. The ASTERICS project, funded by the European Commission, aims at helping data and analysis technology exchange among large project and collaborations, as well as at calling non-institutional people to join research on the forefront of human knowledge ("Science 2.0"). This will be obtained by coordinating the most advanced supercomputing technologies available and developing machine learning and automatic multivariate analysis. This effort by INFN is led by research staff at the "Dipartimento di Fisica" and, as a by-product, will also make more advanced tools for artificial intelligence available to the community.


Entanglement in neutrino oscillations

M Blasone Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and INFN



Quantum entanglement is one of the most interesting research topics in modern Physics, both from a theoretical and an applied point of view. We show that neutrino oscillations can be seen as a manifestation of quantum entanglement among neutrino flavor states. This is an example of single-particle entanglement, recently studied in various physical systems. We finally discuss the possibility of extracting the quantum information carried by oscillating neutrinos. [1] M. Blasone, F. Dell'Anno, S. De Siena and F. Illuminati, “Entanglement in neutrino oscillations” EPL, 85 (2009) 50002 [2] M. Blasone, F. Dell'Anno, S. De Siena and F. Illuminati, “A field-theoretical approach to entanglement in neutrino mixing and oscillations” EPL, 106 (2014) 30002 [3] M. Blasone, F. Dell'Anno, S. De Siena and F. Illuminati, “Flavor entanglement in neutrino oscillations in the wave packet description EPL, 112 (2015) 2, 20007

http://inspirehep.net/record/1400631

http://inspirehep.net/record/1400631


Theories of gravity beyond General Relativity

G. Lambiase Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”

Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (Sa) and INFN Sezione di Napoli – Gruppo Collegato di Salerno


Several theoretical and experimental reasons indicate that General Relativity might not the final theory of gravity, and that some alternative theory should be considered. Recent astrophysical and cosmological observations indicate indeed that a new form of dark matter and dark energy must be invoked in order to explain data. Moreover, there are many shortcomings of General Relativity, at quantum and cosmological scales, that suggest a deep revision and extension of the gravitational interaction based on Einstein’s theory. Extensions of Einstein's theory of gravity have been proposed during the last years. These include, for example, adding higher powers of Ricci curvature R (or other curvature invariants), coupling Ricci’s curvature with scalar fields, generalized functions f(R) of the scalar curvature R, etc. In addition when viewed from the perspective of Supergravity (SUGRA) many of these theories may originate from the same SUGRA theory but interpreted in different frames. SUGRA therefore serves as a good framework for generalizing theories of gravity beyond General Relativity (interestingly all these theories when applied to inflation can have distinct signatures in the CMBR temperature and polarization anisotropies). I will give a survey of the theories of gravity beyond Einstein’s General Relativity, and discuss some possible applications and consequences in different contexts.


Interferometric detectors of gravitational waves: scientific and technological aspects and problems

F. Barone Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia

Università degli Studi di Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (Sa) and INFN sez. Napoli

Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cintia, I-80126 Napoli


The detection of gravitational waves has pioneered the gravitational astronomy, but has also highlighted the need of designing more and more sensitive large-band detectors, especially in the low frequency region where a large number of sources of gravitational waves is expected to emit. The design of these instruments requires the solution of scientific and technological problems often already highlighted by the international scientific community, and in some cases already well identified and addressed. Therefore, in parallel with the commissioning of the current advanced detectors, research and development are being already performed, aimed at the design and implementation of interferometric detectors of gravitational waves of the third generation. In this presentation some of the architectural features and characteristics of interferometric detectors of gravitational waves are discussed, highlighting problems to be addressed and actions to be taken to improve their sensitivity and band, in connection with scientific and technological developments.


UNDER A NEW LIGHT - Universe Observation and Gravitational Waves: the tools and the algorithms.

Innocenzo M. Pinto and Vincenzo Pierro Dept. of Engineering, University of Sannio at Benevento

C.so Garibaldi 107, Pal. dell'Aquila Bosco-Lucarelli, I-82100 Benevento (Italy)

*Corresponding authors: [email protected], [email protected]

The detection of gravitational waves (GW) of cosmic origin opens a new window on the observation of the cosmos. The first observation of the GW (GW150914), which is also the first evidence of the existence of binary systems of blacks holes, comes after a century of theoretical and experimental research. In this talk we will show the main stages of this achievement. In particular in this presentation the authors illustrate the tools and algorithms that have made possible the discovery with reference to the research of the two speakers in the LIGO Scientific Collaboration.


