universitetis ekonomikuri jurnali...

ekonomikuriprofili

ekonomikuriprofili

samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnalisamecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali

ISSN 1512-3901

#9 , maisi , 2011 weli

ქუთისის უნივერსიტეტი

ekonomikuriprofili

n o m e r S i a:

globalizacia da

ekonomikuri krizisi

finansebi da aRricxva

menejmenti da seqtoruli

ekonomika

marTlmadidebloba da eTikuri

principebi ekonomikaSi

marketingi

referireba: Институт Научной Информации по Общественным Наукам(Российская Академия Наук) _ www.rim.inion.ru

UDC 33 samecniero-praqtikuli Jurnali

e - 491

#9, 2011 weli

maisi

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

2

4601, saqarTvelo, quTaisi,

wereTlis quCa #13

tel: +995 431 4 23 73, 5 12 73.

www.unic.edu.ge;[email protected], [email protected]

dakabadonda da daibeWda

Sps `mbm-poligrafis~ mierq. quTaisi, wereTlis 186

tel.: 8 431 3 45 54;

saredaqcio kolegiamTavari redaqtori:

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, sruli

profesori, saqarTvelos ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili

wevri revaz kakulia

pasuxismgebeli redaqtori:

e.m.d sruli profesori niko CixlaZe

saredaqcio kolegiis wevrebi:iakob mesxia

e.m.d., profesori, saqarTvelos ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa akademiis vice-prezidenti

avTandil silagaZe

e.m.d., profesori, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondenti

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtorebi,

profesorebi:

evgeni baraTaSvili

revaz basaria

givi gamsaxurdia

revaz manveliZe

elguja meqvabiSvili

gedevan xelaia

giorgi RavTaZe

akademiuri doqtorebi,

asocirebuli profesorebi:

akaki bakuraZe

lela baxtaZe

kaxa gabelaSvili

naira virsalaZe

guram uflisaSvili

xaTuna SalamberiZe

goderZi SaniZe

saredaqcio kolegiis ucxoeli wevrebi,

profesorebi:

timo linkola (fineTi)

petre maSegovi (ruseTi)

milan mikulastiki (CexeTi)

sergei lukini (belorusi)

maria turianskaia (ukraina)

damfuZnebeli:quTaisis universiteti

reqtori prof: lela qalbaqiani

1. iaSa mesxia, kaxaber gabelaSvilisaqarTvelos adgili msoflio konkurentunarianobis reitingebSi

2. revaz kakuliaekonomikis globalizacia da sajaro finansebis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi

3. xaTuna SalamberiZefinansuri bazris zogierTi aspeqti msoflioekonomikuri globalizaciis pirobebSi

4. dezdemona maRlakeliZe, mavlina yifiani, naTela vaSakiZe

sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis Sefasebis maCveneblebis analizi

5. lela baxtaZesabanko sistemis stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis zogi-

erTi Teoriul-meTodologiuri sakiTxi

6. elguja konjaria

auditoruli saqmianoba da misi srulyofis sakiTxebi

7. TinaTin gugeSaSvili, nana beniZe

sabrokero kompaniis funqciebi da ekonomikuri saqmianoba

8. vaJa gurabaniZeadamianuri resursebis dagegmva da misi raodenobis gan-

sazRvris meTodebi

9. eliso gvelesianiTematuri turizmis ganviTarebis problemebi da perspeq-

tivebi saqarTveloSi

10. naira virsalaZesaqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis zogierTi

aspeqtebi

11. akaki bakuraZeavadobis ekonomikuri Sedegebis Semcirebis sakiTxisaTvis

12. iagor balanCivaZeeTika biznesSi

13. Nnana luxutaSvilireklama da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi

14. goderZi SaniZesaqonlis gayidvis strategia

globalizacia da ekonomikuri krizisi

finansebi da aRricxva

menejmenti da seqtoruli ekonomika

marketingi

marTlmadidebloba da eTikuri principebi

ekonomikaSi

3

13

21

25

31

35

38

43

48

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58

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ekonomikuri profili 3

iaSa mesxiae.m.d., Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis

saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori

kaxaber gabelaSvilie.a.d., quTaisis universitetis

asocirebuli profesori

saqarTvelos adgili msoflio konkurentunarianobis reitingebSi

Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdinareobs Rrma Tvisebrivi cvli-

lebebi, romelic dakavSirebulia globalizaciasTan, asimetriul regionul

ganviTarebasTan, erTpolaruli da mravalpolaruli samyaros Sesaxeb kon-

cefciebs Soris brZolis gaRrmavebasTan, qveynebs, regionebsa da firmebs

Soris sabazro konkurenciis gaZlierebasTan. am pirobebSi, rodesac bazari

aRiarebulia sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis mTavar mamoZravebel meqanizmad,

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri siZliere damokidebuli mis globalur konkuren-

tunarianobaze, mis unarze miaRwios upiratesobebs ekonomikur saqmianobaSi

da gaikafos gza msoflio bazarze. Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi

avtonomiur, Caketil reJimSi biznes-saqmianoba praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, ris

gamoc saxelmwifoebi cdiloben ekonomikuri sazRvrebis gaxsnas, savaWro-

ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebas, biznesis keTebis liberalizacias, rasac

saboloo jamSi Tan sdevs brZola saerTaSoriso bazarze upiratesobebis

mopovebisaken, sadac mogebuli rCeba is, vinc ufro konkurentunariani da war-

matebulia.

konkurentunarianobis TeoriaSi ganasxvaveben: qveynis konkurentunari-

anobas, regionis konkurentunarianobas, sawarmos (firmis) konkurentunari-

anobas da saqonlis (produqciis) da momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobas. maT

Soris arsebobs mWidro kavSirebi, radgan qveynisa da dargis an regionis

konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia konkreqtuli saqonlis mwarmoebelTa

unarze gamouSvan konkurentunariani saqoneli. meore mxriv, konkurentunari-

ani saqonlis warmoeba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes pirobebSi, romelic Seqmnil-

ia saqonlis mwarmoeblebisaTvis dargSi da qveyanaSi mTlianad.

sinTezuri maCvenebeli, romelic aerTianebs saqonlis, sawarmos, dargis da regio-

nis konkurentunarianobas da axasiaTebs qveynis mdgomareobas msoflio bazarze, war-

moadgens qveynis globaluri konkurentunarianoba, romelsac xSirad qveynis erovnul

konkurentunarianobasac uwodeben. zogadad, qveynis konkurentunarianoba aris qveynis

globalizacia

da

ekonomikuri

krizisi

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

4

unari Tavisufali konkurenciis pirobebSi awarmoos saqoneli da momsaxureba, romel-

ic daakmayofilebs msoflio bazris moTxovnebs da romelTa realizacia zrdis

qveynisa da misi calkeuli moqalaqis keTildReobas.

qveynis konkurentunarianobis cneba Semoaqvs Tavis TeoriaSi cnobil amerikel

mecniers maikl porters.1 misi azriT, swored erovnuli konkurentunarianoba gansaz-

Rvravs warmatebas an warumateblobas warmoebis konkretul dargSi da im adgils,

romelsac qveyana ikavebs msoflio meurneobis sistemaSi..

sruliad sapirispiro midgomas Seicavs nobelis premiis laureatis pol krug-

manis Sexedulebebi qveynis konkurentunarianobaze.2 misi pozicia qveynis konkuren-

tunarianobaze efuZneba d. rikardos klasikur Teorias (upirveles yovlisa, Sedare-

biTi upiratesobis Teorias). am koncefciis Tanaxmad, qveynis konkurentunarianoba

daiyvaneba gamoyenebuli faqtorebis SedarebiT mwarmoeblurobaze, rac gamoixateba

savaWro balansis mdgomareobaSi, SedarebiT fasebSi, savaluto kursSi da saboloo

jamSi aisaxeba qveynis keTildReobaze.

konkurentunarianobis zogadi ganmarteba, romelic aRiarebulia ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development – OCED) mier, gulisxmobs eris, regionebis, dargebisa da kom-

paniebis unars Seqmnan Semosavlebisa da xelfasebis SedarebiT maRali done saer-

TaSoriso konkurenciisaTvis Riaobis (gaxsnilobis) pirobebSi. cnobili amerikeli

mecnierebis d. dolaris da e. vulfis azriT konkurentunariania is qveyana, romelic

warmatebulia saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi maRali teqnologiebisa da mwarmoeblurobis

bazaze maRali SemosavlebiT da xelfasebiT.3 amave dros mkvlevarebis azriT, qveynis

konkurentunarianoba unda iqnas ganxiluli dinamikaSi, moZraobaSi, radgan dRevandel

pirobebSi ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri faqtorebi da pirobebi, romlebic

ganapirobeben qveynis ekonomikur siZlieres, swrafad cvalebadi da turbulenturia.

konkurenciis dinamiurobis aspeqtze pirvelad yuradReba gaamaxvila amerikelma mec-

nierma m. danma, romlis azriT, konkurentunarianobis mniSvnelovani damaxasiaTebeli

niSania misi droSi cvაlეbaდობა. misi gagebiT, konkurentunarianoba aris moqniloba

anu qveynis ekonomikis unari ganaxorcielos struqturuli cvlilebebi da uzrunve-

lyos misadmi adaptireba.4

Cveni azriT, qveynis erovnuli ekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis Sefasebi-

sas ZiriTadi aqcenti unda gakeTdes Semdeg 3 mdgenelze: resursebi; teqnologiebi;

saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli ekonomikuri politikis efeqtianoba. resursebis arse-

boba qveynis erovnuli konkurentunarianobis mniSvnelovani upiratesobaa, rameTu war-

moebis faqtorebi (bunebrivi resursebi, samuSao Zala, kapitali) da maTi gamoyenebis

efeqtianobis xarisxi (warmoebis xarjebi, fasebi da a.S.) gansazRvraven qveyanaSi Se-

1 Портер М.Э. Конкуренция. – М.: Издательство Дом «Вильямс», 2001. – 496 с.2 pol krugmani, saerTaSoriso ekonomika: Teoria da praqtika, Tb., 2000.3 Dollar D., Wolf E. The global competitive /Journal of International Economics, 2003, #27(3-4). Oxford university press. P.199-220.4 Dunn M. The Economic of Modern Manufacturing: Technology, Strategy and Organization, American Economic Review. 1990, #80, p.511-512.

2011


mosavlebisa da Sromis anazRaurebis moculobas, riTac saboloo jamSi formirdeba

mosaxleobis cxovrebis done da xarisxi. aranakleb mniSvnelovania teqnologiuri

upiratesoba anu iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa codnis resursi, teqnologiuri resursi,

investiciuri resursi da sxva kreatiuli aqtivebi, riTac qveyanas eqneba SesaZleblo-

ba dawinaurdes teqnologiurad erT an ramdenime dargSi da amiT moipovos lideroba

regionSi an mTlianad msoflioSi. da bolos, erovnuli konkurentunarianobis amaR-

lebaSi mniSvnelovani rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia im ekonomikur xelsayrel garemos

da adeqvatur socialur-ekonomikur klimats, romlis formireba SesaZlebelia qveynis

mier gatarebuli optimaluri socialur-ekonomikuri politikiT.

Tanamedrove etapze erovnuli konkurentunarianobis maRali reitingiT xasi-

aTdebian maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi, romlebsac gaaCniaT teqnologiuri upirate-

sobebi, xolo dabalreitinguls warmoadgenen sxva danarCeni qveynebi. sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, mdidari da Raribi qveynebis konkurentunarianobis buneba gansxvavebu-

lia. Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi iseTi bunebrivi faqtorebi, rogoricaa

geografiuli mdebareoba, mdidari bunebrivi resursebis floba erovnuli konkurentu-

narianobis amaRlebisaTvis ar warmoadgens mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas. ufro meti upi-

ratesobebi eniWeba axal teqnologiebs, mwarmoeblurobas, ekonomikur garemos. swored

amiTaa ganpirobebuli is garemoeba, rom resursebiT mdidari qveynebi mniSvnelovnad

CamorCebian konkurentunarianobis reitingSi teqnologiurad ganviTarebul qveynebs.

qveynis konkurentunarianobis reitingis gaangariSeba xdeba ori specialuri ind-

eqsis – globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsis da saqmiani konkurentunarianobis

indeqsis safuZvelze.

globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi saerTaSoriso ekonomikur fo-

rums pirvelad SesTavaza kolumbiis universitetis profesorma qsave-sali martin-

ma. globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi (Global Competitiveness Index – GCI) – aris qveynis ekonomikis mdgradobisa da misi saSualovadian perspeqtivaSi ganviTarebis

sinTezuri maCvenebeli. igi pirvelad gamoqveynda 2004 wels, Tumca SemdgomSi moxda

misi gaangariSebis meTodologiis srulyofa. am indeqsis gaangariSebaSi ZiriTadad

monawileobs 9 sabazo, agregirebuli faqtori, romelTa maCveneblebis raodenoba

200-s aRemateba. sabazo faqtorebSi gaerTianebulia saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi

institutebi, infrastruqtura, makroekonomika, janmrTelobis dacva da dawyebiTi (sas-

kolo) ganaTleba, umaRlesi da profesionaluri ganaTleba, bazris elastiuroba da

efeqtianoba, teqnologiuri ganviTareba, biznesis ganviTareba da inovaciebi.

saqmiani konkurentunarianobis indeqsi SemuSavebulia harvardis biznesis skolis

profesoris maikl porteris mier. es indeqsi aris globaluri konkurentunarianobis

indeqsis mniSvnelovani damateba da mimarTulia konkretuli kompaniebis saqmianobaze

moqmedi faqtorebis analizze, makroekonomikuri saqmiani klimatis, teqnologiuri

ganviTarebis donis da biznesTan dakavSirebul sxva konkretuli sakiTxebis gamokv-

levaze.

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

6

rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs, zemoaRniSnuli ori indeqsis gaangariSebis Sedegebi,

rogorc wesi, erTmaneTs emTxveva, Tumca maT Soris xSirad adgili aqvs mniSvnelovan

gansxvavebas.

sxvadasxva qveynebis ekonomikebis konkurentunarianobis Seswavlaze muSaobs da-

vosis ekonomikuri forumi, lozanas instituti, evropuli komisia da sxva instutebi.

davosis forumi ixilavs 134 saxelmwifos, Tumca zogierTi qveyana masTan TanamSrom-

lobas Tavs aridebs (belarusi, TurqmeneTi, uzbekeTi da sva). lozanas (Sveicariis

biznes-skolis) reitingSi monawileobs 55 qveyana (2009 wels daemata erTi qveyana –

yazaxeTi). aRsaniSnavia, rom qveynebi, romlebic sareitingo gamokvlevebSi monawileo-

ben, Sesabamis safasurs ixdian, vinc ar ixdis maT konkurentunarianobas ar ikvleven.

amasTan, davosis ekonomikuri forumis saretingo Sedegebi da kvlevis meTodologia

sxva gamokvlevebTan SedarebiT SedarebiT ufro gaxsnili, xelmisawvdomi, saimedo da

avtoritetulia msoflio sazogadoebisaTvis.

Sveicariis instituti kvlevebs atarebs 1989 wlidan sxvadasxva qveynebis samec-

niero-kvleviT organizaciebTan erTad. TiToeuli qveynis Sefaseba xdeba 300-ze meti

kriteriumiT, romlebic agregirebulia Semdeg mimarTulebaSi: ekonomikis mdgomareoba;

mTavrobis efeqturoba; biznesis efeqturoba; infrastruqturis mdgomareoba; cxovre-

bis done; ekologiis mdgomareoba. ukanasknel wlebSi pirvel aTeulSi konkurentu-

narianobis reitingSi ertmaneTs enacvlebian iseTi qveynebi, rogorebicaa aSS, Sveicaria,

singapuri, honkongi, luqsemburgi, niderlandebi, Svecia, kanada, iaponia, dania da evropis

sxva maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi. ukanaskneli 16 wlis ganmavlobaSi konkurentu-

narianobis reitingSi liderobs aSS, Semdeg modis honkongi da singapuri. ganviTare-

bad qveynebs Soris konkurentunarianobis mxriv liderobs CineTi, indoeTi, brazilia

da ruseTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom postsabWouri qveynebidan lozanas instituti swavlobs

mxolod 4 qveyanas (ruseTi, estoneTi, litva da ukraina). bolo xelmisawvdomi infor-

maciis Tanaxmad (2008 w.) msoflios 55 qveyanas Soris konkurentunarianobis reitingiT

estoneTi dgas 23-e adgilze, litva – 36, ruseTi – 47 da ukraina – 54 adgilze. 2009

wels gamokvleul iqna 57 qveyana, sadac ruseTis reitingi daeca 2 poziciiT da dai-

kava 49-e adgili, ukraina kvlavac bolodan meore adgilzea (56).

sayuradReboa, rom lozanas instituti kvlevebisas ZiriTadad eyrdnoba saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebis masalebs. maT Soris, gaeros, vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis,

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis, msoflio bankis da a.S., agreTve 60-mde partniori

institutis kvlevis Sedegebs. instituti kvlevaSi iyenebs informaciebs, romlis ori

mesamedi gamoqveynebulia statistikur krebulebSi, xolo erTi mesamedi moipoveba

eqspertuli SefasebiT (anketuri gamokiTxvis wesiT).

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier momzadebuli angariSis `globaluri

konkurentunarianobis reitingi 2010-2011~, analizidan Cans, rom globalurma finansur-

ma krizisma garkveuli koreqtivebi Seitana qveynebis konkurentunarianobis reitingSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom forumis mier momzadebuli bolo gamokvleva wina gamokvlevebi-

2011


sagan gansxvavebiT ufro masStaburi da kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa. gamokvlevam moicva

139 qveynis 13 500 biznes-subieqtis anketuri gamokiTxvis Sedegebi.

davosis forumis bolo angariSis mixedviT globaluri konkurentunarianobis

reitings saTaveSi Caudga Sveicaria, romelic wina welsac pirvel adgils ikavebda.

Semdgom meore da mesame adgilze Sesabamisad modian Sveicaria da singapuri. aSS,

romelsac wina wels ekava meore adgili, 2010 wels gadainacvla me-4 adgilze, rasac

gamokvlevis avtorebi xsnian am qveynis finansuri bazrebis SesustebiT da makroekono-

mikuri stabilurobis SemcirebiT. germaniam, romelic iTvleba `evrozonis lokomo-

tivad~, 2010 wels globalur reitingSi gadmoinacvla wina wlis meSvide adgilidan

mexuTe adgilze. mas mosdeven: iaponia (6 adgili), fineTi (7), niderlandebi (8), dania (9).

lideri qveynebis pirveli aTeulis bolo adgili daikava kanadam.

msoflios SedarebiT konkurentunariani qveynebis reitingSi ufro met adgils

ikaveben evropis saxelmwifoebi. didi britaneTi, romelic ukanasknel wlebSi Tmobda

Tavis poziciebs, 2010 wels erTi poziciiT dawinaurda da daikava me-12 adgili. sa-

frangeTmac gaiumjobesa mdgomareoba da daikava me-15 adgili. problemebi Seeqmna

espaneTs. man erT weliwadSi dakarga 9 pozicia da daikava 42-e adgili. evrokavSiris

qveynebs Soris yvelaze cudad Sefasda saberZneTi, romelmac dakarga 12 pozicia da

83-e adgilze gadainacvla. evropis regionSi konkurentunarianobis dacemis kuTxiT

lideri gaxda slovakeTi, romelmac dakarga 13 pozicia da daikava me-60 adgili.

konkurentunarianobis ganmtkicebis kuTxiT yvelaze saukeTeso Sedegi aCvena Cernogo-

riam, romelmac 13 poziciiT gaiumjobesa mdgomareoba da gadainacvla 49-e adgilze.

msxvili ganviTarebadi qveynebidan konkurentunarianobis reitingSi liderobs

CineTi (27 adgili), Semdeg modis indoeTi (51) da brazilia (58). ruseTma am jgufSi

Semaval qveynebs Soris daikava ukanaskneli adgili.

aRsaniSnavia, rom axlo aRmosavleTis da CrdiloeT afrikis rigma qveyanam gad-

ainacvla reitingis pirvel aTEulSi. liderebs Sorisaa: yatari (17 adfgili), saudis

arabeTi (21), israeli (24), gaerTianebuli arabeTis emiratebi (25), tunisi (32), quveiTi

(35) da bahreini (37). afrikis qveynebidan reitingis zeda naxevarSi moxvdnen samxreT

afrika (54-e adgili) da mavriTia (55).

konkurentunarianobis gaumjobesebis saukeTeso Sedegebi aCvenes monRoleTma

(+18 pozicia), Sri lankam (+17) da vietnamma (+16). konkurentunarianobis reitingis Sem-

cirebis liderebi gaxdnen nigeria (-28 pozicia), lesoto da iordania (-21).

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis mier SemuSavebul konkurentunarianobis bolo

angariSSi pirvelad moxvdnen irani, romelmac daikava 69-e adgili, ruanda – 80 adgili,

libia – 92, angola – 138, kabo-verde – 117 da svazilenTi – 126 adgili.5

yofili ssrk-s qveynebidan konkurentunarianobis reitingSi SedarebiT yvelaze

saukeTeso adgili daikaves estoneTma (33-e adgili), litva (47) da azerbaijanma (57).

Semdeg modis latvia (70), yazaxeTi (72), ukraina (89), saqarTvelo (93), moldaveti (94), somx-

eTi (98), tajikeTi (116), yirgizeTi (121). ruseTi ekonomikurma krizisma mniSvnelovnad

5 The Global Competitiveness Index 2010-2011 ( http://gtmarket.ru/news/state/2010/09/09/2668)

ekonomikuri profili

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daazarala. forumis monacemebiT 2010 wels konkurentunarianobis reitingSi man da-

karga 12 pozicia da 51-e adgilidan 63-e adgilze gadainacvla. ufro metic, ruseTis

federaciis mTeli rigi maCveneblebi, romlebic gansazRvraven konkurentunarianobis

reitings, mniSvnelovnad gauaresda. mag., korporaciuli marTvis maCvnebliT ruseTma

daikava 119-e adgili, sakuTrebis uflebis dacvis kuTxiT 126-e adgili, finansuri ba-

zris ganviTarebis mxriv 125-e adgili, bankebis mdgradobis mxriv 129 adgili da a.S.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos wili Seadgens 40-50 %-s, rac erT-

naxevarjer maRalia saSualo msoflio maCvenebelze. ruseTSi yoveli meore dasaqme-

buli muSaobs saxelmwifo seqtorSi. aRniSnuli problema seriozul problemebs

uqmnis qveyanas konkurentunarianobis upiratesobis miRwevaSi.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos adgils globaluri konkurentunarianobis reitingSi,

igi siis meore naxevarSi imyofeba da 2010 wlamde stabilur mdgomareobas inarCune-

bda (90 adgili), xolo forumis bolo angariSis mixedviT 2010 wels qveyanam daTmo

sami pozocia da daikava 93-e adgili. postkomunistur qveynebs Soris saqarTvelos

adgili globalur reitingSi sakmaod dabalia. mas win uswrebs yofil ssrk-Si Sema-

vali yvela qveyana, garda somxeTis, tajikeTisa da yirgizeTisa. erTi poziciiT dabla

dgas moldaveTi, Tumca mas saqarTvelosagan gansxvavebiT gaumjobesebis tendencia

gaaCnia. saqarTvelos sasazRvro mezobeli qveynebidan globaluri konkurentunari-

anobis yvelaze saukeTeso reitingi aqvs azerbaijans, Semdeg modis TurqeTi(61-e ad-

gili), ruseTi 963), xolo saqarTveloze dabali konkurentunarianobiT xasiaTdeba

somxeTi. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelosa da saqarTveloze ukeTesi

reitingis mqone mosazRvre qveynebs Soris poziciaTa sxvaoba Zalian didia (azer-

baijanTan – 36 pozicia, TurqeTTan – 32, ruseTTan – 30), xolo saqarTvelos Semdgom

mdgom qveyanasTan Zalian mcirea (somxeTi mxolod 4 poziciiTaa CamorCenili). aRniS-

nul mdgomareobas Tu SevxedavT grZelvadian periodSi igi saqarTvelosaTvis ar

SeiZleba pozitiurad iqnes miCneuli, rameTu saqarTvelos yvelaze maRali ekonomi-

kuri kavSirebi aqvs TurqeTTan da azerbaijanTan, xolo maTi mxridan SedarebiT maRa-

li globaluri konkurentunarianobis SenarCuneba saqarTvelos seriozul safrTxes

Seuqmnis sakuTari konkurentunarianobisa amaRlebaSi. ruseTis faqtori SedarebiT

umniSvneloa, radgan cnobili mizezebis gamo am qveyanasTan oficialuri ekonomikuri

urTierToba droebiT Sewyvetilia. rac Seexeba somxeTs, marTalia misi konkurentu-

narianoba mcirediT CamorCeba saqarTvelos, magram am qveyanasTan sagareo ekonomikuri

kavSirebi SedarebiT umniSvneloa. gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoeba, rom ukraina,

rogorc saqarTvelostan teritoriulad axlos mdebare da mWidro sagareo ekono-

mikuri kavSiris mqone qveyanas, konkurentunarianobis ufro maRali reitingi gaaCnia,

vidre saqarTvelos, rac aseve grZelvadian periodSi saqarTvelos konkurentunari-

anobis gamowvevis safuZvels iZleva. saqarTvelos adgili postsabWouri qveynebis

globaluri konkurentunarianobis reitingi naCvenebia 1-l cxrilSi.

2011


cxrili 1.

postsabWouri qveynebis globaluri konkurentunarianobis reitingi

(msoflio ekonomikuri forumis angariSebis mixedviT)

qveyana

2007 weli 2008 weli 2009 weli 2010 weli

rei-

tingi

Sefa-

seba

rei-

tingi

Sefa-

seba

rei-

tingi

Sefa-

seba

rei-

tingi

Sefa-

seba

saqarTvelo 90 3,83 90 3,86 90 3,81 93 3,86

ruseTi 58 4,19 51 4,31 63 4,15 63 4,24

latvia 45 4,41 54 4,26 68 4,06 70 4,14

litva 38 4,49 44 4,45 53 4,30 47 4,38

estoneTi 27 4,74 32 4,67 35 4,56 33 4,61

azerbaijani 66 4,07 69 4,10 51 4,30 57 4,29

somxeTi 93 3,37 97 3,73 97 3,71 98 3,76

yazaxeTi 61 4.14 66 4,11 67 4,08 72 4,12

ukraina 73 3,98 72 4,09 82 3,95 89 3,90

tajikeTi 117 3,37 116 3,46 122 3,38 116 3,53

yirgizeTi 119 3,34 122 3,40 123 3,36 121 3,49

moldaveTi 97 3,64 95 3,75 - - 94 3,86

*-cxrili Sedgenilia avtorebis mier Semdegi internet-resursebis safuZvelze:

http://rating.rbc.ru/article.shtml?2007/06/22/31530893; ttp://gtmarket.ru/news/state/2010/09/09/2668;

http://rating.rbc.ru/article.shtml?2008/10/09/32159490; ttp://statinfo.biz/Data.aspx?act=1957&lang=1

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos globaluri konkurentunarianobis reitingiT 2005

wels mikuTvnebuli hqonda 86-e adgili, 2006 wels ki 85-e adgili 117 qveyanas Soris.

sayuradReboa, rom am indeqsis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawilis – inova-

ciebis da faqtorebis sirTulis mixedviT saqarTvelo ikavebs erT-erT bolo adgils

(119) da mis Semdgom modis bolovia, uganda, paragvai, mozambiki, burundi da Cadi. am-

rigad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom davosis ekonomikuri forumis monacemebiT, dawyebuli

2005 wlidan, saqarTvelos globaluri konkurentunarianobis reitingis Semcirebis

tendencia hqonda da igi 6 wlis ganmavlobaSi daeca 8 poziciiT.

niSandoblivia isic, rom miuxedavad globaluri konkurentunarianobis ierar-

qiaSi saqarTvelos dabali adgilisa, mTeli rigi lokaluri konkurentunariano-

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

10

bis parametrebiT mdgomareoba met-naklebad pozitiuri mimarTulebisaa. magaliTad,

freizeris institutis (Fraser Institute) msoflio ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis moxsenebis

Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo 2010 wels 2009 welTan SedarebiT 22 poziciiT dawinaurda da 141

qveyanas Soris daikava 23-e adgili. am reitingSi saqarTvelom gauswro ara mxolod

mezobel qveynebs – azerbaijans (93), somxeTs (50), ruseTs (84), aramed industriulad

ganviTarebul qveynebsac: belgias (43), italias (66), germanias (24) da a.S.

ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos reitingi da indeqsebi biznesis sferoSi Semdeg-

nairad gamoiyureba: suverenuli sakredito reitingi – +(2010), `akeTe biznesis~ krite-

riumiT – 11 adgili (2010), sakuTrebis dacvis indeqsi – 109(2009), sagadasaxado sistemis

xelsayrelobis indeqsi – 75 (2009), sagadasaxado tvirTisa da reformebis indeqsi – 52

(2009), informaciuli teqnologiebis ganviTarebis reitingi – 28 (2009), investiciebis

Semodinebis indeqsi – 9 (2007). unda aRiniSnos, rom es maCvenebeli Semdgom gamokv-

levebSi mniSvnelovnad iqneba gauaresebuli, radgan rogorc cnobilia ukanasknel

wlebSi 2007 welTan SedarebiT investiciebis Semodineba qveyanaSi mniSvnelovnadaa

Semcirebuli. rac Seexeba socialuri xasiaTis indeqsebs, am mxriv, saqarTvelos maCve-

neblebi mniSvnelovnad dabalia. mag., cxovrebis donis indeqsi 2009 wlis monacemebiT

Seadgenda 84, adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis indeqsi - 96 (2008), saavtomobilo

gzebis xarisxis indeqsi – 66 (2009), ekologiuri usafrTxoebis indeqsi – 37 (2009), bedn-

ieri qveynis indeqsi – 72 (2009).

msoflioSi qveynis imijis formirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs politi-

kuri garemo. ukanaskneli 2-3 wlis manZilze saqarTvelos politikuri reitingebi

Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: demokratiis indeqsi – 104 (2008). sityvis Tavisuflebis re-

itingi – 81 (2009), demokratiisa da sabazro ekonomikis indeqsi – 38 (2008), saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis efeqturobis indeqsi – 23 (2008), sasamarTlo sistemis damoukideblobis

indeqsi – 4,7 (2009). sayuradReboa, rom am SemTxvevaSi Sefaseba 7 baliania – 1 kargia, 7

Zalian cudi. policiuri struqturis saimedobis indeqsi – 4 (2009), korufciis aRqmis

indeqsi – 67 (2009), saxelmwifos daSlis safrTxis reitingi – 33 (2009), politikuri

teroris Skala – 3,5 (2008, 5 baliani SefasebiT), militarizaciis indeqsi – 33 (2009)6.

zemoT moyvanili reitingebi da indeqsebi lokaluri xasiaTisaa. isini SemuSaveb-

ulia sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso sareitingo saagentoebis da kompaniebis mier, romelTa

meTodologia araerTgvarovania da metwilad ar eTanadeba davosis ekonomikuri fo-

rumis eqspertebis da lozanas institutis mier gamoqveynebul midgomebs, romlebic

yvelaze maRali saimedobiTaa cnobili mTels msoflioSi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom

forumisa da institutis meTodologiaSi aisaxebian yvela is lokaluri reitinge-

bim, romelsac avtonomiurad gansazRvraven sxva danarCeni kvleviTi organizaciebi.

gamomdinare aqedan, qveynis globaluri konkurentunarianobis Sefasebisas orientacia

lokalur reitingebze ar iZleva realur suraTs. mTavari aqcenti unda gakeTdes gan-

zogadebul reitingze, romelic mimarTulia qveyanaSi cxovrebis donisa da xarisxis

6 http://www.economy.ge/upload-fi le/pdf/saqartvelo%20saertashoriso%20reitingebshi-3.pdf

2011


amaRlebisaken. mag., biznesis keTebis maRali reitingi TavisTavad qveynis saerTaSori-

so imijis amaRlebisa da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mizniT kargi maCvenebelia,

magram igi ar aris saboloo Sedegis amsaxveli. igi Sualeduria Tavisi SinaarsiT

da Tu mas ar mohyva investiciebis zrda, umuSevrobis Semcireba da cxovrebis xarisx-

is gaumjobeseba, TavisTavad aseTi reitingi nekro xasiaTis matarebeli iqneba da

sxva araferi. magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT Semdegi faqtobrivi mdgomareoba.

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, biznesis keTebis simartivis mxriv saqarTvelo mniSvnelovnad

uswrebs germanias. aqedan daskvnis gakeTeba, rom saqarTvelo germaniasTan SedarebiT

ufro konkurentunariani qveyanaa safuZvels moklebulia Semdeg garemoebaTa gamo.

jer erTi, biznesis keTebis mxriv saqarTvelos germaniaze win moxvedra sulac ar

niSnavs, rom saqarTveloSi ufro advilia biznesis keTeba. aRniSnuli reitingi miu-

TiTebs imazed, rom ukanasknel wlebSi biznesis keTebis administraciuli barierebi

gamartivda, maSin rodesac, igi rogorc sxva mowinave qveynebSi, aseve germaniaSi didi

xania gamartivebulia, amitom maTSi am kuTxiT Semdgomi reformebis aucilebloba

TiTqmis moxsnilia dRis wesrigidan. meore mxriv, rogorc Sesabamisi saerTaSoriso

avtoritetuli Sefasebebi gviCveneben msoflio konkurentunarianobis reitingSi ger-

mania me-5 adgilzea, saqarTvelo ki – 93-e adgilze. aRniSnuli Tanafardoba miuTiTebs

imazed, rom germaniaSi biznesis keTebas saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT ufro meti admin-

istraciuli barierebi xvdeba. ra Tqma unda, konkurentunarianoba mxolod saboloo

SedegebiT unda Sefasdes.

Cveni azriT, Tanamedrove etapze globaluri da lokaluri reitinguli gamokv-

levebis Sedegebis Sesabamisi analizuri komentarisa da gamoyenebuli meTodologiis

sazogadoebisaTvis gauxsnelad miwodeba araa gamarTlebuli. migvaCnia, rom global-

uri konkurentunarianobis, rogorc ganmazogadebeli maCveneblis paralelurad unda

dafiqsirdes qveynis ekonomikuri da politikuri saqmianobisa iseTi sinTezuri maCve-

nebeli, rogoricaa erT sul mosaxleze warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqtis mocu-

loba, Tanac ara mimdinare, aramed sabaziso, Sesadaris fasebSi. nebismieri warmatebuli

reitingi maSinaa saimedo, rodesac igi gamagrebulia warmoebis SedegebiT, romelic

Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis dones da xarisxs. Cveni kon-

cefciis argumentirebis mizniT SeiZleba moviyvanoT Semdegi magaliTi: mTliani Sida

produqtis warmoebis moculobis mxriv saqarTvelo msoflios sxva danarCen qveynebT-

an mimarTebaSi ikavebs 171-e adgils, xolo 1 sul mosaxleze warmoebuli mTliani Sida

produqtis mixedviT 109-e adgils7.

amave dros, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, saqarTvelo 4 poziciiT win uswrebs somxeTs

msoflio konkurentunarianobis reitingSi (davosis forumis Sefaseba), magram 1 sul

mosaxleze warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqtis mixedviT somxeTi saqarTveloze win

dgas. ufro metic, am parametriT saqarTvelos win uswrebs yofili ssrk-Si Semavali

yvela qveyana, garda moldaveTis, uzbekeTis, yirgizeTisa da tajikeTisa.

7 http://statinfo.biz/Geomap.aspx?act=8639&lang=1

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

12

gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom miuxedavad ukanasknel

wlebSi ganxorcielebuli met-naklebad warmatebuli ekonomikuri reformebisa, jer

kidev araa mkafiod gamokveTili saqarTvelos mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis gr-

Zelvadiani tendenciebi. dRemde miRweuli TvalsaCino pozitiuri Sedegebi ZiriTadad

lokaluri xasiaTisaa da mTlianobaSi qveynis konkurentunarianoba saerTaSoriso

doneze jer kidev dabalia. gamomdinare aqedan dRis wesrigSi dgeba qveynis global-

uri konkurentunarianobis amaRlebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis grZelvadiani

samoqmedo programis SemuSavebisa da maTi praqtikuli realizaciis amocana.

