Un paradigma non sempre così scontato: La sorveglianza clinica del post-infarto Andrea BONI...
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Transcript of Un paradigma non sempre così scontato: La sorveglianza clinica del post-infarto Andrea BONI...
Un paradigma non sempre così scontato:La sorveglianza clinica del post-infarto
Andrea BONIDivisione di Cardiologia ASL 2 Lucca
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Follow-up dopo infarto miocardico
Perché un paradigma non così scontato?Aspetti sanitari:
E’ inverosimile che i risultati di studi di follow up in era trombolitica possano applicarsi alla attuale popolazione di pazienti infartuati.
La diffusione dell’interventistica coronarica ha comportato un cambiamento della prognosi e quindi del follow up (47% dei pazienti in riabilitazione post IMA già sottoposti a PCI, 27% già sottoposti a bypass Ao-Co, Gospel 2003)
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Follow-up dopo infarto miocardico
Perché un paradigma non così scontato?Aspetti economici:
L’attuale contesto sanitario è sempre più povero di quelle risorse necessarie a soddisfare le richieste sempre più crescenti in termini di qualità e quantità.
E’ necessario individuare le strategie più efficaci, con il miglior rapporto costo/beneficio per la sorveglianza del postinfarto.
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
CK- MB or Troponin Troponin elevated or not
ACS without persistent ST-segment elevation
ACS with persistent ST-segment elevation
Perché una stratificazione del rischio?
Popolazione eterogenea, prognosi variabile
Precoce identificazione dei pazienti ad “alto rischio”
Selezione delle più appropiate strategie di trattamento
e di sorveglianza clinica in relazione al tipo di paziente
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Follow-up dopo infarto miocardico
• Stratificatione del rischio– Tempi– Sequenza – Tipo di esami
• Prevenzione secondaria– Approccio multifattoriale– Sopravvivenza e qualità di vita
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Quando applicare una stratificazione del rischio
Al ricovero A 24-48 ore Pre-dimissione Post-dimissione
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
ROSETTA Registry: Timing e Numero Di Test Funzionali dopo PCI
Eisemberg MJ et al, Am Heart J 2001;141:837
39% indicazione clinica61% routine
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Stratificazione del rischio
• Valutazione della funzione ventricolare sinistra
• Valutazione dell’ischemia miocardicaValutazione dell’ischemia miocardica• Valutazione dell’instabilità elettricaValutazione dell’instabilità elettrica
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
• EcocardiografiaEcocardiografia• Angiografia ventricolare Angiografia ventricolare
radionuclidicaradionuclidica• Risonanza magnetica cardiacaRisonanza magnetica cardiaca
Valutazione della funzione ventricolare sinistra
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Impact of left ventricular function on survival following myocardial infarction
GISSI 2 Database -Circulation 1993
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Stratificazione del rischio
• Valutazione della funzione Valutazione della funzione ventricolare sinistraventricolare sinistra
• Valutazione dell’ischemia miocardica• Valutazione dell’instabilità elettricaValutazione dell’instabilità elettrica
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
• Treadmill exercise testTreadmill exercise test• Stress ecocardiografiaStress ecocardiografia• Scintigrafia miocardica da sforzoScintigrafia miocardica da sforzo• Stress test farmacologicoStress test farmacologico
Valutazione dell’ischemia miocardica
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
• Valutazione della funzione Valutazione della funzione ventricolare sinistraventricolare sinistra
• Valutazione dell’ischemia miocardicaValutazione dell’ischemia miocardica• Valutazione dell’instabilità elettricaValutazione dell’instabilità elettrica
Stratificazione del rischio
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
ACC/AHA Guidelines – Circulation 2004 LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Valutazione della instabilità elettrica
Primo caso
U.F. maschio di anni 51Ex fumatoreDa anni precordialgie (accertamenti negativi)Ipertensione arteriosaRicomparsa di precordialgie ECG comparsa di T negative Aumento degli enzimi miocardiospecifici20/2/2007: ricovero presso la nostra UTIC
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
ECG all’ingresso:Ritmo sinusale, EASn, T negative V1-V3
Rx torace: Non lesioni pleuroparenchimali in atto. Ombra cardiaca nei limiti
Ecocardiogramma M-B Color Doppler:Radice aortica (34 mm) nei limiti.Atrio sinistro ai limiti alti della norma (41 mm).Mitrale: lembi mobili, nei limiti della normaVentricolo sinitro non dilatato (45 mm), cinetica delle pareti nei limiti. FE 66%. Cavità destre e pericardio normali
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
26/2/2007 : “Infarto acuto del miocardio della parete anterosettale. Stenosi critica dell’arteria
discendente anteriore prossimale trattata con angioplastica efficace e stent.