The Salerno Unit of the SPIN Institute of the National Council of the Research (CNR)

A.Vecchione* CNR – SPIN Sede Secondaria di Salerno and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Salerno

via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano (Sa), Italy


The CNR-SPIN Institute develops basic experimental and theoretical studies of high-level in the synthesis of new materials and advanced characterization of these materials also with atomic-scale control.

The Institute Head Office is in Genoa and it has research groups operating in Naples, Salerno and L'Aquila. The Salerno Unit of the SPIN Institute is hosted by Physics Department of the University of Salerno. The research staff of the Unit is composed by 9 researchers/technologists as permanent scientists, 5 researchers as temporary staff, 4 technicians/administrative staff and about 15 associate researchers from University of Salerno.

In this presentation, I will give a brief overview of the organization of Salerno Unit of the CNR-SPIN Institute as well as of the main scientific activities carried out by the researchers in collaboration with the academic personnel belonging to the Physics Department of the University of Salerno.


Manipulating electron spin and orbital degrees of freedom: basic concepts and perspectives in

quantum materials

M. Cuoco*, P. Gentile, W. Brzezicki, and Z.-J.Ying CNR-SPIN UOS Salerno and Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”,

Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132-84084 Fisciano (Sa)


In this talk we will present the basic concepts and few relevant results concerning two challenging physical problems where the coupling between the electron spin and orbital degrees of freedom sets the ground state properties and the general response to external perturbations: i) shape deformed nanowires with Rashba spin-orbit (SO) coupling, ii) orbital dilution in complex transition metal oxides. The essential of any SO coupling is that an electron traveling through an electric field experiences, its rest frame, a magnetic field that interacts with the electron spin. For low-dimensional nanosystems with structure inversion asymmetry, the coupling between the orbital motion and the electron spin is due to the so-called Rashba SO interaction. The Rashba SO is at the heart of a growing research interest for the spin generation, manipulation and detection as well as for the design of quantum topological states. Apart from conventional material geometries the most recent advances in nanotechnology have made it possible to have at hand an entirely novel family of low-dimensional nanostructures: flexible semiconductor nanomaterials, nanohelices, and even complex three-dimensional systems resembling biological patterns. Motivated by the excitement in both topological states of matter and novel curved nanostructures, we will present the possible interplay between curved space effects on the electronic properties and the topological properties of the electronic states in low-dimensional nanomaterials. Using the prototypical example of a nanowire with Rashba SO interaction smoothly deformed in a regularly corrugated geometrical shape, we indeed find the possibility to generate insulating states characterized by the presence of topological edge states as well as one-dimensional topological insulating phases [1]. Another interesting physical case occurs when considering the coupling between spin and orbital degrees due to the Coulomb interaction. Within such a general problem, we demonstrate how to tune the entanglement between spin and orbital degrees of freedom by means of an orbital doping. This possibility is discussed in the framework of hybrid transition metal oxides. We demonstrate that the orbital dilution can dramatically alter the orderings in the hosting electronic system and it can lead to a completely new re-organization of the quantum configurations [2]. These research activities benefit of the valuable collaboration and interaction with C. Noce, A. Romano and F. Forte. [1] P. Gentile, M. Cuoco, and C. Ortix, Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 256801 (2015) [2] W. Brzezicki, A. M. Oleś, and M. Cuoco, Phys. Rev. X 5, 011037 (2015)


High current transport properties in superconductors

Gaia Grimaldi*1, Antonio Leo2, Angela Nigro2, Sandro Pace2

1CNR SPIN Salerno 2Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello”



Vortex matter becomes unstable under sufficiently high driving currents. Typically this instability is observed in the current-voltage characteristics as an abrupt voltage jump to the normal state, which turns into a current driving quench event. As far as applications are concerned, the stability of the superconducting state becomes relevant for the realization and improvement of many devices, e.g., magnets, current-leads, or fault current limiters. Not only the highest critical currents are required, but also quenching phenomena need to be prevented in order to get the best performance of any superconducting device. Therefore the flux flow instability study arises as a valuable tool to test the high current carrying capability of a superconductor. On top of that flux flow instability can be used as a sensitive probe of unconventional superconductors, by field-angle dependent measurements of the quasiparticles scattering rate. Although a general well established theory is able to predict such an instability in an ideal superconductor, real superconductors can be modeled in the presence of material pinning. Indeed we show that the instability critical parameters can be phenomenologically addressed from only two measurements that are the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics and the magnetic field dependence of the critical current density Jc(B). Remarkably, flux flow instability measurements provide a direct method to classify superconductors from strong to weak pinning materials, as well as from intrinsic to extrinsic mechanisms leading to the quenching events. Measurements are performed in high magnetic fields up to 16 T and as a function of the out of plane direction between the vertical magnetic field and the c-axis sample, as well as the sample in plane rotational angle, by means of a double axis rotator sample unit. We report our overall study on different materials, from LTc to HTc superconductors and iron-chalcogenides too [1-2]. The presented experimental technique can be employed as a direct tool to validate the stability of the high current transport in superconducting materials for power technology. The research activity is partially in collaboration with Giovanni Carapella, Roberta Citro, Pasquale Marra, Massimiliano Polichetti. [1] G. Grimaldi, A. Leo, P. Sabatino, G. Carapella, A. Nigro, S. Pace, V. V. Moshchalkov, A. V. Silhanek, Phys. Rev. B 92 (2015) 024513 [2] A. Leo, P. Marra, G. Grimaldi, R. Citro, S. Kawale, E. Bellingeri, C. Ferdeghini, S. Pace, A. Nigro, Phys. Rev. B 93 (2016) 054503