2011


globalizacia

da

ekonomikuri

krizisi

revaz kakuliae.m.d., quTaisis universitetis

sruli profesori

ekonomikis globalizacia da sajaro finansebis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi

msoflio finansuri ekonomikis safuZvelTa safuZvelia is Rrma cvlile-

bebi, romlebic mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs msoflio ekonomikis global-

izaciis procesSi, kerZod: transformacia erovnul ekonomikebSi, adamianebs

Soris urTierTobebsa da msoflio meurneobriv urTierTobebSi, sadac sabo-

lood ganmtkicda finansuri dominanti; fulis mTavari Tvisebrivi maxasiaTe-

blis _ finansirebuli fasis dakargva; Tanamedrove fulis fasi _ mcuravi,

ganisaRvreba erovnul-finansur bazrebze; Semosavlis, likvidobisa da riskis

marTvis Camoyalibeba erovnul-finansur bazrebze warmoadgens saxelmwifos

ekonomikaSi Carevis fundamentur safuZvels; erovnuli finansuri bazrebis

Ria sistemad gardaqmna da maTi gaerTianeba erTian planetarul-finansur baz-

rebSi (erovnuli finansuri bazrebi aris internacionaluri savaWro moednebi,

sadac erovnuli kanonmdeblobebis farglebSi kvazinacionaluri subieqtebis

mier mimdinareobs operaciebi virtualuri finansuri instrumentebiT, maT So-

ris fuliT); Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis transformacia warmoebiTi-

dan ekonomikuri danawilebisaken; biznesis mTavari miznis transformacia

kompaniaTa ekonomikuri potencialis ganviTarebisaken; sameurneo garemos vir-

tualizacia, romelic agebulia valdebu lebebze da romlis ZiriTadi formaa

vadiani kontraqtebi; finansuri ekonomikis agresuli xasiaTi, rogorc alter-

natiul masStabebSi RirebulebiT globaluri marTvis atributi, romelic

xorcSesxmulia `mebrZoli~ monetarizmiT.

oqros standartis gauqmebam, ssr kavSiris daSlam da erovnuli valute-

bis mcuravi kursis SemoRebam ganviTarebul qveynebs gansakuTrebiT amerikis

SeerTebul Statebs gza gauxsna fasebis masStabis manipulirebis uzrunvel-

sayofad.

is garemoeba, rom savaluto kursi warmoadgens mxolod aucilebel RonisZie-

bas, magram arasakmarisia imisaTvis, rom yvela qveyanaSi uzrunvelyofili iqnes mak-

roekonomikuri stabilizacia. aq Tavis gadamwyvet sityvas ambobs erovnuli meur-

neobebis dolarizacia. swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom msoflio vaWrobis

daaxloebiT 70% dolaris momsaxurebis sferoSi imyofeba. sayuradReboa isic, rom

erovnuli meurneobis arc erT subieqts ar SeuZlia saeqsporto-saimporto garigeba

moaxdinos saxelmwifos an bankis safinanso garantiis gareSe. aseTi garantiebis Ri-

rebuleba warmoadgens ganviTarebuli qveynebis virtualuri Semosavlebis udides

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

14

wyaros imdenad, ramdenadac erovnul meurneobaTa subieqtrbisagan pirdapiri garan-

tiebi ar miiReba. saWiroa kontrgarantiebi, romlebsac gascemen igive ganviTarebuli

qveynebi.

amrigad, msoflio ekonomikis ganviTarebis globalizaciam Tavisi Sedegebi gam-

oiRo. ukanaskneli periodis movlenebma daadastura liberaluri meurneobebis is-

toriuli xazis upiratesobebi. swored liberaluri ekonomikuri da filosofiuri

azris CarCoebSi warmoiSva postindustriuli sazogadoebis pirveli Teoriebi.

liberaluri ekonomikis sistemam SeZlo socialisturi revoluciebisagan Tavis

daRweva, proletariatis diferenciacia, msoflio masStabi aqtiur revoluciur par-

tiasTan konsolidaciis Tavidan acileba, socialistur sistemasTan ideologiuri

brZolis mogeba.

liberaluri modelis gamarjvebam msoflio miiyvana erT metad mniSvnelovan

SedegTan. swored liberaluri paradigma, e.i. SedarebiT Tanmimdevruli kapitaliz-

mi warmoadgens ekonomikur paradigmasac, romelic ganasaxierebs Tanamedrove msof-

lio suliskveTebas. `liberal-kapitalizmi~ Tanamedrove ekonomikur sistemad Camo-

yalibda.

`ekonomika _ es mxolod enaa, romelzedac SeiZleba nebismieri werilis Camoya-

libeba. ekonomikis liberaluri modeli (ekonomiksi) aris werili gankerZoebisa da

entropiis triumfidan socialuri, politikuri, kulturuli da istoriuli ansamblii-

saken. es aris `Tanamedrove suliskveTebis~ werili, ganaTlebis werili~.1 memarcx-

eneebma (radikaluri demokratebi, Jan-Jak ruso, socialistebi, komunistebi) da memar-

jveneebma (fundamentalistebi, tradici onalistebi, integristebi) didi xania gaSifres

liberalizmis buneba, rogorc msoflio borotebis gansaxiereba. es moaxdines filo-

sofiaSi jon lokma, ieremia bentamma, jon milma, xolo ekonomikaSi _ adam smitma da

david rikardom. es aris agreTve Tanamedroveobis avbediTi, nihilisturi suliskveTeba,

romelic dafuZnebulia `RmerTisagan daSorebaze~ (m. haidegeri). `RmerTis sikvdilze~

(f. nicSe), `eqsploataciaze~ (k. marqsi).

finansizmi _ finansuri ekonomika ar aris principulad axali, is aris `liber-

al-kapitalizmi~ ufro wminda formiT. esaa misi Tavisebureba.

gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebamde finansuri sistema agebuli iyo kvlavwarmoe-

biTi procesebis ekvivalentur gacvlaze. amis Semdeg daiwyo msoflio finansebis

transformacia. arenaze gamodis uaxlesi finansuri nakadebi, sadac erTmaneTSi gad-

aixlarTa ekvivalenturi gacvla kvlavwarmoebiTi ciklis CarCoebSi da axlad SeZe-

nili komponenti _ msoflio finansuri resursebis giganturi masa.

Tavisi ganviTarebis mesame aTaswleulSi kacobrioba Sevida xalxebisa da qveyneb-

is cxovrebaSi kolosaluri cvlilebebisa da udidesi socialuri eqsperimentebis

ganxorcielebis epoqaSi.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom Tanamedrove globalur ekonomi-

1 Дугин А.Г. Финансизм как высшая стадия развития капитализма. См. «Экономическая теория на пороге ХХ века», с. 46

2011


kaSi saqonlisa da nedleulis bazrebi msoflio finansuri bazris mier nebismieri

qveynis Zlier da susti mxareebis kontrolis elementarul saSualebasac ar iZl-

eva.

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri Zlierebis Sesafaseblad msoflio praqtikaSi gamoyen-

ebulia sameurneo sistemis ekonomikuri potencialis maCvenebeli.

aseT pirobebSi aucilebelia safuZvlianad gavaanalizoT qveynis ekonomikuri

potencialis struqtura da misi sabazro realizaciis SesaZleblobebi, rom fxizlad

avwon-davwonoT da ganvsazRvroT qveyanaSi mimdinare sabazro eqsperimentebis mosal-

odneli Sedegebi.

erT-erT umniSvnelovanes amocanad, romlis gadawyvetasac seriozuli yuradReba

unda miaqcios saxelmwifom, aris teritoriuli kompleqsebis, dargebis, firmebis da am

ukanasknelis struqturuli erTeulebis ekonomikuri potencialis formirebis, prog-

nozirebis da dagegmvis amocana, romlis sarealizaciod aucilebelia gamoyenebuli

iqnes saxelmwifos, dargebis, firmebis, korporaciebis ekonomikuri da samewarmeo maCve-

nebelTa SesaZleblobebi da maTi momavalSi gamoyenebis xarisxi.

èkonomikuri potencialis~ kategoria mWidro kavSirur TierTobaSia iseT kat-

egoriebTan, rogoricaa: èrovnuli simdidre~, èkonomikuri Zliereba~, `resursebi~ da

a.S.

èrovnuli simdidre~ es aris materialuri keTildReobis erToblioba, romelic

Seqmnilia winamorbedi da axlandeli Taobebis mier da CarTulia bunebrivi resursebis

kvlavwarmoebis procesSi. mokled èrovnuli simdidre~ es aris bunebrivi resursebi,

Seqmnili warmoebis saSualebebis, materialuri dovlaTis da sxva faseulobaTa er-

Toblioba, romelsac qveyana flobs.

arsebiTi gansxvavebaa `resursebsa~ da `potencials~ Soris. resursebi arsebobs

ekonomikuri saqmianobis subieqtebisagan damoukideblad, xolo calkeuli firmis,

mTlianobaSi sazogadoebis potenciali ganuyofelia subieqtebis saqmianobisagan.

sxva sityvebiT, termin `potencialSi~, materialur da aramaterialur saSuale-

bebTan erTad igulisxmeba muSakis, koleqtivis, firmis, mTlianobaSi sazogadoebis un-

ari efeqtianad iqnes gamoyenebuli arsebuli saSualebebi da resursebi.

amrigad sawarmoo potenciali es aris produqciis realuri moculoba, romlis

warmoeba SeiZleba arsebuli resursebis sruli gamoyenebis pirobebSi.

ekonomikuri potencialis arsis gasarkvevad SeiZleba gamovyoT oTxi midgoma:

1. ekonomikuri potenciali, rogorc erovnuli meurneobis dargTa erToblivi

SesaZlebloba;

2. ekonomikuri potenciali, rogorc arsebuli resursebis erToblioba;

3. terminebis: èkonomikuri potencialis~, èkonomikuri Zlierebis~, `saxalxo-

meurneobrivi potencialis~ gaigiveba;

4. ekonomikuri potenciali, rogorc sameurneo saqmianobis subieqtebs Soris

ekonomikuri da warmoebiT urTierTobaTa Sedegi.

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

16

ekonomikuri potencialis Sefaseba warmoebs Semdegi maCveneblebis gamoyenebiT:

mosaxleobis ricxovnoba, SromiTi resursebis ricxovnoba; ZiriTadi sawarmoo da ara-

sawarmoo fondebi; erToblivi sazogadoebrivi produqti da erovnuli Semosavali;

mineraluri, sanedleulo, wylis, energetikis da sxva resursebi; satransporto qselis

ganviTarebis maCvenebeli.

nebismier qveyanaSi qveynis ekonomikuri potencialis srulad aTvisebisa da gamoy-

enebis mTavari sawindaria finansuri bazris srulyofili ganviTareba, sxvanairad

SeuZlebelia qveyanaSi finansuri resursebis akumulacia da mizanmimarTuli gamoy-

eneba.

dRes msoflios globvalizaciis procesi mimdinareobs Zalian maRali tempebiT,

rac seriozul gavlenas axdens nebismieri qveynis ekonomikur da socialur ganvi-

Tarebaze. uarsayofi arc is aris, rom procesebi, romlebic Cveni qveynis garSemo xdeba

gavlenas moaxdens qveynis mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneze. magaliTad, amis yvelaze

naTeli magaliTia is, rom navTobis gaZvireba Tundac arabul samyaroSi, konkretulad

libiaSi mimdinare procesebis gamo saqarTvelos ubralo moqalaqis jibeze urtyams.

aqedan gamomdinare yvelafers am gadasaxedidan unda SevxedoT. dRes erTgvari per-

manentuli ekonomikuri krizisis fonze sazogadoebrivi azris dominanti gaCnda. sa-

zogadoebrivi azri ufro met rezonanss iZens vidre hqonda adre.

saqarTvelos sabazro gardaqmnebis karibWesTan mivida finansuri bazrisa da

kapitalis aradamakmayofilebeli ganviTarebis pirobebSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobe-

buli iyo msoflio globalizaciis procesis daCqarebiT.

erovnul bazarze ucxouri kapitalis SemoWram gaarTula ekonomikis ganviTare-

ba da didi periodi dagvWirda wina sistemaSi miRweuli zrdis tempebTan miaxlove-

bisaTvis.

amas isic daemata, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikam msoflio finansuri krizisis

gamo ganicada globaluri finansuri sistemis uaryofiTi gavlena. Cvens qveyanaSi

globaluri finansuri segmentis formireba unda gaxdes erovnuli ekonomikuri in-

teresebis sferos Semadgeneli nawili da saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikisa da

saqarTvelos bazris sainvesticio mimzidvelobis mTavari wyaro.

rogorc wesi, globaluri kapitalisturi sistema aZlierebs mdidar da Rarib

qveynebs Soris araTanabar ganviTarebas. amasTan, gasuli saukunis bolos formire-

buli finansuri ekonomika upiratesad mimarTulia ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomi-

kis kidev ufro aRma svlis uzrunvelsayofad, maSin, rodesac periferiebis ekonomika

kidev ufro destruqtiuli xdeba. Tanamedrove globaluri ekonomika iTvaliswinebs

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tanamedrove vaWrobis aRmavlobas da kapitalis Tavisu-

fal moZraobas. amasTan, sxvadasxva qveynebSi saprocento ganakveTebi, savaluto da

aqciaTa kursebi urTierT dakavSirebuli da urTierT damokidebuli xdeba.

finansuri kapitalis meSveobiT msoflio meurneobaSi regulireba ganviTarebadi

qveynebis ekonomikis gaxsnilobas moiTxovs, maSin, rodesac ganviTarebuli sabazro

2011


ekonomikis qveynebi cdiloben barieri Seuqmnan ganviTarebadi qveynebis uaryofiTi

momentebis SeWras TavianT qveynebSi.

globaluri finansuri bazrebis swrafi ganviTareba da kapitalis cirkulaciis

sistema da misi ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebSi mimarTva zRudavs ganviTarebad

qveynebSi finansuri resursebis mobilizaciis regulirebas.

saqarTveloSi 2010 wels unda Semosuliyo sul cota 1 miliardi dolaris inves-

ticiebi. sainvesticio saagentos prognoziT 700 mln laris investicia Semovida. er-

TaderTi, romlis prognozi realobasTan met-naklebad axlos aRmoCnda, es savaluto

fondi iyo. saqarTveloSi 2010 wlis ganmavlobaSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis

saxiT 553 mln dolari Semovida. aseTi mcire moculobis investicia bolo 7 wlis

ganmavlobaSi ar yofila.

saqarTveloSi 2010 wels, wina 2009 welTan SedarebiT pirdapiri ucxouri inves-

ticiebis moculoba 16%-iT Semcirda.2 statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris winaswari

monacemebiT qveyanaSi 2010 wlis bolo, me-4 kvartalSi mxolod 120 mln aSS dolaris

pirdapiri ucxouri investicia ganxorcielda, xolo mTlianad 2010 wlis manZilze

553 milioni aSS dolaris investicia.

gasul wels saqarTvelos umsxvilesi investori niderlandebi iyo, romelmac

Cvens qveyanaSi 143 mln. aSS dolaris investicia ganaxorciela. meore adgilzea aSS.

mis mier saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulma kapitalurma dabandebebma 108 mln aSS

dolari Seadgina.

umsxviles investorTa siaSi mesamea ruseTi, romlis mier Cvens qveyanaSi ganxor-

cielebuli investiciebis moculobam 51 mln aSS dolari Seadgina.

qveyanaSi Semosuli investiciebis 35% transportisa da kavSirgabmulobis seq-

torebze modis. investiciebis mTeli moculobidan 16-16% mrewvelobisa da safinanso

seqtorebze modis, 15% _ uZrav qonebaze, xolo 17% qveynis sxva danarCen struqture-

bze3.

qveyanaSi sainvesticio urTierTobaTa problemebi uSualo kavSirSia finansebT-

an. finansebi gansakuTrebuli sferoa. dRes msoflioSi realuri xelisufleba kon-

centrirebulia ara fulad, aramed finansur sferoSi. faqtobrivad msoflio ekonom-

kas marTavs ara fuli, aramed misi Semcvlelebi, aqciebi, obligaciebi da sxva fasiani

qaRaldebis mimoqcevis CaTvliT, romlebic warmoSobis erovnuli finansuri bazris

swrafi tempiT ganviTarebis aucileblobas.

rogorc wesi, investicia es aris kapitaluri dabandeba, romelic mimarTulia

firmebisa da korporaciebis warmoebis faqtorebiT (realuri investiciebiT) uzrun-

velyofis an fasiani qaRaldebis (portfeluri investiciebis) SesaZenad. sawarmoTa

doneze investiciebis dagegmvisas mTavari yuradReba eqceva realur investiciebs, rac

Seexeba portfelur investicas igi damatebiTi resursebis mobilizaciis saSuale-

baa.

2 aq motanili monacemebi aRebulia statistikis erovnul samsaxurSi (avtori).

3 statistikis erovnuli samsxuris monacemebi.

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

18

postsocialistur qveynebSi mTavari yuradReba unda mieqces kapitalur dabande-

baTa dafinansebas upiratesad moziduli saxsrebiT. rac Seexeba sakuTari saxsrebiT

dafinansebas, igi faqtobrivad TviTdinebazea miSvebuli.

imisaTvis, rom sworad SevafasoT kapitalur dabandebaTa dafinansebis Sinagani

wyaroebis ekonomikuri Sinaarsi aucilebelia gavarkvioT Semosavlisa da xarjebis

Tanafardoba Tanac davazustoT mogebis moculoba, rogorc dafinansebis sakuTari

warmoebis safuZveli. aq yuradReba unda mieqces:

dafinansebas 1. aqtivebisa pasivebis SefardebiT miRebul gardamets, romelic ar

gamoiyeneba dividendebis asanazRaureblad da

dafinansebas 2. amortizaciis angariSebidan.

kapitalur dabndebaTa dafinanseba moziduli saxsrebiT xorcieldeba finansuri

bazrebis (kreditisa da kapitalebis bazrebi) meSveobiT.

investoris an firmis dafinansebis problemaTa gadasaWrelad aucilebelia

pirvel rigSi dagegmili iqnes sainvesticio programa da Semdeg gavidnen dafinansebis

bazarze, rom ipovon kreditorebi, romlebsac SeuZliaT dagegmili sainvesticio

programis mTlianad an nawilobrivad dafinanseba.

kapitalur dabandebaTa dafinansebis realuroba moiTxovs optimaluri

dafinansebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmnas. CamovayaliboT zogierTi problema,

romlebic arTuleben dafinansebis realurobasa da Sedegianobas:

firma, romelic saWiroebs kapitals, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios 1.

mTlianobaSi sawarmos ekonomikuri mdgomareobis optimalur dafinansebas;

Tu kreditori srulyofilad ver flobs firmis finansur mdgomareobas, igi 2.

winaaRmdegia daafinansos firmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ekonomikuri siZneleebi. dRis

wesrigSi dgeba firmas mosTxovos kreditis damatebiTi garantiebis SemuSaveba.

seriozul problemas qmnis iseTi SemTxvevebi, rodesac firmis mesakuTre 3.

monawileobas ar Rebulobs mis marTvaSi da am funqcias mTlianad akisrebs

menejerebs.

firmis sainvesticio urTierTobaSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces

firmis samewarmeo saqmianobis zogierT Taviseburebas. pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos

is garemoeba, rom firmis sainvesticio funqcia warmoadgens firmis samewarmeo

ganviTarebis saerTo ekonomikuri strategiis organul nawils. aqedan gamomdinare,

firmis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis amocanebi moiTxovs aqtivebis moculobis

gafarToebasa da misi Semadgenlobis ganaxlebas, rac upiratesad miiRweva sainvesticio

saqmianobis procesSi.

firmis (korporaciis) sainvesticio saqmianobis ganxorcielebis wyaroebia:

sakuTari finansuri resursebi da investoris Sigasameurneo rezervebi, romelic

moicavs firmis organizaciis momentSi damfuZnebelTa Tavdapirvel Senatanebs da im

fulad saxsrebs, romelic miRebulia firmis sameurneo saqmianobis Sedegad, saxeldobr

mogebis, saamortizacio anaricxebis, sadazRvevo organoebis mier avariebisa da stiqiuri

2011


ubedurebiT miyenebuli zaralis dafarvis gziT;

investoris nasesxebi finansuri saxsrebi warmogvidgeba sabanko kreditis,

sainvesticio sagadasaxado kreditis, sabiujeto kreditis sxvaTa saxiT;

investoris mier moziduli finansuri saxsrebi romelic miiReba aqciebis gayidviT,

iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebis sapaio Senatanebis gziT;

sainvesticio asignebebi saxelmwifo da adgilobrivi biujetebidan;

ucxouri investorebis saxsrebi, romelic firmebs eZleva erToblivi sawarmoebis

sawesdebo kapitalSi monawileobis formiT.

saqarTvelos Tanamedrove ekonomikisa da finansebis problemebs Soris metad

mniSvnelovania qveyanaSi inflaciuri procesebis mowesrigeba. samwuxarod mimdinare

wlis ganvlil periodSi inflacia arnaxul donemde gaizarda.

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informaciiT 2011 wlis TebervalSi, ianvarTan

SedarebiT inflacia 2.8%-iT gaizarda. TebervalSi wliuri inflacia TiTqmis 14%-mde

avida (2011 wlis TebervalSi 2010 wlis TebervalTan SedarebiT 13.7%-iT gaizarda).

maSin, rodesac 2011 wlis ianvris inflaciis donem wina wlis ianvarTan SedarebiT

12.3% Seadgina. dRemde ver moxerxda mzardi inflaciis SeCereba. ufro metic,

inflaciis donem mimdinare wlis martSi, wina wlis analogiur TvesTan SedarebiT

13.9% Seadgina.

inflaciis zrdis tempebiT saqarTvelo erT-erTi mowinavea msoflioSi. marTalia

inflaciisagan dazRveuli ar aris evropis sxva saxelmwifoebi, Tumca am qveynebSi

inflaciis minimaluri zrda fiqsirdeba. magaliTad, 2010 wlis ianvarSi mTlianad

evrokavSirSi inflacia mxolod 1.7% iyo. rumineTSi inflaciam 7% miaRwia, estoneTSi

_ 5.1%-ss, saberZneTSi ki 4.9 %-ss.

qveyanaSi inflaciis maRali tempebis pirobebSi grZeldeba erovnuli valutis-

laris gamyareba.

ra Sedegebs mogvcems laris gamyareba?

2011 wlis 20 Tebervlidan moyolebuli laris kursi dolaris mimarT izrdeba: 5

martisaTvis erTi dolari 1.72 lars Seadgenda. mosalodnelia inflaciis zrda, rasac

Tan mohyveba laris gamyarebis gagrZeleba. ram ganapiroba laris kursis stabiluroba?

laris kursis gamyarebis erT-erTi mizezia larze moTxovnis zrda da investiciebis

Semosvla.

xazgasasmelia is garemoebac, rom laris kursis mkveTri gamyareba ganpirobebulia

inflaciisa da fasebis mosalodneli zrdiT. oficialurad inflaciis zrdam 12.3%

Seadgina da martSi igi ufro maRali gaxda im martivi WeSmaritebis gamo, rom

samomxmareblo fasebis zrdis tendencia grZeldeba. amis mTavari mizezia navTobisa

da marcvleulis fasebis zrda. mniSvnelovnad gaizarda oqrosa da vercxlis fasebi.

msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis xorci 1 lariT gaZvirda, rZis fxvnilis fasi ianvarTan

SedarebiT 40 %-iT metad gaizarda. 1 martidan faqtobrivad sasursaTo saqonlis

absolituri umravlesobis fasebi mniSvnelovnadd gaizarda.

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

20

qveyanaSi fasebis Semakavebeli berketi aris laris kursis gamyareba. inflaciis

Sesakaveblad mimoqcevaSi laris masa unda Semcirdes, rac ukanasknel periodSi

rekordulad gaizarda. Tu 2009 wlis TebervalSi mimoqcevaSi 1.17 miliardi lari iyo

2010 wlis dekemrisaTvis 1.62 miliard lars miaRwia. arsebiTad gaizarda samTavrobo

xarjebi. igi biujetis Semosavlebs mniSvnelovnad aRemateba. da es disbalansi 2010

welsac SenarCunda. komerciulma bankebma gansakuTrebiT didi moculobis sesxebi

gasces, ramac mimoqcevaSi fulis masa gazarda. dReisaTvis erovnuli banki mimoqcevidan

laris amoRebis gzas daadga, rac sxva araferia Tu ara monetaruli politikis

gamkacreba, rac saboloo jamSi sabanko dakreditebis SezRudvas gamoiwvevs.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa is faqti, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli bakis wliuri

inflaciis miznobrivi maCvenebeli 2010 wlis msgavsad, 6%-s Seadgens, Tumca, misi miRweva

dRevandeli gadasaxedidan realobas ar eqvemdebareba.

aseTia mokled qveyanaSi sajaro finansebis ganviTarebis problemebi da maTi

daZlevis SesaZleblobebi.

2011


globalizacia

da

ekonomikuri

krizisi

xaTuna SalamberiZe e.a.d., akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis da

quTaisis universitetis asocirebuli profesori

finansuri bazris zogierTi aspeqti msoflioekonomikuri globalizaciis pirobebSi

finansebis globalizacia aris msoflio ekonomikuri da finansuri

urTierTobaTa mniSvnelovnad integrirebuli bazari, romelsac sazRvrebi

ar gaaCnia. Tanamedrove msoflioSi finansuri globalizacia mWidro kav-

SirSia materialuri dovlaTisa da momsaxurebis globalizaciasTan. say-

uradReboa is faqti, rom finansebis sistema globalizaciis doniT mTels

realur ekonomikas uswrebs.

globaluri finansuri bazris genezisis mTavar winapirobas da faqtors

warmoadgens monacemTa cifrebis formiT gardaqmnis teqnologia, romelmac

revolucia moaxdina msoflio finansur samyaroSi. finansuri globalizaciis

faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia: ganviTarebuli bazrebi, demografiuli situa-

cia, qceva dazogvis sferoSi, instituciuri kapitalis saeTaSoriso moZraoba,

standartizacia, fuladi nakadebi, portfeluri investiciebis Tanamedrove

Teoriebi, finansuri inovaciebi da bazris umyarobis aspeqtebi, liberalizacia

da sxva. am faqtorebze pirdapir gavlenas axdens mudmiv srulofaSi myofi

informaciuli teqnologiebi.

finansebis globalizaciis moqmed iuridiul pirebs warmoadgendnen:

birJebi, bankebi, mTavroba, centraluri banki, zedamxedveloba, msesxebeli da

kapitalis mimRebi, investorebi, sainformacio teqnikis mwarmoeblebi da sain-

formacio uzrunvelyofa, Sereuli sawarmoebi logistikisa da sainformacio

teqnologiebSi da sxva.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, nebismieri qveynis ekonomikis finansuri

resursebiT uzrunvelyofa upiratesad finansuri bazris meSveobiT warmoebs.

finansuri bazari fuladi saxsrebis moZraobis organizaciis gansakuTrebuli

formaa. finansuri bazari fulad urTierTobaTa sistemaa, romelic finansur

resursebze moTxovna-miwodebis safuZvelze droebiT Tavisufali fuladi saxsre-

bis gadanawilebis procesSi yalibdeba. finansuri bazris struqtura aerTianebs sx-

vadasxva safinanso institutebs _ sabanko dawesebulebebs, sadazRvevo kompaniebs,

safondo birJebs, romelTagan yvela maTgans gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba.

nebismieri qveynis ekonomikur urTierTobaTa Semdgomi ganviTareba SeuZlebe-

lia adekvaturi fulad-sakredito sistemisa da politikis gareSe, rac sxva arafe-

ria, Tu ara erovnuli ekonomikis realuri seqtoris stabiluri zrdis stimulireba

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

22

mkacri kontrolis pirobebSi. fulad-sakredito politikis mizania kontrolirebadi

inflaciis pirobebSi likvidobis zrdis SesabamisobaSi moyvana qveynis ekonomikur

zrdasTan da sagadasaxdelo balansis parametrebTan.

finansebis sferoSi globalizaciis procesma gamoiwvia ara marto fuladi

resursebis udidesi masis ganTavseba globalur finansur bazrebze, aramed Secvala

msoflio ekonomikaSi fulis funqciebi. fuli gadaiqca saqonlad, xolo valutis

kursis dawesebSi spekulaciam miiRo SedarebiT momgebiani sabaziso operaciis forma.

amasTan, sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom globalizaciam moicva msoflio ekonomikur

sistemaSi materialuri, finansuri, adamianuri da sxva resursebis sameurneo mizanmi-

marTulebis mixedviT ganTavseba, e.i. am resursebis koncentracia unda moxdes im re-

gionebSi, sadac SeiZleba maTi efeqtiani mopoveba.

SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom finansur sferoSi globalizaciis procesma

farTo ganviTareba hpova. kompiuterizacia, eleqtronuli angariSebisa da sakredito

rukebis sistemebi, kosmosuri kavSirebi imis saSualebas iZleva, rom swrafad gadae-

ces finansuri informaciebi, gaformdes garigebebi, saxsrebi Cairicxos erTi angar-

iSidan meoreSi saxelmwifo sazRvrebis siSoris miuxedavad. am procesebma SesaZle-

beli gaxada transaqciuri danaxarjebis Semcireba, rac faqtobrivad warmoadgenen

msoflio finansuri bazris formirebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs.

Tanamedrove finansuri krizisis masStabebi da xangrZlivoba ekonomikur mec-

nierebas aiZulebs axleburad ganixilos is cvlilebebi, romlebic sazogadoebriv cx-

ovrebaSi dominirebs gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa

ekonomikis internacionaliza-ciasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi, romelsac Tan ax-

lavs globalizaciisa da integraciis procesebis gaRrmaveba.

rogorc wesi, saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri da finansuri reformebis warmatebiT

ganxorcielebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens msoflio globalizaciis procesi.

qveyanaSi misi gavlenis miRma arc finansur-sakredito urTierTobebi darCa. finanse-

bis globalizaciis done integrirebul finansur bazrebze unda veZeboT, romelsac

winaswar gansazRvruli CarCoebi ar gaaCnia.

saqarTvelos ekonomikis finansuri stabilizacia sakuTari SesaZleblobebis mo-

bilizaciiT Znelia. saWiroa qveyana CaerTos msoflios ekonomikuri cxovrebis glo-

balur urTierTobebSi. amis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani winapiroba iyo qveynis msoflio

savaWro organizaciis wevrad Sesvla. ra Tqma unda, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa

da rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis msoflio bankis, agreTve evrobankis saqmian-

oba saqarTveloSi dadebiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs. amasTan, obieqtur aucileblobas

warmoadgens erovnuli ekonomikis msoflios globalizaciaSi CarTva. miT umetes,

finansuri globalizacia mWidro kavSirSia Ria ekonomikasTan, e.i. ekonomikasTan,

romelic SeuzRudavad urTierTmoqmedebs sxva qveynebis ekonomikasTan.

saqarTveloSi, sxva ganviTarebadi qveynebis msgavsad, urTules problemad rCeba

mimoqcevaSi fulis masis regulireba. mdgomareobas arTulebs, erTi mxriv, qveyanaSi

2011


Ria ekonomikis Camoyalibeba-funqcionireba da meore mxriv, Semosavlebis akumulire-

baSi prioritetis ucxour valutazegadatana. amis gamo, mimoqcevaSi fuladi masis

moculobis gaangariSeba rTuldeba, xolo misi gakontroleba - kidev ufro Zneli

xdeba.

Ria ekonomika sxva qveynebis ekonomikasTan ori gziT urTierTqmedebs: yidulobs

da yidis saqonelsa da momsaxurebas msoflios sasaqonlo bazrebze da yidulobs da

yidis kapitalur aqtivebs msoflios finansur bazrebze. Cveni mizania, SeviswavloT

saerTaSoriso finansuri urTierTobebi, e.i msoflios finansur bazrebze kapitaluri

aqtivebis yidva-gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli movlenebi.

rodesac globaluri finansuri sistemis rols vaanalizebT, saWiroa ganvix-

iloT sasesxo kapitalis bazris Taviseburebani. swored es bazari uyris Tavs dana-

zogebs da imave bazarze xdeba misi sesxad gacemac. bazarze moqmedebs sargeblis

erTiani ganakveTi, romelic, erTi mxriv, danazogebidan mosalodnel Semosavals

gamoxatavs da meore mxriv, sesxis sargeblobis safasursac.

M msoflio praqtikidan cnobilia, rom dazogva samamulo investiciebisa da wmin-

da ucxouri investiciebis jamis tolia. Tu saqarTvelo Tavisi Semosavlis erT lars

zogavs, mas SeuZlia es danazogi sakuTari kapitalis SeZenis an ucxouri aqtivis Sesy-

idvis dasafinanseblad gamoiyenos. tolobis ori mxare sasesxo kapitalis or mxares

asaxavs. sasesxo kapitalis miwodeba warmoebs erovnuli danazogebidan, xolo masze

moTxovna ki modis erovnuli investiciebidan da wminda ucxouri investiciebidan.

rogorc wesi, kapitaluri aqtivebis SeZena sasesxo kapitalze moTxovnas zrdis,

miuxedavad imisa, samamuloa es aqtivi Tu ucxouri. sayuradReboa, rom sasesxo kapi-

talis miwodebis moculoba da sasesxo kapitalze moTxovnis odenoba sargeblis re-

alur ganakveTzea damokidebuli. maRali ganakveTi adamianebs dazogvisaken ubiZgebs,

rac, Tavis mxriv, sasesxo kapitalis miwodebas zrdis, amasTan, amcirebs investiciebsa

da sasesxo kapitalze moTxovnis Semcirebas.

ekonomikis globalizaciis Seuqcevadi procesi saerTaSoriso ekonomikis mniS-

vnelobas permanentulad zrdis. dRes msoflioSi ar moiZebneba qveyana, romelic ar

yidulobs ucxoeTSi warmoebul saqonels (momsaxurebas) da ar awarmoebdes saqonels

sazRvargareT gasayidad. finansuri institutebis meSveobiT, yvela qveyana, maT Soris

aSS, msoflios finansur bazrebze fulis sesxeba-gasesxebas awarmoeben. amitom nebi-

smieri qveynis sxva qveynebTan ekonomikur urTierTobaTa Seswavla-analiziT Segvi-

Zlia davaskvnaT, Tu rogor urTierTmoqmedebs ama Tu im qveynis ekonomika sxva qvey-

nebis ekonomikasTan.

Tanamedrove epoqaSi ekonomikis globalizaciis problemebs mecnier ekonomiste-

bis mier sxvadasxva Sefaseba eZleva. erovnuli ekonomikis winsvliT dainteresebuli

mkvlevarebi globalur ekonomikas adanaSauleben realuri ekonomikis danazogebis

dabal doneSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, uaryofiTad moqmedebs Sromis mwarmoebluro-

basa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis zrdaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebuli qvey-

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

24

nebis ekonomistebi globalur ekonomikas, miiCneven winsvlisa da ekonomikuri zrdis

aucilebel winapirobad.

dRes, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis Sedegad

garkveuli warmatebebia miRweuli, rac finansuri stabilizaciis uzrunvelyofis ga-

rantias warmoadgens. finansuri stabilizaciis mowinaaRmdegeebi „asabuTeben,“ rom

inflaciis donis minimizacia jer kidev ar niSnavs qveynis ekonomikis aRmavlobas,

socialuri sferos mowesrigebas da sxva.

ekonomikuri Teoriidan da im qveynebis realuri gamocdilebidan, romlebmac

warmatebiT gadawyvites finansuri stabilizaciis amocanebi, cnobilia, rom namdvili

finansuri stabilizacia miiRweva ara romelime erTi, Tundac mniSvnelovani indika-

toriT, aramed sxvadasxva xasiaTis matarebeli, erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli

da urTierTmoqmedi indikatorebis erTobliobiT.

im aucilebeli indikatorebidan, romlebic obieqturad asaxavs finansuri sta-

bilizaciis xarisxs da kompleqsurobas, aRsaniSnavia: inflaciis done, saxelmwifo

biujetis dabalanseba, ekonomikis yvela seqtoris finansuri mdgomareoba, erovnuli

valutis simtkice, saxelmwifos sagareo da saSinao valis moculoba, angariSswore-

bis da gadasaxdelebis mdgomareoba, fuladi masis struqtura da xarisxi, fuladi da

materialur-RirebulebiTi ekonomikuri brunvebis Sesabamisoba, sagadasaxado sistemis

racionaluroba da efeqtianoba da a.S.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom nebismieri qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTareba war-

moudgenelia globaluri finansuri bazris gareSe. imisaTvis, rom mewarmeebi valu-

taTa kursis moulodneli da mkveTri ryevebisagan iqnen daculi da advilad Seeguon

moulodnel finansur Sokebs, iqneba es xelisuflebis inflaciuri politika, Tu sa-

gareo valis problemebi, nebismieri qveynis mTavroba iZulebulia globalur WrilSi

ganaxorcielos mecnierulad mofiqrebuli finansuri strategia.

amrigad, ekonomikis da misi RerZis- finansur urTierTobaTa mzardi glo-

balizacia, msoflios Tanamedrove ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis done

axal amocanebs warmoSobs kacobriobas da TiToeul saxelmwifos. aseT situaciaSi

Tu qveyanas ar eqneba mwyobri strategia da perspeqtivebis xedvis unari, mosalod-

nelia mravalnairi gamousworebeli Sedegebi. erTaderTi, visac SeuZlia naTlad

ganWvritos xvalindeli dRe, Camoayalibos miznebis ierarqia da maTi ganxorcielebis

Tanmimdevroba, aris saxelmwifo xelisufleba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom am amocanebis

gadawyveta moiTxovs saxelmwifos rolis amaRlebas ekonomikuri da gansakuTrebiT

finansuri procesebis regulirebaSi imis mixedviT, rom saxelmwifoebrivi regulireba

winaaRmdegobaSi ar aRmoCndes sabazro ekonomikis funqcionirebis ZiriTad princi-

pebTan.