Dimissione volontaria”
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Dimissione
Terapia alla dimissione:Pr. Cardioaspirin 100 cpS. 1 cp all’ora di pranzoPr. Plavix 75 mg cpS. 1 cp alle ore 9 per almeno 6 mesiPr. Atenololo 100 mg cpS. ½ cp alle ore 8 e ½ cp alle ore 20Pr. Lansox 30 mg cpS. 1 cp alle ore 20Pr. Sinvastatina 20 mg cpS. 1 cp alle ore 22Pr. Triatec 5 mg cpS. 1 cp alle ore 9 (eventualmente 1 cp alle ore 20)
Ciclo di Riabilitazione Cardiologica: dopo 10 giorni ricomparsa di toracoalgie atipiche (enzimi negativi)9/5/2007 ricomparsa di toracoalgie
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
1) Nessuno2) Scintigrafia3) Ecostress 4) Coronarografia5) Test da sforzo 6) Altro ??
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Il paziente ha toracoalgie, che esani fareste?
Exercise Testing After PCI ACC/AHA 2002 Guidelines
Class I
Evaluation of pts with recurrent symptoms suggesting ischemia
Class IIb
• Detection of restenosis in selected, high-risk asymptomatic patients <12 months after PCI.
• Periodic monitoring of selected, high-risk asymptomatic patients for restenosis, graft occlusion, incomplete coronary revascularization, or disease progression.
Class III
Routine periodic monitoring of asymptomatic pts
R Gibbons et al, Circulation 2002;103:3019R Gibbons et al, Circulation 2002;103:3019LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
Stress Echocardiography after PCI: ACC/AHA 2003 Guidelines
Class I Identification of restenosis in
patients with atypical recurrent symptoms
Class IIa Assessment of restenosis in
patients with typical symptoms
Class III Routine assessment of
asymptomatic patientsCheitlin et al, ACC/AHA Guidelines 2003Cheitlin et al, ACC/AHA Guidelines 2003 LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
Cardiac Nuclear Imaging after PCI: ACC/AHA 2003 Guidelines
Class IIa Stress myocardial perfusion SPECT at 3 to 5 years after PCI in selected, high-risk asymptomatic patients
F Klocke et al, ACC/AHA Guidelines 2003F Klocke et al, ACC/AHA Guidelines 2003 LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
18/5/2007 TSF: non diagnostico per precoce sospensione del test per oppressione precordiale senza modificazioni dell’ECG.
21/5/2007 ecostress: test negativo per ischemia, riserva coronarica conservata.
Il nostro paziente con toracoalgie che esami ha fatto?