The crystal growth programme at MUSA laboratory

R. Fittipaldi*, V. Granata, L. Rocco, A. Ubaldini S. Pace and A.Vecchione CNR – SPIN Sede Secondaria di Salerno and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Salerno

via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano (Sa), Italy


The MUSA (Multifunctional materials Synthesis and Analysis) laboratory belongs to the SPIN (SuPerconductors, oxides and other INnovative materials and devices) Institute of CNR (National Council of the Research) and Department of Physics of the University of Salerno. Our group is mainly concerned with the synthesis and structural, morphological and compositional characterization of single crystals realized by the floating zone method. The purpose of these activities is to understand relevant aspects of basic physics in innovative and advanced materials that may also have potential applications. To make progress in the study of physics and chemistry of condensed phases high quality single crystals are crucial, since for polycrystalline materials, the properties of the grain boundaries often manifest themselves stronger than the properties of the material itself. The crystal growth programme at MUSA laboratory was established in 2003 and it is consequence of a large experience on the synthesis of superconducting and magnetic oxides acquired in the last twenty years. The main equipment related to the single crystal growth activity is the infra red image furnace installed in 2005. The samples produced are studied by high resolution X-ray diffractometer (which is an highly advanced, versatile materials characterization system), scanning electron microscopies equipped with x-ray analysis systems, electron back-scatter diffraction and submicron transport set-up. Single crystals produced and characterized are used for studies at large scale facilities (France, Switzerland, United Kingdom, USA) and made available to collaborators within Italy and abroad.


There’s plenty of room at the SPNM-laboratory!

F. Bobba*, A.M. Cucolo Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” and CNR-SPIN Salerno


In the last 35 years, Physics Department “E.R. Caianiello” invested a lot of effort in experimental scientific research in the field of superconductivity. Among the different activities, our group has played a world-leading role in electron tunnelling spectroscopy (TS) on superconductors with high critical temperature [1] (Bednorz and Müller, Nobel prize in 1987), by investigating their electron density of states.

More recently, the attention of the scientific community has moved towards new, peculiar and unexpected physical intrinsic properties of nano-structures. Nano-science is growing up very fast as a new inter-disciplinary research field. In such a scenario, our group moved in this new direction too without forgetting the macroscopic quantum world of superconductivity. This was made possible because the electron tunnelling itself established the basis for the development of scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) (Binning and Rohrer, Nobel prize in 1986) which let scientists measure and manipulate the nano-world. Suddenly scanning probe techniques (SPM), conceptually similar to STM were developed to investigate surface physics at the nano-scale. This being said, in 1999 SPNM (Scanning Probe and Nano Matter) laboratory was founded by our group at the University of Salerno by setting up the first cryogenic-SPM in Italy to investigate superconductors at the nano-scale. This made the group capable to produce a significant contribution in superconductivity, allowing international collaborations and Ph.D. student as well as senior scientist exchange with foreign laboratories [2]. Specifically, in recent years, the SPNM-lab has dealt with the investigation of superconducting vortex physics by performing low temperature magnetic force microscopy experiments, whereas MFM holds the potential to investigate the vortex arrangement with individual vortex resolution keeping track of the magnetic polarity [3]. The main goals of this research have been to study superconducting vortex behaviour in superconductor/ferromagnet bilayers only magnetically coupled, to prove the capability of magnetic domains in confining vortices and guiding their collective motion as well as to investigate the vortex anti-vortex pair nucleation.