2011


dezdemona maRlakeliZee.a.d., quTaisis universitetis asocirebuli profesori

mavlina yifiani doqtoranti, quTaisis universitetis asistent-profesori

naTela vaSakiZe e.a.d., akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis asistent-profesori

sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis Sefasebis maCveneblebis analizi

biznesis sferoSi arsebuli umkacresi konkurenciis pirobebi sawarmo-

Ta umravlesobas aiZulebs SeinarCunon da win waswion TavianTi miRwevebi

produqciis bazarze, risTvisac aucilebelia finansuri stabiluroba. swored

sawarmoTa warmatebebisa da stabilurobis safuZvelia konkurentunariani

saqonlis warmoebis gadideba, rac SeuZlebelia miRweuli iqnas finansuri

mdgradobis gareSe.

finansuri mdgradoba sawarmoTa finansebis iseTi mdgomareobaa, romel-

ic garantirebulad uzrunvelyofs maT gadaxdisunarianobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi

firma (sawarmo) sakuTari Semosavlebis xarjze faravs dabandebebs aqtivebSi

da dawesebul vadebSi kreditorul valdebulebebs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare

sawarmos (firmis) finansuri mdgomareobis gaanalizeba aucilebelia, romlis

erT-erTi mTavari sakiTxia finansuri mdgradobis Sefaseba, amisTvis saWiroa

Semdegi etapebis gavla:

a) finansuri mdgradobis absoluturi da SefardebiTi maCveneblebis gaan-

gariSeba da analizi;

b) faqtorebis gamovlena da maTi raodenobrivi da xarisxobrivi gavlenis gan-

sazRvra;

g) mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebis miReba finansuri mdgradobis amaRlebis mizniT.

finansuri mdgradoba eyrdnoba aqtivebis calkeul saxeebsa da maTi dafinanse-

bis wyaroebs Soris optimalur Tanafardobas, romlisTvisac aucilebelia finansuri

mdgradobis Sefasebis maCvenebelTa analizi.

sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis analizisaTvis gamoiyeneba Semdeg maCvenebelTa

koeficientebi:

sakuTari kapitalis koncentraciis koeficienti;• moziduli kapitalis koncentraciis koeficienti;• sakuTari da moziduli kapitalis Tanafardobis koeficienti;• sakuTari kapitalis manevrirebis koeficienti.•

sakuTari kapitalis koncentraciis koeficienti axasiaTebs sakuTari kapitalis

finansebi

da

aRricxva

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

26

xvedriT wonas mTlian aqtivebSi, e.i. gansazRvravs im qonebis sidides, romelic SeZe-

nilia sakuTari kapitaliT.

sakuTari kapitalis koncentraciis koeficienti sxva araferia Tu ara sakuTari

kapitalis Sefardeba balansis aqtivebis jamTan.

moziduli kapitalis koncentraciis koeficienti gviCenebs nasesxebi kapitalis

xvedriT wonas mTlianad aqtivebSi da gansazRvravs ra odenobis valdebulebebia

moziduli yoveli erTi laris qonebis SeZenisaTvis.

moziduli kapitalis koncentraciis koeficienti tolia valdebulebebi gay-

ofili balansis aqtivebis jamTan.

sakuTari da moziduli kapitalis Tanafardobis koeficienti gviCvenebs balan-

sis saerTo valutaSi sakuTari kapitalis xvedriT wonas da rodesac sakuTari kapi-

talis xvedriTi wona ufro maRalia, vidre nasesxebi kapitalisa, es niSnavs sawarmos

finansur mdgradobas, swored amitom aRniSnuli koeficienti finansuri mdgradobis

zogadi daxasiaTebisaTvis gamoiyeneba. igi gaiangariSeba sakuTari kapitalis gayofiT

mozidul kapitalze. finansuri mdgradobis daxasiaTebisaTvis analizis procesSi

unda SeviswavloT sakuTari da nasesxebi kapitalis dinamika da struqtura, raTa

gairkves maTi Semadgeneli nawilebis cvlilebebis gamomwvevi mizezebi da Sefasdes

dafinansebis wyaroebis racionaluroba saangariSgebo periodSi. kapitalis struq-

turis maCveneblebi asaxavs kreditorebisagan sawarmos finansuri damoukideblobis

xarisxs. xazgasasmelia, rom aRniSnuli maCvenebeli sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis

mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia. kapitalis struqturis SefasebisaTvis Semdegi Tana-

fardobebi gamoiyeneba:

saerTo finansuri damokidebulebis koeficienti, romelic sawarmos (firmis)

garedan miRebul sesxebze damokidebulebis maxasiaTebelia. dabali koeficienti

imaze migvaniSnebs, rom sawarmos didi odenobis sesxi aqvs aRebuli, rac maRali gad-

axdisunarianobis riskis matarebelia. igi miuTiTebs agreTve fuladi saxsrebis defi-

citis warmoSobis potenciur saSiSroebaze.

sabanko davalianebis koeficienti, gviCvenebs bankisadmi valis Tanafardobas

sawarmoTa aqcionerebis saxsrebTan. aRniSnuli koeficienti gamoiyeneba sawarmos fi-

nansuri sicocxlisunarianobis dasadgenad. aqedan gamomdinare, sabanko davalianebis

koeficienti sesxis gamcemi bankisaTvis saTanado doneze unda iqnes SenarCunebuli.

grZelvadiani davalianebis koeficienti, romelic axdens demostrirebas Tu

sawarmos aqtivebis ra nawili ifareba grZelvadiani sesxebis xarjze. amitom,

aRniSnuli koeficienti saSualebas iZleva dazustdes, rogoria grZelvadiani ses-

xebis SedarebiTi mniSvneloba kapitalis struqturaSi. mas SeuZlia damatebiTi

informacia mogvces sawarmos saerTo finansuri damokidebulebis misaRebi mdgo-

mareobis Sesafaseblad. magaliTad, rodesac sawarmos saerTo finansuri damok-

idebulebis koeficienti Zalian dabalia, maSin grZelvadiani davalianebis koe-

ficientma SeiZleba migvaniSnos, rom grZelvadiani valdebulebebis wili metad

2011


mniSvnelovania da amitom mas ufro msxvili gadavadebuli gadasaxadebis mogerieba

SeuZlia.

sakuTari kapitalis manevrirebis koeficienti axasiaTebs mimdinare saqmianobis

dasafinanseblad gamoyenebuli sakuTari sabrunavi kapitalis xvedriT wonas sakuTar

kapitalSi, anu sakuTari kapitalis im wils, romelic dabandebulia sabrunav saSu-

alebebSi, xolo danareni ki–kapitalizebulia. igi gaiangariSeba sakuTari sabrunavi

kapitalis SefardebiT sakuTar kapitalTan.

aRniSnuli finansuri mdgradobis zogieri maxasiaTebeli maCveneblebis Sesas-

wavlad SerCeuli „X“ sawarmos monacemebi, romlis safuZvelze Catarebuli zogadi

analizis Sedegebi warmodgenilia qvemoT motanili cxrilis saxiT.

cxrili 1

„X“ sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis zogadi Sefaseba

koeficienti

mniSvneloba

sawyisi periodis-

aTvis

periodis bo-

losaTvis

damoukideblobis 0,55 0,53

nasesxebi da sakuTari saxsrebis Tanafardoba 0,56 0,58

manevrirebis 0,45 0,41

motanili monacemebidan Cans, rom finansuri koeficientebis analizi sawarmos

finansuri mdgradobis saerTo gauaresebis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas

iZleva. kerZod, damoukideblobis koeficientis mniSvnelobis 0,55–dan 0,53–mde Sem-

cireba sawarmos finansuri damoukideblobis zogierTi Semcirebis, momavalSi fi-

nansuri siZneleebis riskis amaRlebis dasturia. aseT SemTxvevaSi sawarmos mier

kreditorebis valdebulebebis dafarvis garantiebi mcirdeba. nasesxebi da sakuTari

saxsrebis koeficientis mniSvnelobis 0,56–dan 0,58–mde gadideba sakuTari saxsrebis

sakmarisobis SenarCunebisa da Tavisi valdebulebebis gadafarvis dasturia. manevri-

rebis koeficientis mniSvneloba Semcirda, rac sawarmos Tavisi valdebulebebis gada-

farvis sakuTari saxsrebis sididis Semcirebas niSnavs da am saxsrebis manevrirebis

SesaZleblobebis Semcirebas mowmobs.

finansuri mdgradobis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba finansuri mdgradobis Semdegi

tipebi:

absoluturi mdgradoba1. – rac niSnavs maragisa da xarjebis sididis nakle-

bobas sakuTari sabrunavi kapitalisa da bankis kreditebiT SeZenil sasaqonlo–mate-

rialur faseulobaTa Rirebulebis jamze. am dros maragisa da xarjebis saSuale-

baTa wyaroebiT uzrunvelyofis koeficienti erTze metia.

normaluri mdgradoba2. – sawarmos iseTi finansuri mdgomareobaa, romelic ga-

rantirebuls xdis gadaxdisunarianobas.

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

28

aramdgradi finansuri mdgomareoba3. – niSnavs sagadasaxdelo balansis rRve-

vas, magram SesaZlebelia sagadasaxado saSualebebsa da sagadasaxado valdebule-

bebs Soris wonasworobis aRdgena.

finansuri aramdgradoba iTvleba dasaSvebad, Tu daculia Semdegi pirobebi:

a) mza produqciis da sawarmoo maragebis jami toli unda iyos an aRematebodes

maragebis formirebaSi monawile moklevadian kreditebs - damatebul nasesxeb saSu-

alebebs:

b) winaswar gaweul xarjebs damatebuli daumTavrebeli warmoeba sakuTar sabru-

nav kapitalze naklebia an toli.

aRniSnuli pirobebis Seusrulebloba migvaniSnebs finansuri mdgomareobis gaua-

resebas.

4. krizisuli finansuri mdgomareoba – aris iseTi situacia, rodesac sawarmo

gakotrebis pirasaa misuli da sagadasaxdelo balansSi wonasworoba uzrunvelyo-

filia vadagasuli gadasaxadebiT Sromis anazRaurebaze, momwodeblebTan, biujetTan

angariSsworebaze, bankis sesxebze da sxva.

sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis aRdsadgenad aucilebelia kapitalis brunvado-

bis daCqareba mimdinare aqtivebSi, maragebisa da xarjebis dasabuTebuli Semcireba,

sakuTari sabrunavi kapitalis Sevseba Sida da gare wyaroebiT.

finansuri mdgradobis analizisas aucilebelia ara marto maCveneblebis gaan-

gariSeba, aramed miRebuli Sedegis aRqmis SesaZlebloba. momavalSi Sesasrulebeli

sakiTxebis dasma da ganxorcielebis gzebis gansazRvra. “X” sawarmos finansuri

mdgradobis monacemebis SeswavliT irkveva, rom finansuri mdgradobis tipi aseTia

(ix. cxrili 2).

cxrili 2

„X“ sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis tipi sawyisi da bolo periodebisaTvis:

maCvenebeli

maCveneblis mniSvneloba aT.

larebSi

dasawyisisaTvis bolosaTvis

sakuTari sabrunavi saSualebebi 3000 2800

sakuTari da grZelvadiani nasesxebi saxsrebis

moculoba 12000 11800

maragebis wyaroebis formirebis saerTo sidide 14000 14800

sakuTari sabrunavi saSualebebis metoba an nak-

leboba –6000 –2800

sabrunavi saSualebebis metoba an nakleboba 3000 –2800maragebis formirebis saerTo sididis metoba an

nakleboba 5000 200

finansuri mdgradobis tipi

normalurad mdgra-

diaramdgradi

2011


motanili monacemebidan gamomdinareobs, rom sawarmos finansuri mdgomareoba

gansaxilvel periodSi gauaresda, kerZod normalurad mdgradidan gadavida aram-

dgradSi. aRniSnuli monacemebiT finansuri mdgomareobis gaumjobesebisaTvis saWiroa

2800 aT. laris moculobis grZelvadiani kreditis aReba.

finansuri analizis Semdegi etapia faqtorTa analizi.

sawarmos finansur mdgradobaze gavlenas axdens mravali faqtori: Sinagani

da garegani, ZiriTadi da meore xarisxovani, martivi da rTuli, mudmivi d droebi-

Ti. analizis procesSi ZiriTadad yuradRebas uTmoben Sinagan faqtorebs, romelic

damokidebulia sawarmos saqmianobaze, magaliTad, sawarmoSi momuSave personalis

saqmianobaze, koreqtireba Seitanon maT saqmianobaSi da moaxdinon maTze zemoq-

medeba.

sayuradReboa isic, rom sawarmos finansur mdgradobaze aranakleb moqmedebs

garegani faqtorebi. maT Soris mniSvnelovania sabazro determinantebi da zogadad,

bazarze Seqmnili situaciebi. cxadia, sawarmos naklebad aqvs SesaZlebloba aRniSnul

faqtorebze zemoqmedebisa, Tumca igi yovelTvis mzad unda iyos forsmaJoruli situa-

ciebisTvis. calke ganxilvis sagania, ramdenad axerxebs sawarmo mzadyofnas aRniSnuli

situaciebisTvis, ramdenad aregulirebs finansuri nakadebis moZraobas da inarCunebs

stabilur finansur mdgomareobas. aris mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani gare faqtorebi,

romlebic pirdapir gavlenas axdenen sawarmos finansur SesaZleblobaze da mdgra-

dobaze. am faqtorTa Soris erT–erTi mTavaria saxelmwifos berketebi, saxelmwifos

politika, romelsac igi sagadasaxado kanoniT axorcielebs. roca am mxriv yvelaferi

wesrigSia, roca saxelmwifos interesebSi Sedis swored erovnuli meurneobis upi-

ratesi ganviTareba da erovnuli ekonomikis winsvla sakuTari resursebis (nedleuli,

samuSao Zala, samewarmeo unari) xarjze, maSin gacilebiT ukeTesi situaciaa nebismier

sawarmoSi. saxelmwifo proteqtoris rols unda inarCunebdes nebismier situaciaSi

da mxolod aseT dros mogvevlineba igi sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis erT–erT

umniSvnelovanes gare faqtorad.

samwuxaroa, magram faqtia, rom xSirad, adgilobrivi warmoebis produqcias Caen-

acvleba ucxouri, gacilebiT dabali xarisxis, naklebad saimedo da sando (xarisxo-

brivi TvalsazrisiT) produqcia, magram iafi. mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilis

gadaxdisuunarobis pirobebSi mTavar amosaval wertilad swored saxelmwifos pro-

teqcionizmi gvesaxeba. swored saxelmwifo politika aris umTavresi garedan moq-

medi faqtori, romelic xels uwyobs sawarmoTa finansur mdgradobas. ufro metic,

msoflio ekonomikuri krizisis dros saxelmwifo iRebs valdebulebas seriozuli

da mniSvnelovani daxmareba gauwios sawarmoebs, firmebs, kompaniebs. ubralo da mar-

tivi mizezis gamo – saxelmwifos Zliereba dgas rentabelur sawarmoTa mxrebze.

cxadia, saubaria qveynisTvis sasicocxlo da mniSvnelovan seqtorebze, dargebsa da

sawarmoebze. swored saxelmwifo unda gamovides mSvelelis rolSi da mniSvnelo-

vani RonisZiebebis gatarebiT ecados sawarmoTa finansuri mdgradobis SenarCunebas.

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

30

saubaria imaze, rom rac SeiZleba naklebad dazaraldes erovnuli ekonomika krizise-

bisa da eqstremaluri situaciebis pirobebSi.

ra Tqma unda, aq ar igulisxmeba sawarmos molodini marto saxelmwifodan miRebul

daxmarebaze. srulfasovani da mecnierul doneze gakeTebuli finansuri analizi sawarmos

advilad daanaxebs saTanado resursebs da rezervebs, magram garedan moqmed faqtorTa

Soris yvelaze Rirebuli da saimedo garantad mainc saxelmwifo unda miviCnioT.

amrigad, sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis analizi saSualebas iZleva davadginoT

ramdenad damoukidebulia sawarmo finansuri TvalsazrisiT da mdgradia Tu ara misi

finansuri mdgomareoba. gakeTdes prognozi momavlisaTvis da SemuSavdes RonisZie-

bebi momavalSi sawarmos finansuri mdgradobis gaumjobesebisaTvis.

2011


lela baxtaZee.a.d., saqarTvelos daviT aRmaSeneblis saxelobis universitetis


sabanko sist emis st abi lurobis uzrunvel yofis zogierTi Teoriul-meTodologiuri sakiTxi

Cveni qveynis principulad axal ekonomikur urTier Tob e b ze gadasvlam,

romelic dafu Zne bulia sabazro meu rne obis principe b ze, moiTxova yvela

sameu rneo sub ie qtis saqmianobaSi adek vaturi cvlile b e bis ganxorcie le ba.

saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis tr ansformaciis TiTqmis or aTeulze me-

ti periodi aRmoCnda sakmaod mtk ivneuli. am process Tan axlda: warmoe-

bis zrdis tem pe bis dacema str uqturuli disproporcie biTa da inflaciiT,

bi uj e tis de fi citi, erovnuli fuladi er Teulis devalvacia, qveynis Sida

da sagareo valis zrda. krizisuli movlenaTa talRam, romelmac ekonomika

moicva, gamoiwvia ekonomikur kvle ve bSi CaRrmave bis saWiroe ba st abi lurobis

ZiriTad kanonzomie re baTa Se mec ne bis mizniT.

ne bi smieri qveynis ekonomikaSi erT-erTi ce ntraluri adgili uWiravs

sabanko sist emas. ekonomikuri lit er atura sakmaod Zunwia „sabanko sist-

emis~ cne bis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT. saxel mZRvaneloTa da monografiaTa

umravleso baSi upirat es oba en iWe ba finansuri Suamavlobis arsis, ekonomi-

kaSi ba nke bis rolis, maTi fu nqcie bis da amocane bis, sabanko sist emis str-

uqturis Seswavlas. im avtorTa Soris, romle bmac saWirod miiCnies mocemuli sakvanZo

cne bis gansazRvra, Sei Zle ba gamovyoT o. i. lavruSini. igi miiCnevs, rom sabanko sist-

ema TavisTavad warmoadgens, ba nke bis, sabanko infr astr uqturis, sabanko kanonmde bl-

obis da sabanko bazris er Tobl iobas, romle bic rogorc er TmaneTTan, ise garemosTan

mWidro urTierTkavSirSia1.

g. a. tosuniani gvTavazobs SevavsoT zemoT moyvanili gansazRvre ba imiT, rom

ele me ntTa CamonaTvalSi CavrToT sakred ito kavSire bi da asociacie bi, ramdenadac es

ukanasknelni TavisTavad warmoadge nen TviTmmarTvel obis mniSvnelovan ele me nts2.

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi yvel aze farTod gavrce le bulia mosazre ba imis Ses-

axeb, rom sabanko sist ema aris sabanko da arasabanko finansuri dawe se bu le b e bis er-

Tobl ioba, romle bic calkeul sabanko oper acie bs axorcie le bs3. arse b obs sxvagvari

Tvalsazrisi, magaliTad, ger maneli avto re bi aRniSnaven, rom sabanko sist ema Sed ge ba

saemisio bankis, universaluri da spec ialize buli ba nke bisgan4. ekonomikis leqsikoni

sabanko sist emas gansazRvravs, rogorc komerciuli ba nke bis da sxva spec ialize-

1 Российская банковская энциклопедия, М., ЭТА, 1995, ст. 51.2 Тосунян Г.А. Государственное управление в области финансов и кредита в Росии, М., 1997, ст. 108.3 Поллард А.М., Пассейк Ж.Н., Эллис К.Х. Дейли Ж.П., Банковское право США. Пер., с англ. / общ. ред. и послесл. Я.А. Куника/, М., Прогресс, 1992. ст.35. 4 Деньги, кредит, банки: Учебник / Под ред. О.И. Лаврушина, М., Финансы и статистика, 1999, ст. 285.

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buli ba nke bis (sainve sticio, Sem naxveli, savaWro da sxv.) qsels, romle bic mosaxle-

obidan, fi rme bidan da sxva dawe se bu le b e bidan awarmoe ben anab re bisa (dep ozit e bis)

da danazoge bis mobi lize bas, uzrunvel yof en fulis gadagzavnas, sTavazob en ses xe bsa

da kred it e bs, korporacie bisa da saxel mwif oe bis fuladi saSuale b e bis inve sti re bas

axde nen fasian qaRalde bSi.

zemoT mocemuli Se xed ule bis analizi saSuale bas gvaZlevs gamovyoT sabanko

sistemis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebaTa saerTo da ganmasxvave b e li niSnebi. Cveni az-

riT, maT gamaer Tiane bel Tavise bu re bad miCneul unda iqnes warmodgena sabanko sist-

em aze, rogorc ba nke bis er Tobl ioba ze. zogierTi gansazRvre bis spec ifika mdgomare obs

sabanko sist emis ganvrcobil axsnaSi damat e biTi ele me nt e bis CarTvis xarj ze, sabanko

sist em aze warmodgena, rogorc ce ntraluri bankisa da sakred ito organizacie bis er-

Tobl ioba ze, msoflioSi sayovelTaod miRe bulia. saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi miRe buli

sabanko sist emis ganzogadoe buli axsna, romelic arasabanko finansur dawe se bu le b e bs

moicavs, Cveni azriT, ekonomikuri sist emis simwifis doniT aixsne ba. damat e biTi ele me-

nt e bis CarTva, romle bic sist emis fu nqcionire basTanaa dakavSire buli an komerciuli

ba nke bis specializaciis gamoyofa ki, zed me tad migvaC nia.

sabanko sist emis gansazRvris arsis Ses axeb Cveni poziciis fo rmulire bisaTvis

ufro dawvrile biT cne ba „sist em aze~ Sev Cer de biT. am mizniT gamovikvlevT sxvadasx-

va Tvalsazriss, romelic lit er aturaSi arse b obs.

ekonomikuri en ciklopedia cne ba „sist emas~ ganixilavs, rogorc mraval ele me-

nts, romle bic er TmaneTTan kavSirsa da urTier Tob e bSi imyof e ba, rac gansazRvrul

mTlianobas, er Tianobas qmnis.

sist ema arse b obs da fu nqcionire bs gansazRvrul garemoSi. ne bi smieri sist-

emisTvis maT Soris sabanko sist emisTvis, amgvar garemos warmoadgens sxva sist e me bi,

romle bTanac igi urTier Tmoqme de baSi imyof e ba. sist emaTa „nakre bi~, romle bTanac

urTier Tmoqme de bs konkre tuli sist ema, Tavis mxriv, damokide bulia im fu nqcie b ze,

romle bsac igi sazogadoe baSi asrule bs.

garemod, romelSic sabanko sist ema fu nqcionire bs, Cveni azriT, Sei Zle ba CaiT-

valos, upirvels yovlisa, ekonomikuri sist ema, radgan misi Semadgeneli elementebi

mWidrod urTier Tqme de bs er TmaneTsze.

sabanko sist emis, rogorc kvlevis ob ie qtis Seswavlisas, mizaneSwonilad mig-

vaCnia mxari davuWiroT Se xed ule baTa pirvel jg ufs. am Tvalsazrisis dasabu Te bad

Sei Zle ba CaiTvalos Sem degi:

sabanko sist ema Sei Zle ba da saWiroa ganvixiloT ganviTare bis procesSi. sa-

banko sist emis ganviTare ba ganpirob e bulia procesTa kompleqsiT, romelic mimdin-

areobs garemosa da Tavad sabanko sist emaSi. aRniSnuli proce se bi mimdinare obs

ob ie qturad, vinaidan efu Zne ba ganviTare bis ekonomikur kanone bs; ufro me tic, isini

damoukide b elia konkre tul sub ie qtTa ne bisgan. aseTi midgoma saSuale bas iZle-

va sist ema gamovyoT garemosgan da CavataroT misi analizi informaciis Sesvla-

gamosvlis safu Zvel ze, movaxdinoT str uqturis analizi, Sev afasoT fu nqcionire bis

2011


meqanizmi. mocemuli mimarTule biT kvle va saSuale bas iZleva Sem uSave bul iqnes

sist em aze ekonomikuri zem oqme de bis meT ode bi da ganisazRvros misi st abi lurobis

pirob e bi.

sabanko sist ema ukve didi xania Camoyalibda da fu nqcionire bs, ris gamoc sabanko

sist emis st abi luroba arse buli sist emis srulyofas da ara axlis Camoyalibebas

moiTxovs. ra Tqma unda Sei Zle ba imis mtk ice ba, rom sist ema, kerZod ki, sabanko sist ema,

Seiqmna adamianTa konkre tuli saqmianobis procesSi. Tumca ba nke bis da sabanko sist-

e me bis warmoSobas aqvs Rrma ekonomikuri fes ve bi da Ses abamisad, warmoSobis ob ie-

qturi wanamZRvre bi.

sist e me bis Seswavlisas er T-erTi mniSvnelovani mome nti aris maTi klasifikacia.

mocemul sakiTxTan dakavSire biT, ramden ime Tvalsazrisi arse b obs. Sed are biT cno-

bilTagan gamoyof en sams:

pirveli Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, yvela sist ema Sei Zle ba daiyos, erTi mxriv,

martiv, rTul da Zalze rTul, meo re mxriv, de t er minire bu l da savaraudo (alba Tur)

sist e me bad. de t er mine bulad iTvle ba sist ema, romelSic misi Sem adge neli nawile bi

urTier Tmoqme de bs zustad, winaswar ganWvre tili saxiT. savaraudo sist emisTvis ki

damaxasiaTe b elia ganusazRvrel oba, misi ne bi smieri

ganWvre ta savaraudo kat eg orie bis fa rgle bs ar scilde ba.

moyvanili klasifikaciis safu Zvel ze sabanko sist ema Sei Zle ba mivakuTvnoT

rTul sist e me bs, romelic moicavs de t er minire buli da savaraudo tipis sist e-

me bis ele me nt e bs. sabanko sist ema, rogorc sxvadasxva ele me ntis rTuli er Tobl-

ioba, ganisazRvre ba sakvanZo saerTo-sameu rneo fu nqcie biT, romle bsac igi asrule bs.

sakred ito organizacie bi, romle bic Sida danazogebis da fuladi nakade bis ef e qtian

mobi lize bas axde nen, zrdis qveynis sainve sticio pot encials da ekonomikuri zrdis

Ses aZle bl ob e bs. sist emis sirTule ganisazRvre ba mis Semadgenel elementebs So-

ris mravalmxrivi urTierTobebis CamoyalibebiT, sxva sist e me b ze maTi zegavleniT,

maT mier SemoTavazebuli finansuri produqt e bis eqskluziuri xasiaTiT, romliTac

axorcieleben operaciebs komerciuli ba nke bi sxvadasxva ba zarze. sabanko sist ema

ume t eswilad moicavs savaraudo tipis sist e mis Tvise b e bs. sabanko sist emis ganuWvre-

t el oba ganisazRvre ba, Cveni azriT, misi ele me nt e bis finansuri mdgradobis xarisx-

iT; Ses aZle b eli str uqturuli cvlile b e biT, magaliTad, spec ialize buli sakred ito

organizacie bis Seqmnis an zrdis xarj ze, rogorc sagareo da saSinao fa qto re b ze

zem oqme de bis sapasuxo reaqcia; komerciul bankTa wris gafa rToe biT an Sev iwroe biT

maTi sawes de bo kapita lis fo rmire baSi saxel mwifo monawile obiT; sist emis ele me nt-

e bis finansuri mdgradobiT da marTvadobis xarisxiT, maTi str at egiuli arCevaniT da

sxv. sabanko sist emis saalbaTo xasiaTi uaryofiTad aisaxe ba mis st abi luroba ze.

qcevis Tavise bu re b e bidan gamomdinare, maT hyof en aqti ur da pasiur sist e-

me bad. warmodgenil Se xed ule b e b ze dayrdnobiT, Cveni azriT, Sei Zle ba vamtkicoT,

rom sabanko sist ema miek uTvne ba aqtiur, mizanmimarTul sist emas. sabanko sist emis

daxasiaTe ba, rogorc aqtiuri, mizanmimarTuli sist emisa, ganpirob e bulia misi str at-

egiuli mdgomare obiT, mizne biTa da fu nqcie biT, romle bsac igi asrule bs.

ekonomikuri profili

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34

Cveni azriT, sabanko sist emis ganviTare bis str at egiul mizne bs warmoadgens:

sist emis ele me nt e bis mdgradobis ganmtk ice ba, romelic saSuale bas iZleva gam-• ovricxoT ba nke bis sist emuri krizise bis warmoSobis Ses aZle bl oba;

inve sto re bis, kred ito re bis da bankis mea nab reTa, gansakuTre biT ki mosaxle obis • mxridan, ndobis mopove ba.

cxadia, sist emis st abi luroba didadaa damokide buli masSi Semavali ele me nt e-

bis finansur mdgomare obaze. RonisZie baTa sist ema, romelic mimarTulia komerciuli

ba nke bis mdgradobis gansamtk ice blad, Cven azriT, saSuale bas iZleva arasasurveli

ekonomikuri koniunqturis pirob e bSi sabanko sist emis st abiluri ganviTare bis pirob-

e bis Ses aqmnelad.

sabanko sist emas str at egiuli mdgomare oba uWiravs ekonomikaSi, kerZod, fuladi

nakade bis organizaciis saqmeSi. es dakavSire bulia mis mier Ses asrule b el fu nqcie-

bTan. Cveni azriT, maT Sei Zle ba mivakuTvnoT:

mosaxle obis, kompanie bisa da organizacie bis fuladi saSuale b e bis akumulire-• ba da gadanawile ba kred it e bis gasacemad da inve sti cie bis dasaba nde blad;

ekonomikaSi fu lze moTxovnisa da miwode bis reg ulire ba;• ekonomikaSi gadasaxdele bis harmonizacia.•

erT-erT sakvanZo funqcias warmoadgens mosaxle obis da korporaciaTa fuladi

res urse bis mobilizacia maTi gadanawile bis mizniT finansur aqtivebsa an inve sti cie-

bSi ekonomikuri sub ie qt e bis moTxovnile baTa dasakmayofi le blad. sabanko sist emis

mier mocemuli funqciis Ses rule ba pirob e bs qmnis ekonomikis darge bs Soris kapi-

talis gadadine bisaTvis, ase ve fuladi nakade bis erovnuli meu rne obis moTxovnile-

b ebis Ses abamisad marTvis, rac dade biT zem oqme de bas axdens sazogadoe baSi mimdinare

ekonomikur proce se b ze.

imavdroulad sabanko sist emis unari moaxdinos Tavisufali fuladi saSuale b e-

bis akumulire ba bevradaa ganpirob e buli rogorc sameu rneo sub ie qt e bis ekonomikuri

mdgomare obiTa da finansuri mdgradobiT, ise mosaxle obis danazogTa formirebis

doniT. fuladi saSuale b e bis gadanawile ba ba zarze moTxovniTa da miwode biT

Sesabamisad unda warmoeb des.

sabanko dep ozit e bs erT-erTi ce ntraluri adgili uWiravs fulis moTxovnis

da miwode bis reg ulire baSi. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni azriT, sabanko sist emisTvis

aranakleb mniSvnelovania, ba zarze fulis moTxovnis da miwode bis reg ulire bis funq-

cia. mocemuli funqcia makroekonomikur done ze reg ulire bis pirdapiri da arapirda-

piri meT ode bis daxmare biT mTlianobaSi marTavs am process.

sagadasaxdelo sist emis organizaciis da harmonizaciis funqcia qmnis pirob e bs

ekonomikur sub ie qt e bs Soris angariSe bisa da gadasaxde le bis ef e qtiani organizaci-

isTvis.

zemoT CamoTvlili fu nqcie bi gansazRvravs sabanko sist emis str at egias. sabanko

sist emis ganviTare bis str at egiuli mizne bi mowmobs misi ganviTare bis mizanmimarTul

xasiaTs, xolo fu nqcie bis Ses rule bis sisrule ki garem oze zem oqme de bis unarze

miuTiTe bs.

2011


elguja konjariae.a.d., quTaisis universitetis


auditoruli saqmianoba da misi srulyofis sakiTxebi

auditoruli saqmianoba-kontroli sabazro ekonomikis mniSvnelovani ele-

mentia da marTvis damoukidebel funqciad gvevlineba. Kkontrolis meSveobiT

xorcieldeba sameurneo subieqtis organizaciuli da meToduri uzrunvelyofa,

agreTve masTan dakavSirebuli mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miReba.

centralizebulad marTvadi ekonomikis pirobebSi ki moTxovna damouki-

debel auditorul kontrolze ar arsebobda. kontrolis funqcias saxelm-

wifo organoebi axorcielebdnen. sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvilis Semdgom

sakmaod SeizRuda saxelmwifo organoebis Careva sameurneo subieqtebis safi-

nanso-sameurneo saqmianobaSi, magram saxelmwifosa da mewarmeTa interesebidan

gamomdinare moTxovna kontrolze darCa da Tvisebrivad axleburi xasiaTi.

auditi warmoadgens specialur codnaTa sistemas sabazro ekonomikis

pirobebSi funqcionirebadi ekonomikuri subieqtebis sameurneo procesebisa

da finansuri operaciebis kanonierebis (marTebulobis) da ekonomikuri mi-

zanSewonilobis Seswavlis principebis Sesaxeb; es ki miiRweva saaRricxvo,

saangariSgebo da sxva ekonomikuri informaciis, agreTve kontrolis obieqte-

bis faqtobrivi mdgomareobis gamokvlevis safuZvelze, rac ganapirobebs auditoruli

saqmianobis, formebisa da regulirebis aqtualurobas. auditoruli saqmianobis misi

formirebisa da regulirebis sakiTxebi sazRvargareTis qveynebi akademiuri wreebis

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis centrSia, rasac naTlad adasturebs aRniSnuli sakiTx-

isadmi miZRvnili mravali samecniero statia Tu monografiuli gamokvleva, romelTa-

gan upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia cnobili mecnier- ekonomistebis Tu praqtikosi

auditorebis - r. adamsis, v. andreevis, r.Mmontgomeris, a. h. miliCempis, l.sotnikovis,

aSeremetis, a.n. romanovis, v. suicis da sxvaTa naSromebi.

sabazro urTierTobaTa pirobebSi auditoruli momsaxureba da auditoruli

daskvna samewarmeo da komerciuli saqmianobiT dakavebuli sameurneo subieqtebis-

aTvis rentgenul-gamomkvlevi aparaturaa, romelis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba

sameurneo organizmis (adamianis) janmrTelobisa da sicocxlisunarianobis dadgena.

aqedan gamomdinare, didia auditoruli saqmianobisa da auditis ganmaxorcielebeli

subieqtebis pasuxismgebloba, rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve auditoruli momsaxurebiT

mosargeble sameurneo subieqtebis winaSe.

saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri reformebi garkveul doneze auditorul

saqmianobasac Seexeba, romlis kvalificiuri da xarisxiani auditoruli momsaxureba

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yoveli sameurneo subieqtisaTvis samewarmeo-komerciuli saqmianobis aucilebeli sa-

valdebulo norma xdeba sul ufro. amdenad, qveyanaSi auditis ganviTarebis mtkice

sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna da srulyofa cxovrebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, sax-

elisuflebo organoebisa da ekonomikuri mecnierebis mudmivi zrunvis sagans unda

wrmoadgendes.

amJamad, saqarTveloSi auditoruli saqmianobis ZiriTadi sakanonmdeblo bazas

warmoadgens 1995 wlis 7 Tebervals (#623-IIs) miRebuli saqarTvelos kanoni `audi-

toruli saqmianobis Sesaxeb”. aRniSnul kanonSi gadmocemulia auditoruli saqmia-

nobis zogadi principebi (debulebebi), misi saxelmwifo regulireba da TviTmmarTve-

loba, auditoruli saqmianobis warmarTvis wesebi da pirobebi, am saqmianobaSi monawi-

leTa uflebebi da movaleoba-valdebulebebi.

kanoni gansazRvravs saqarTveloSi auditoruli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis

samarTlebriv safuZvlebs da awesrigebs auditorul saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul

urTierTobebs. ”auditoruli saqmianobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoni gamoiyeneba

yvela im sameurneo subieqtis saqmianobis auditoruli Semowmebisas, romelic Seqmni-

lia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis sesabamisad.

auditoruli saqmianoba, rogorc arasaxelmwifeobrivi kontrolis forma, unda

moicavdes sameurneo subieqtebis auditoruli momsaxurebas da misi ganxorcielebis

organizaciuli – meTodologiur uzrunvelyofas, xolo auditoruli momsaxureba, Ta-

vis mxriv, unda gulisxmobdes auditorul Semowmebas da sxva saxis momsaxureobas.

sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi auditoruli saqmianoba xorcieldeba saxelSekru-

lebo safuZvelze, romelic gansazRvravs xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebis ufleba-

movaleobaTa da valdebulebaTa iuridiul samarTlebriv aspeqtebs. Aauditorul saqmia-

nobaSi gamoyenebuli xelSekrulebebi, iseve rogorc saqmianobis sxva sferoebSi moqmedi

xelSekrulebebi, misi monawile mxareebis urTierT SeTanxmebuli interesebis gamomxat-

veli oficialuri, iuridiuli dokumentia, romelic gansazRvravs” klienti-auditori”-s

(`SemkveTi-Semsrulebeli”-s) samarTalurTierTobaTa Sinaarss da warmoadgens maT So-

ris momsaxureba-gadaxdiTi urTierTobis regulirebis ZiriTad saSualebas.

mxareTa Soris xelSekrulebis dadebisas saWiroa rac SeiZleba maqsimaluri

sizustiT ganisazRvros mis realizaciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, dadgindes xe-

lSekrulebis gaformebisa da Sesrulebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani momentebi, gaTva-

liswinebul iqnes SesaZlo riskis faqtori. amitom sasurvelia da saWiroa xelSekru-

lebis pirobebis gansazRvraSi monawileobdnen Sesabamisi profilis specialistebi,

xolo xelSekrulebas naxulobdes da vizas aZlevdes sawarmos firmis iuristi.