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
Secondo caso
S.S. maschio di anni 52Familiarità positiva per C.I.Ipertensione arteriosaAnamnesi cardiologica negativa 28/2/2007: ricovero presso la ns UTIC per AnginaInstabile
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
Dimissione
5/3/2007 : “Angina instabile. Stenosi critica dell’arteria discendente anteriore prossimale trattata con procedura efficace di angioplastica e stent. Ipertensione arteriosa ”
5/7/2007: ricomparsa di ANGINA in occasione di sforzi fisici.8/8/2007: ricovero in cardiologia per angina instabile
Terapia alla dimissione:Pr. Cardioaspirin 100 cpS. 1 cp all’ora di pranzoPr. Plavix 75 mg cpS. 1 cp alle ore 9 per almeno 6 mesiPr. Seloken 100 mg cpS. ½ cp alle ore 8 e ½ cp alle ore 20Pr. Lansox 30 mg cpS. 1 cp alle ore 20Pr. Sinvastatina 20 mg cpS. 1 cp alle ore 22
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
Obiettivi a breve termine:Ottimizzazione terapia medicaTest di ricerca di ischemia ?
Obiettivi a lungo termine:Controllo di pressione, di colesteroloInterruzione del fumoCalo ponderaleTraining fisico controllato
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Cosa fare?Ottimizzazione terapia
medica• Mantenimento di ace-inibitore a alta
dose• Potenziamento statina • Titration del beta-bloccante• Inserimento dell’Omega – 3• …?
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Potenziamento statina: siamo tutti d’accordo??
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Statina-prevenzione 2aria
Placebo-prevenzione 2aria
Statina-prevenzione 1aria
Placebo-prevenzione 1aria
Adattato da Ballantyne CM. Am J Cardiol 1998; 82 (9A): 3Q-12Q; O’Keefe JH et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43 (11): 2142-2146.
LDL e rischio coronarico negli studi clinicidi riduzione dell‘iperlipidemia
25
20
15
10
5
050 70 90 110 130 150 170 190 210
WOSCOPS-P
WOSCOPS-S
AFCAPS-P
AFCAPS-S
LIPID-SCARE-S
4S-S
CARE-P
LIPID-P
4S-P
30
mg/dl
HPS-P
HPS-SLIPS-P
ASCOT-S
ASCOT-PLIPS-S
PROVE-IT APROVE-IT P
TNT 80
TNT 10AtoZ 20
AtoZ 80
Eventi
coro
nari
ci (
%)
C-LDL
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Adattato da Grundy SM et al. Circulation 2004;110 (2):227-239.
190
Rischio elevato di CHD o equivalenti di rischio
coronarico(rischio a 10 anni > 20%)
Livelli
di C
-LD
L
160
130
100
70Rischio
moderatamente alto≥2 fattori di rischio
(rischio a 10 anni 10-20%)
Rischio moderato≥2 fattori di rischio
(rischio a 10 anni < 10%)
Basso rischio< 2 fattori di rischio
Target 130
mg/dL
Target 130
mg/dL
Target 160
mg/dL
Target 100
mg/dL
or optional 70
mg/dL
or optional 100
mg/dL
The lower the better – ATP III aggiornagli obiettivi di C-LDL nel 2004
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Inserimento e titration del beta-bloccante, siamo tutti d’accordo??
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Start and continue indefinitely in all post MI, ACS, LV dysfunction with or without HF symptoms, unless contraindicated.
Consider chronic therapy for all other patients with coronary or other vascular disease or diabetes unless
contraindicated.
*Precautions but still indicated include mild to moderate asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, severe peripheral arterial disease, and a PR interval >0.24 seconds.
MI=Myocardial infarction, HF=Heart Failure
bb-blocker Recommendations-blocker Recommendations
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Inserimento dell’Omega –3
siamo tutti d’accordo??
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Inserimento dell’Omega –3
siamo tutti d’accordo??
Pro
ba b
i lit à
so
pra
v viv
enz a
giorni
mortalità totale
1,00
0,98
0,96
0,94
0,92
0,90
0,88
0,860 180 360 540 720 900 1080 1260
PUFA -3: 236/2836 (8,3%)
Controllo: 293/2828 (10,4%)
Riduzione della mortalità totale del 20%
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Risultati:
End-point singoli
PUFA -3
236 (8,3%)
Controllo
293 (10,4%)
Rischio relativo
0,80
Mortalità totale -20%
PUFA -3
136 (4,8%)
Controllo
193 (6,8%)
Rischio relativo
0,70
Mortalità cardiovascolare -30%
PUFA -3
55 (1,9%)
Controllo
99 (3,5%)
Rischio relativo
0,55
Morti improvvise -45%
GISSI-PREVENZIONELUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
Obiettivi a breve termine:Ottimizzazione terapia medicaTest di ricerca di ischemia?