At the same time, the inter-disciplinary essence of the nano-science, made necessary an investment of the lab in new activities, such as electrical and electro-mechanical characterization of semiconductors and polymers. A lot of efforts have been spent in investigating the mem-resistive effect of zinc oxide and the multi-ferroic behaviour of zinc-cobalt oxide as well as in studying the piezoelectric response of polymers engineered with polar molecules in a crystalline structure [4]. In addition to this, the SPNM-lab has started dealing with the so-called “soft matter”, mainly performing experiments on lipid bilayers [5] as well as systems integrating proteins and lipids, on



artificial complexes as well as exotic in-vivo organisms (Haloquadratum) [6]. This has been a consequence of a co-operative effort between SPNM-lab and many laboratories of Chemistry-Biology and Pharmacy Department at University of Salerno aimed with the idea to carry on biotechnology and biomedicine projects. For instance, the group is currently studying the bactericide effect of 2(Dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate polymer useful for food packaging, by means of SPM based experiments.

It is worth to notice that the SPNM-lab keeps growing up, constantly upgrading, modifying and extending its instrumental facilities. This allows researchers as well as young students, that feel the laboratory as their own home, to be competitive even for high technology industries. [1] A.M. Cucolo, R. Di Leo, A. Nigro, P. Romano, F. Bobba, E. Bacca, P. Prieto, Phys.

Rev. Lett. 76 11, (1996), 1920 [2] A. Kohen, T. Cren, Th. Proslier, Y. Noat, W. Sacks, D. Roditchev, F. Giubileo, F.

Bobba, A. M. Cucolo, N. Zhigadlo, S. M. Kazakov, and J. Karpinski, Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, (2005), 212503

[3] F. Bobba, C. Di Giorgio, A. Scarfato, M. Longobardi, M. Iavarone, S.A. Moore, G. Karapetrov, V. Novosad, V. Yefremenko, and A.M. Cucolo, Phys. Rev. B 89 (2014), 214502

[4] C. Daniel, C. Rufolo, F. Bobba, A. Scarfato, A.M. Cucolo, and G. Guerra, J. Mat. Chem. 21, 47 (2011), 19074

[5] M. Sublimi Saponetti, M. Grimaldi, M. Scrima, C. Albonetti, S. L. Nori, A.M. Cucolo, F. Bobba, and A. M. D'Ursi, PLOS ONE 9, 12 (2014), e115780

[6] M. Sublimi Saponetti, F. Bobba, G. Salerno, A. Scarfato, A. Corcelli, and A.M. Cucolo, PLOS ONE 6, 4 (2011), e18653

FAQ: Who is in the SPNM-lab today?

A: Cinzia Di Giorgio, Domenico D’Agostino, Matilde Sublimi Saponetti, Fabrizio Bobba, Anna Maria Cucolo.

http://biblioproxy.cnr.it:2077/OneClickSearch.do?product=UA&search_mode=OneClickSearch&SID=V1vIEZJ4RTVJTIvISpD&field=AU&value=Rufolo,%20C&ut=17354282&pos=%7b2%7d&excludeEventConfig=ExcludeIfFromFullRecPage

http://biblioproxy.cnr.it:2077/OneClickSearch.do?product=UA&search_mode=OneClickSearch&SID=V1vIEZJ4RTVJTIvISpD&field=AU&value=Bobba,%20F&ut=1687622&pos=%7b2%7d&excludeEventConfig=ExcludeIfFromFullRecPage

http://biblioproxy.cnr.it:2077/OneClickSearch.do?product=UA&search_mode=OneClickSearch&SID=V1vIEZJ4RTVJTIvISpD&field=AU&value=Scarfato,%20A&ut=17762059&pos=%7b2%7d&excludeEventConfig=ExcludeIfFromFullRecPage

http://biblioproxy.cnr.it:2077/OneClickSearch.do?product=UA&search_mode=OneClickSearch&SID=V1vIEZJ4RTVJTIvISpD&field=AU&value=Cucolo,%20AM&ut=3942653&pos=%7b2%7d&excludeEventConfig=ExcludeIfFromFullRecPage

http://biblioproxy.cnr.it:2077/OneClickSearch.do?product=UA&search_mode=OneClickSearch&SID=V1vIEZJ4RTVJTIvISpD&field=AU&value=Guerra,%20G&ut=6712502&pos=%7b2%7d&excludeEventConfig=ExcludeIfFromFullRecPage

https://webmail.unisa.it/?_task=mail&_action=preview&_uid=1479&_mbox=INBOX&_framed=1








X Congresso del Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” · 2 X Congresso del Dipartimento di...

Documents

Transcript of X Congresso del Dipartimento di Fisica “E.R. Caianiello” · 2 X Congresso del Dipartimento di...