auditorul saqmianobaSi riskis faqtoris minimumamde dayvanis mizniT didi si-

frTxile da dakvirvebaa saWiro klientebis SerCevaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki maSin, roca

auditoruli momsaxurebis gawevaze xelSekrulebis dadebis winadadeba Semodis au-

ditoruli firmisTvis ucnobi organizaciebidan. aseT SemTxvevaSi saWiroa winadade-

bebis Semomtani organizaciebis Sesaxeb rac SeiZleba meti informaciis mopoveba.

mxareTa mier SeTanxmebuli pirobebi xelSekrulebaSi Camoyalibebuli unda iyos

araorazrovnad, mkafiod da gamokveTilad, yovelgvari frazeologiuri uzustobis

2011


gareSe, raTa xelSekrulebis monawile mxareebs, urTierTdavis SemTxvevaSi ar gauCn-

deT imis mcdelobis survili, rom xelSekrulebis pirobebs miscen maTTvis sasar-

geblo interpretacia.

auditorul praqtikaSi gamoyenebulia xelSekrulebis sami standartuli forma:

1. sawarmos safinanso-sameurneo saqmianobis buRaltruli aRricxvisa da angariS-

gebis mdgomareobis eqspertizis Catarebis xelSekruleba;

2. sawarmos safinanso-sameurneo saqmianobis Semowmebis Catarebis xelSekruleba;

3. saabonento momsaxurebis formiT auditoruli momsaxurebis xelSekruleba.

auditis meTods safuZvlad udevs movlenaTa korelaciuri urTierT ganpiro-

bebuloba raodenobrivobidan TvisobriobaSi gadasvlis gziT. auditorul saqmia-

nobaSi farTod gamoiyeneba agreTve Semecnebis Teoriis kategoriebi da principebi,

kerZod ki: dakvirveba; Sedareba, analizi da sinTezi, deduqcia da induqcia. amrigad

auditis meTodi SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc specifikuri principebis, xerx-

ebisa da saSualebebis organulad dakavSirebuli gamokvlevebis erToblioba, romle-

bic saaRricxvo angariSgebiT da sxva ekonomikuri informaciis, agreTve kontrolis

obieqtis faqtiuri mdgomareobis gamokvlevis monacemebis safuZvelze uzrunvelyo-

fen sameurneo da finansuri operaciebis kanonierebis,utyuarobis, mizanSewonilobis

da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis Seswavlas.

auditorul gamokvlevaTa meTodebisa da xerxebis kompleqsuri sistemis Se-

muSaveba efuZneba mecnierebis mowinave miRwevebs, romelTa meSveobiT SesaZlebeli

xdeba ekonomikuri subieqtebis sameurneo-finansuri saqmianobis da Sedegebis Sesaxeb

monacemTa dajgufeba gansazRvruli droisa da sivrcis mixedviT, maTi raodenobriv-

Tvisobrivi cvlilebebis dadgena da am maCvenebelTa regulirebisa da utyuarobis

xarisxis gansazRvra.

auditoruli saqmianobis Sedegebi Tavis gansazRvras da asaxvas poulobs stand-

artebSi, romlebic asaxaven moqmedebis normativebsa da normebs.

erovnuli auditoruli standartebis damuSavebis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT

saqarTvelos ekonomikis Taviseburebani, rac ar SeiZleba trafareturad gadmovita-

noT, mowinave sabazro ekonomikis qveynebidan. erovnuli standartebis Taviseburebaze

gavlena unda moaxdinos saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobam da savaldebulo saxelmwi-

foebrivi xasiaTis normatiulma dokumentebma.

auditorulma firmebma da korporaciulma gaerTianebebma TandaTanobiT (etapo-

brivad) unda daiwyon gadasvla (muSaoba) standartebis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad. swored

aseTi gziT iqneba SesaZlebeli qarTuli auditi ramdenadme miuaxlovdes saerTaSo-

riso auditis parametrebs. es moxdeba maSin, roca qveynis ekonomikis done adgilobrivi

warmoebis ganviTarebiT miuaxlovdeba saerTaSoriso ekonomikis moTxovnebs.

saqarTveloSi srulyofili auditis CamoyalibebasTan erTad auditis saxelm-

wifoebrivi regulirebis roli TavisTavad Semcirdeba, auditorTa sazogadoebrivi

gaerTianebis mxridan sazogadoebrivi regulirebis rolis Sesabamisi gaZlierebis

xarjze.

ekonomikuri profili

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38

finansebi

da

aRricxva

TinaTin gugeSaSvilie.a.d., akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis asocirebuli profesori

nana beniZee.a.d., akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universitetis asocirebuli profesori

sabrokero kompaniis funqciebi da ekonomikuri saqmianoba

warmoqmnis momentidan birJa warmoadgenda Suamaval bazars, anu bazars,

romelzec garigebis dadebis ufleba aqvs mxolod gansazRvruli wris warmo-

madgenlebs – sxvadasxva specializaciis brokerebs. brokerebi arian SemaerTe-

beli rgoli birJisa da garigebis sxva warmomadgenlebs Soris. kompiuteruli

teqnologiebis danergvisa da eleqtronuli birJebis Seqmnis miuxedavad am

monawileebis arseboba aucilebelia, radgan Tu romelime birJaze SesaZlebe-

lia brZanebebis pirdapiri micema uSualod klientis mier savaWro sistemaSi

SesrulebisaTvis, maSin garigebis danarCeni etapebi-kliringi da angariSi

Zveleburad moiTxovs bazris profesiuli monawileebis uSualo Carevas.

klientebi deben xelSekrulebas momsaxurebis Sesaxeb romelime sabro-

kero firmasTan, romelsac momsaxurebis sakomisios uxdian gaformebuli

xelSekrulebis mixedviT. sakomisios nawili gadairicxeba birJis angariSze,

rogorc birJis Semosavlis erT-erTi wyaro.

fiuCersul vaWrobaSi dakavebuli Suamavlebis uSualo amocanas war-

moadgens klientebisaTvis sxvadasxva saxis momsaxurebis gaweva, rac SemdegSi mdgo-

mareobs;

sabirJo operaciebis brZanebebis miReba, gadacema da Sesruleba;• depozitisa da marJis gacema saangariSworebo palataSi;• angariSebisa da angariSgebis warmoeba;• informacia bazris mdgomareobis Sesaxeb;• konsultacia klientebisaTvis.•

sabirJo vaWrebis monawileebs Soris, upirveles yovlisa, gamoiyofa “fiuCersuli

sakomisio vaWrebi”. isini uflebamosilni arian yvela saxis momsaxureba gauwion

klientebs. magaliTad, aSS-Si 1980-iani wlebis bolos es saSuamavlo dargi warmoad-

genda 400 Suamavlisagan Semdgar qsels, romelTac hyavdaT 50 aTasi savaWro war-

momadgeneli mTel msoflioSi. dReisaTvis sabrokero kompaniebis ricxvi amerikul

bazarze Semcirda 498-dan 240-mde, rogorc mTels msoflioSi ise saqarTveloSi, rac

dakavSirebulia globalur ekonomikur krizisTan. Cvens qveyanaSi aRniSnulis sxva

2011


mizezebic arsebobs, ris gamoc savalalo mdgomareobaSia sabrokero kompaniebisa da

TviT saqarTvelos safondo birJis funqcionirebis sakiTxic.

fiuCersuli sakomisio vaWrebi fizikur pirebs Semdegi saxis momsaxurebas uw-

even:

klientebis saxsrebis usafrTxo Senaxva;• informireba bazris mimdinare mdgomareobis Sesaxeb;• brZanebebis miReba da informireba sakomisios Sesaxeb;• angariSis Sedgena savaWro saqmianobaze /Semosavali, xarjebi da mogeba/;• bazris analizis Sesaxeb angariSis gamoqveyneba.•

fiuCersuli sakomisio vaWrebi, romelTa umetes nawils aqvs wevrobis privil-

egiebi erT an met fiuCersul birJaze, uzrunvelyofen momsaxurebas da moqmedeben,

rogorc sakliringo agentebi TavianT klientebTan SeTanxmebiT.

mcire da saSualo sididis sabrokero kompaniebi, romlebic muSaoben kliente-

bis SekveTebiT, TandaTanobiT Seviwrovdeba didi kompaniebis mier: msxvili klien-

tebi frTxiloben saqme iqonion mcire firmebTan da upiratesobas aniWeben iseTebs,

romelTa ukan dgas banki.

fiuCersul vaWrobaSi aris magaliTebi msxvili specializebuli firmebis, rom-

lebic muSaoben mxolod swraf birJebze. bevr maTgans ara aqvs kvleviTi ganyofile-

bebi isini aRiareben, rom arseboben adamianebisaTvis, romlebic damoukideblad Rebu-

loben savaWro gadawyvetilebebs.

wamyvani sabrokero firmebi did gavlenas axdenen sabirJo vaWrobaze. TavianTi

klientebis sainformacio da sabrokero funqciebis Sesrulebisas, isini imavdrou-

lad gavlenas axdenen maT qcevaze, Tanac Zalian xSirad klientebis moRvaweobas

uqvemdebareben TavianTi kompaniis moTxovnilebebs.

ganvixiloT, Tu rogori principiT irCevs klienti sabrokero kompanias. ra Tqma

unda, es gadawyvetileba yovelTvis individualuria, magram amave dros aRiniSneba zo-

gierTi saerTo momenti. magaliTad, msxvili kontraqtebis meSveobiT klienti airCevs

2-3 sabrokero firmas, romelTac aqvT msxvil sekveTebTan muSaobis gamocdileba.

ufro mcire kompaniebi, albaT, saqmes daikaveben saSualo sabrokero firmasTan, romel-

sac eqneba ufro dabali sakomisio sagasaxadebi, magram met dros moandomebs bazris

analizsa da TiToeul klientTan muSaobas.

urTierTobebi brokersa da klients Soris warmoiqmneba klientis iniciativiT,

magram sabrokero firmebi aqtiurad moqmedeben axali klientebis mosazidad, risT-

visac akeTeben sareklamo gancxadebas. ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba nabeWdi gancxadebebi

presaSi, romlebic mimarTulia saqmiani adamianebisaken. sabrokero kompaniis sarekla-

mo ganacxadi Seicavs informacias romelic aRwers firmis muSaobis mimarTulebasa

da saqmian politikas, misi operaciebis moculobas.

rodesac klientebi mimarTaven sabrokero firmas, maT aqvs Semdegi upiratesobe-

bi:

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

40

mniSvnelovnad zrdian savaWro operaciebis moculobebs sakuTari danax-• arjebis zrdis gareSe am miznebisaTvis;

SeuZliaT gamoiyenon maRalkvalificiuri savaWro personali;• SeuZliaT operaciebze gaweuli xarjebis dabalanseba, radganac Suamdgom-•

lobaze gaweuli xarjebi uSualod dakavSirebulia klientebis operaciebis mocu-

lobaze.

sabrokero firmebis Semosavlis ori ZiriTadi wyaro arsebobs: angariSebze

dadebuli Tanxebidan aRebuli procentebi da sakomisioebi. procentebi warmoiqmneba

ZiriTadad sabrokero firmebis klientebis naRdi Tanxebis xarjze. rogorc aRiniSna,

klientebis naRdi depozitebi ganlagebulia calkeul sabanko angariSebze. Tumca, am

depozitebze gacemuli procentebi gadaericxebaT ara klientebs individualur an-

gariSebze, aramed sabrokero firmas, romelSic iyo es angariSebi gaxsnili. miuxedavad

imisa, rom depozitebze procentebis dakargvam gamoiwvia fasiani qaRaldebis gamoy-

eneba, rogorc pirveladi birJa. miuxedavad amisa, fuladi saxsrebis msxvili Tanxebi

isev fiuCersuli vaWrobis brunvaSi imyofeba. miaxloebiTi gaangariSebis mixedviT,

depozitebze procentuli Semosavali Seadgens fiuCersuli sakomisio vaWrebis Se-

mosavlis 10%-s. danarCeni 90% sakomisios warmoadgens.

fiuCersuli sakomisioebi ar aris universaluri. sakomisioebis moculoba ar-

sebiTad gansxvavdeba da damokidebulia kontraqtis saxeobaze, fiuCersuli poziciis

tipze. individualuri klientebi ixdian yvelaze maRal fsonebs. maT Semdeg dgas

institucionaluri hejerebi da profesiuli treiderebi. yvelaze dabal ganakveTebs

ixdian birJis wevri klientebi, romelbic birJaze TviTon deben xelSekrulebebs da

gamoiyeneben fiuCersuli sakomisio vaWrebs mxolod klientebisaTvis.

sakomisioebis moculoba warmoadgens molaparakebis sagans klientsa da fiuCer-

sul sakomisio vaWrebs Soris.

yvelaze dabali sakomisio aris dawesebuli iseTi poziciisaTvis, romelic ix-

sneba da ixureba erTi da imave savaWro periodis ganmavlobaSi, imitom rom ar aris

aucilebeli misi Seyvana fiuCersuli sakomisio vaWrebis sabuRaltro aRricxvis

sistemaSi. SedarebiT dabali sakomisioebia agreTve spredul garigebebze, romlebic

moculobiT ufro mcirea, vidre calke Seyvanili ori poziciis sakomisioebi. yvelaze

maRali sakomisio aris dawesebuli sufTa grZel an mokle poziciebze, romlebic ga-

daitaneba erTi dRidan meoreze.

sakomisioebs Soris yvelaze didi sxvaoba SeiniSneba TviT fiuCersul sakomisio

vaWrebs Soris. am sxvaobis mizezi aris klientisaTvis momsaxurebis gawevis raode-

noba da xarisxi. msxvil firmas SeuZlia gamoiyenos piradi brokeri gadawyvetilebis

misaRebad, gaagzavnos kvleviTi angariSebi bazrebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, msxvili sa-

komisio vaWrebi muSaoben yvela tipis finansur bazrebze da aseTi firmebis fuladi

saxsrebi advilad gadadindeba aqciebidan obligaciebze, fiuCerebze an savaliuto

bazris angariSze.

2011


dReisaTvis fiuCersuli dargis saerTo stabilizaciis fonze, rodesac mTavar

poziciebs ikaveben moTamaSeebi, romlebic didi xania warmatebulad muSaoben bazarze,

xolo mcireebi, (iseTebi rogoricaa: ganviTarebadi qveynebis firmebi) ver awarmoeben

msxvil operaciebs, kidev ufro mwvavdeba konkurencia sabrokero firmebs Soris, ri-

Tac mcirdeba Semosavlebis zrda. yvelaze cudi Sedegi aris fiuCersebis sakomisioe-

bis dacema da fiuCersuli garigebebis Semcireba im donemde, rom sabrokero firmas

gauWirdeba arseboba. sabrokero firmebis swrafva sakomisioebis Semcirebisaken, raTa

klienti ar dakargon, SemdgomSi ufro gaarTulebs firmis muSaobas.

aseT rTul finansur pirobebSi bevri sabrokero firmis xelmZRvaneloba gad-

awyvetilebas iRebs maRal teqnologiebSi dasabandeblad, Semdgom Seamcirebs sxva

xarjebs, magram Tavidan iwvevs xarjebis zrdas maRalkvalificiur personalze.

bevri msxvili firma dResac ki varaudobs uari Tqvas sakomio gadaricxvaze da

Semosavali gazardos sxvadasxva momsaxurebis xarjze: kavSirebis gamoyeneba, konsul-

taciebi da a.S. magram es xerxi ar aris realuri saSualo da mcire firmebisaTvis.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis kanoni did rols TamaSobs sabirJo ringze vaWrebis sakomi-

sio ganakveTis gansazRvraSi. zogierT fiuCersul rings Zalian cota brokeri hyavs,

roca sxva ringze brokerebi mravlad arian, xolo klientura naklebia. bunebrivia,

pirvel SemTxvevaSi ganakveTebi SeiZleba iyos maRali. rogorc sxva biznesmenebi, bro-

kerebic pativs scemen mudmiv klientebs da Sesabamisad, maT sTavazoben ufro dabal

ganakveTebs.

imisaTvis, rom gavigoT fiuCersuli sabrokero saqmianobis ekonomika ganvixiloT

pirobiTi magaliTi (cxr. 1), sadac naCvenebia Semosavlebisa da xarjebis wyaro.

cxrili 1

fiuCersuli sakomisio vaWrebis Semosavlebis

angariSi, dolari

1 sakomisio 100,00

2 procentebi depozitebze 10,00

3 sul Semosavali 110,00

garigebebis danazogebi

4 sakomisio gadaxda 34,0

sabrokero saqmianobi organizacia

5 brokeruli momsaxureoba 10,00

6 sabirJo da sakliringo akreba 6,00

7 sul danazogi 50,00

8 60,00

9 personali 25,00

10 kavSirgabmulobis momsaxureba 7,00

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

42

11 arenda 4,00

12 reklama 3,00

13 ofisze gaweuli xarjebi 2,00

14 iuridiuli da sabuRaltro momsaxureba 3,00

15 sxva xarjebi 3,00

16 sul saoperacio xarjebi 47,00

17 mogebis gadasaxadis gadaxdamde 13,00

18 gadasaxadebi 6,00

19 wminda mogeba 7,00

aseTi saxis statistika iZleva sxvadasxva monacemebs sxvadasxva periodisaTvis,

magram es magaliTi TvalsaCinos xdis Semosavlisa da xarjebis statistikas. magali-

Tad: sxvadasxva sakomisio Semosavali Seadgens 100 dolars. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,

rom damatebiTi Semosavali 10 dolaria. maSin fiuCersuli sakomisio vaWrebis jamuri

Semosavali iqneba 110 dolari.

gasavlebis pirvel kategorias miekuTvneba danaxarjebi, romlebic dakavSirebu-

lia nebismieri saxis garigebasTan. es danaxarjebi Cndeba yovelTvis – kontraqtis

yidvis Tu gayidvis dros. mTavari maT Soris aris sakomisioebis gadaxda angariSis

mwarmoebelTaTvis, romlebic muSaoben sakomisio vaWrebis ganyofilebebSi, agroveben

da awarmoeben klientebis angariSebs da Rebuloben sakomisios im nawils, romelsac

sakomisio vaWari iRebs klientisagan. angariSebis SemsruleblisaTvis gadasaxadebi

Cveulebisamebr Seadgens mTeli sakomisios 30-40%.

danaxarjebis Semdeg komponents Seadgens brokeris sakomisio saoperacio darba-

zSi. es aris is saxsrebi, romlebsac fiuCersuli sakomisio vaWrebi uxdian brokerebs

saoperacio darbazSi. zogierT SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba iyos damoukidebeli bro-

kerebi, sxva SemTxvevaSi es Tanxebi eZleva brokerebs, romlebic msaxuroben sabrokero

kompaniebSi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi es garigeba fasis mniSvnelovani elementia.

bolo komponenti aris sabirJo da saklirinko gadasaxadebi. yvela saangariSwore-

bo palata iRebs Tavisi wevrebisagan gadasaxads sakliringo garigebaze. es gadasaxa-

debi meryeobs 20 centidan Cikagos savaWro birJaze, xolo 1,70 dolaramde niu-orkis

savaWro birJaze, magram radganac sakliringo asociaciebi ar aris Semosavliani orga-

nizaciebi, isini periodulad ubruneben gadasaxadebis namats TavianT wevrebs.

garda sakliringo gasavlisa birJebis umetesoba moiTxovs, agreTve sabirJo ga-

dasaxadebs, romlebic ixarjeba birJis SenaxvisaTvis, axal aRWurvilobaze, mSen-

eblobaze da reklamaze. tradiciulad sabirJo gadasaxadebi amoiReba yoveli garige-

bis Sedegad da diferencirebulia kontraqtebis saxeobebis mixedviT.

2011


vaJa gurabaniZe e.a.d., quTaisis universitetisa

da akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis


Aadamianuri resursebis dagegmva da misi raodenobis gansazRvris meTodebi

adamianuri resursebi firmis (sawarmos) aucilebeli, Taviseburi, araor-

dinaluri, Seucvleli, aqtiuri da SemoqmedebiTi nawilia. misi dagegmva, up-

irvelesad ganxilul unda iqnes rogorc mTliani firmis operatiuli da

strategiuli dagegmvis erTiani sistemis Semadgeneli nawili. aseTi midgoma

Tundac imitomaa aucilebeli, rom organizaciis misia, miznebi, amocanebi, fun-

qciebi, prioritetebi, Sida da gare urTierTobebi, organizaciuli struqtura

da a.S. arsebiT zegavlenas axdens adamianuri kapitalis nebismier maxasiaTe-

belze_maT raodenobaze, profesiul Semadgenlobaze, personalis xelfasis

fondze, kvalificiur moTxovnebze, muSaobis meTodebze da a.S.

adamianuri resursebis dagegmva firmis strategiidan, politikidan gamom-

dinare misi miznebisa da amocanebis misaRwevad saWiro momuSaveTa raodeno-

bisa da profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis gansazRvraa; agreTve esaa

personalis marTvis sxva komponentebis dagegmva rogorc mimdinare, ise uax-

loes da Soreul perspeqtivaSi. dagegmvam upirvelesad pasuxi unda gasces

Semdeg kiTxvebs:

mTlianad firmasa da mis calkeul qvedanayofSi ramdeni, ra profesie-• bisa da kvalifikaciis momuSave gvWirdeba;

ra profesiul-kvalificiuri da pirovnuli moTxovnebia aucilebeli • ama Tu im Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad;

ra mdgomareobaa firmaSi personalis ,,moTxovna-miwodebis” mxriv, axa-• li vakansiebi gvaqvs Tu piriqiT, Sesamcirebelia momuSaveTa raodenoba;

rogor unda daviTxovoT zedmeti muSebi, an piriqiT_movizidoT, Tuki • firmas vakansiebi gaaCnia;

rogor unda moxdes momuSaveTa potencialis ufro, efeqtiani gamoyeneba, maTi • motivirebis donis amaRleba;

rogor unda uzrunvelyoT firmis adamianuri resursebis ganviTareba da • sxva.

bunebrivia, yvela am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas da adamianuri resursebis dageg-

mvas win unda uswrebdes personalis marTvis arsebuli mdgomareobis Rrma analizi,

pozitiuri Tu negatiuri mxareebis obieqturi Sefaseba. Aadamianuri resursebis dageg-

mva upiratesad Semdeg principebs unda efuZnebodes:

menejmenti

da

seqtoruli

ekonomika

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

44

sajarooba da gamWirvaloba, firmis momuSaveTa aqtiuri monawileoba person-• alis dagegmvis procesSi mis sawyis etapzeve, miTumetes, roca saqme firmis socialuri

ganviTarebis sakiTxebsac Seexeba;

sistemuroba, rac upirvelesad adamianuri resursebis ganviTarebis sakiTx-• ebisadmi kompleqsur midgomas, prioritetebis identificirebasa da personalis dageg-

mvis mTeli firmis ganviTarebis strategiuli gegmis organul nawilad ganxilvas

gulisxmobs;

uwyvetoba, romlis aucileblobasac TviT firmisa da misi adamianuri resurse-• bis permanentur srulyofa-ganviTareba, memkvidreobiToba, warsulis, awmyosi da momav-

lis erTianoba ganapirobebs;

moqniloba, adre miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi cvlilebebisa da koreqtive-• bis uproblemod Setanis SesaZleblobebi, radgan dRevandel pirobebSi nebismieri

sawarmo da miT umetes, misi adamianuri resursebi swrafad ganviTarebadi, cocxali

cvalebadi organizmia;

SeTanxmeba, rac firmis erTi da imave donis qvedanayofebs Soris adamianuri • resursebis gegmebis koordinirebas, xolo marTvis zeda da qveda donis qvedanay-

ofebs Soris am gegmebis integrirebas niSnavs;

resursuli uzrunvelyofaa __ gegma unda iyos realisturi, iTvaliswinebdes • obieqtur pirobebs, pirvel rigSi ki _ mis Sesasruleblad aucilebel adamianur, fi-

nansur, organizaciul da materialur resursebs.

adamianuri resursebis dagegmva SeiZleba strategiuli da operatiul geg-

mebis saxiT. dagegmvis konkretuli formis arCeva damokidebulia organizaciis

prioritetul miznebsa da amocanebze, maT miRwevaSi adamianuri kapitalis rolze,

TviT adamianuri resursebis menejmentis arsebul mdgomareobaze, mis pozitiur

mxareebze problemebze da a.S. rasakvirvelia, adamianuri resursebis dagegmva

miT metad efeqtiani iqneba, rac ufro Rrmad mofiqrebulad da sistemurad ganx-

orcieldeba.

adamianuri resursebis dagegmvis sistemis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani kom-

ponentia mTlianad firmisa da misi yoveli struqturuli qvedanayofisTvis per-

sonalis aucilebeli raodenobisa da da profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis

gansazRvra. es sistemuri da araerTjeradi procesia. nebismieri organizaciis ada-

mianuri resursebis raodenoba da profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenloba sakmaod

cvalebadi sididea da bevr faqtorzea damokidebuli. maTgan aucilebelia aRiniS-

nos TviT organizaciis operatiuli da strategiuli miznebis cvalebadoba_ganvi-

Tareba, rac xSirad da sistematurad SeiZleba ar xdebodes, magram mainc cvlilebaTa

obieqtur process warmoadgens. personalze moTxovnis zrdas an Semcirebas rogorc

wesi iwvevs: momuSaveTa moZraoba (denadoba, pensiaze gasvla, sxvadasxva mizeziT gan-

Tavisufleba), organizaciis funqciebis gafarToeba an SezRudva, axali funqciebi,

axali struqturuli qvedanayofebis Seqmna an arsebulTagan zogierTis gauqmeba, ukve

2011


dasaqmebuli personalis raodenobrivi da profesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis

arasworad gansazRvra da sxva.

adamianur resursebze moTxovnis gansazRvris gamoyenebuli meTodebidan unda

aRiniSnos:

eqstrapolaciis meTodi: es aris yvelaze martivi da xSirad gamoyenebuli • meTodi; is arsebuli viTarebis samomavlod gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs; am meTodis

mimzidveloba misi simartivea, SezRuduloba ki organizaciis Sida da gare faqtore-

bis gauTvaliswineblobas ukavSirdeba;

koreqtirebuli eqstrapolaciis meTodi: es meTodi ukve iTvaliswinebs • personalis raodenobaze moqmed faqtorebs; mas sakmaod bevri organizacia iyen-

ebs;

eqspertul SefasebaTa meTodi: es meTodi personalis raodenobisa da pro-• fesiul-kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis gansazRvrisas specialistTa azris gaTval-

iswinebas efuZneba; aseTi specialistebi, upirvelesad, struqturuli qvedanayofebis

xelmZRvanelebi arian; adamianuri resursebis menejmentis samsaxuri maT SefasebaTa

Sekrebasa da damuSavebas axdens; gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva meTodi: jgufuri ganxilva,

kiTxvarebis Sevseba da maTi analizi. e. w. ,,delfis meTodi”; es ukanaskneli adami-

anuri resursebis menejmentis samsaxuris mier SemuSavebuli kiTxvaris safuZvelze am

samsaxursa da xazobriv menejerebs (eqspertebs) Soris werilobiTi dialogia; Cndeba

axali kiTxvebi, axali pasuxebi da bolos miiRweva ormxrivi SeTanxmeba;

kompiuteruli programebi: esaa maTematikuri formulebis erToblioba, rom-• lebic saSualebas gvaZlevs erTdroulad gamoviyenoT eqstrapolaciisa da eqspertul

SefasebaTa meTodebi, aseve informacia im faqtorTa dinamikis Sesaxeb, romlebic ze-

gavlenas axdens firmis personalize, moTxovnilebaze; es modelebi yvelaze zustad

prognozis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva; Tumca, siZvirisa da specialuri unar-Cvevebis

moTxovnaTa gamo am meTods ufro xSirad didi organizaciebi iyeneben.

firmis adamianuri resursebis ricxovnobis, misi profesiul-kvalificiuri Se-

madgenlobis sworad gansazRvrisaTvis aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes Semdegi

konkretuli meToduri xasiaTis rekomendaciebic:

1. aucilebelia periodulad Seswavlil iqnes, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba da racio-

naluria dawesebulebis da misi struqturuli qvedanayofebis organizaciuli struq-

tura dawesebulebis misias, strategias, miznebsa da amocanebs;

2. ramdenad Seesabameba erTmaneTs da Tanxvedria sawarmos strategia, miznebi da

amocanebi struqturuli qvedanayofebis miznebsa da amocanebTan; es ukanasknelni_mo-

muSaveTa samuSaoTa aRwerebTan (funqciebTan pasuxismgeblobebTan) da TanamdebobaTa

profesiul-kvalificiur moTxovnebTan;

3. dasaxuli miznebisa da amocanebis misaRwevad sawarmos, firmis adamianuri

resursebis realuri potenciali sakmarisia es potenciali axlo da Soreul per-

speqtivaSi dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad, damatebiT ra raodenobrivi da xarisxobri-

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

46

vi cvlilebebia saWiro, ra Sida resursebi gagvaCnia ra raodenobisa da profesiul-

kvalificiuri Semadgenlobis personali unda movizidoT garedan;

4. firmis miznebisa da amocanebis misaRwevad profesiuli potencialis mqone

adamianuri resursebis formirebisTvis mizanSewonilia winaswar igegmeba adamianuri

resursebis momzadebisa da gadamzadebis sistemis Seqmna;

5. mizanSewonilia winaswarve gaanalizdes da gaTvaliswinebul iqnes adami-

anuri resursebis moZraobisa da denadobis ZiriTadi tendenciebi, gairkves mizezebi

da daigegmos Sesabamisi aqtivobebi;

6. ra viTarebaa da rogor gamoviyenoT adamianuri resursebis rezervi, staJior-

Ta da praqtikantTa institutebi da ra Sida rotaciaa mizanSewonili personalis

optimaluri Semadgenlobis Camosayalibeblad;

7. aucilebelia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes, rom adamianuri resursebis marTebulad

dagegmvis safuZvelia im faqtorTa dinamikisa da Sesabamisi tendenciebis codna, rom-

lebic zegavlenas axdens firmis personalis moTxovnilebaze;

8. momuSaveTa profesiuli jgufebis mixedviT aucileblad unda gairkves maTi

saqmianobis Sefasebis obieqturi kriteriumebi da Sesabamisi maCveneblebi; amasTan,

xazobriv menejerTa uSualo dakvirvebis, gasaubrebis, momuSaveTa mier specialuri

kiTxvebis Sevsebis da sxva meTodebis gamoyenebiT unda ganisazRvros, Tu rogor

muSaobs, konkretulad ras da rogor akeTebs, rogor asrulebs dasaxul amocanebsa

da konkretul funqciebs TiToeuli TanamSromeli; unda gairkves zedmeti personali

gvyavs Tu maT naklebobas aqvs adgili;

9. wina punqtSi miTiTebuli meTodebiT mopovebuli informaciis safuZvelze

unda gadawydes romeli samuSaoebis Sesrulebaa aucilebeli da romlebia zedmeti,

Sefasdes da gamoiricxos dublirebuli samuSaoebi;

10. calkeuli profesiuli jgufis mixedviT momuSaveTa optimaluri raodenobis

gansazRvrisTvis mizanSewonilia gaTvaliswinebul iqnes Tu analogiuri funqciebis

yvelaze warmatebulad Semsrulebeli momuSaveebi ra dros xarjaven am funqciebis

Sesrulebaze, ris xarjze aRweven am warmatebebs; amis gaTvaliswinebiT unda ganisaz-

Rvros, Tu rogor unda Sesruldes esa Tu is funqcia normalurad da ra dro unda

daixarjos amisTvis;

11. sasurveli iqneba, arsebobdes aseTi gaTvlac _ yvelaze eqstremalur

daZabul viTarebaSi ra aucilebeli samuSaoebia Sesasrulebeli da ramdeni momuSavea

amisTvis saWiro;

12. rac SeiZleba obieqturad, konkretul kriteriumebze dayrdnobiT unda Camoy-

alibdes struqturuli qvedanayofebis saqmianobis dagegmvisa da Sefasebis sistema;

miRweuli da miuRweveli Sedegebis Sefasebisas saTanado yuradReba unda mieqces mas-

Si adamianuri resursebis raodenobas, kvalifikacias, saSemsruleblo disciplinas,

motivirebis da personalTan dakavSirebul sxva faqtorTa rols;

13. aucilebelia periodulad saTanadod gaanalizdes Tu rogor xdeba Tana-

2011


mSromelTa mier samuSao drois gamoyeneba, ra iwvevs maT danakargs da rogor unda

aviciloT isini Tavidan;

14. samuSao drois gamoyenebis Sefasebisas saTanado yuradReba unda mieqces

imas, Tu risi bralia, roca momuSaveebs bevri samuSao dro aqvT da usaqmod arian-

uxarisxod da naCqarevad asruleben samuSaos, Tu xelmZRvaneloba ar aZlevs maT met

davalebas, an iqneb sakmaris davalebebs ki aZleven magram aRar akontroleben rogor

asruleben maT.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:

1. personalis marTva (avtorTa koleqtivi: v. gurgeniZis xelmZRvanelobiT) Tbi-

lisi, 2005 w.

2. personalis marTva (avtorTa koleqtivi: v. gurgeniZis xelmZRvanelobiT) Tbi-

lisi, 2008 w.

3. adamianuri resursebis menejmenti, v. gurabaniZe, Tbilisi 2009w.

4. Personal Management, G.Dessler . Reston Publishing Company, Inc. A Prentice-Hall Company, Res-ton, Virginia, 1984.

5. Ethical Management For the Public Services, A. Lawton . British Books for Managers, 1998.6. Human Resources Strategy, J. Walker. Mc-Grow-Hill,1992. 7. http://www.undp.org8.http://www.ungeorgia.ge9. http://www.undo.org.ge

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

48

eliso gvelesianie.a.d., akaki wereTlis

saxelmwifo universitetis maswavlebeli

Tematuri turizmis ganviTarebis problemebi da perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi

mesame aTaswleulis dasawyisSi kacobrioba kvlav arCevanis winaSe dgas

– ra moiSoros da uaryos warsulidan, raTa Tavidan aicilos saerTaSoriso,

samoqalaqo da religiuri konfliqtebis safrTxe da ra daamkvidros

sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, raTa Seqmnas msoflio Zaladobis, siZulvilisa da

sisastikis gareSe, romelSic civilizaciaTa konfliqts humanuri tendenciebi

da kulturaTa dialogi Secvlis.

Zveli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi civilizaciis centrebTan siaxlovem da

xelsayrelma geografiulma mdebareobam xeli Seuwyo qarTvel xalxs adreul

periodSive damdgariyo civilizebuli cxovrebis gzaze da dauRalavi SromiTa

da brZoliT Seeqmna sakuTari maRali kultura da TavisTavadoba. swored

xelsayrelma geografiulma mdebareobam ganapiroba isic, rom istoriuli

saqarTvelos teritoriaze gamavali savaWro-satranzito gzebi, uZvelesi

droidan arsebuli didi saerTaSoriso saxmeleTo, sazRvao da samdinaro

savaWro gzaTa sistemis Semadgeneli nawili iyo.

kacobriobiis istoriis mravalferovneba, misi ganviTareba ganpirobebulia

kulturaTa mravalferovnebiT, zogjer diametrulad sawinaaRmdego azrebisa da

Sexedulebebis arsebobiT, rac kidev erTxel adasturebs kulturaTa dialogis

aucileblobas. Aamis magaliTad SeiZleba gamodges `didi abreSumis gzis~

qveynebis istoriuli warsuli, rodesac sxvadasxva sarwmunoebis, kulturis,

wes-Cveulebebis mqone xalxebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdebodnen xelsayreli

ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli kavSirebiT. swored `didi abreSumis gza~-ze

arsebuli kulturuli memkvidreobis danatovaris gacnoba davisaxeT miznad

Tematuri turizmis ganxilvisas.

TavisTavad, cxadia rom mcire aziisa da evropis qveynebic, Tavis mxriv, abreSumis

gzis qveynebs sTavazobdnen sakuTari warmoebis saqonels, romelic evropelebs gad-

ahqondaT sapirispiro mimarTulebiT.

Tu Tvals gadavavlebT abreSumis gzaze arsebuli qveynebis istorias (iaponia,

korea, CineTi, uzbekeTi, yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi, pakistani, TurqmeneTi, azer-

baijani, saqarTvelo, saberZneTi, egvipte), aSkarad aRmovaCenT kulturaTa urTierT-

gavlenis uamrav magaliTs, axali mimarTulebebis gaCenas filosofiaSi, literaturasa

da xelovnebaSi, romlebic kulturaTa mijnaze Seiqmna.

menejmenti

da

seqtoruli

ekonomika

2011


saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi abreSumis gzis qveynebis kultura, religia, filosofia,

wes-Cveulebebi, xSirad erTmaneTisagan esoden gansxvavebuli, TiTqos erTian sivrces

qmnida, romlis ZiriTadi monakveTi, sasicocxlo arteria abreSumis gza iyo.

berZenma istorikosebma Semogvinaxes cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom Cvens welT aR-

ricxvamde IV-I saukuneebSi saqarTvelo warmoadgenda magistralur savaWro gzas,

romelic akavSirebda ara mxolod aRmosavleTs da dasavleTs, aramed samxreTsa da

CrdiloeTs.