Obiettivi a lungo termine:Controllo di pressione, colesterolo, glicemiaInterruzione del fumoCalo ponderaleTraining fisico controllato
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
AHA/ACC Guidelines for Secondary Prevention for Patients with Coronary and Other Atherosclerotic Vascular
Disease: 2006 Update
Gregg C. Fonarow, MD and Sidney Smith Jr, MD on behalf of the Secondary Prevention
Writing Group
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Componenti della prevenzione secondaria
Cigarette smoking cessation
Blood pressure control
Lipid management to goal
Physical activity
Weight management to goal
Diabetes management to goal
Antiplatelet agents / anticoagulants
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockers
Beta blockers
Influenza vaccinationLUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
Ma siamo sicuri che è importante
la doppia disaggregazione ?
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
TAXUS?? Ma che CYPHER stai a di’??
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Taxus Cypher
• Stent al Paclitaxel (1967 - estratto dalla corteccia dell’albero del Tasso Brevifoglio con proprietà citostatiche e antiproliferative/anti
infiammatorie)
• Stent alla Rapamicina Sirolimus (antibiotico
macrolide isolato da un fungo con proprietà citostatiche, già utilizzato nel rigetto dopo trapianto di rene)
D.E.S.
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Aspirin RecommendationsAspirin Recommendations
Start and continue indefinitely aspirin 75 to 162 mg/d in all patients unless contraindicated
For patients undergoing CABG, aspirin (100 to 325 mg/d) should be started within 48 hours after surgery to reduce saphenous vein graft closure
Post-PCI-stented patients should receive 325 mg per day of aspirin for 1 month for bare metal stent, 3 months for sirolimus-eluting stent and 6 months for paclitaxel-eluting stent
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Start and continue clopidogrel 75 mg/d in combination with aspirin for post ACS or post PCI with stent placement patients
for post PCI-stented patients
>1 month for bare metal stent,
>3 months for sirolimus-eluting stent
>6 months for paclitaxel-eluting stent
*Clopidogrel is generally given preference over Ticlopidine because of a superior safety profile
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Clopidogrel Clopidogrel RecommendationsRecommendations
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
LUCCA
CARDIOLOGIA
Conclusioni:
Mentre per i pazienti che sviluppano sintomi anginosi tipici dopo IMA è prassi comune ripetere lo studio angiografico, decisamente più complessa è la gestione del paziente asintomatico o con
sintomatologia francamente atipica
Esiste un follow up ideale ed efficace?
Goal: Complete Cessation and No Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Cigarette Smoking Cigarette Smoking RecommendationsRecommendations
•Ask about tobacco use status at every visit.
•Advise every tobacco user to quit.
•Assess the tobacco user’s willingness to quit.
•Assist by counseling and developing a plan for quitting.
•Arrange follow-up, referral to special programs, or pharmacotherapy (including nicotine replacement and bupropion).
•Urge avoidance of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work and home.