XIV saukunis miwuruls, navigaciis ganviTarebasTan erTad abreSumis didma gzam,

SeiZleba iTqvas, dakarga Tavisi funqcia, magram gavlena, romelic man moaxdina mimde-

bare qveynebis cnobierebis, kulturis, mecnierebis, filosofiuri azrovnebis Camoyal-

ibebasa da ganviTarebaze, kidev didxans gahyva kacobriobas.

dResdReobiT, axali saukunis dasawyisSi, es didxans miviwyebuli marSruti kvlav

udides mniSvnelobas iZens, raTa misi mdidari istoriul-kulturuli gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT Seiqmnas urTierTobisa da TanamSromlobis axleburi, optimaluri

forma aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris, gaimarTos kulturaTa dialogi, romelic

ufro daakavSirebs kulturebsa da civilizaciebs da uTuod harmoniuls gaxdis sxva-

dasxva qveynis kulturaTa urTierTgamdidrebis, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis process.

ukanasknel xans ikveTeba qveynisaTvis erTob saSuri perspeqtiva, rom saqarT-

velo mravali saukunis Semdeg isev aRmoCndes azia-evropis makavSirebel rgolSi da

amdenad, qarTulma kulturam kvlav daimkvidros Rirseuli adgili msoflio kul-

turul procesSi. saqarTvelo, rogorc axali proeqtis erT-erTi iniciatori qveyana,

TandaTan erTveba msoflio integraciul procesSi da ̀ axali abreSumis gzis~ qveyneb-

is sivrceSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareobis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

trasekas proeqtis fonze ukve dawyebulia konkretuli saqmianoba àbreSumis

gzis~ mravalaspeqtiani programis gansaxorcieleblad. 1998-2005 wlebSi damuSavda

RonisZiebaTa gegma, sadac SemuSavda konkretuli samomavlo winadadebebi. kerZod

- àbreSumis gza: kulturuli tradiciebi da momavali.~ igi gulisxmobs gacvliT

RonisZiebebs kulturis sxvadasxva sferoSi, erTobliv sagamomcemlo saqmianobas, is-

toriul-dokumenturi filmis Seqmnas, koncertebis, festivalebisa da gamofenebis gama-

rTvas da a.S.

didia SesaZlebloba imisa, rom Tanamedrove àbreSumis magistrali~ iqces im

gzad, romelic regionul politikur winaaRmdegobebs urTierTxelsayrel interese-

bamde miiyvans, vinaidan kulturuli urTierTobebi yovelTvis iyo da iqneba xalxTa

Soris mSvidobisa da megobrobis saukeTeso garanti.

turizmis Teoretikosebi gvarwmuneben, rom 2020 wlisaTvis turizmis mamoZraveb-

el Zalad vixilavT Tematur turizms. turizmis am mimarTulebas miekuTvneba tur-

istuli programebi ganxorcielebuli Rvinis mwarmoebel qveynebSi. amis magaliTia

cnobili turi ̀ franguli Rvinis gzebiT~. samwuxarod, es turproduqti saTanadod ar

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

50

aris warmodgenili saqarTveloSi, rasac aqvs Tavisi subieqturi da obieqturi mize-

zebi. am mimarTulebis gansaviTareblad saWiroa gaviziaroT im qveynebis gamocdileba,

romlebic didi xania CarTuli arian am sferoSi. aseT qveynebs ganekuTnebian: sa-

frangeTi, italia, espaneTi, germania, portugalia, kviprosi, saberZneTi da avstria. es

movlena SeiZleba avxsnaT Semdegi garemoebiT: gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom

evropas ukavia mowinave roli Casuli turistebis ricxviT, aq aris didi raodeno-

bis kulturul-istoriuli RirsSesaniSnaobebi, amas garda aRsaniSnavia momsaxurebis

maRali done. meore mxriv, evropa istoriulad mdebareobs iseT geografiul zonaSi,

sadac klimaturi da ekologiuri pirobebi xels uwyobs Rvinis warmoebis ganvi-

Tarebis da produqtis importis maRal kulturas. mocemul teritoriaze turistebs

izidavs ara mxolod istoriuli Zeglebi, aramed evropuli samzareuloc, Rvinis de-

gustaciis dResaswaulebi, mosavlis aRebaSi daxmareba da Rvinis damzadebis procesSi

monawileoba. ase rom, am regionebSi turizms sakmao wvlili miuZRvis saxelmwifo

biujetis SevsebaSi.

qarTuli Rvinis warmoebas zurgs aTaswleulebi umagrebs. metic, samecniero

wreebSi sul ufro popularuli xdeba versia, rom Rvinis samSoblo swored saqarT-

veloa da mecnierTa garkveuli nawili msoflioSi Rvinis aRmniSvnel saerTaSoriso

sityvas qarTul etimologias ukavSirebs. saqarTvelo kulturuli vazis formaTa

warmoqmnis erT-erT ZiriTad keradaa aRiarebuli, rac mravali, rogorc samamulo,

aseve ucxoeli mkvlevarebis arqeologiuri, istoriuli, eTnografiuli, lingvisturi

Tu sxva wyaroebiT dasturdeba. kerZod, gaTxrebisas aRmoCenilia kulturuli vazis

sxvadasxva jiSis yurZnis tipebi, romlebic Cvens eramde 6-5 aTasi wliT TariRdeba.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenili iyo ZvelisZveli marani, rTuli mowyobilobiT,

Rvinis Sesanaxad gamoyenebuli uzarmari Tixis qvevri, oqros, vercxlis, brinjaos

fialebi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia alaznis velis samarovnebi (Zv. w. aR. I aTas-

wleuli) gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilia mcxeTis maxloblad (bagineTSi), sxvadasxva

keramikuli WurWeli, romelic TariRdeba Zv. w. aR. IV-III aTaswleuliT. borjomSi

napovnia 11, varZiaSi ki 100-mde qvevri, romelTa Soris erT-erTi iyo ormagkedliani,

Termosis msgavsi.

did interess iwvevs aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri wipwebis aRmoCena.

qarTlis erT-erT ubanSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros aRmoaCines yurZnis wipwebi,

romellebic (Cv. w. aR. VII-VI aTaswleuli), aseve eneoliTuri periodiTaa daTariRe-

buli. amrigad, irkveva, rom eneoliTur periodSi anu Cveni droidan daaxloebiT 5000

wlis winaT aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi icnobdnen vazis kulturas. aseve

napovnia kulturuli vazis uSualo winapari - gareuli vazi - krikina (usurvazi),

romelic dRes saerTaSoriso wiTel wignSia Setanili. es faqti saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze mevenaxeoba-meRvineobaze migviTiTebs.

kidev erTi dasturi vazis kultis saqarTveloSi arsebobis Sesaxeb, aris is rom

ganmanaTlebelma wminda ninom, saqarTvelo vazis jvriT moaqcia, rac imas cxadyofs, rom

2011


vazi wminda mcenared iTvleboda. cxadi xdeba, rom amis Semdeg kidev ufro mkafiod gam-

oixata qarTvelebis yuradReba da pativiscema Rvinisa da vazis mimarT. kerZod, qarTuli

eklesiis karebi xSirad vazis masalisagan keTdeboda, gavrcelebuli iyo vazis CuqurT-

mis gamoyeneba taZrebisa da eklesia-monastrebis mSeneblobis dros. Cans, rom qarTveli

xalxi im Soreul warsulSi vazs `wminda~ mcenared Tvlida da amitomac sruliad bune-

brivia, rom am mcenaris movla-gaSenebisaTvis mas gamsakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqcia.

swored aseTi yuradRebisa da mzrunvelobis Sedegad qarTvelma tomebma Soreul

warsulSi gamoiyvanes sxvadasxva, maRalxarisxiani da uxvmosavliani jiSebi. SeimuSaves

vazis movla-gaSenebaze garkveuli tradicia da xarisxiani Rvinoebis dayenebis origi-

naluri wesebi.

meRvineoba-mevenaxeobis Semosavlianoba rom didi iyo odiTganve, amas mowmobs

ara erTi da ori cnoba Rvinis eqsportis Sesaxeb ukve gviandel feodalur xanaSi:

iranis Sah-sefi (1627-1641 ww.) saqarTvelos kaTolikoss specialuri firmaniT atyobin-

ebda, rom ̀ samyaros TavSesafris sasaxleSi~ miRebulia ramodenime sapalne ̀ demis Rvi-

no~, riTac Tqven amtkicebT Cvendami `gulwrfel da uryev erTgulebas~. sxva cnobebis

mixedviT, saqarTvelodan Rvino gahqondaT, rogorc somxeTsa da midiaSi, ise iranSic

(ispahanSi Saxis sasaxle qarTuli RvinoebiT maragdeboda).

Sardenisa da sxva ucxoeli mwerlebis cnobebze dayrdnobiT cnobilia, rom `Tu

aseTi viTareba yofila Sah-abasisagan ganadgurebulsa da gaRatakebul saqarTveloSi,

advili warmosadgenia, Tu raodeni mniSvneloba eqneboda Rvinis eqsports saqarT-

veloSi im dros, rodesac igi politikuradac Zlieri iyo da kulturuladac. es

faqti Zveli saqarTvelos mezobelma da metoqe saxelmwifoebmac icodnen da swored

amitomaa, rom Temur-lengma XIV saukunis damlevs da Semdeg Sah-abasma XVII saukunis

damdegs saqarTvelos ekonomikurad dasustebisaTvis TavianT laSqars saqarTveloSi

venaxis gakafva-amoZirkva ubrZana.

dabolos - qarTveli kacis gonivruli da dauzareli Sromis Sedegia am mcire

teritoriaze mravalferovani aborigenuli jiSebis SerCeva-gamoyvana (500 dasaxeleba-

ze meti), romlebic ZiriTadad lokalizebulia calkeul endemur izolirebul isto-

riul-geografiul jgufebSi. aTaswlulebis manZilze mevenaxeoba-mebaReoba saqarT-

velos kulturuli miwadmoqmedebis wamyvan dargad, eris materialuri da sulieri

cxovrebis wyarod iTvleboda.

am mokled mimoxiluli masalis safuZvelze SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom Tematuri

turizmis es ori proeqti `abreSumis gza~ da `Rvinis turi~ mogvitans turistuli

biznesis mZlavr ganviTarebas, rac uTuod aisaxeba qveynis imijze saerTaSoriso are-

naze da mis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

turistuli marSrutebis mimzidvelobis Sefasebis dros xarisxis faqtori sak-

vanZo kriteriums warmoadgens. saqarTvelos turistuli marSrutebis xarisxis gaum-

jobeseba mravali problemis gadaWrasTan aris dakavSirebuli, kerZod, garTulebulia

transportireba qveynis SigniT, saxmeleTo transporti mouxerxebelia da da mgzav-

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

52

robas didi dro miaqvs gzebis cudi xarisxis gamo. ar arsebobs Sida sahaero reisebi.

rig regionebSi TiTqmis ar arsebobs saerTaSoriso standartebis Sesabamisi tur-

istTa ganTavsebis saSualebebi. miuxedavad imisa rom, bolo or-sam weliwadSi Seiqmna

kerZo sastumroebis garkveuli raodenoba, maTi maStabebi da xarisxi jer kidev ver

akmayofilebs moTxovnebs, gansakuTrebiT rTuli mdgomareobaa am mxriv xevsureTSi,

TuSeTsa da kaxeTSi. amasTan irkveva rom saqarTveloSi aris adgilebi, romelic ucx-

oel turistebs Tanamedrove infrastruqturis ararsebobis pirobebSic izidavs.

turistuli infrastruqturis sxva obieqtebis dabali xarisxi SeimCneva centraluri

magistralebis gaswvrivac (didi abreSumis gza da traseka) TiTqmis ar arsebobs saer-

TaSoriso standartis Sesabamisi turistuli da sxva infrastruqturis obieqtebi (tur-

istebis mosacdeli adgilebi, avto servisi, vaWrobisa da kvebis obieqtebi da sxva).

miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes saqarTveloSi arsebuli umaRlesi saswavleblebis

umravlesoba amzadebs turizmis specialistebs, Cvens qveyanaSi, iseve rogorc mTels

samxreT kavkasiaSi, dReisaTvis TiTqmis ar arsebobs turizmis profesiuli umaRlesi

skola, romelic orientirebuli iqneba saSualo da dabali personalis momzadebaze.

ara da, am rangis personalze moTxovna gacilebiT aWarbebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mqone specialistebze moTxovnas.

seriozuli problemaa enobrivi barieri - inglisuri enis Zalian kargi codniT

gamoirCeva mxolod ramdenime sastumro da turistuli saagento; sxva sastumroebisa

da restornebis umetesobaSi, rom araferi iTqvas maRaziebsa da sxva savaWro dawese-

bulebebze, ucxo enebs praqtikulad ar floben.

qarTuli turizmis konkurentunarianobisaTvis da msoflio bazarze sakuTari adgi-

lis damkvidrebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania qveynis reklamireba, saqarTvelos

rogorc axali qveynis aqtiurad warmoCena da danarCeni msofliosaTvis gacnoba.

turizmi qveynis imijia da misi ganviTareba SuZlebelia faqtorebis mTeli

sistemis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe. turizmi ver ganviTardeba, Tu qveyana politikurad

da ekonomikurad stabiluri ar aris.

2011


naira virsalaZee.a.d., quTaisis universitetis da akaki

wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis zogierTi aspeqtebi

soflis meurneoba materialuri warmoebis uZvelesi dargia. mas gadamwyveti

roli eniWeba mrewvelobis nedleuliT, xolo mosaxleobis kvebis produqtebiT

uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. ekonomikis sxva dargebisagan gansxvavebiT, soflis

meurneoba, specifikuri dargia, rac ganpirobebulia warmoebis procesze

bunebrivi faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. soflis meurneobaSi kvlavwarmoebis

procesi sazogadoebisa da bunebis kanonebis erToblivi zemoqmedebiT wari-

marTeba da warmoebis Sedegebi meryeobs wlebis mixedviT Camoyalibebuli

klimaturi pirobebis mixedviT, rac meurneobis gaZRolaSi stiqiur elementebs

warmoSobs. sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebaze araxelsayreli bunebriv-klima-

turi pirobebis zemoqmedebis winaaRmdeg gamoiyeneba mecnierul-teqnikuri

progresis miRwevebi, ekonomikuri, organizaciuli da sxva berketebi, magram

misi mTliani aRmofxvra saerTod SeuZlebelia.

saqarTvelo tradiciuli agraruri qveyanaa. soflis meurneobis ganvi-

TarebisaTvis mas yovelTvis sakmarisi resursi gaaCnda da ekonomikurad

aqtiuri mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawilic am sferoSi iyo dasaqmebuli.

dRes Cveni qveynis soflis meurneoba Zalian mZime, krizisul mdgomareobaSia.

Sesabamisad, mZime mdgomareobaSia soflis mosaxleobac. xelisuflebis mxridan

sofeli gansakuTrebul yuradRebas da daxmarebas moiTxovs. am dargis aRor-

ZinebaSi Tavisi Rirseuli wvlili unda Seitanos mecnier-analitikosebma.

ekonomikuri, politikuri da socialuri sakiTxebis kompleqsuri damuSavebis

safuZvelze maT unda uzrunvelyon agrarul seqtorSi arsebuli mdgomareo-

bis realuri Sefaseba, momavlis perspeqtivebis gansazRvra da amoqmedeba.

soflis meurneobisaTvis, iseve rogorc nebismieri sxva dargisaTvis,

ganmsazRvrels warmoadgens warmoebis faqtorebi. maTi mdgomareobis mixed-

viT qveyanaSi ZiriTadad SeiZleba arsebobdes sami aseTi situacia: pirveli,

rodesac warmoeba stabiluri, myaria da sabaziso resursebi ara mxolod martivi,

aramed gafarToebuli kvlavwarmoebis saSualebas iZlevian. meore, rodesac mdgo-

mareoba krizisulia da sabaziso resursuli faqtorebi ukve ver uzrunvelyofen

martiv kvlavwarmoebasac ki, rac ZiriTadad imiT aris gamowveuli, rom materialur-

teqnikuri baza ver pasuxobs moTxovnebs rogorc fizikuri, ise moraluri cveTis

gamo, xolo axlis SeZena ver xerxdeba. mesame, rodesac gaxangrZlivebulia kriz-

isuli mdgomareoba, rac sabazro urTierTobebze gadasvliT ki ar aris gamowveuli,

aramed am udidesi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis procesisadmi araTanmimdevruli,

araswori midgomiTa da ganxorcielebiT. swored es ukanasknwli aris dRevandeli

menejmenti

da

seqtoruli

ekonomika

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

54

saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis krizisuli mdgomareobis ZiriTadi mizezi.

aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvens qveyanaSi agraruli reforma ganxorcielda moumzade-

blad, naCqarevad, rTul kriminogenur da politikur situaciaSi, ramac gamoiwvia

miutevebeli Secdomebi. pirvel yovlisa, es iyo yovlad gaumarTlebeli qmedeba

msxvili koncentrirebuli sawarmoebis daSlisa da maT adgilze wvrilglexuri

naturaluri meurneobebis aRmocenebisa, ramac garkveul wilad Secvala soflis

meurneobis dargobrivi struqtura. mkveTrad Semcirda mosavlianoba da produqtiu-

loba, gaizarda danakargebi da daeca produqciis warmoebis done, gauaresda soflis

meurneobis ekonomikuri mdgomareoba, rac bunebrivia gamowveuli iyo sabazro ekono-

mikisaken mimavali gzis ekonomikuri strategiis arCevaSi daSvebuli SecdomebiT.

reformis dasawyisSi qveyanaSi arsebul 1582 soflis meurneobis sawarmodan

likvidirebil iqna 353. reorganizebuli da mewarmeTa Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli sxvadasxva organizaciul-samarTlebrivi formiT dafuZnda daax-

loebiT 1072 sawarmo, aqedan registrirebuli iyo mxolod 689 sawarmo, anu sawarmoTa

saerTo raodenobis 60,2%. 2007 wlis mixedviT registrirebul subieqtTa raodenobam

‘‘soflis meurneoba, nadiroba, satyeo meurneoba’’-Si Seadgina 3680 erTeuli. amJamad

yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia glexuri da fermeruli meurneobebi, romelTa ricxvi

milions aRemateba. erovnul ekonomikaSi dasaqmebuli 2767.3 aTasi kacidan soflis

meurneobis wilad modioda 685 aTasi kaci, anu 25,2%, 2007 wlisaTvis 1 704,3 aTasi

dasaqmebulidan 910,1 aTasi, anu 53,4% iyo. mTliani Sida produqtis dargobriv struq-

turaSi ‘‘soflis meurneoba, metyeveoba, nadiroba, TevzWera’’ 2007 wlisavis 9,2 procen-

tuli wiliT, xolo 2009 wlisaTvis - 8,3 %-iT xasiaTdeboda. (ix. cxrili 1)

2007 wlisaTvis soflis meurneobaSi warmoebuli produqciis moculobam Sead-

gina 2250,9 mln. lari, xolo 2009 wlisaTvis - 2117,4 mln. lari. warmoebis moculoba

2007-2009 wlebSi, miuxedavad fasebis zrdisa, Semcirda 5.9%-iT. memcenareobis produq-

cia 1051.7 mln. laridan Semcirda 927, 5 mln. laramde, anu klebam Seadgina 11.8%, xolo

mecxobeleobaSi warmoebis moculoba Semcirda 7.4 mln. lariT, anu 0.6 %-iT (ix.

cxrili 2)

cxrili 1

mTliani Sida produqtis struqtura (%)

2006 2007 2008 2009

soflis meurneoba, metyeveoba, nadi-

roba, TevzWera.

mrewveloba

mSenebloba

vaWroba

transporti da kavSirgabmuloba

sxva

11.2

14.8

6.9

13.6

11.

41.96

9.2

14.2

6.7

12.8

10.4

46.7

8.1

13.4

5.5

14.1

9.5

49.4

8.3

13.2

5.3

12.4

10.3

50.5

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, 2009.

statistikuri krebuli, Tb., 2010 gv., 17.

2011


mSp-is realurma zrdam 2010 wlisaTvis wina welTan SedarebiT 6.4% Seadgina,

xolo deflatoris zrda 8.7%-iT dafiqsirda. mSp ‘‘soflis meurneoba, nadiroba, sa-

tyeo meurneoba, TevzWera’’-Si 2009 wels Seadgina 1457,1 mln. lari, 2010 wels-1518,3 mln.

lari. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli 2009-2010 wlebSi gaizarda 104,2 %-i. mSp-s moculobam

mosaxleobis erT sulze imave periodSi Seadgina 4685,6 lari, anu 2629 aSS dolari,

rac 173.8 aSS dolariT metia wina wlis analogiur maCvenebelze. aqve unda iTqvas

isic, rom Cveni azriT es zrda gamowveulia ara warmoebis moculobis, aramed fasebis

zrdis Sedegad, rasac adasturebs zemoT motanili deflatoris maCvenebeli.

cxrili 2

soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoeba

(mimdinare fasebi, mln. lari.)

2006 2007 2008 2009

soflis meurneobis produqciis

warmoeba sul

memcenareoba

mecxoveleoba

sasoflo-sameurneo momsaxureba

2134.2

911.3

1165.3

57.6

2250.9

1051.7

1138.8

60.4

2202.9

918.1

1227.6

57.2

2117.4

927.5

1131.4

58.5

wyaro: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba, 2009. statis-

tikuri krebuli, Tb., 2010 gv., 18.

ojaxuri meurneobebi ZiriTadad funqcionirebs ekonomikis samomxmareblo sf-

eroSi, amasTan mas ufleba aqvs warmoebuli produqcia gayidos bazarze. magram

maT mier realizebuli produqciidan miRebuli Semosavali, ZiriTadad ixarjeba

piradi moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad da isini ver axerxeben damatebiTi moge-

bis miRebas da, Sesabamisad, warmoebis moculobis gazrdas. warmoebis moculobiT

ojaxuri meurneobebi ver jdeba klasikuri fermeruli meurneobis normaSi. mas

bazarze mxolod mcireodeni namati produqtis gatana SeuZlia, vinaidan mwiria misi

materialur-teqnikuri baza. ojaxuri meurneobebis gverdiT saxelmwifo miwebze saqmi-

anoben arendatorebi (romlebsac produqciis didi nawili gaaqvT bazarze) da didi

farTobebis mflobeli yofili sakanonmdeblo da xelisuflebis maRalCinosnebi, rom-

lebic miwis meorad ijariT gacemas awarmoeben an iyeneben daqiravebul Sromas.

amave kategorias miekuTvnebaian kapitalis mflobelTa is nawili, romlebic kapitals

soflis meurneobaSi abandeben. isini ZiriTadad sasaqonlo produqcias awarmoeben

da eqsportSic yvelaze meti xvedriTi wiliT xasiaTdebian.

bolo periodSi sul ufron mcirdeba sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis real-

izaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis wili ojaxuri meurneobebis fulad Semosav-

lebSi. Tu 2004 wlisaTvis aRniSnuli maCvenebeli Seadgenda 14,7%, 2007 wlisaTvis

Seadgina - 7.8%, xolo 2009 wlisaTvis ki kidev ufro Semcirda da mxolod 6%

Seadgina. (ix. cxrili 3)

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

56

cxrili 3

sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis realizaciidan miRebuli Semosavlebis

wili ojaxuri meurneobebis fulad SemosavlebSi (%)

wlebi 2006 2007 2008 2009

xvediTi wili 10.6 7.8 6.7 6.0

qveyanaSi dabalia sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebiT TviTuzrunvelyofa. saqarT-

velos mosaxleobis sasursaTo uzrunvelyofa sul ufro metad aris damokidebuli

importirebul produqtebze. bazari ZiriTadad gajerebulia garedan Semotanili

dabali xarisxis, nakleb saimedo sakvebi produqtebiT. statistikuri monacemebis

mixedviT 2009 wels saqarTvelos urTierTobebi hqonda msoflios 150-ze met qveya-

nasTan da sagareo savaWro brunvam Seadgina 5500, 1 mln. aSS dolari, rac 2005 welis

maCvenebels aRemateboda 2144,7 mln. dolariT anu 63.9%- iT. aseTi kavSirebis miuxe-

davad, saqarTvelo calmxrivadaa integrirebuli msoflio ekonomikasTan. dReisaT-

vis eqsporti 5-jer CamorCeba imports da Seadgens sagareo savaWro brunvis mx-

olod 19.2%-s, xolo danarCeni 80,8 % importze modis. sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebs

importis saerTo moculobaSi uWiravs daaxloebiT 34,9 %, xolo eqsportis saerTo

moculobaSi 39,7%. sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis importirebis kuTxiT saqarT-

velo gare samyarosTan metwilad dakavSirebulia iseTi strategiuli, sasicocxlo

daniSnulebis produqciiT, rogoricaa xorbali. eqsportis poziciidan ki Cveni qveya-

nis produqcia, rogoricaa Rvino, xili, citrusi da a. S. araa strategiuli, pirve-

ladi, aucilebeli moxmarebis.

saqarTvelos ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi soflis meurneobas wamyvani roli eki-

sreba. misi wili mTlian Sida produqtSi ki TandaTanobiT klebulobs (2009 wlis

monacemebiT Seadgina 8,3%, maSin rodesac gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebSi 25 %-s

Seadgenda).

arsebuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, soflis meurneobis mdgradi ganvi-Tarebis misaRwevad aucilebelia Sromis mwarmoeblurobis mkveTri gadideba, war-

moebuli produqciis moculobis gazrda, misi TviTRirebulebis Semcireba da msof-

lio bazarze konkurentunarianobis amaRleba. saWiroa samamulo warmoebis ise gan-

viTareba, rom moxdes importirebuli produqciis samamulo warmoebis produqciiT

Canacvleba, rac xels Seuwyobs mosaxleobis dasaqmebas, gazrdis maT Semosavlebs,

moTxovnebsa da keTildReobis dones, qveyana naklebad iqneba damokidebuli egzo-

genur faqtorebze da mogvardeba mosaxleobis sasursaTo usafrTxoebis uzrunve-

lyofis problema.

analizi cxadyofs, rom sruliad SesaZlebelia moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba

ZiriTad sakveb produqtebze Cveni qveynis sasoflo-sameurneo resursebiT. mTavaria

Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da teqnikis miRwevebis fonze, SevZloT qveynis miwis fon-

dis srulad, racionalurad da efeqturad gamoyenebis organizeba, davsaxoT konkre-

2011


tuli gzebi resursuli potencialis sameurneo brunvaSi CarTvis, miwis produq-

tiulobis maqsimizaciis miRwevisa da niadagis nayofierebis amaRlebisaTvis.

Tanamedrove etapze aucileblad migvaCnia wvrili, daqsaqsuli formis glexuri

meurneobebi gardaiqmnas sasoflo-sameurneo kooperativebad, rac maT saSualebas

miscems moZlierdnen da aimaRlon keTildReoba, isargeblon msxvili meurneobis

upiratesobiT; gamoiyenon krediti TiTqmis imave pirobebiT, rogorc komerciulma

sawarmoebma, Semoitanos da warmoebaSi danergos progresuli teqnologiebi, daasaq-

mos maRali kvalifikaciis mqone SromiTi resursebi, uzrunvelyos uxvmosavliani

kulturebisa da maRalproduqtiuli cxoveluri jiSebis gamravleba, mcenareTa

da cxovelTa dacva, awarmoos uxvi, konkurentunariani produqcia da gayidos

maRali fasiT, rogorc amas akeTeben msxvili sawarmoebi. kooperaciis saTaveSi dgas

damoukidebeli mewarme, romelic Tavisi riskiT uZRveba meurneobas, kooperacia ar

uqmnis safrTxes glexuri meurneobis damoukideblobas, piriqiT zrdis meurneobis

efeqtianobas da amaRlebs mis teqnikur dones.

sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis ganviTarebisa da soflis aRorZinebis umniS-

vnelovanesi pirobaa infrastruqturis Camoyalibebuli sistema, misi gegmazomieri,

Tanmimdevruli aRorZineba. am sferom unda uzrunvelyos soflis iersaxis Secv-

la, misi galamazeba da xalxis yofiTi pirobebis miaxloeba msoflios mowinave

qveynebis doneebTan, rac soflad axalgazrdobis dasaqmeba-damagrebas da SromiTi

resursebis problemis optimalurad gadaWras Seuwyobs xels.

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

58

akaki bakuraZe

e.a.d., quTaisis universitetis da

akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori

avadobis ekonomikuri Sedegebis Semcirebis sakiTxisaTvis

„miwyale me, ufalo, rameTu uZlur var; ganmkurne me, ufalo,

rameTu SemiZrwundes Zualni Cemni“ (fs. 6, 2)

„... mkurnaloba uzenaesisgan aris“ (zir. 38, 2)

XX saukunis bolos saqarTveloSi iwyeba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axali

sabazro modelis arCeva. samwuxarod, am procesis gaWianurebam gamoiwvia qveynis

samomavlo mimarTulebebSi da perspeqtivebSi mkveTri cvlilebebi, rac aisaxa

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela mxareze, maT Soris ZiriTadad, socialur da

demografiul procesebze da, raTqma unda, mosaxleobis janmrTelobis, saerTo

jamSi, maTi cxovrebis doneze. Sesabamisad, dRis wesrigSi dadga janmrTelobis

donis gaumjobesobis swrafi da produqtiuli programebis SemuSaveba-gatareba,

Tumca rogorc praqtikam aCvena - uSedegod.

SemuSavebuli programebis ZiriTad miznad yovelTvis rCeba mosaxleo-

bis jamrTelobis donis sruli gaumjobesoba da mis kvalobaze mravali

makroekonomikuri maCveneblebis gazrda, radgan is pirdapir zemoqmedebs

qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis ganx-

orcielebaze. rogorc samedicino TvalsazrisiT, ise ekonomikuri analizis

moTxovnaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, janmrTelobis donis Semajamebel, integrirul

maCveneblad gvevalineba sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba dabadebisas

(s.m.x.d.), radgan sikvdilis mizezebi gamoxatulia ZiriTadSi daavadebebis sax-

iT, amitom daavadebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli prevenciuli brZolis Sedegebi

xSir SemTxvevaSi pirdapir gansazRvraven s.m.x.d.-s zomas.

samecniero literaturiT cnobilia, rom s.m.x.d. pirdapir damokidebu-

lia, ZiriTadSi, bunebriv-geografiuli, ekologiuri, higienuri da sawarmoo

ganviTarebis (aq gasaTvaliswinebelia Sromis dacvis da dazRvevis pirobe-

bic) faqtorebis cvlilebaze. aseve sainteresoa sxva maxasiaTeblebis analizi,

rogoricaa: erT sul mosaxleze mSp-s moculobis zrdis tempi, dasaqmebisa

da danaSaulobis donis cvlileba, migraciis saldos sididis da cxovrebis donis

diferenciaciis maCveneblis cvlileba1 (aucilebeli Seswavlil iqnas agreTve, saarse-

bo minimumis, pensiis odenobis, ojaxis keTildReobis da sxva maCvenebelTa gavlenas)

da a.S.

„gawelili“ krizisuli situaciis fonze, saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebuli mniS-

1 Прохоров Б. и др., Условия жизни населения и общественное здоровье, электронная версия бюлетения «Население и общество» /www.demoscope.ru/

marTlmadidebloba

da

eTikuri

principebi

ekonomikaSi

2011


vneloba unda mieqces biznesis ganviTarebis maCveneblebis dinamikas da, rac mTavaria,

umuSevrobis donis cvlilebas, radgan umetes SemTxvevaSi mosaxleobis (miT umetes,

mniSvnelovani nawilis) Semosavlebis simcire pirdapir moqmedeben daavadebis six-

Sireze... „TviT msoflio praqtikam aCvena, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi yovelwliurad

gakotrebul sawarmoTa xvedriTi wili 5%-a, rac ZiriTadSi gamowveulia araswori me-

nejmentiT, xolo ganviTarebul qveynebSi am maCveneblis mkveTri zrda mosalodnelia

ekonomikuri faqtorebis uaRresad arasasurveli cvlilebiT, politikuri arastabi-

lurobiT, socialuri da ekonomikuri riskebis maRali doniT, sagadasaxado tvirTiT,

regionul Tu msoflio krizisul situaciebze pirdapiri damokidebulebiT“2 da a.S.

Sesabamisad, xelisufleba unda iTvaliswinebdes cxovrebis dabali doniT gamowveul

SesaZlo Sedegebs. rogorc Cans, am mimarTulebiT Cvens qveyanaSi jer kidev bevri ram

aris gasakeTebeli.

dadga dro, roca mecnier-ekonomistTa (medikosebTan erTad) gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba unda mieqces mosaxleobis „sazogadoebriv janmrTelobis“ ekonomikur Se-

fasebas da mis cvlilebaze momqmedi faqtorebis Seswavlas da maT SesaZlo gavlenas

socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. samwuxarod, Tanamedrove samecniero-kvleviTi

literatura ar icnobs „jamrTelobis fasis“ iseT ekonomikur Teorias, an gamokvl-

evas, romelic mogcemda daavadebebidan (tramvebidan) „zaralis“ gaangariSebis zust

teqnologias, Tumca arsebuli meTodologiuri safuZvlebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebe-

lia misi miaxloebiTi gansazRvra, romelic gamoiyeneba kidec rogorc mTeli qveynis

masStabiT, ise sawarmoos magaliTzec.

aseT analizSi Sefasebis ZiriTad maCveneblad daavadebiT (tramvebis) dakarguli

kac-dReebi iTvleba, romelTa Sejereba xerxdeba mxolod „sazogadoebrivi janmrTelo-

bisa“ da ekonomikis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebiT. ufro martivad rom vTqvaT, Seswavlili

unda iqnes da gaizomos kavSiri sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare samedicino da

socialur-demografiul procesebs Soris... analizis Catarebis sisrulezea damokide-

buli, miiRweva Tu ara maqsimaluri sizustiT gaangariSebuli is efeqti, romelsac

janmrTelobis dacvaSi Cadebuli TiToeuli lari miscems sazogadoebas, an is mosal-

odneli zarali, romelsac aacilebs mas... gasarkvevi iqneba aseve, rogor aisaxeba igi

s.m.x.d.-s sididis cvlilebaze, mosaxleobis cxovrebis doneze da a.S.

zogadad, daavadebas iwvevs meqanikuri, fizikuri, qimiuri, biologiuri da fsiqo-

genuri mizezebi, romelTa gamomwvevi SeiZleba iyos TviT Sinagani pirobebi, epid-

emiebi, ubeduri SemTxvevebi, danaSauloba (sxeulis dazianeba) da stiqiuri ubedure-

bani. sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesobisaTvis aucilebelia

daavadebis mizezebis prevenciuli RonisZiebebis sruli dafinanseba, rac momavalSi

dadebiTad aisaxeba mosaxleobis janmrTelobis da, saerTo jamSi, cxovrebis donis

amaRlebaze.

mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli xarjebidan yvelaze mniSvnelova-

nia mkurnalobaze danaxarjebi, romlis Rirebulebis Sefasebis or xerxze SevaCerebT

yuradRebas:

2 Семехин И., Экономика убыточного предприятия, «Проблемы прогнозирования», 1999 г., №3. электронная версия /www.ecfor.ru/

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

60

1. mkurnalobisa da reabilitaziciis saxelmwifo xarjebi+jandacvis mimarTulebis

socialuri daxmarebebi+mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvaze gaweuli sxva xarjebi;

2. mTliani Sida produqtis nawili, romelic gviCvenebs daavadebaTa gamo droe-

biT an mudmivad dakarguli Sromisunarianobis Sedegad miRebul saerTo zarals3.

mosaxleobis avadoba ZiriTadi jgufebis mixedviT 2003-2008 ww.4

maCvenebeli 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

pirvelad dadgenili diagnoziT

registrirebuli daavadebebis

ricxovnoba, aTasi SemTxveva

574,8 621,0 695,2 761,0 767,8 807,5

avadobis maCvenebeli yovel 1000

kacze, %-Si7,55 6,95 6,22 5,78 5,72 5,43

am xerxebis gamoyenebiT, wlis manZilze nebismieri periodisaTvis, droebiT

Sromisunaris dakargvis gamo, ekonomikuri zarali warmoadgens Rirebulebas, romelic

SeiZleba miaxloebiT gaviangariSoT formuliT5:

( )NMGDPDE ++⋅= 1

365sadac, D - SromisuunarobiT droebiT dakarguli dReebis ricxvia,

1GDP - mSp-s

nawilia, romelic daikarga daavadebis gamo sawarmoo procesSi, M - klinikebSi

mkurnalobaze avadmyofTa mier gaRebuli xarjebis Rirebulebaa, xolo N - avadmyofebis

mkurnalobaze gaweuli saxelmwifo xarjebia.Aanalogiuri gaangariSeba SesaZlebelia sawarmoTa donezec. am SemTxvevaSi

SemoaqvT daavadebis (tramvis) sixSirisa da sirTulis koeficientebi. pirveli gviCvenebs

Tu ramdeni muSaki daavadda 1000 momuSaveze (konkretulad, i -ri daavadebiT), xolo

meore - Tu ramdeni dRiT mocda erTi muSa am daavadebis gamo. saerTo jamSi, orive

koeficientis namravli iZleva Tu ramdeni kac-dRe iqna dakarguli (e.w. saSiSroebis

koeficienti). saerTo jamSi, formula miiRebs saxes:

sirT.sixS.saSiS. KKK ⋅=Sesabamisad, rTuli ar aris gaviangariSoT nebismieri daavadebiT gamowveuli

mocdenebis ekonomikuri zarali, rogorc TiToeuli kac-dRisaTvis, ise saerTodac.

SeiZleba iTqvas, „daavadebis“ arsSi garkveva (berZ. „nosos“ - daavadeba.) warmoadgens kacobriobis yvelaze Zvel problemas. istoriam da Tanmimdevrulma dakvirvebebma

aCvena, rom avadmyofoba aris organizmis sicocxlisunarianobis normaluri pirobebis

rRveva... zogadad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamiani kargavs garemosTan Seguebis Tvisebebs

da mas SeuZlia miiyvanos igi jer Sromisunaris SezRudvamde, Semdeg SesaZloa ufro

damZimdes da ..., anu nel-nela ikargeba organizmis „TavdacviTi“ funqcia.

amdenad, daavadeba SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc organizSi mimdinare sxeulis

damangreveli da TavdacviTi tendenciebis urTierTsawinaaRmdego urTierToba.

msoflios jandacvis organizaciis ganmartebiT: „daavadeba esaa sruli fizikuri,

3 aq ar viTvaliwinebT gardacvalebis gamo miRebul danakargebs.

4 wyaro: www.statistucs.ge5 gaangariSebis sruli suraTi ixileT: Прохоров Б. и др., Общественное здоровье и экономика, электронная версия /www.ecfor.ru/

2011


fsiqologiuri da socialuri keTildReobis saerTo mdgomareobis moSla“6. avadmyofobis mizezad ki asaxeleben im faqtorebs, romlebic iwvevs daavadebas da

organizmze aisaxeba specifikuri TaviseburebiT, Tumca isini gansxvavdebian sikvdilis

mizezTa da faqtorTa klasifikaciisgan. magaliTad, sikvdilis mizezi SeiZleba iyos

gul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadeba, xolo igi SeiZleba gamoiwvios mravalma faqtorma (SiSi,

avaria, alkoholizmi da a.S.). daavadebis, rogorc movlenis (procesis), Seswavlilobis

arsebobs mravali midgoma, Tu koncefcia da aq sayuradReboa qristianuli swavleba

daavadebaze, mis raobasa da marTvaze.

„ufalo RmerTo Cemo, RaRad-vyav Sendami da ganvikurno“ (fs. 29, 3). SesaZlebelia

Tu ara daavadebaTa marTvaSi qristianuli eklesiis swavlebis efeqturad gamoyeneba?

qristianTa cxovrebis praqtikam aCvena, rom avadmyofoba gulisxmis-yofis, sakuTar

TavSi Caxedvis da SesaZleblobebSi darwmunebis, locvis xarisxis zrdis da a.S.

saSualebaa. gankurva morCilebiT, moTminebiT, RvTisadmis madlierebiT ganwyobiT,

simxneviT, sasoebiT, uSiSobiT... wyalobiT miiRweva, romelic SesaZlebelia mkurnalobis

efeqturi kursis Catarebis kvalad. RvTisaken sulier xmobasTan erTad, adamianma unda

izrunos mis jamrTelobaze, sxeulis simrTeleze, gansakuTrebiT „ZiriTad“ organoebze.

rogorc wm. esaia ganSorebuli gvaswavlis: „... vidre jer kidev Sens sxeulSi xar, nu

moasusteb Sens guls... arc adamians aqvs ufleba moasustos guli, vidre pirSi suli

udgas“ (saTnomoyvareoba, I nawili, saeklesio biblioTeka V, Tb., 2006 w., gv., 51)

Cvenda sasixarulod, me-20 saukunis bolos daiwyo socialur-ekonomikuri

movlenebisa da procesebis marTvaSi qristianuli swavlebis danergva, rac Tanamedrove

periodSi da qarTul sinamdvileSi „axali mecnierebis“ - Teologiuri ekonomikis

- mecnierulma winsvlebma gamoiwvia. am mxriv mimarTulma gamokvlevebma moicva

sazogadoebis marTvis TiTqmis yvela sfero. „bolo wlebSi ekonomikis ZiriTadi

principebis marTmadidebluri gaazrebis kuTxiT saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovani nabijebi

gadaidga, gamoica naSromebi, Catarda samecniero forumebi da a.S. TandaTan ikveTeba

SedarebiT axali mimarTulebis - Teologiuri ekonomikis saWiroeba“7, romelmac

udidesi roli unda iTamaSos qarTveli xalxis cxovrebaSi, sazogadoebis marTvaSi

da qarTuli saxelmwifos ekonomikur winsvlasa da saboloo CamoyalibebaSi.

„da viTarca movida igi mier kerZo sofelsa mas gergesevelTasa, SeemTxvines

mas orni eSmakeulni, romelni gamovidodes saflavebisagan, friad borotni, vidreRa

vervis xel-ewifeboda warslva mier gziT“ (mT. 8, 28; Sedar.: iob. 1, 6). am muxlidan

Cans mkafiod, rom boroti sulebi namdvilad arseboben da rom maT mier Sepyrobili

adamianebi ukiduresad avaddebian da, arcTu iSviaTad, fizikuri sikvdilis xvedrnic

xdebian. aseTma faqtebma SeiZleba miiRos yvelaze xanglZlivi da mZime sneulebis

saxe da, madloba RmerTs, rom adamianTa umravlesobas aqvs RvTisadmi miswrafeba, sxva

pirobebSi yvela es SemTxveva savalalo SedegiT damTavrdeba.

„... romelman gankurna yovelni sneulebani Senni“ (fs. 102, 3). janmrTelobac da

avadmyofobac, Tuki maT sarwmunoebiT movixmarT, RvTis gangebulebis xelSi mxolod

6 www. nozologia.ru. 7 CixlaZe n., ekonomika da marTmadidebluri swavleba, Tb., 2009 w., gv. 7

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

62

Cveni xsnis saSualebebia, magram Tu TviTneburad mivudgebiT, Cveni daRupvac SeuZlia“8.

„WeSmaritad moazrovne adamians erTi gulmodgineba aqvs: daemorCilos da saTno-

eyos yovelTa RmerTs, da mxolodRa amisken ganswavlos Tavisi suli, Tu rogor

esaTnoos RmerTs, rom rac ar unda SeemTxves mas cxovrebaSi, hmadlobdes uflis

amgvar da esoden winagangebasa da yovlis warmmarTvelobas, radgan umarTebuloa, rom,

erTi mxriv, madlobas vuZRvnideT eqimebs maSinac ki, rodesac isini mware da CvenTvis

usiamovno wamlebs gvaZleven sxeulis gasajamrTeleblad, RvTis mimarT ki, imaT gamo,

rac samZimo Cans CvenTvis, umadurni viyoT da ar vicodedT, rom yovelive jerovnad

da Cvenda sargeblad xdeba winagangebis Sesabamisad, vinaidan RvTismimarTi codna da

rwmena cxonebaa da srulyofileba sulisa“.9

ioanes saxarebaSi motanil erT istoriaSi, gankurnebuls qriste RmerTi mimarTavs:

„... aha cocxal iqmen, nuRara scodav, raჲTa ara uZviresi raჲme geyos Sen“ (in. 5, 14). am sityvebidan Cans, rom Cvens codvebs da sneulebebs Soris iseTive kavSiria, rogorc

mizezsa da Sedegs Soris. marTlac, vidre pirvelma adamianebma - adamma da evam - ar

Sescodes, manamde isini iyvnen srulyofili adamianebi, Sesabamisad, - srulni suliTac

da xorciTac. rogorc ki daarRvies uflis mcneba, gamoavlines urCoba da Sescodes,

umalve mohyva salmoba (sneuloba, avadoba) da, sabolood, fizikuri sikvdili.

igive SegviZlia vTqvaT yovelRdiur cxovrebaze. yvela codvas, gansakuTrebiT ki

xangrZlivsa da gamudmebuls, usaTuod dahyveba Tan bunebrivi simwyobris darRveva

da misi mudmivi Tanmxlebni - sneulebani da tanjva. roca gvecodineba, Tu saidan

momdinareobs Cveni sneulebebi, ufro dakvirebulni da frTxilni viqnebiT sakuTari

Tavis mimarT da yoveli RoniT vecdebiT aRar SevcodoT, an Tavidan aviciloT codva,

rogorc mizezi Cveni sxeulebrivi da sulieri sneulebisa, uZlurebisa... „Cvens Tavs

mowevnul sneulebebSi, pirvel yovlisa, sulieri kurneba unda veZeboT, - codvaTagan

ganviwmidoT suli, da mxolod maSin, Cveni sneulebebis mizezis - codvis motevebasTan

erTad srulad gamojansaReba mogvemadleba“.10

„ratom gakvnesebs Seni Wriloba, ukurnebeli satkivari? Seni didi danaSaulis

gamo, codvebi rom gagimravlda, giyavi es yvelaferi“ (ier. 30, 15) aRar daoben, rom

daavadeba warmoadgens pirvelyofili codvis Sedegs. adamianuri gagebiT, daavadebis

gamomwvevi SeiZleba iyos mravali fiziologiuri mizezi, pirvel rigSi ki - misi

cxovrebis wesi: „gaumaZRrobiT mravalni aResrulnen, TavSekavebuli ki sicocxles

ixangrZlivebs“ (zir. 37, 31). eklesiis mamaTa swavlebiT11 aq mxolod zedmeti sakvebis

miRebaze araa saubari, aramed adamianis nebismieri, aseve, saxmari nivTebis mimarT

usazRvro ltolvis moTokvaze, rameTu igi SeiZleba Camoyalibdes rogorc mania,

codvisken midrekileba, rac aucileblad daRupavs mas! wm. basili didis TqmiT:

„... daavadebebi xSirad warmoadgenen codvaTa gamo dasjas, raTa gaiRviZos CvenSi

uflisadmi siyvarulma da morCilebam“.12

8 wm. Teofane dayudebuli, darigebani sulieri cxovrebisaTvis, m., 1994 w., gv., 39

9 wm. antoni didi, „saTnomoyvareoba“, I nawili, saeklesio biblioTeka V, Tb., 2006 w., gv., 10-11

10 sakvirao saxarebaTa ganmarteba, Tb., 2001 w., gv., 49

11 Феофан Затворник, святитель. Письма. III., ст. 47712 Творения иже во святых отца нашего Василия Великого, архиепископа Кесарии Каппадокийской. Сергиев Посад, 1901. Т. 5. ст. 172

2011


„rasa hxmob Semusrvasa Sensa zeda? iZulebiT ars lmoba Seni simravlisaTvis

usjuloebaTa SenTasa, rameTu ganZlierdes ra codvani Senni, giyunes Sen eseni“ (ier. 30,

15). pasuxi erTia - daavadebis gamomwvevi mniSvnelovani mizezi (!) aris codva. „nuTu

ityvi, rom yvela daavadeba codvisganaa? raTqma unda yvela ara... zogierTi daavadeba

Cvens gamosacdeladaa sikeTeSi“.13 an kidev: „gvigzavnis RmerTi zog daavadebas

sasjelad, rogorc epitamias; zogs - gamosafxizleblad, Wkuaze rom moegos adamiani;

zogs - ubedurebis asacileblad, raTa ar Cavardes masSi adamiani, roca janmrTeli

iqneboda; zogi - adamianma rom aCvenos moTmineba da amiT daimsaxuros momavali

jildo; zogi vnebaTa gansawmedad da, saerTod, mravlisaTvis...“14

„rameTu moaklda salmobiT cxoreba Cemi da weliwadni Cemni sulTqumiT;

mouZlurda glaxakebiTa Zali Cemi da Zualni Cemni SeZrwundes“ (fs. 30, 11). siZabune,

uZlureba da tanjva adamians gansakuTrebul viTarebaSi ayeneben. es viTareba an unda

gavigoT rogorc RvTis mowodeba, misken moqcevis SesaZlebloba, sinanuli, an moTmineba

im codvaTagan gasawmendelad, romelTagan Tavis daRwevas CveniT ver SevZlebT,

an rogorc gansacdeli, Rvawli, romliTac adamiani mowamis „gvirgvins moixveWs“.

swored amaSi mdgomareobs arsi qristianuli Sexedulebebisa avadmyofobaze, rogorc

RvTisgan mowodebaze“.15 adamiani, sadac ar unda imyofebodes is, yovelTvis SfoTavs

da cdilobs izrunos misi jamrTelobis mdgomareobaze. jamrTelobis dazianeba,

an daavadeba mTeli cxovreba Tan gvsdevs da bolos dgeba gardacvaleba. rogorc

daviT mefsalmune mogviTxrobs: „welni Cuenni viTarca dedazardli iwurTides. dReni

weliwadTa CuenTani maT Tana sameocdaaT wel... da umravlesi maTi Sroma da salmoba;

rameTu movida Cuen zeda simSvide, da Cuen ganviswavleniT“ (fs. 89, 9-10).

„hrqua mas iesu: aRdeg, aRiRe cxedari Seni da vidode!“ (in. 5, 8. Sedar.: mT. 9, 6;

mark. 2, 11). wm. mamaTa swavlebiT saxarebis am nawilebidan gamosayofia macxovris

sami sityva: „aRdeg, aRiRe da vidode“. am sityvebSi aris udidesi da idumali ZaliT

mowodeba, kerZod:

- aRdeg! - codvaTa miteveba, patieba (mizezTagan sneulebisa);

- aRiRe cxedari Seni! - ZalTa dabruneba, aRdgena (gankurneba);

- vidode! - janmrTelobis sruli dabruneba (momavalSi mcnebaTa dacvis

pirobiT).

faqtia, rom mTeli kacobrioba miiswrafvis da etaneba yvela saxis codvas da

Semdeg ganicdis mis Sedegebs: „SfoTs, wuxils, gansacdels, siviwroves da yovelgvar

ubedurebas, romelsac sikvdili mosdevs. am yovladdamRupveli codvisagan

gamomxsneli aris ufali ieso qriste!“16 daavadeba da codva urTierTdakavSirebuli

cnebebia. radganac codva mizezia Cveni daavadebebisa, amitom mavanT surT, rom „...codva

adamianis zneobriv arasrulfasovnebad aexsnaT, garkveuli moraluri etalonidan

gadaxrad, gonebasa da grZnobas Soris disonansad... zogjer ki SemTxveviTobad da

Secdomad, araswor gadawyvetilebad warmoedginaT. isini codvis mizezebs aRzrdis

13 Иоанн Златоуст, святитель. Беседы на Евангелие от Иоанна. 38. 114 Феофан Затворник, святитель. Письма. I. ст., 4215 zorini k., gnebavs ganikurno? Tb., 2003 w. gv., 31

16 wm. ioane kronStandteli, qristianuli filosofia, Tb., 2003 w., gv., 59

ekonomikuri profili

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64

naklovanebaSi, arasakmaris ganaTlebaSi... socialur usamarTlobaSi xedaven“17 da ara

sulieri TvaliT xedaven da zraxaven. Tumca morwmunes, „qristians marTebs sakuTari

Tavis mimarT gamudmebuli yuradReba, sinanuli, simdable, locva, TavSekaveba; rameTu

eSmakis modgma, romelic mudam sxvadasxva codviT gvaSfoTebs, mxolod locviTa da

marxviT ganidevneba“.18

„Cvens sicocxles erTi mteri hyavs - es codvaa... da ra sixarbiT hkrefs es

batoni Tavis Ralas!...“19 rogor davicvaT Tavi? „ekrZaleniT TavTa TquenTa, nuukue

damZimden gulni Tquenni SuebiTa da mTrvalobiTa da zrunviTa amis soflisaTa...“20

(lk. 21, 34.) „TavSekaveba, borotebaTdaTmena, mrTelcnobiereba, gamtanoba, gamZleoba da

sxva. amaTi msgavsi, ai, es udidesi saTnoebiTi Zalmosilebani gvaqvs miRebuli RvTisgan,

romlebic, Segvewevian ra, Seebmian da win aRudgebian mopirispire siZneleebs“.21

TavisTavad, adamianis survili - gamojamrTeldes aris bunebrivi Txovna

RvTisadmi da codvad ar iTvleba. daiTmino daavadeba, qristianis valdebulebaa,

magram unda „iTxovo RvTisgan gamojamrTeleba im mizniT, rom mtkice gadawyvetilebiT

gamoiyeno dabrunebuli simrTele da siZliere RvTisadmi msaxurebaSi da ara

codvisaTvis...“22, Tumca sicocxlis manZilze aris iseTi „daavadebebi, roca ufali

adamians adebs gamojamrTelebis akrZalvas, radgan RmerTi xedavs, rom daavadeba

ufro Wirdeba mis suls gadarCenisaTvis, vidre gamojamrTeleba“23, amitom eqimis

mier daavadebis zustad dadgenisa da swori mkurnalobis daniSvnis pirobebSic

ki Tu ar Sewyda igi, adamianma ar unda iCqaros dagmos esa Tu is garemoeba,

ganikiTxos eqimi, an ufro uaresi, Cavardes usasoobasa da RvTis gmobaSi, aramed

unda gaZlierdes locvaSi da darwmundes im faqtSi, rom yovelive es misTvisaa da

misi cxonebisaTvis.

„Svilo, Sens sneulebas nu miayrueb, aramed Seevedre ufals da gankurnavs...“

(zir. 38, 9). wmida mamaTa ganmartebiT: avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi wrfeli guliT unda

SevevedroT ufals, raTa Segviwyalos da gagvwmindos Cveni codvebisagan, romlebic

dasneulebis mizezia. „RmerTi ugzavnis adamians sneulobas, radgan Tuki is ar

drtvinvas da hmadlobs ufals, umaRlesi didebis Rirsi xdeba“24. ase rom, daavadebis

dros upirvelesad unda vevedroT yovlisSemZle ufals, yovladwmida RvTismSobels,

mfarvel angelozebs, mTavarangalozebs da wmidanebs, raTa Sewyalebul iqnas Cveni

suli da mogvaniWos RmerTma sxeulis simrTele. „mowyaleo ufalo, awca gamoavline

didebulni saswaulni Senni da daTrgune boronotri Zalni, mokvdine usjuloebani,

Wrilobani gangvimrTele, mkurnal eyavn senTa CuenTa da yovelTTa bilwebaTa, saqmeTa

saeSmakoTa da borot metyvelTagan gvixsen Cuen“.25

17 arqimandriti rafaeli (karelini), risTvis gviTmens ufali?! Tb., 2006 w., gv., 93

18 wm. ioane kronStandteli, qristianuli filosofia, Tb., 2003 w., gv., 55

19 lazares aRdgineba, Tb., 1991 w., gv., 176

20 sxva TargmaniT: „frTxilad iyaviT, raTa ar damZimdes Tqveni guli gancxromiT (RreobiT), simTvraliTa (loTo-

biT) da amqveyniuri sazrunaviT“ (sicocxleze zrunviT)... Sedar.: rom. 13, 13; 1Tes. 5, 6 da sxv.

21 wm. antoni didi, saTnomoyvareoba, I nawili, saeklesio biblioTeka V, Tb., 2006 w., gv., 11

22 Игнатий (Брянчанинов), святитель. О чудесах и знамениях. II. ст. 323 Феофан Затворник, святитель. Письма. VI, ст. 101824 zorini k., gnebavs ganikurno? Tb., 2003 w. gv., 30

25 paraklisi yovelgvar sneulebasa zeda, Tb., 2002 w., gv., 17

2011


kidev erTxel xilul istoriul saswaulebze, romlebzec gviambobs wmida

werili. „... aha kaci savse keTrovnebiTa. viTarca ixila man iesu, davarda pirsa zeda

Tჳssa, evedreboda mas da etyoda: ufalo, ukueTu gindes, Zal-gic gankurnebad Cemda. da

ganyo xeli, Seaxo mas da hrqua: mnebavs, ganwmideni! da meyseulad ganeSora keTrovneba

igi misgan.“ (lk. 5, 12-13). wm. Teofilaqte (bulgareli) askvnis, rom „keTrovani mivida

iesosTan ara rogorc mxolod eqimTan, aramed TviT ufalTan da RmerTTan, anu

yovelTa sulTa da sxeulTa mkurnalTan“26... amave dros, es didi gakveTilia CvenTvisac,

ramdenadac avadmyofobis dros gmarTebs moTmineba, rameTu keTrovani swored ase

moiqca, roca ieso kapernaumis gzaze qadagebda da man (keTrovanma) ki ar Seawyvetina

qadageba qristes, aramed daicada bolomde da roca ieso Camovida SemaRlebuli

adgilidan, maSin iTxova gankurneba.27

„da mohgurides mas yovelTa borotad sneulTa TiTo-saxeTagan senTa da guemiTa

SepyrobilTa da eSmakeulTa da cisad-cisad guemulTa da ganrRueulTa, da gankurna

igini“ (mT. 4, 24; mark. 6, 55). eklesiis mamaTa swavlebiT „miyavdaT masTan Sepyrobilni

boroti Zalebisagan, RvTis daSvebiT rom eufleboda xalxs maTi arawminda da codvili

cxovrebisaTvis“28. rogorc Cans, ufali yvelas kurnavda ara adamianuri ZaliT, ara

raime samkurnalo xelovnebiT, aramed Tavisi yovlismomcveli RvTaebriviZlierebiT.

amdenad, qriste RmerTs misdevdnen sasoebiT, rom mas SeeZlo maTTvis Seendo Secodebani

da amis Semdeg ganekurna isini (Sedar.: mT. 8, 28-32; mark. 1, 24).

„da aha esera keTrovani vinme mouxda, Tayuanis-scemda mas da etyoda: ufalo,

ukueTu gindes, Zalgic ganwmeda Cemi. da miyo xeli Tჳsi iesu, Seaxo mas da hrqua: mnebavs, ganwmideni! da meyseulad ganwmidna igi keTrovnebisa misgan“ (mT. 8, 2-3; mark. 1, 40-45;

lk. 5, 12-14). wmida werilis am nawilTa ganmartebisas, eklesiis mamebi ganmartaven, rom

ganRveulma imediT Sexeda „Tavisi codvebis Semcnobs, exla gaubedavad rom umzerda

yovelives mkurnal iesos: nu geSinin, Svilo! mogetevnen Sen codvani Senni“, romlebic

aSfoTeben sacodav mis suls.29 analogiuri gvxdeba markoz maxareblis TxrobasTan,

roca „... ixila iesu sarwmunoebaჲ igi maTi da hrqua ganrRueulsa mas: Svilo, migetevnen

Sen codvani Senni!“ (mark. 2, 5), kvlav meordeba mTavari azri: jer unda ganiwmidos kaci

codvebisagan da maTi mitevebis Semdeg SeuZlia mas sruliad ganikurnos!30 sayuradReboa

erTi faqtic. kerZod, markozis saxarebis me-2 Tavis dasawyisSi moTxrobili ganRvelis

gankurnebis istoriidan - „da ixila iesu sarwmunoebaჲ igi maTi da hrqua ganrRueulsa

mas: Svilo, migetevnen Sen codvani Senni!“ (mrk. 2, 5) - yurad unda viRoT erTmaneTis

gulisTvis locva RvTis winaSe, rameTu qristem swored aseTi SemweobisTvis da

rwmenisTvis daajildova sneuli sruli kurnebiT.

„38 wlis ganmavlobaSi mZime uZlurebaSi myofi ganrRveuli, misi rwmena RvTisa

da sasoeba Sewevnisa, gasaocaria - 38 wlis tanjvam da warumateblobam gankurvis

mcdelobaSi ver Searyia masSi rwmena da sasoeba. ...misi rwmena dajildovda da is

26 netari Teofilaqte bulgareli, lukas saxarebis ganmarteba, nawili 1, Tb, 2008 w. gv. 61. Sedar.: lk. 8, 2-4; mrk. 1, 40-44

27 www.lopbible.narod.ru28 maTes saxarebis ganmarteba wm. mamaTa swavlebiT, I-XIV Tavi, Tb., 1998 w., gv., 103

29 iqve, gv., 289

30 analogiurad, mravalTa gankurnebis faqts vxdebiT wm. werilSi. Sedar.: mT. 15,30; lk. 19, 42; es. 35, 5-6

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

66

bolomde ganikurna. adamianTa umravlesoba iseTi sulmoklea, rom sul mcire dayovnebac

ki locviT Txovnis SesrulebaSi SeuZlia sasowarkveTamde miiyvanos isini“.31

cxrili 1

jandacvaze gamoyofili saxelmwifo xarjebis dinamika32

წწ.

xarjebis

jami, lari

mosaxleobis

ricxovnoba,

kaci xarji erT

sulze,

lari saavadmyofoebSi

sawolebis ricxvi,

aTasi

erTi avadmyofis

saavadmyofoSi

yofnis xan-

grZlivoba, dRe

pirveladi

samedicino

daxmareba

gaewia

2000 - - - 21,2 10,1 150645

2001 75289377 4401400 17,11 19,6 9,7 135539

2002 88149076 4371500 20,16 18,3 9,7 162376

2003 108523170 4342600 24,98 18,2 9,2 192641

2004 129918666 4315200 30,11 17,8 8,6 218188

2005 195665836 4321500 45,28 17,1 7,7 453422

2006 254458206 4401300 57,81 16,5 7,4 683003

2007 255481604 4394700 58,13 14,6 7,3 726779

2008 285264100 4382100 65,10 14,1 6,8 796579

rogor moqmedebs rwmena daavadebaze? „da viTarca movides igini erisa mis, mou-

vida mas kaci erTi, muxlni daidgina mis winaSe da etyoda: ufalo, Seiwyale Ze Cemi,

rameTu cisad-cisad borotad iguemebis, rameTu mraval-gzis STavardis igi cecxlsa

da mraval-gzis wyalsa. da movhguare igi mowafeTa SenTa, da ver SeuZles gankurnebad

misa“ (mT. 17, 14-16). wm. mamaTa ganmartebiT Cans, rom avadmyofis mamis urwmunoeba iyo

imis mizezi, rom „boroti Zala ar gamodioda misgan... igi (ieso qriste) aCvenebs (mo-

ciqulebs), rom rwmeniT SeuZliaT maT gankurnon avadmyofi...“33 es azri mtkicdeba sxva

adgilze, kerZod: „... xolo Tavadman hrqua mas: asulo, sarwmunoebaman Senman gacxovna

Sen, warved mSvidobiT da iyav Sen cocxal guemulebisagan Senisa“ (mark. 5, 34; Sedar.,

mark. 9, 26; mark. 11, 46)

cxrili 2

mosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri xarjebi34 (mln. lari)

weli ქალაქად სოფელად ქვეყანაში

2004 9,0 6,6 15,62005 11,8 8,0 19,82006 13,7 9,8 23,52007 17,1 10,8 27,92008 20,8 17,8 38,5

suliwmidis ZaliT ganmtkicebuli da RvTaebriv ZalaSi (codvaTa mitevebaze)

darwmunebuli petre mociquli pirdapir mimaTavs avadmyofs, rom „... vecxli da oqroჲ ara maqus Cuen, xolo romeli maqus, gceT Sen saxeliTa iesu qriste nazarevelisaTa:

aRdeg da vidode!“ (saqm. 3, 6; Sedar., saqm. 9, 34). RvTis SemweobiT, qristian moZRvarTa


32 wyaro: www.statistics.ge; www.moh.gov.ge; www.mof.ge33 maTes saxarebis ganmarteba wm. mamaTa swavlebiT, I-XIV Tavi, Tb., 1998 w., gv., 57

34 wyaro: www.statistics.ge; www.moh.gov.ge; www.mof.ge

2011


mier avadmyofTa mkurnalobis unari wm. werilSi mravladaa: „uZlur Tu vinme ars

Tquen Soris, mouwoden xucesTa eklesiisaTa da ilocon mis zeda da scxon mas zeTi

saxeliTa uflisaჲTa. da locva man sarwmunoebisaman acxovnos sneuli igi da aRadgi-

nos igi ufalman. daRacaTu codva raჲme eqmnes, mo-ve-eteos mas“ (iak. 5. 14-15; Sedar.: fs. 6, 5; 7, 2; 21, 22).

grafiki 1

jandacvaze gamoyofili saxelmwifo xarjebis mSp-s

moculobasTan fardobis dinamika 2004-2008 ww. (%-Si)

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

aq iakob mociquli aZlevs kurTxevas morwmuneebs da, mTlianad, eklesiis msaxurebs,

rom daavadebis SemTxvevaSi mouwodon ara yvelas „samkurnalo ritualis Casatare-

blad“ (saidumloebis, kerZod, zeTis cxebisaTvis), aramed mxolod gansakuTrebul

sasuliero pirebs, romlebsac aqvT mociqulTagan uwyveti xeldasxma mRvdlobisa35

da isini am sadumleobas (zeTis cxebas) aRasruleben ieso qristes saxeliT, rameTu

„gan-ukue-izraxeT, romelman-igi eseviTari daiTmina codvilTagan misa mimarTi igi

sityvis-geba, raჲTa ara daSureT suliTa TqueniTa da mohmedgrdeT“36 (ebr. 12, 3)

grafiki 2

mosaxleobis saSualo Tviuri xarjebis dinamika 2004-2008 ww. (mln. lari)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

ქალაქად

სოფლად

მთლიანად

RvTis mier daSvebuli sneulebani an bunebriv mizezTa saxiT warmoiSvebian

(Sedar.: tob. 2, 9-10), an wmida angelozebis moqmedebis Sedegad (Sedar.: saqm. 12, 21-23).

saerTod ki, eklesiis mamaTa swavlebiT: ufali iyenebebs avadmyofobas yovelTvis

Tavisi gangebulebis aRsrulebis iaraRad. maT Soris:

35 www.lopbible.narod.ru36 sxvagan: „... eSmakni mravalni ganasxnes da scxebdes zeTsa mravalTa sneulTa da ganhkurnebdes“ (mark. 6,13)

ekonomikuri profili

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68

- dasasjelad (Sedar.: 1, 27-30)

- gamosasworeblad (Sedar.: 1 kor. 5, 1-5)

- codvis „prevenciisaTvis“ (Sedar.: 2 kor. 12, 7-16)

- gamosacdelad (Sedar.: iob. 1-2)

- RvTis didebis gamosavlenad (Sedar.: mT. 8, 2-4; 28-34; 9, 20-24; 27-30; 21, 14... mark. 1,

23-25; 2, 3-5; 6, 55-56; 8, 22-23; 9, 9, 17-26; 10, 46-52... lk. 5, 12-14; 7, 2-10; 8, 27-32 da 43-48; 9, 38-42; 13,

11-13... in. 4, 46-52; 5, 3-9; 9, 1-6...)

grafiki 3

saavadmyofoebSi sawolebis ricxovnobis dinamika 2000-2008 ww., (aT.)

0

5

10

15

20

25

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

„aramarto calkeul codvas, aramed yovel codvil moqmedebas sakuTari, mxolod

misTvis gankuTvnili avadmyofobani ukavSirdeba... vnebebi da codvebi saukuneebis man-

Zilze mTel gvareulobebSi nergavdnen sneulebebs...“37 wm. ioane oqropiris sityvebiT:

„sulis garyvna sxeulis daavadebaTa mizezia. am kavSirSi codvas unda SevxedoT,

rogorc anomaluri pirovnuli reaqciebis, stresebis, Sidapirovnuli konfliqtebisa

da zneobrivad uaryofiTi emociebis niadags. xolo amis kvalobaze, rogorc im soma-

turi da fsiqikuri sneulebeis safuZvels, romlebic maTTanaa dakavSirebuli“38.

grafiki 4

erTi avadmyofis saavadmyofoSi yofnis xangrZlivobis dinamika 2000-2008 ww, (dR.-Si)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

jandacvaze saxelmwifo xarjebis zogadi maCveneblebis 21-e saukunis dinamika

marTalia zrdadia, kerZod izrdeba erT sul mosaxleze saxelmwifo xarjebis

37 Инокентий (Борисов) Архиепископ Херсонский, «О грехе и смерти», М., 1996 г., ст., 86-8738 zorini a., gnebavsa raTa ganikurno? Tb. 2003 w., gv. 54

2011


dinamika da man 2000-2008 ww. saSualowliurma matebam Seadgina 21%, Tumca mosaxleobis

jamrTelobis dacvis suraTi (saerTo jamSi, fasebis saerTo matebis fonze) mainc

arasaxarbieloa. amaze metyvelebs isic, rom mosaxleobam Tavi daaneba saavadmyofoebSi

aucilebel, magram „xangrZliv“ mkurnalobas (moiklo erTi avadmyofis saavadmyofoSi

yofnis xangrZlivobis drom), Sesabamisad, mcirdeba saxelmwifos mier dafinansebuli

saavadmyofoebSi sawolebis ricxvi, samagierod izrdeba ufaso sasawrafo daxmarebis

momsaxurebis brigadebis gamoZaxeba da man mxolod 2004-2008 ww. Seadgina 38,2%

saSulawliuri mateba (ixileT cxrili №1 da grafiki №1). arada, praqtikaSi, RvTis

SemweobiT, eqimTan konsultaciis da mkurnalobis sruli kursis Catarebis gareSe

sruli gankurneba SeuZlebelia.

grafiki 5

jandacvaze gamoyofili saxelmwifo xarjebis dinamika 2001-2008 ww. (erT sulze, lari)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

cxrili №1 da №2-s Sedegebidan gamomdinare, naTelia erovnuli Semosavlis ra

danakargebTan gvaqvs saqme, amitom xelisufleba upirvelesad unda zrunavdes saku-

Tari mosaxleobis „jamrTel cxovrebaze“. rogorc praqtikam aCvena, saxelmwifos mz-

runveloba mosaxleobis aseTi yofisadmi umniSvneloa (garkveuli pirobebis gamo). am

mZime mdgomareobidan gamosavlis raime gansakuTrebuli gzis Zebnac araa saWiro. aq

ualternativo TiToeuli CveneTaganis qristianuli cxovrebis wesiT cxovrebaa!

grafiki 6

pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis gawevis dinamika 2000-2008 ww.

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

900000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

socialur-ekonomikuri mimarTulebebis RonisZiebebis dagvianebis fonze,

aucilebelia TviTon individebma, moqalaqeebma izrunon TavianT jamrTelobaze, magram

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

70

es procesi mosaxleobis Semosavlebis aseT pirobebSi SesaZlebelia? (ix. cxrili №2

da grafiki №2).

grafiki 7

mosaxleobis avadobis maCveneblis dinamika 2003-2008 ww. (%-Si)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

grafiki №2 iT Cans, rom rogorc qalaqad, ise soflad Semosavlebi mudmivad iz-

rdeba, magram misi zrdis tempi ver uzrunvelyofs xangrZliv mkurnalobis xarjebs

(ix. grafiki №3 da №4), miuxedavad jandacvaze gamoyofili saxelmwifo xarjebis

zrdisa (ix. grafiki №5). saboloo jamSi, yovelive es aisaxa saswrafo daxmarebis

brigadebis gamoZaxebis mkveTr zrdaSi, radgan ufasoa! (ix. grafiki №6)

mkveTrad gansxvavebuli diferenciacia qalaqisa da soflis mosaxleobis saSua-

loTviur Semosavlebsa da xarjebs Soris (ix. cxrili №2) niSania socialur-ekono-

mikuri mdgomareobis gauresebasa. registrirebul daavadebaTa ricxovnobis klebadi

dinamika (ix. grafiki №7) metyvelebs ara janmrTelobis donis gaumjobesobaze, aramed

saafTiaqo da stacionaruli xarjebis mkveTr zrdaze, Sesabamisad, sruli samedicino

xarjebis miuwvdomelobaze.

krizisulma situaciebma, umuSevrobam, fasebis zrdam Tavis kvali daaCnia mosax-

leobis udidesi nawilis arasrulfaovan kvebasa da janmrTelobas, amitom mosaxleo-

bam daiwyo „damoukidebeli mkurnaloba“ da aviwydebaT, rom „janmrTelobac da avad-

myofobac, Tuki maT sarwmuneobiT movixmarT, RvTis gangebulebis xelSi mxolod Cveni

xsnis saSualebebia, magram Tu TviTneburad mivudgebiT, Cveni dayupvac SeuZlia“39.

rogorc Cans, daavadebaTa fizikuri mkurnaloba adamianebs namdvilad uWirT, samagi-

erod pirovnuli mondomebiT maT SeuZliaT sulierad gaZlierdnen da ase Zlion maT.

ramdenadac Tanamedrove mecnierTa mniSvnelovani nawili Tvlis, rom sxeuls aqvs

sulieri wyaro da arsebobs misi miuwvdomeli sawyisi, amitom yvela daavadeba am

uxilavi sawyisis dazianebidan iRebs saTaves, vidre is mTeli da dauzianebelia. Se-

sabamisad, aucilebelia CavwvdeT im azrs, rom sneulobas aqvs sulieri mxare da misi

swrafad „mogvareba“ pirdapiri wamalia.

sneulTa da uZlurTa gankurvnis saxarebiseuli yvela faqti metyvelebs, pirvel

rigSi, erT faqtze - ufali oden erTi sityviT, xelis SexebiT... kurnavs da aRadgens

maT, RvTisadmi mRaRadeblebs da morwmuneebs, anu mowmobs ieso qristes RvTaebri-

obaze! „rogori mZime ar unda iyos Cveni mdgomareoba sulis, sxeulisa Tu cxovre-

39 zorini k., gnebavs raTa ganikurno? Tb., 2003 w., 29

2011


bis garemoebaTa mixedviT, Cven unda Segnebuli gvqondes Cveni mZime mdgomareoba, ma-

gram ar unda vsulmokleobdeT, ar vWmunvarebdeT da sasos ar warvikveTdeT, armed

ufrore SevigrZnobdeT sakuTari uRirsobis, uZlurebasa da araraobas, da amis gamo

miT ufro gulmodgineT vloculobdeT uflis winaSe da Sewevnas vevedrebodeT mas...

Tuki Cven amis Rirsni viqnebiT da yovladZlieri inbebs, mas Tavisi nebis erTi mcire

moZraobiT ZaluZs gankurnos Cveni umZafresi sneuleba, nugeSi moaniWos damwuxre-

bulT, mZime mdgomareobaTagan. mas yovelive ZaluZs misTvis araferia saZnelo Tu

Seusrulebeli“40.

„jamrTeli suli icavs da ifaravs Tavis sxeuls, magram, rogorc ki ufalTan

misi kavSiri Seiryeva, rogorc cudad dacul cixe-simagreSi, damangreveli Zalebi

SeiWrebian. amitom, bunebrivia, vidre sneuls kurnevas mimadlebda, ieso qriste mudam

Seaxsenebda mas avadmyofobis mizezs, rom man sakuTar sxeulSi avadmyofobis sawyisi

Tavad Seitana, rodesac suli codviT daiziana“41. wmida werilSi motanili sneulTa

kurnebis epizodebis ganxilviT vrwmundebiT, rom ufali kurnavs mxolod erTi piro-

biT - adamiani kvlav unda aRorZindes rwmenaSi da es CvenTvis WeSmariti magaliTi da

swavleba unda iyos!

„ufalo RmerTo, Cveno macxovaro! Cven yvelani codvilebi varT

Sens winaSe; Cvenc mogvxede Seni mowyale TvaliT! moaniWe Cvens

gulebs salmobieroba da Semusrviloba codvaTa gamo! Cvens uZlur

sulebsac momarTe Seni yovladZlieri sityvebiT da Cvenc gvarqvi:

„aRdeq!“ raTa daubrkoleblad vidodeT Seni mcnebebis naTelSi.“

mRvd. grigol diaCenko


41 ojaxis eqimi-2, moZRvris rCeva-darigebani da praqtikosi eqimis rCevebi, Tb. 2009 w., gv.5

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

72

iagor balanCivaZeganaTlebis akademiuri doqtori

eTika biznesSi

XXI saukune saqarTvelos winaSe ayenebs mraval gamowvevas, romelTagan

umniSvnelovanesia codnaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis Seqmna da ganviTareba.

dReisaTvis saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi sakmaod moikida fexi biznesma, ufro me-

tad mcire buznesma. mizanSewonilad mimaCnia studenti kargad unda erkveodes

biznesis, eTikisa da biznesis eTikis arsSi.

samecniero da sxva sacnobaro wyaroebSi `biznesi~ inglisuri warmoSo-

bis sityvaa (business) da niSnavs saqmianobas, rogorc piradi gamdidrebis wy-aros, aqedan `biznesmeni~ (businessman) – piri, romelic bizness misdevs.

dRes samamulo da sazRvargareTul literaturaSi cnobilia biznesis

sxvadasxvagvari ganmarteba:

biznesi – es adamianis saqmianobaa, romlis mizania Semosavlis miReba • Tavisi codnis, gamocdilebis, Tavisi kapitalis gamoyenebis daxmarebiT, es aris

adamianis potencialis realizacia ekonomikur aspeqtSi, biznesmenis saqmi-

anobis Sefasebis erT-erTi mTavari kriteriumi aris mogebis miReba. es imas

niSnavs, rom mogebis miReba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos momsaxurebis gawev-

asTan. mogeba gviCvenebs biznesmenis saqmianobis efeqtianobas;

biznesi – es saqmis gaZRolis sistema da adamianebisaTvis saWiro • produqciis, momsaxurebis warmoebaa;

biznesi – es aris warmoebis sistema, romelic Cven SevqmniT Cveni moTxov-• nilebis dasakmayofileblad;

biznesi – es aris fulisagan fulis keTebis unari, magram aucileblad • sasargeblo mwarmoebluri gamoyenebis meSveobiT;

biznesi – sxva araferia, Tu ara samrewvelo, sasoflo-sameurneo, vaWrobis, • sayofaxcovrebo momsaxurebis, bankis, iuridiuli konsultaciis, samecniero-

kvleviT da sacdel-sakonstruqcio dawesebulebis, sagamomcemlo, saswavlo-

saaRmzrdelo da sxva sawarmoebis Tu dawesebulebis Seqmna.

prof. s. yamaraulis ganmartebiT `biznesi (ingl. - business) – saqme, saqmianoba, aris sakuTari an nasesxebi saSualebebis xarjze ganxorcielebuli iniciativiani,

damoukidebeli ekonomiuri saqmianoba, dawyebuli riskisa da qonebrivi pasuxismge-

blobis safuZvelze, romlis mTavari mizania mogebis miReba, sakuTari saqmianobis

ganviTareba, agreTve saqonlis gasaReba, samuSaos Sesruleba momsaxurebis gaweva.

mewarmis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebiTac igi gansxvavdeba ekonomiuri saqmi-

anobis sxva formebisagan, aris:

damoukidebloba, pasuxismgebloba, iniciativa, riski, dinamikuroba;1.

marTlmadidebloba

da

eTikuri

principebi

ekonomikaSi

2011


sawarmoebi, firma an sawarmoTa erToblioba, romelTa gansazRvruli saxis 2.

saqmianobis ganxorcielebis Sedegad Rebuloben mogebas.

Cveulebriv isini gancalkevebuli mcire da saSualo zomis sawarmoebia, rom-

lebic administraciulad ar aris damokidebuli saxelmwifo an sxva uwyebebze da

orientirebulia bazarze~.

mas Semdeg, rodesac studentebs gavacnobT biznesis mcnebaTa nairsaxeobas cudi

ar iqneba, gavarkvioT, ra aris eTika da aris Tu ara is SesabamisobaSi biznesTan.

eTikasTan pirdapir kavSirSia mravali sityva, maT Soris morali, pirovnebis

mTlianoba, patiosneba, WeSmariteba, rwmena, movaleoba, keTilSobileba, zrdiloba, pa-

tiviscema, uSiSroba, simamace, sifrTxile, loialoba, sikeTe, erTguleba, cnobiereba . .

. magram am sityvebis umravlesoba aRweriTi xasiaTisaa. es sityvebi sworia, lamazia,

magram konkretuli definiciis gareSe. imitom saWiroa eTikis `samuSao” ganmarteba,

romelic mogvexmareba am sityvebs Soris gansxvavebis gamovlenaSi.

eTika Cveni patiosnebis da faseulobebis umaRlesi standartia; es standarti

Cvens moralze, personalur filosofiazea dafuZnebuli. eTika Cveni moRvaweobisa da

cxovrebis ZiriTadi samuSao principia. rogor viqceviT, ras vakeTebT, rogor meTodebs

da midgomebs vxmarobT, praqtikaSi rogor viyenebT Cvens morals – es yvelaferi

Cvens eTikur qcevas ganapirobebs. amgvarad, eTika moralis aplikaciaa. ramdenadac

maRalia biznemenis eTikuri qceva, miT ufro Zlieria is. hari grei, gaerTianebuli

teqnologiebis prezidenti ambobs: `calkeuli individuumebis saqcieli gansazRvravs

eris saqciels da saxels”.

Jer kidev sokratem `dialogebSi~ yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom eTika Tavisi ar-

siT paradoqsulia. eTikis filosfiuri safuZveli aris keTilisa da borotis gayofa.

sokrates ideis siRrme imaSi mdgomareobs, rom eTikis swavleba ar SeiZleba. ar

SeiZleba misiT, rogorc abstraqtuli sistemiT xelmZRvaneloba. SesaZlebelia misi

mxolod gancda. eTika mxolod imis koleqtiuri `gamosaxulebaa~, rac Cven ganvica-

deT. Sesabamisad sakuTari moraluri principebi rom SeimuSaos, sazogadoebam bevri

cudi da kargi situacia unda gadalaxos. cxadia es mtkiceba exeba biznessac, rogorc

sazoagadoebis nawils.

is, rac guSin iyo eTikuri, xval SeiZleba ukve aRar iyos eTikuri. normebze

dafuZnebuli eTikis Seqmnis mcdelobebi axlac mimdinareobs, magram kacobriobis

mTeli gamocdileba adasturebs, rom aseTi racionaluri konstruqcia amuxruWebs

sazogadoebis ganviTarebas da axlis dabadebas xels uSlis.

saqmis mTeli arsi is aris, rom ama Tu im movlenisaTvis moraluri Sesfasebis

micemisas, Cven mivdivarT sqemamde - `sikeTe-boroteba~, anu Sav-TeTr azrovnebamde.

cxovreba ki adgileze ar dgas, is mudam icvleba da Sedegad, konstruqcia `sikeTe-

boroteba~ samkuTxedad - `sikeTe-boroteba-Tavisufelba~ iqceva. Tavisufleba ki yov-

elTvis ewinaaRmdegeba normebs, maT Soris eTikas, rogorc normis dafiqsirebis

mcdelobas. es eTikis paradoqsia.

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

74

amasTan, eTika ixreba iracionalurisaken, radgan es aramaterialuri substanciaa.

Cemi moraluri alRo mkaranaxobs: usamarTlobaa bonusebis micema maTTvis vinc kom-

pania daSala. magram es araracionaluri Semadgenelia. goneba ki ambobs: aris ki es

kanonis darRveva? gamodis, rom erTi mxriv, eTika es Cveni emociebia meore mxriv ki,

raRac racionaluri wyoba. am sistemis gaerTianeba ar SegviZlia. ra gamodis? Cven

vcdilobT `SevamowmoT~ esa Tu is movlena moZvelebuli moraluri kodeqsebiT, maTi

brma mimdevroba ki xels gviSlis ganviTarebaSi.

maSin rogor gavigoT sinamdvileSi ra aris eTikuri da ra ara? krizisma bevri rame

gadagvafasebina. gadafasdeba eTikis gagebac. Tumca romeli mimaraTulebiT – ucnobia,

magram aris pozotiuri trendi: mewarmeebis TviTSegnebis gaZliereba. korporaciuli

kodeqsebi es aris moralur-zenobrivi dilemis gadaWris mcdeloba, romlebic kanonis

miRma gadis. am TvalsazrisiT eTika aris biznesis unari, sakuTari Tavi aRiqvas mis

axlandel mdgomareobaSi da sakuTari ganviTarebis veqtori gansazRvros.

eTikis kodeqsi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva profesiul saqmianobaSi Sida regulaci-

isaTvis, rogorc kanonis alternatiuli meqanizmi – saxelmZRvanelo. mas ar gaaCnaia

kanonis Zala da emyareba adamianTa jgufis mier dadgenil wesebs, romelebic Tavis

mxriv iTvaliswineben sazogadoebaSi dadgenil wesebs da saerTaSorisod aRiarebul

normebs ama Tu im sferoSi.

niu-iorkis birJaze krizisis dawyebis Semdeg amerikelebi kanonis, sxva sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, dogmebis srulyofis gzas daadgnen. britanelebma ki eTikur normebze

muSaoba daiwyes. ra Tqma unda, maT ar aqvT iuridiuli Zala da arvinaa valdebuli

maT daemorCilos, magram damrRvevebma unda axsnas Tavisi saqcieli.

Tu am logikas gavyvebiT, maSin biznesSi eTika warmoCindeba, rogorc koleq-

tiuri TviTSegnebis forma da biznesi eTikuri iqneba zustad imdenad, ramdenadac

misi TviTSegnebaa ganviTarebuli. aseTi eTikuri sistema gaxdeba mudmivad cvalebadi

koordinatTa sistema, romelsac Tavad biznesi daaregulirebs.

biznesSi bevri araeTikuri pirovneba moRvaweobs, magram ar SeiZleba amis gamo

gavakritikoT upirobod yvela biznesmeni. mcire da msxvil biznesSi gacilebiT metni

arian maRaleTikuri biznesmenebi.

qveyanam, romelic amayobs Tavisufali bazriT, Tavisufali mrewvelobiT, Tavisu-

fali SemoqmedebiT, ar SeiZleba icxovros ise, rom biznesis eTika meryeobdes far-

glebSi - swori da araswori. bizness da ers, orives hqmnis individebi, romlebmac

yovelTvis unda ixelmZRvanelon eTikuri wesebiT: rogor icxovron da rogor akeTon

biznesi?

peter drakeri, Tanamedrove biznesis menejmentis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, ambobs:

`Tu garkveuli moqmedeba legaluria, es kidev ar niSnavs, rom is eTikuria~. es Zalian

gavrcelebul gamoTqmad iqca. ra Tqmna unda, ar unda arsebobdes gansxvaveba eTi-

kursa da legalurs Soris: yvelaferi legaluri imavdroulad eTikuri unda iyos.

magram aseTi gansxvaveba marTlac arsebobs. roca biznesi Sejibris garemoSi keTdeba,

2011


warmatebis misaRwevad, xSiria mowinaaRmdegis dajabvna. es xdeba didi mogebis miRebis

mizniT. magaliTad, erTi milioni dolaridan xuTi milioni dolaris misaRebad. aseT

pirobebSi Zalian Znelia maRal eTikaze saubari da eTikis maRali normebis dacva.

rogor unda gavigoT: aris garkveuli saqcieli swori, taqtikuri nabiji, Tu mis

ukan skurpulozurad gaTvlili, mxolod mogebaze orientirebuli, komerciuli wina-

dadebaa?

erT-erTi gza, swori pasuxis misaRebad, aris vkiTxoT sakuTar Tavs: SeiZleba, rom

es nabiji wamgebiani aRmoCndes biznesisTvis, romelime individuumisTvis? rogor

Sexedaven am saqciels Cveni megobrebi, Cveni gundis wevrebi? CaTvlian, rom rasac Cven

vakeTebT, eTikuria? Seafasebs Cveni opizicoa am saqciels, rogorc eTikurs? aris ki

Cvens saqcielSi jansaRi Sejibrebis suli?

`Seican Tavi~ - Zveli welTaRricxvis VII-VI saukuneebis spartaSi brZeni qilonis

es qadagebani yvela epoqis adamianis saxelmZRvanelo devizia. misi mniSvneloba gan-

sakuTrebiT didia Tanamedrove pirobebSi. swored rom biznesis damwyebi pirovnebis

upirvelesi amocanaa, vidre bizness mokidebs xels, Seicnos sakuTari Tavi. sakuTari

`me~-s Secnoba, kritikuli Sefaseba da mis safuZvelze gonivruli gadawyvetilebis

miReba warmatebuli biznesis amosavali wertilis sawyisi etapia. damwyebi biznesmeni

iZulebulia TviTon Seafasos sakuTari unar-Cvevebi.

biznesis ZiriTadi mizani mogebis (sargebelis) miRebaa. magram, roca mogeba war-

matebis erTaderTi sazomi xdeba, Cven vkargavT moralur faseulobebs. Tu araeTikuri

biznesis Sedegad iqmneba araswori situaciebi, romlebic scildeba janmrTel Seji-

brs, Cven CavfiqrdebiT, Rrma gancda gveufleba. Cvens Tvalwinaa uzarmazari ekono-

mikuri monstrebi, romlebic momavalSic iarsebebs. aseT monstrebs Soris pirvelia:

erovnuli vali da vaWrobis deficiti. rodesac vecnobiT ekonomikur da socialur

problemebs, gviWirs SeviqmnaT maTze swori Sexeduleba, swori azri. Znelia warmoidg-

ino milioni an, miTumetes, trilioni dolari. magram ar SeiZleba davxuWoT Tvali

im faqtze, rom am ekonomikur da socialur problemebSi CarTulia uamravi adamiani,

da, amgvarad, ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebi realurad adamianis problemebia.

am problemebis gadaWra adamianebis Rirebulebazea damokidebuli, xolo aseT Rireb-

ulebebs vqmniT Cven, Tqven. Cveni ekonomikuri problemebi memkvidreobiT gadava Cvens

Svilebze, gavlenas moaxdens maT momavalze, maT survilze iswavlon karg univer-

sitetebSi an iyidon saxli; isini imoqmedeben Cveni mSoblebis janmrTelobaze, Cvens

SesaZleblobaze kargad movuaroT maT. amitom ricxvebi ar aris mxolod gamosax-

uleba qaRaldze, maT ukan adamianebia.

kargia, Tu mogeba Tanaarsebobs socialur pasuxismgeblobasTan. metic, aseTi

Tanaarseboba aucilebelia. magram es Tanaarseboba gansakuTrebiT igebs, Tu mas Tan

erTvis eTikis momenti da TanagrZnoba. ar aris advili iyo maRaleTikuri. Zalian Zne-

lia yovelTvis icxovro maRali standartebiT. garemoebebi yoveldRe gvayenebs arCe-

vanis winaSe: avirCioT maRali eTika da rTuli gza, an SedarebiT martivi da naklebad

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

76

eTikuri gza, an gadavuxvioT swori gzidan, an davxuWoT Tvali eTikur sakiTxze

Tundac erTi wuTiT. araeTikuri qceva vlindeba yoveldRe, sxvadasxva saxiT. Cven

vxedavT aseT qcevas, SegviZlia masze msjeloba, uaryofiTi azris gamoTqmna, dagmoba.

magram mxolod aRniSno, rom es saqcieli araeTikuria da ar SeewinaaRmdego mas –

aseve araeTikuria: aranaklebi da xandaxan ufro destruqciuli, vidre TviT araeTi-

kuri saqcieli.

nebismieri eTikuri saqcieli yovelTvis kargi magaliTia. ers eqneba brwyinvale

momavali, Tu Cven gveyofa Zala da gambedaoba aRvzardoT biznesmenebi, romlebic

eTikas pirvel adgilze daayeneben. Tu eTikuri pirovena xarT, Tqven yovelTvis miiz-

idavT sxva pirovenebebs da vinaidan gamorCeuloba uSualo kavSirSia eTikasTan, Tqven

iqnebiT erT-erTi, vinc gvixelmZRvanelebs da visac eyoleba mimdevrebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura wyaroebi:

TeTruaSvili m., TeTruaSvili z., TeTruaSvili i. sakuTari biznesi: pirveli 1.

nabijebi. gori, 2008 w.

Jvania i., kiknaZe g., lideri da lideroba, Tb., 2008 w.2.

yamarauli s. universaluri biznes-leqsikoni; `mecniereba~ Tb., 2001 w.3. xizaniSvili s., yulijaniSvili a., wiqaZe l. saqmiani urTierTobis kultura; 4.

saq. teqnikuri universiteti, Tb. 2007 w.

WiabriSvili T, patiosani biznesisaken, Tb. Tsu-s gamocema, 2003 w.5.

Петрунин Ю. Ю., Борисов В.К. Этика бизнеса. М. 2007 г.6.

2011


nana luxutaSvili teqnikis akademiuri doqtori

quTaisis universitetis maswavlebeli

reklama da masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi

reklama pasuxismgebeli piris mier miznobrivi auditoriisaTvis pro-

duqtis, momsaxurebis fasiani wardgena da misi gasaRebis stimulirebaa.

reklama saTaveebs Soreul warsulSi iRebs. erT-erTma frangma kriti-

kosma SeniSna rom reklamis msgavsi pirveli scena, rogorc Cans jer kidev

samoTxeSi gaTamaSda da masSi sami personaJi monawileobda: adami-klienti, eva

-gamyidveli da gveli-sareklamo agenti.

reklama laTinuri warmoSobis sityvaa da `wamoyvirebas~ niSnavs. xSirad

mas savaWro Zravasac uwodeben.

specialistebis azriT, Tanamedrove reklama XV-XVI saukunis mijnaze warmoiSva.

erT-erTma venecielma gamomcemelma manucim wignebis saTaurebis beWdva da maRaziis

SesasvlelebSi Tavfurcelebis gamofena daiwyo. beWdvis SemoRebam da wera kiTxvis

gavrcelebam reklamis ganviTarebas didi samsaxuri gauwia. Ddaarsda Jurnalebi, ga-

zeTebi da maTma mflobelebma gancxadebisaTvis sagazeTo `mindvrebis~ gayidva dai-

wyes.

savaWro reklamis ganviTareba bazris mzardi konkurenciiT aris gamowveuli. aq

Seqmnilia specialuri firmebi da saagentoebi, romlebic sindikatebs, trestebsa da

savaWro sawarmoebs emsaxurebian. am qveyanaSi savaWro reklamaze uzarmazari Tanxebi

ixarjeba, rac SemdgomSi reklamis mimcems udides Semosavals aZlevs. `koka-kola~

da `pepsi-kolas~ Soris msoflio bazris dapyrobisaTvis mravali aTeuli wlis gan-

mavlobaSi gaCaRebuli omi `koka-kola~-s sruli gamarjvebiT damTavrda, radgan fir-

mam mogebis TiTqmis 95 procenti reklamas moaxmara. miuxedavad imisa, rom es sasmeli

arc gemovnebiT da arc WurWlis dizainiT didad ar gamoirCeva, mas msoflio bazarze

mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia.

sareklamo sagnis daxasiaTeba momxmareblis poziciidan unda xdebodes, reklama-

Si unda aisaxos produqtis samomxmareblo Tvisebebi da ara misi damzadebis teqno-

logia an sxva maCveneblebi.

sareklamo informacia momxmareblisaTvis martivi da gasagebi unda iyos. mxedve-

lobaSi yovelTvis unda gvqondes is, rom momxmarebeli ar aris specialisti, misTvis

sulerTia mewarmis TvalsazrisiT nakeTobis iseTi mniSvnelovani Tvisebebi, rogori-

caa Sromatevadoba, masalatevadoba, nakeTobis damzadebis teqnologia da a.S.

reklamis erT-erTi specialistis azriT reklama efeqtiania maSin, Tu misi naxvis

Semdeg adamiani reklamirebul saqonelze saubrobs. reklamis Zalasa da efeqtiano-

marketingi

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

78

bas, aseve reklamis elementebis (sareklamo teqsti, grafikuli gamosaxuleba, sloga-

ni da a.S.) erTmaneTTan kargi SeTanawyoba gansazRvravs.

reklama miznis misaRwev yvela xerxs SeiZleba iyenebdes. man SeiZleba adamiani

SeaSinos da ama Tu im nivTis SeZena aiZulos, magram reklama zneobriv da eTikur

moTxovnas unda pasuxobdes. gasaTvaliswinebelia miznobrivi auditoria, qveynis da

mxris samarTlebrivi, religiuri, politikuri, yofiTi tradiciebi. masSi daculi

unda iyos konkurentebisadmi pativiscema.

reklama mizans miaRwevs aseve im SemTxvevaSic, Tuki misi Seqmnisas gaTvalis-

winebuli iqneba adamianis fsiqikis gansakuTrebulobebi. reklamis aRqmis yovlad

aRiarebul modelad miRebulia AIDMA model-i, romelic gulisxmobs Semdeg jaWvs:

`yuradReba-interesi-survili-motivi-moqmedeba~.

reklamis saSualebebs an mis matareblebs warmoadgens: masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebi_televizia, radio, presa, safosto-reklama, gare reklama da a.S.

reklama dRevandeli cxovrebis ganuyofel nawilad iqca. masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebiT momxmarebeli yoveldRiurad awydeba samasamde sareklamo gancxadebas,

uyurebs asze met sareklamo rgols, xolo fostis daxmarebiT yovelwliurad iRebs

aTasamde sareklamo-sainformacio masalas.

Cvens mier dasavleT saqarTveloSi (quTaisi, baRdaTi, xoni, wyaltubo, samtre-

dia) Catarebul iqna gamokiTxva (gamoikiTxa 480 adamiani) imis Sesaxeb Tu reklamis

romeli saxe axdens ZiriTad zegavlenas momxmarebelze saqonlis arCevisas. ise ro-

gorc mTels msoflioSi, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis umetes nawils izidavs satelevi-

zio reklama (46%), mosaxleobis mexuTedze naklebi (TiTqmis 15 %) saerTod ar aqcevs

yuradRebas reklamis arcerT saxes, Jurnal-gazeTebis reklama izidavs respodentebis

6%-s, internetis reklama_12%-s, radio reklama_11%-s, xolo reklamis sxva saxeebi iq-

cevs gamokiTxulTa nakleb yuradRebas: bilbordi_4%, reklama fostiT daaxloebiT

4%, reklama transportze_2%.rogorc gamokiTxvis monacemebiT irkveva masobrivi informaciis saSualebebSi_

radio+televizia+Jurnal-gazeTebi+interneti ganTavsebuli reklamebi warmoadgens

ufro efeqtians, ramdenadac izidaven potenciuri momxmareblebis mniSvnelovan rao-

denobas.

2011


goderZi SaniZebiznesisa da marTvis doqtori,

quTaisis universitetis asocirebuli profesori

saqonlis gayidvis strategia

dRevandel pirobeSi Zalze Znelia iyo warmatebuli firma da Seni

produqcia iyos lideri konkurentebis produqciasTan SedarebiT, vinaidan

konkurencia sakmaod didia. swored menejerebi cdiloben SeimuSaon saqonlis

gayidvis iseTi strategia, romelic maT produqcias gamoarCevs sxvebisagan.

saqonlis gayidvis strategias mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia firmaSi da

yovel kompanias unda gaaCndes Tavisi misia, romelic gagvcems pasuxs kiTxve-

bze, Tu ratom Seiqmna kompania da ris gakeTebas apirebs is momavalSi.

misiaSi igulisxmeba kompaniis ganviTarebis strategia. pirvel rigSi,

ganviTarebis strategiaSi unda Sevides pasuxi kiTxvebze: ra miznebs isaxavs kompania

da rogor apirebs igi am miznebis miRwevas.

ganviTarebis strategiaze dayrdnobiT, muSavdeba marketingis strategia. mar-

ketingis strategia gviCvenebs, Tu ras awarmoebs kompania momavalSi, vis da rogori

xerxiT miyidis produqts da rac mTavaria rogori iqneba saqonlis fasi. mxolod

da mxolod ganviTarebis strategiaze dayrdnobiT gamomuSavdeba saqonlis gayidvis

strategia. gayidvis strategia aris is, Tu rogor movagvaroT urTierToba klien-

tebTan, imisaTvis rom isini gaxdnen am saqonlis momxmareblebi.

saqonlis gayidvis strategiis mniSvnelovani principebia:

1. miznobrivi auditoria (anu vin aris momxmarebeli, sad aris ganlagebuli

maRazia da ramdens gadaixdian klientebi);

2. miwodebis arxebi (pirdapiri, SuamavlebiT Tu sxva);

3. saqonlis gayidvis biujeti (ramdenis daxarjvas apirebs kompania gegmis

gansaxorcieleblad).

saqonlis gayidvis strategiis Camoyalibebaze mTeli rigi faqtorebi moqmedebs.

is imyofeba marketinguli gayidvebis miznebis gavlenis qveS. menejerma unda dagvarw-

munos, rom momaval wels gayidvebi gaizrdeba. man unda warmoadginos aseve gegma

imisa, Tu rogor SeZlebs igi am miznis ganxorcielebas. erT–erTi damxmare faqtori

am gegmis realizaciisa, SeiZleba iyos axali klientebis moZebna da mozidva.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqonlis gayidvis miznebi da amocanebi gamomdinareobs

dagegmvis procesis, im momsaxure personalTan SeTanxmebiT an, romlebic am sakiTx-

Tan uSualo kavSirSi arian. sasurvelia, gayidvebis menejerma gansazRvros is konkre-

tuli moqmedebebi, romlebic aucilebelia gayidvis miznis da taqtikis misaRwevad.

saqonlis gayidvis strategiis formirebisas, yovelTvis yuradReba eqceva or

mxares. esenia: pirveli klientTan unda iyo lmobieri da nel–nela, sakuTari azris

marketingi

ekonomikuri profili

maisi

80

Tavze moxvevis gareSe miiyvano is miznamde da meore, klienti unda miizido da ar

unda gauSva xelidan, sanam raimes ar SeiZens.

gamomdinare adamianTa bunebidan, yvelasadmi gansxvavebuli midgomaa saWiro,

magram es unda moxdes, ise rom ar gavaRizianoT momxmarebeli, ar movaxdinoT mis

gadawyvetilebaze Zaldataneba.

mecnierebi gansxvavebul azrs gamoTqvamdnen imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor CamovayaliboT

saqonlis efeqturi gayidvis strategia. maT Soris aRsaniSvania frangi mecnierebis

lakasterisa da sandezonas Semdegi rCevebi:

gayidvis safexurebi - gayidva-es aris garigeba adamianebs Soris da am garigebis

dros TiToeul wevrs ekisreba garkveuli amocana da isaxavs garkveul mizans. am

gagebiT saqonlis gayidvis strategia SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc molaparakeba,

radgan mxareebis azri xSir SemTxvevaSi ar emTxveva erTmaneTs.

kontaqtebis damyareba da moTxovnilebis gansazRvra - yvela moyvanili momenti

mniSvnelovani faqtoria kargi urTierTobis dasamyareblad da rac mTavaria saqonlis

efeqturad gayidvisaTvis. sxvadasxva mecnieris azriT arsebobs ramdenime meTodi Tu

misia, romelic aiolebs kontaqtis damyarebas.

saqonlis dasabuTeba da wardgena - saqonlis wardgena da momsaxureba xSirad

xorcieldeba erTaderTi xerxiT, magram meToduri TvalsazrisiT is iyofa or etapad.

klienti ijerebs ara imas, rasac Cven veubnebiT, aramed imas, rac mas unda rom

gaigos.

myidvelebis winaaRmdegobasTan muSaoba - gamyidvelis mcdeloba, rom

zemoqmedeba moaxdinos myidvelis arCevanze, iwvevs myidvelis gaRizianebas da

Sesabamisad Tavdacvis reaqcias. swored es reaqciaa mxedvelobaSi misaRebi da

gasaTvaliswinebeli.

saqonlis gayidvis xelSekrulebis gaformeba - xelSekrulebis gaformebis bolo

etapi gamoiyureba rogorc urTierTobis gavrceleba, romelic Seesabameba aRweril

gegmas. Tu yvelaferi darRvevebisa da garTulebebis gareSe ganxorcieldeba, am saqmes

esmeba wertili da mTavrdeba procesi, romelic dawyebulia am miznis misaRwevad. es

yvelaze sapasuxismgeblo etapia da mis gansaxorcieleblad saWiroa garkveuli codna.

sxvadasxva tipis myidvelisaTvis arsebobs Sesabamisi gayidvis meTodebi, romelic

metnaklebad pasuxobs momxmareblis moTxovnebs. ase, rom myidveli, romelic

orientirebulia saqonlis sufTa Rirebulebaze, moiTxovs gamyidvelisagan martivi

da ekonomiuri gayidvis operaciebs.

operatiuli gayidva - es aris Cvevebis strategiis da gayidvis procesis kompleqti,

romelic SedarebiT srulad akmayofilebs myidvelis moTxovnebs. aseTi myidvelebi

Tvlian, rom miwodebuli advilad SeiZleba Seicvalos da dainteresebulni arian

minimaluri fasiT da saqonlis SeZenis xelsayrelobiT. aseT klients ar aqvs damatebiT

sargeblis survili, romelic SeiZleba Seiqmnas gamyidvelma, TviT saqonlisa da misi

SeZenis dros minimaluri xarjebis garda.

2011


myidveli, romelic Tavis problemas wyvets gamyidvelis- konsultantis

daxmarebiT momwodeblebisagan moiTxovs gayidvaze kompleqsur midgomas, romlis

drosac saqoneli aris SeTavazebuli - es aris kompleqsuri gayidvebi.

kompleqsuri gayidvebi es aris Cvevebis, strategiebis da gayidvis procesis

kompleqsi, romelic yvelaze ukeTesia im klientTan muSaobis dros, romlebic

orientirebulni arian saqonlis kompleqsur Rirebulebaze, aseTi klientebi moiTxoven

gamyidvelis maRal profesionalizms.

saqonlis gayidva SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnas, rogorc molaparakeba, radgan

mxareTa interesebi xSirad ar emTxveva erTmaneTs. magram, Tu gayidva, es aris

molaparakeba, es aris aseve Sexvedra, urTierToba, kavSiri monawileTa Soris. es

aris Sexvedra or individs Soris, romlebic dakavSirebulni arian gansazRvruli

mizniT, romelTagan TiToeuli xasiaTdeba sakuTari statusiT, roliT, motivaciiT,

realuri da warmosaxviTi survilebiT. amitom gayidvis procesSi, rogorc TiToeuli

Sexvedrisas, aRmocendeba ndoba an undobloba da SeumCnevlad Seikvreba an daimsxv-

reva emociuri kavSirebi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, saqonlis gayidva es aris molaparakebebi or mxares Soris,

romlebic ejaxebian erTmaneTs, magram rogorRac rigdebian kidec. imisaTvis, rom

saqoneli gayidvadi iyos konkurenciul garemoSi, Zalze didi mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu

saqonlis gayidvis rogor efeqtian strategias airCevs gamyidveli.

KUTAISI UNIVERSITY


ECONOMICSECONOMICSPROFILEPROFILE

ABSTRACTS:

REVIEW: SCIENCE INFORMATION INSTITUTE (SOCIAL SCIENCES),RUSSIAN SCIENCES ACADEMY (www.rim.inion.ru)

UDC 33 SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL MAGAZINEe - 491

#9, 2011

MAY

GLOBALIZATION AND INTEGRATIVE PROCESSES

FINANCES AND ACCOUNTING

MANAGEMENT AND SECTOR ECONOMICS

ORTHODOXY AND ETHICAL PRINCIPLES IN ECONOMICS

MARKETING

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОФИЛЬ

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Globalization and integrative processes

Finances and accounting

Management and sector economics

Marketing

Orthodoxy and ethical principles in economics

Printting byLTD “MBM-POLIGRAPHY”

186 Tsereteli St. Kutaisi, GeorgiaTel.: 8 431 3 45 54

SCIENTIFIC EDITORIAL BOARD:EDITOR: Doctor of EconomicSciences (D.E.S.), Member ofGeorgian Economic Sciences

Academy (GESA)Professor REVAZ KAKULIA

RESPONSIBLE EDITOR:D.E.S., Prof. NIKO CHIKHLADZE

MEMBER OF EDITORIAL BOARD:

D.E.S., The vice-prezident of the GESAProf. JAKOB MESKHIA

D.E.S., The Georgian Academy ofSciences prof.

AVTANDIL SILAGADZE

DOCTORS OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES:Prof. EVGENIY BARATASHVILI

Prof. REVAZ BASARIAProf. GIVI GAMSAKHURDIAProf. GEORGE GHAVTADZE

Prof. GEDEVAN KHELAIAProf. REVAZ MANVELIDZE

Prof. ELGUJA MEKVABISHVILI

ACADEMIC DOCTORS OF ECONOMICS, ASSOCIATE PROFESSORS:

LELA BAKHTADZEAKAKI BAKURADZE

KAKHA GABELASHVILINAIRA VIRSALADZE

KHATUNA SHALAMBERIDZEGURAM UPLISASHVILIGODERDZI SHANIDZE

MEMBER OF THE DAYSIDE:Prof. SERGEI LUKIN (Belarus)Prof. TIMO LINKOLA (Finland)

Prof. PIOTR MASHEGOV (Russia)Prof. MILAN MIKULASTIK (Czech Republic)

Prof. MARYA TURYANSKAIA (Ukraine)

FOUNDER: KUTAISI UNIVERSITYRector: Prof. LELA KELBAKIANI

13, Tsereteli, str., KutaisiGeorgia. 4601

Tel:(+995 431) 42373, 51273.www.unic.edu.ge;

[email protected], [email protected]

1. Iasha Meskhia, Kakhaber Gabelashvili Place of Georgia in world competition ranking

2. Revaz KakuliaGlobalization of economy and several problems of public fi nance develop-

ment in Georgia

3. Khatuna Shalamberidze General aspect of fi nancial market in condition of world economic Global-

ization

4. Dezdemona Maglakelidze, Mavlina Kipiani, Natela Vashakidze

Analysis of Evaluation Index of the Company’s Financial Stability

5. Lela Bakhtadze Some Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of Ensuring the Stability of

the Banking System

6. Elguja Konjaria Audit Economics and its Improvement questions

7. Tinatin Gugeshashvili, Nana Benidze Functions and economy of activity broker companies

8. Vazha Gurabanidze Planning of Human Resources and Method of Determining its Quantity

9. Eliso Gvelesiani Problems and Perspectives of Development of Thematic Tourism in Georgia

10. Naira Virsaladze Some aspects of agricultural development in Georgia

11. Akaki Bakuradze On the issue of decreasing the economic results of the morbidity

12. Iagor Balanchivadze Ethics in Business

13. Nana Lukhutashvili Advertising and media

14. Goderdzi Shanidze

Strategy of selling goods

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ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОФИЛЬ 3

Iasha Meskhia Doctor of Economic Science,

Full professor of Ivane Javakhishvili State University

Kakhaber GabelashviliDoctor of Economics,

Associate professor of Kutaisi University

PLACE OF GEORGIA IN WORLD COMPETITION RANKINGIn article there is given conclusion, that Georgia has very low ranking in global economical competition. And

the tendency of reducing is obvious. According to all economical and social indicators ranking of country is high. Various ranking agencies of the research results are often signifi cantly different from each other thus they have low public trust.

We think, thatin modern situation it is important that research must be accompanied by all analytical com-ments and applied methods.

We believe that in parallel rate of global competition must be shown important point such as value of GDP per person in market pricec. Main indicator of populations living standarts is reliability backed up by production results.

To get practical decision it is important to focus on world economic forums, which are recognized as the most objective and reliable research.

Revaz KakuliaDoctor of Economic Sciences,

Full Professor Kutaisi University

GLOBALIZATION OF THE ECONOMY AND SEVERAL PROBLEMS OF PUBLIC FINANCE DEVELOPMENT

IN GEORGIAThe paper deals with several problems of formation and improvement of public fi nances in Georgia under

market economy. The problems of the development and reformation of-the budget-taxation system of Georgia have been analyzed; some diffi culties are shown that prolonged the crisis of the national economy; Success is supposed to be achieved as a result of some measures taken by our new government.

The globalization of economic development is due to some profound scientifi c, technological, political and social-economic changes of XX century. The national-state formations appeared to be involved in the world economic processes despite their political structure, the character of the social-political relations and the level of industrial development.

The aim and the effort of the developed countries to protect their own economies from external infl uences point at the formation of the common world economic space. The process of transition from the system “mar-ket-state” to that of “many states - one market” has begun.

The concrete results achieved in the process of the market economy reformation are quite alarming, Despite the fact that the real sources of the budget income were concentrated in the central budget by the previous gov-ernment of the country, the revenue plan was never fulfi lled in 1991 - 2003; the main reasons were a signifi cant decrease of production rates, high rates of infl ation, corruption on a large scale, a low level of competitiveness, etc.

In so doing, the ways and means of transformation and reorganization of the state fi nancial system of the country underwent drastic changes in the period after the “revolution of roses”.


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Khatuna ShalamberidzeDoctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli

State University, Associated Professor of Kutaisi University

GENERAL ASPECT OF FINANCIAL MARKET IN CONDITION OF WORLD ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

The actuality of the problem presented in the work include the following: as the modern development level of the world brings up new problems to mankind and each state, the government of any country is forced to develop thought fi nancial strategy within the global section.

Our aim is to teach international fi nancial relations, the occurrence connected with purchase and sale of capital assets on fi nancial markets, their infl uence upon national economics, modern approached of their origin, distribution, use and control, also current factors upon it.

The scales and duration of the modern fi nancial crisis forces the science of economics to discuss the problems dominating within the social life with new methods. Especially, attention should be paid to the occurrences con-nected with internationalization of economics, which is accompanied by extending of globalization and integra-tion processes.

The real fi nancial stabilization is achieved with not one signifi cant indicator but with unity of indicators of different character

There is provided that solving of problems requires rising of the role of state within the process of regulation of economics. In this situation if the country don’t have a strategy and sense of perspectives standpoint, many irremediable results are expected.

Dezdemona Maglakelidze Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Kutaisi University

Mavlina KipianiAssistant Professor of Kutaisi University

Natela VashakidzeDoctor of Economics, Assistant Professor of Akaki

Tsereteli State University

ANALYSIS OF EVALUATION INDEX OF THE COMPANY’S FINANCIAL STABILITY

The strict laws of market economics and competition make cruel infl uence on the principal economic index of the companies. The attempt of economic unit – to preserve and improve the position achieved in the market- is directly connected to its fi nancial stability. The basis of fi nancial stability is fi nancial fi rmness.

The one of the most important part of the fi nancial analysis is just the evaluation index of the company’s fi nancial stability through which the level of fi nancial stability is determined, namely, concentration of own and attracted capital, coeffi cient of their correlation and own capital maneuverability. Herewith, the valuable fi nan-cial analysis for evaluation of capital structure additionally uses the maneuvering coeffi cient of general fi nancial relationships, bank and long-term tasks and own capital. The abovementioned coeffi cients determine four main type of fi nancial stability: absolute, normal, non-stable fi nancial and crisis fi nancial state. In the process of fi nan-cial analysis besides indexes calculation, the further perspective of the companies and allocation of those main factors having a direct infl uence on general fi nancial stability should be specifi ed either.

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To our mind one of these factors is a role of state- state protectionism and support. The abovementioned sig-nifi cantly infl uences on purpose and organized utilization of raw materials and materials. Moreover, increasing of the volume of the national commodity output and its inculcation in the market is valuable only if it’s supported by stat arrangements and decisions. We admit that the companies’ fi nancial stability must be the principal interest of the state.

Lela BakhtadzeDoctor of Economics, Associate Professor

David Aghmashenebeli University of Georgia

SOME THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF ENSURING THE STABILITY OF THE BANKING SYSTEM

The banking system is one of the core elements of a country economy. Against the background of the discus-sion and generalisation of the opinions on the banking system offered by the researchers in modern economic literature, the article identifi es their common and peculiar features.

The strategic goal of the banking system development is the strengthening of the sustainability of the bank-ing system development, which allows for ruling out the possibility of systemic crisis of the banks; loss of the confi dence of the investors, creditors and bank depositors and especially of the population.

In our opinion, overall, the stability of the development of the banking system depends on many factors, the probability of which can hardly be predicted to a high degree of accuracy. In this context we mean such vari-ables as the fl uctuation of prices of bank products and services, interest rate dynamics, currency exchange rates, change of prices of securities, infl ation level. These factors affect the quantitative characteristic of the system and are capable to ruining its integrity. The aggregate of variables, in its turn, is conditioned by macroeconomic parameters, like: budget balancing, taxation policy, domestic and foreign debt of the country, investment activity, demand and supply correlation, etc. With due consideration of the impact of these factors, the banking system mostly has the features of the system of the presumable type. Non-predictability of the banking system in our opinion is conditioned by the level of fi nancial stability of its elements; potential structural changes; for example, at the expense of creation or growth of specialised credit organisations as a counter-reaction to the impact of both foreign and domestic factors; expansion of the community of commercial banks or reduction thereof through state participation in the formation of the charter capital of commercial banks; quality of fi nancial sustainability and manageability of system elements; their strategic choices, etc.

Elguja KonjariaDoctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Kutaisi University

AUDIT ECONOMICS AND ITS IMPROVEMENT QUESTIONSAfter getting state independence in the process of marketing economics it appeared the inevitability of form-

ing independent control service, which conditioned getting the fi nance information, its trustworthy and establish-ment audit service for quality estimation. This service will give competent expert’s consideration to consumers about economic activities, argument decisions on fi nance accounts rightness and quality.

To study audit activities, showing index, generalization and work out the suggestions in organizational – methodological base for audit activities.

Complexity and many-sided research problems and its practical meaning, intercommunication of economic and political process determined to publish the correct approach between historical and logical correlation’s systemic approach, abstraction, analysis and synthesis, induction-deduction, comparative analysis, mathematical


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prognosis and other methods. It is also used theories from economics, Constitution of Georgia, laws and other normative acts/obtained by the parliament of Georgia. Theoretical base is appearances of modern thinkers, fa-mous economists, fi nances and audits, statistic information, legislative and methodical materials, and normative acts.

According to research novelty it can be formed in the following ways: It is well-founded that it must be hurried improved introduction of book-keeping and audit’s international standards in Georgia and it must be inevitable and executive as normative document; It is advisable to shorten audit’s state regulation economics mechanism and role on the expanses of social regulation mechanism; It must be established sanctions for the loss.

Tinatin GugeshashviliDoctor of Economics, Associated Professor

of Akaki Tsereteli State University

Nana benidzeDoctor of Economics, Associated Professor

of Akaki Tsereteli State University

FUNCTIONS AND ECONOMY OF ACTIVITY BROKER COMPANIES

Objective of this research of a stock exchange and members of exchange trade is to defi ne concrete function of the Broker Company and economy of their activity.

Problem signifi cant is to inform interested persons on activity broker companies as the organizations under conditions of a competition and publicity in a concrete place and during concrete time; to provide trade in the standard goods in free prices.

The stock exchange represents the intermediary market or the market where the right to the transaction has a circle of certain persons – brokers of different specializations.

Brokers are connecting links between a stock exchange and other members of operation.

Vazha Gurabanidze Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli


PLANNING OF HUMAN RESOURCES AND METHOD OF DETERMINING ITS QUANTITY

One of the hardest rules in management of human resources is the planning of human resources. It is part of common system of organization planning. Its duty is to provide the manufacture by working power with necessary quantity and quality, and to use it effective. In most cases planning of human resources is second-ary problem towards planning within fi rm. It fulfi lls and concretizes plans of organizations and programs other varieties. For example on the base of plans of making different products we can determine indexes: when and where and what qualifi cation workers we need; what demands are requested to the variety cat-egories of workers and so on.

Planning of human resources is based on the faith, that human is very important strategy resource of organization. It’s interested in quantity and quality of it. Planning of human resources considers question,

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which touches problems, such as how to use human and how he develops for effective improvement of or-ganization. Because of it planning has main role in management of human resources’ strategies.

The aim of search is to learn and generalization main problems, which foreseeing is essential for im-proved management in the presses of planning human resources.

The theoretical-methodological base of search is theory of modern management, method of analyze and synthesis. For identifi cation of quantity of human resources, and its professional-skilled compose, there are concrete methodological advices.

Eliso GvelesianiDoctor of Economics,

the teacher of Akaki Tsereteli State University

PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES OF DEVELOPMENT OF THEMATIC TOURISM IN GEORGIA

The purpose of this study about development of tourism in Georgia is to determine possibilities or revival of historic industries – such as the “New Silk road” and winemaking.

Actuality of the problem is to inform stakeholders about the resources which Georgia has throughout its history

Greek historians have preserved the information that in IV-I centuries B.C. Georgia represented the main commercial road that had connected not only East with West, but South with North too.

On the background of project TRASSECA it is already started a specifi c activity to implement the comprehensive program – “Silk Road”.

It was developed the plan of action for 1998-2005, where there were specifi c proposals on the topic:” Silk road: Cultural Traditions and the Future”.

Theorists of tourism claim that by 2020 the driving force of tourism will be themed tourism. Tourism in wine industry countries belongs to this program.

Unfortunately, this tourism product is not suffi ciently developed in Georgia due to the subjective and objective reasons.

Naira VirsaladzeDoctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli


SOME ASPECTS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

Using of theoretical and practical aspects of current events in agriculture is relevant and problematic. This has defi ned the signifi cance of this research work.

Nowadays our agriculture is in diffi cult position. Based on the integrated development of economic, political and social issues, analysts must provide a realistic assessment of the situation in agriculture and activating the defi nition of distant events in the future.

Based on the research objectives in the theme used methods of economic and statistical analysis and examine the size and levels of agriculture in Georgia.

There is revealed the crisis situation and defi ned following tasks: small peasant farms should become a major agricultural cooperation. In this way they will have opportunities to use the superiorities of large enterprises, such as – credits, implementations of advanced technologies and so on.

Our theoretical conclusions could be used in the process of development and revival of agriculture.


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Akaki BakuradzeDoctor of Economics, Associated Professor of Akaki Tsereteli


ON THE ISSUE OF DECREASING THE ECONOMIC RESULTS OF THE MORBIDITY

It is impossible to get a complete picture about the social economic development of Georgia without the economic evaluation of ‘the social health’ of the population. It is the value that exactly characterizes the level of improving the health level of the population. Unfortunately nowadays much attention is not paid to it.

In this direction methodological bases of determining the interrelation between state expanses spent on treat-ment and rehabilitation, social aid and individual expenditures spent on population’s health and/or general loss of the gross domestic product segment obtained as a result of temporarily or permanently losing the capacity for work due to the illness should be studied..

Using quantitative and statistic ways of research it is possible to estimate approximate results of the economic expenses on the industrial level as well as on the state scale. By means of historical and logical comparative methods it is possible to fi nd the ways to rapidly make up the loss caused by the morbidity. In this case it is very important to effectively use Christian teachings.

During the study it was established that complete and high levels of the cure is achieved by obedience and patience, gratitude towards the God, fi rmness, hope, mercy along with the treatment and accordingly the state and population expenditures in this direction will be saved.

Iagor BalanchivadzeAcademic Doctor of Education

ETHICS IN BUSINESSGeorgia faces many challenges in the XXI century, from those challenges the most important is making and

developing knowledge _ based economy.At present small business has been developed. The challenges and existing business, that Georgia is facing,

are some kind of a problem, but the actuality lies in the fact, that for the most businessmen the main evaluation criteria is only profi t.

They are deeply conscious that they must make money with money. Some of the businessmen are not familiar with the essence of business and are not keen on studying it.

I set myself as an object to introduce and explain the essence of business, ethics and business ethics to stu-dents and other people interested in business. In order to achieve the goal, it is necessary to get familiar with the different interpretation of business, as it is known in native and foreign literature. After introducing the concepts of the business to students it would not be bad to elucidate what is ethics and whether it is in accordance with business.

Analysis and synthesis methods helped us to establish, that ethics is the form of self _ consciousness in busi-ness. Business will be as ethical as its consciousness is developed. Such kind of ethical system will be perma-nently changing coordinate system, which will be regulated by business itself.

There are many unethical people in business but it is not fair to criticize all businessmen. There are much more ethical businessmen in small and large businesses.

How do we found out if the certain action is right and tactical step or behind it is hidden thoroughly planned, profi t oriented, commercial proposal.

One of the ways of getting the right answer is asking yourself how it will be interpreted by friends and the

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members of the team. Problem solution depends on human values that we and you are creating these values.It is not easy to be high-ethical and always live with high standards. The circumstance makes us to make

choice between high ethic and diffi cult way. Any ethical behaviour is always a good example. The nation will have a brilliant future, if we have the

strength and courage to educate businessmen, for whom ethics will be at the fi rst place.

Nana Lukhutashvili The lecturer of Kutaisi University

ADVERTISING AND MEDIA Nowadays advertising is an integral part of our lives. Advertising develops more intense, the greater becomes

the range of goods and services. It plays a vital role as a stimulator of economic growth. Advertising has a big impact on consumer choice of goods. As worldwide attention to the residents of Georgia are most attracted by television commercials-46%. The web is paying attention to 12% of respondents, according to radio 11%. Ad-vertising in newspapers and magazines may be interested in 6% of respondents. Other types of advertisements have attracted far fewer (10%) of respondents attention. About 15% of Georgians do not pay attention to any forms of advertising.

Thus, the advertising placed in the media, is the most effective, because that attracts the most number of potential consumers.

Goderdzi ShanidzeDoctor of Business and Management,

Associated professor of Kutaisi University

STRATEGY OF SELLING GOODSIn the modern conditions it is very hard to be a successful fi rm and to make your production leader in com-

parison with the production of the competitors, as competition is very high. That’s why selling goods is quite actual problem in the modern conditions.

The aim and tasks of the work are to make the managers of the fi rm see the necessity of working out the strategy of selling goods, in order to choose and use such kind of a strategy of selling goods that will help them to sell their products. While forming the strategy of selling goods , the attention must be always paid to the two sides, these are the following: you must be loyal to a customer and by and by you must lead him to the purpose without dictating your own opinion and second, you must attract a customer and must not let him go until he buys something.

While making the research I used the methods of analysis and observation and it turned out that, shops don’t often use the strategies of modern selling and complain about the reduced number of selling. And here we can defi ne the ways of solving the problem: 1. Judging from the people’s personality, it is necessary to have different approaches to different people, but it should happen so that not to irritate a customer and not to make compul-sion on his decision. 2. Selling should be divided into steps and actual problems should be solved on each step, 3. A Shop assistant has to choose such kind of methods of contacts that will make easier to have relations with a customer. 4. In most cases presentation of products happens only one way, but according to methodical point of view it is divided into two stages: a customer believes in not what we say to him, but that what he wants to understand.

The research has clarifi ed that In order to make the goods be sold in the compatitive environment, it is vitally important how much effective strategy will be chosen by the seller himself.

КУТАИССКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ


ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИЙПРОФИЛЬПРОФИЛЬ

В НОМЕРЕ:

Реферирование: Институт Научнои Информации по Общественным Наукам (Российская Академия Наук) _ www.rim.inion.ru

UDC 33 НАУЧНО-ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ ЖУРНАЛe - 491

#9, 2011

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Глобализация и интеграционные процессы

Финансы и учетМенеджмент и секторная

экономикаПравославность и этические

принципы в бизнесеМаркетинг

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Глобализация и интеграционные процессы

Финансы и Учет

Менеджмент и секторная экономика

Маркетинг

Православность и этические принципы в бизнесе

РЕДАКЦИОННАЯ КОЛЛЕГИЯГЛАВНЫЙ РЕДАКТОР:

Д.Э.Н., Профессор, Академик АкадемииЭкономических Наук Грузии

РЕВАЗ КАКУЛИЯОТВЕТСТВЕННЫЙ РЕДАКТОР:

Д.Э.Н., Профессор НИКО ЧИХЛАДЗЕ

ЧЛЕНЫ РЕДКОЛЛЕГИИ:Д.Э.Н., Профессор, Вице-президентЭкономической Академии Грузии

ЯКОВ МЕСХИЯД.Э.Н., Профессор, член-корреспондент

Национальной Академии ГрузииАВТАНДИЛ СИЛАГАДЗЕ

Доктора Экономических Наук, профессора:ЕВГЕНИЙ БАРАТАШВИЛИ

РЕВАЗ БАСАРИЯГЕОРГИЙ ГАВТАДЗЕГИВИ ГАМСАХУРДИЯРЕВАЗ МАНВЕЛИДЗЕ

ЕЛГУДЖА МЕКВАБИШВИЛИГЕДЕВАН ХЕЛАЯ

Асоцийрованные профессора:КАХА ГАБЕЛАШВИЛИАКАКИЙ БАКУРАДЗЕЛЕЛА БАХТАДЗЕ

НАИРА ВИРСАЛАДЗЕГУРАМ УПЛИСАШВИЛИХАТУНА ШАЛАМБЕРИДЗЕ

ГОДЕРДЗИ ШАНИДЗЕ

Иностранные члены:Проф. ТИМО ЛИНКОЛА (Финляндия)Проф. ПЕТР МАШЕГОВ (Россия)

Проф. МИЛАН МИКУЛАСТИК (Чехия)Проф. СЕРГЕЙ ЛУКИН (Беларусь)

Проф. МАРИЯ ТУРИЯНСКАЯ (Украина)

УЧРЕДИТЕЛЬ:Кутаисский университет

Ректор, Проф. ЛЕЛА КЕЛБАКИАНИ

4601, Грузия, г. Кутаиси,Тел:(+995 431) 42373, 51273.

E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]://www.unic.edu.ge

1. Якоб месхия, Каха Габелашвили Место Грузии в рейтингах мировой конкурентоспособности

2. Реваз Какулия Глобализация экономики и проблемы развития общественных

финансов в Грузии

3. Хатуна Шаламберидзе Некоторые аспекты финансового рынка в условиях мировой

экономической глобализации

4. Дездемона Маглакелидзе, Мавлина Кипиани, Натела Вашакидзе

Анализ показателей оценки финансовой устойчивости предприятия

5. Лела Бахтадзе Некоторые теоретическо-метологические вопросы обеспечения

стабильности банковской системы

6. Элгуджа Конджариа Аудиторская деятельность и вопросы ее совершенствования

7. Тинатин Гугешашвили, Нана Бенидзе Функции и экономическая деятельность брокерских компании

8. Важа Гурабанидзе Планирование человеческого ресурса и методы его количественного

определения

9. Елисо Гвелесиани Проблемы и перспективы развития тематического туризма в Грузии

10. Наира Вирсаладзе Некоторые аспекты развития сельского хозяйства в Грузии

11. Акакий Бакурадзе К вопросу уменьшения экономических результатов болезности

12. Ягор Баланчивадзе Этика в бизнесе

13. Нана Лухуташвили Реклама и СМИ

14. Годердзи Шанидзе Стратегия продажи товара

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отпечатано в типографииООО `МБМ-ПОЛИГРАФ~

Грузия, Кутаиси, ул. А. Церетели №186тел: 8 431 3 45 54.


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Яков месхияд.э.н., профессор Тбилисского Государственного университета

Каха Габелашвилик.э.н., асоцийрованный профессор Кутаисского университета

МЕСТО ГРУЗИИ В РЕЙТИНГАХ МИРОВОЙ КОНКУРЕНТОСПОСОБНОСТИ

В современной мировой экономике происходят глубокие качественные изменения. Они тесно свя-заны с такими явлениями, как глобализация, асиметрическое региональное развитие, обострение кон-куренции между государствами, регионами и фирмами, и т.д. В этих условиях, когда рынок признан главным механизмом развития общества, экономические успехи госудаства зависит от глобальной конку-рентоспособности, от его возможности, достигать преимущества в экономической деятельности.

В статье дается вывод о том, что рейтинг глобальной конкурентоспособности Грузии низкая. В последные годы рейтинг ухудшилось с стабильного положения (90-ое место) до 93-го места в 2010 году. Несмотря на указанное, с учетом ряда экономических и социальных показателей, которые имеют локаль-ный характер, страна имеет довольно высокий рейтинг. Различные рейтинговые службы дают противо-речивые результаты, что снижает степень доверенности к таким исследованиям.

Авторы делают вывод, что для принятия практических решении, целесообразно ориентирование на оценках мировых экономических форумов, которые признаны объективными и достоверными иссле-дованиями.

Реваз Какулияд.э.н., профессор Кутаисского университета

ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ РАЗВИТИЯОБЩЕСТВЕННЫХ ФИНАНСОВ В ГРУЗИИ

Основой финансового кризиса являются глубокие изменения, которые происходятся и происходят

в процессе экономической глобализации. В частности: трансформация в национальных экономиках, хо-зяйственных отношениях, где приоритетным стал финансовый доминант. В статье определяются изме-нения факторов экономического потенциала в условиях экономической глобализации. В современных условиях в любой стране главной предпосылкой применения и использования экономического потен-циала является полноценное развитие финансового рынка. В противном случае, невозможным будет в стране акуммуляция и целевое применение финансовых ресурсов.

В статье предлогает анализ укрепления курса Национальной валюты Грузии – лари в условиях вы-соких темпов инфляции и дает соответствующие выводи.

2011


. Хатуна Шаламберидзек.э.н., асоцийрованный профессор Государственного

университета им. Ак. Церетели и Кутаисского университета

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ФИНАНСОВОГО РЫНКА В УСЛОВИЯХ МИРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ

Актуальность представленной в теме проблемы состоит в следующем: поскольку уровень совре-менного развития планеты ставит новые задачи перед человечеством и каждым государством, постоль-ку правительство любой страны вынуждено в глобальном разрезе осуществить более продуманную фи-нансовую стратегию, тактику и политику их применения.

Цель и задача статьи изучить международные финансовые отношения, т.е. явления, связанные с куплей-продажей капитальных активов на мировых финансовых рынках, их воздействие на националь-ную экономику, современные подходы к их происхождению, перераспределению, использованию и кон-тролю, а также факторы влияния на неё. Особую значимость приобретают явления, связанные с интер-национализацией экономики, сопровожденные с углублением процессов глобализации и интеграции.

Действительная финансовая стабилизация достижима не одним, пусть даже значимым индика-тором, а совокупностью носителей различного характера, тесно связанных между собой и взаимодей-ствующих индикаторов.

Следует учесть, что решение данных задач требует повышения роли государства в урегулировании экономических процессов. При отсутствии в такой ситуации у страны стройной стратегии и способности видения перспектив возможны многообразные непоправимые последствия.

Дездемона Маглакелидзе Академический доктор экономики, асоцийрованный

профессор Кутаисского Университета

Мавлина Кипиани докторант, ассистент- профессор Кутаисского Университета

Натела Вашакидзе Академический доктор экономики, ассистент- профессор

Государственного Университета им. Акакия Церетели

АНАЛИЗ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ ОЦЕНКИ ФИНАНСОВОЙ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯ

Строжайшие законы рыночной экономики и конкуренции нещадно «воздействуют» на основные экономические показатели предприятий. Попытка хозяйственного объекта – сохранить и улучшить до-стигнутую на рынке позицию - прямо увязывается с его финансовой стабильностью. А основой финан-совой стабильности является финансовая устойчивость.

Одной из важнейших частей финансового анализа является именно оценка показателей финансо-вой устойчивости предприятий, посредством которых определяется уровень финансовой устойчивости предприятия. В частности, коэффициенты концентрации собственного и привлеченного капитала, их


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соотношения и маневренности собственного капитала. Вместе с тем полноценный финансовый анализ для оценки структуры капитала дополнительно применяет коэффициенты общей финансовой зависимо-сти, маневренности банковских и долгосрочных поручений и собственного капитала. Посредством упо-мянутых коэффициентов определяются четыре основных типа финансовой устойчивости: абсолютная, нормальная, неустойчивое финансовое и кризисное финансовое состояние. При финансовом анализе на-ряду с расчётом показателей необходимо определить перспективу на будущее предприятий и выделение основных факторов, непосредственно воздействующих на общую финансовую устойчивость.

По нашему мнению, из этих факторов одну из главных и важнейших представляет роль государ-ства – протекционизм и содействие государства. Означенное оказывает заметное воздействие на орга-низованное и целенаправленное использование местного сырья и материалов. Более того, рост объема национальной товарной продукции и её упрочение на рынке ставится полноценным и высококачествен-ным лишь в том случае, когда этому содействуют правительственные меры и решения. Полагаем, что финансовая устойчивость предприятий должна представлять важнейший интерес государства.

Лела Бахтадзек.э.н., Ассоцийрованный профессор

Грузинского Университета им. Давида Агмашенебели

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКО-МЕТОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ВОПРОСЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ СТАБИЛЬНОСТИ БАНКОВСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ

Банковская система занимает одну из центральных мест в экономике любой страны. На основе обсуждения и обобщения суждений исследователей, выраженных в современной экономической литера-туре, в статье выявлены их общие и отличительные черты. Определены стратегические цели развития банковской системы на современном этапе; выявлены факторы, влияющие на количественные и каче-ственные показатели банковской системы; предложены меры для обеспечения стабильности банковской системы.

Считаем, что стабильность развития банковской системы в целом определяется множеством фак-торов, вероятность которых невозможно определить с большой точностью. В данном контексте подразу-меваются такие переменные, как изменение цен на банковские продукты и услуги, динамика процентных ставок, курсы валют, изменение цен на ценные бумаги, уровень инфляции. Эти факторы влияют на коли-чественные показатели системы и могут разрушить его цельность. Совокупность вышеуказанных пере-менных, в свою очередь, определяется макроэкономическими параметрами, такими как: балансирование бюджета, налоговая политика, внутренние и внешние займы государства, инвестиционная активность, соотношение спроса и предложения и другие факторы. С учетом воздействия этих факторов, банковская система большей частью включает черты системы вероятного типа. Непредсказуемость банковской си-стемы, по нашему мнению, определяется уровнем финансовой стабильности его элементов, возможны-ми структурными изменениями, например, за счет создания или роста специализированных кредитных организаций как ответной реакция на воздействие внешних и внутренних факторов; расширение круга коммерческих банков или его сужение путем участия государства в формировании их уставного капи-тала; финансовой стабильностью и уровнем управляемости элементов системы, их стратегическим вы-бором и др.

2011


Конджариа Элгуджак.э.н., асоцийрованный профессор Кутаисского Университета

АУДИТОРСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ И ВОПРОСЫ ЕЕ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ

После обретения государственной независимости в процессе формирования рыночной экономи-ки возникла неизбежная необходимость введения независимой службы контроля, введения аудиторской службы для оценки ее качества и правильности. В процессе нормализации общественной жизни опреде-ляется обязательность аудиторской деятельности.

Целью статьи является изучение аудиторной деятельности, оценка показателей, их обобщение, разработка предложений по совершенствованию организационно-методологической базы проведения ау-дита. Сложность исследуемой темы, разнообразие и ее большое практическое значение, взаимосвязан-ность экономических и политических процессов определило использование в исследовании системного, исторического и логического подхода, методов абстракции, анализа и синтеза, индукции-дедукции, срав-нительный анализ, математическое прогнозирование и другие методы. Научную новизну исследования можно представить следующим образом: Обоснована обязательность ускоренного усовершенствования внедрения международных стандартов бухгалтерии и аудита, их выполнение должно быть обязательным, как и выполнение нормативных актов. Разработана альтернативная регулирующая модель аудита и аргу-ментирована полезность его создания.

Тинатин Гугешашвилик.э.н., асоцийрованный профессор Кутаисского Государственного

Университета им. Акакия Церетели

Нана Бенидзек.э.н., асоцийрованный профессор Кутаисского Государственного

Университета им. Акакия Церетели

ФУНКЦИИ И ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬБРОКЕРСКИХ КОМПАНИИ

Биржа представляет собой посреднический рынок или рынок где право на сделку имеет круг опре-делённых лиц – брокеров разных специальностей.

Брокеры являются связующими звеньями между биржей и другими членами операции.Актуальность проблемы – информировать заинтересованных лиц о деятельности биржи как ор-

ганизации при условиях конкуренции и публичности в конкретном месте и в конкретное время; чтобы обеспечить торговлю стандартным товаром в свободных ценах.

Целью данного исследования является изучение бирж и членов биржевой торговли, определение конкретной функции брокерской компании и экономику их деятельности.


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Важа Гурабанидзе к.э.н., асоцийрованный профессор Кутаисского Университета,

асоцийрованный профессор Кутаисского Государственного Университета им. Акакия Церетели

ПЛАНИРОВАНИЕ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО РЕСУРСА ИМЕТОДЫ ЕГО КОЛИЧЕСТВЕННОГО ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ

Планирование человеческого ресурса опирается на уверенность, что самым главным стратегиче-ским ресурсом любой организации является человек. Его интересует как качественная, так и количе-ственная сторона человеческого ресурса.

Целью исследования в процессе планировании человеческого ресурса является изучение-обобщение тех вопросов, которые нужно принять во внимание для осуществления полноценного менеджмента.

Теоретическо-методологическое основание исследования – это теория современного менеджмен-та, метод анализа и синтеза

Одной из самых сложных и важных функций менеджмента человеческого ресурса является плани-рование человеческого ресурса. Ее задачей является обеспечение производства рабочей силой нужного количества и качества и ее эффективное использование. На основе планирования можно установить сле-дующие показатели: где, требуются работники, какие требования будут предъявлены им и т.д. Планиро-вание человеческого ресурса должно отвечать на следующие вопросы: на каком участке организации, сколько и какого уровня квалификации требуется рабочая сила (планирование востребования человече-ского ресурса); каким образом привлечь необходимый и сократить излишний человеческий ресурс (пла-нирование увеличения и сокращения штатов); как можно использовать работников в зависимости от их возможностей (планирование использования кадров) и т.д.

Элисо ГвелесианиАкадемический доктор экономики

Преподаватель Государственного Университета им. Ак. Церетели

ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯТЕМАТИЧЕСКОГО ТУРИЗМА В ГРУЗИИ

Целью данного исследования развития таматического туризма в Грузии является определения разнообразия возможностей возрождения исторических областей. Таких как «Новый Шёлковуй Путь» и виноделие.

Актуальность проблемы – информировать заинтересованных лиц о ресурсах, которых Грузия имеет на протяжении своей истории.

Греческие историки сохранили сведения о том, что в IV-I вв. до н.э. Грузия представляла главную торговую дорогу, которая связывала не только восток с западом, но и юг с севером тоже.

На фоне проекта трассека уже начато конкретный вид деятельности для осуществления многосторонной программы шелкового пути. Разработан был план мероприятии на 1998-2005 гг, где были обсуждены конкретные предложения на тему: «Шелковый путь: культурные традиции и будущее».

Теоретики туризма утверждают, что к 2020 году движущей силой туризма станет тематический туризм. Этому направлению туризма принадлежит туристические програмы в странах виноделия.

К сожалению, этот турпродукт ещё недастаточно развит в Грузию, что обусловлено субъективными и объективными причинами.

2011


Наира ВирсаладзеДоктор экономики, Ассоцированный профессор Кутаисского университета и Гос. университета

им. Акакия Церетели.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ РАЗВИТИЯ СЕЛЬСКОГО ХОЗЯЙСТВА В ГРУЗИИ

Использования теоретических и практических аспектов текущих событии в сельском хозяйтве яв-ляется актуальными и проблематичными. Этим обусловливается значимость данного труда.

Сегодня наше сeльское хозяйство находится в трудном положении. На основании комплексных разработок экономических, политических и социальных вопросов аналитики должны обеспечить реаль-ную оценку существующего положения в сельском хозяйстве; Определение и активизирование дальей-ших мероприятии на будущее.

Исходя из цели исследования в теме использованы методы экономико-статистического анализа и изучены масштабы и уровни развития сельского хозяйства в Грузии.

Выявлено кризисное положение отрасли и вызывающие причины. Определены следующие зада-чи: Мелкие фермерские хозяйства должны превращаться в крупных сельскохозяйственных кооперациях. Этим у них появятся возможности для использования превосходствами крупных предприятии, таких, как - использоване кредитов, внедрение прогрессивных технологии и т.д.

Полученные теоретические заключения могут бить использованы в процессе развития и возрож-дения сельского хозяйства.

Акакий Бакурадзек.э.н., асоцийрованный профессор Кутаисского Университета,

асоцийрованный профессор Кутаисского Государственного Университета им. Акакия Церетели

К ВОПРОСУ УМЕНЬШЕНИЯ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ БОЛЕЗНОСТИ

Представить полную картину социально-экономического развития Грузии невозможно без эконо-мической оценки «общественного здоровья» населения, которая точно характеризует реальную картину улучшения уровня здоровья населения, чему в настоящее время, к сожалению, не уделяется должное внимание.

Используя количественные и статистические методы возможно вычислить экономические расходы и/или приблизительные резуьтаты убытков, как на микро так и на макро уровне, а с помощью методов исторических и логических сравнений можно найти пути срочного уменьшения убытков, вызванных болезнестию, среди которых в процессе управления заболеваниями значимым является эффективное ис-пользование учений христианской церкви.

В процессе исследований установлено, что полный и высокий эффект выздоровления наступает вследствии повиновения, терпения, благодарного отношения к Господу, упования, милости, чему, само собой, сопутствует курс лечения (соответственно, с уменьшенными расходами). В результате сберега-ются как индивидуальные, так и государственные расходы на лечение и/или превенцию заболеваний, в результате могут быть найдены серьезные резервы для возрастания как личных, так и национальных сбережений.


МАЙ

18

Ягор БаланчивадзеАкадемический доктор образования

ЭТИКА В БИЗНЕСЕ

XXI век ставит перед Грузией много задач, главнейшая из которых - создание и развитие экономи-ки, опирающейся на знание. На сегодняшний день в грузинской экономике довольно прочно обосновался бизнес, точнее мелкий бизнес. Поставленная перед Грузией задача и существующий бизнес в некоторой степени являются проблемой, но актуальность в том, что для большинства бизнесменов основной крите-рий оценки их деятельности заключается в получении прибыли. Они ориентированы только на то, чтобы из денег делать деньги.

Исходя из этого, необходимо ознакомить студентов и заинтересованных лиц с бизнесом, этикой и этикой бизнеса. Для достижения цели следует ознакомиться с разными определениями бизнеса, объяс-нить, что такое этика и какое отношение она имеет к бизнесу.

Путем метода анализа и синтеза мы установили, что этика в бизнесе является формой коллектив-ного осмысления и бизнес будет этичным в той мере, в какой развито его осмысление. Такая этическая система станет постоянно меняющейся системой координат, которую будет регулировать бизнес.

Как мы должны понять является ли определенное поведение правильным, тактичным шагом, если за ним кроется ориентированное только на прибыль, коммерческое предложение?

Один из путей для получения правильного ответа - это спросить самих себя: как оценят наше по-ведение друзья, члены нашей команды? Решение проблем зависит от отношения людей к ценностям.

Любой этичный поступок всегда является хорошим примером. Народ будет иметь блестящее бу-дущее, если нам хватит сил и решимости вырастить бизнесменов, для которых этика будет на первом месте.

Нана Лухуташвили к.т.н., преподаватель Кутаисского университета

РЕКЛАМА И СРЕДСТВА МАССОВОЙ ИНФОРМАЦИИ

Реклама-это уже неотъемлемая часть нашей жизни. Она играет жизненно важную роль как стиму-лятор экономического роста.

Статья рассматривает суть рекламы и ее развития в условиях растущей конкуренции.В статье приведены итоги опроса населения, цель которого состояла в определении того, какому

из источников получения информации отдает предпочтение респондент. При выполнении исследования был применен метод сравнительного анализа обработки информации.

Как и во всем мире, внимание жителей Грузии более всего привлекает телевизионная реклама-46%. На рекламу в Интернете обращают внимание по 12% опрошенных, по радио-11%. Реклама в газе-тах и журналах может заинтересовать 6% респондентов. Остальные виды рекламы привлекают гораздо меньше (10%) внимания опрошенных. Около 15% Грузинов вообще не обращают внимания, ни на какие виды рекламы.

Таким образом, реклама, размещенная в СМИ, является наиболее эффективной, поскольку привле-кает наибольшее количество потенциальных потребителей.

2011


Годердзи ШанидзеДоктор бизнеса и управления,

Ассоциированный профессор Кутаисского Университета

СТРАТЕГИЯ ПРОДАЖИ ТОВАРА

В современных условиях весьма актуальна проблема продажи товаров, так как высока конкурен-ция и поэтому довольно трудно быть успешной фирмой и лидером по продаже продукции.

Задача и цель данной работы - показать руководителю фирмы необходимость выработки такой стратегии продажи товаров, для того чтобы подобрать и использовать такую стратегию продажи товаров, которая поможет реализовать выпускаемую продукцию. При формировании стратегии продажи товаров нужно обратить внимание на две стороны: первое надо быть лояльным по отношению к клиенту и по-степенно, без нажима подвести его к цели и второе - надо притянуть клиента и не отпускать его пока не приобретёт товар.

При исследовании использованы методы анализа и наблюдений и выявлено, что торговые объекты часто не используют современные стратегии по продаже и жалуются на уменьшение объема продажи. Путями решения проблемы представляются: 1. Необходимо разное отношение к покупателям но так что-бы не раздражать его принять решение. 2. Необходимо продажу разделить и на каждой ступени решить заданную задачу. 3. Продавец должен выбрать такие методы контакта, которые облегчат взаимоотноше-ние с покупателем. Исследование показало, что, чтобы товар продавался в конкурентной среде, большое значение имеет то, какую эффективную стратегию продажи товара выберет продавец.

ISSN 1512-3901

ECONOMICSPROFILE

ECONOMICSPROFILE

SCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL MAGAZINESCIENTIFIC-PRACTICAL MAGAZINE

MAY2011#9

ISSN 1512-3901

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