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Goal: <140/90 mm Hg or <130/80 if diabetes or chronic kidney disease
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Blood Pressure Control Blood Pressure Control RecommendationsRecommendations
Blood pressure 120/80 mm Hg or greater:
Initiate or maintain lifestyle modification: weight control, increased physical activity, alcohol moderation, sodium reduction, and increased consumption of fresh fruits vegetables and low fat dairy products
Blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg or greater (or 130/80 or greater for chronic kidney disease or diabetes)
As tolerated, add blood pressure medication, treating initially with beta blockers and/or ACE inhibitors with addition of other drugs such as thiazides as needed to achieve goal blood pressure
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Lipid Management Lipid Management GoalGoal
LDL-C should be less than 100 mg/dL
Further reduction to LDL-C to < 70 mg/dL is reasonable
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
*Non-HDL-C = total cholesterol minus HDL-C
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
If TG >200 mg/dL, non-HDL-C should be < 130 mg/dL*
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Physical Activity Physical Activity RecommendationsRecommendations
Assess risk with a physical activity history and/or an exercise test, to guide prescription
Encourage 30 to 60 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic activity such as brisk walking, on most, preferably all, days of the week, supplemented by an increase in daily lifestyle activities
Advise medically supervised programs for high-risk patients (e.g. recent acute coronary syndrome or revascularization, HF)
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Goal: 30 minutes 7 days/week, minimum 5 days/week
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Anticoagulation Anticoagulation RecommendationsRecommendations
Manage warfarin to international normalized ratio 2.0 to 3.0 for paroxysmal or chronic atrial fibrillation or flutter, and in post-MI patients when clinically indicated (e.g., atrial fibrillation, LV thrombus.)
Use of warfarin in conjunction with aspirin and/or clopidogrel is associated with increased risk of bleeding and should be monitored closely
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Weight Management Weight Management RecommendationsRecommendations
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Goal: BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2Waist Circumference: Men: < 40 inches Women: < 35 inches
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Assess BMI and/or waist circumference on each visit and consistently encourage weight maintenance/ reduction through an appropriate balance of physical activity, caloric intake, and formal behavioral programs when indicated.
If waist circumference (measured at the iliac crest) >35 inches in women and >40 inches in men initiate lifestyle changes and consider treatment strategies for metabolic syndrome as indicated.
The initial goal of weight loss therapy should be to reduce body weight by approximately 10 percent from baseline. With success, further weight loss can be attempted if indicated.
*BMI is calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by the body surface area in meters2. Overweight state is defined by BMI=25-30 kg/m2. Obesity is defined by a BMI >30 kg/m2.
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Diabetes Mellitus Recommendations
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Goal: Hb A1c < 7%
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
Lifestyle and pharmacotherapy to achieve near normal HbA1C (<7%).
Vigorous modification of other risk factors (e.g., physical activity, weight management, blood pressure control, and cholesterol management as recommended).
Coordinate diabetic care with patient’s primary care physician or endocrinologist. )
HbA1c = Glycosylated hemoglobin
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
ACE Inhibitor RecommendationsACE Inhibitor Recommendations
Use in all patients with LVEF < 40%, and those with diabetes or chronic kidney disease indefinitely, unless contraindicated
Consider for all other patients
Among lower risk patients with normal LVEF where cardiovascular risk factors are well controlled and where revascularization has been performed, their use may be considered optional
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
ACE=Angiotensin converting enzyme, LVEF= left ventricular ejection fraction
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Angiotensin Receptor Blocker RecommendationsRecommendations
Use in patients who are intolerant of ACE inhibitors with HF or post MI with LVEF less than or equal to 40%.
Consider in other patients who are ACE inhibitor intolerant.
Consider use in combination with ACE inhibitors in systolic dysfunction HF.
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
ACE=Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, LVEF=Left Ventricular Ejection fraction, HF=Heart failure, MI=Myocardial infarction
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Aldosterone Antagonist Aldosterone Antagonist RecommendationsRecommendations
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII Use in post MI patients, without significant renal dysfunction or hyperkalemia, who are already receiving therapeutic doses of an ACE inhibitor and beta blocker, have an LVEF < 40% and either diabetes or heart failure
ACE=Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, LVEF=Left Ventricular Ejection fraction, MI=Myocardial infarction
*Contraindications include abnormal renal function (creatinine >2.5 mg/dL in men or >2.0 mg/dL in women) and hyperkalemia (K+ >5.0 meq/L)
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Influenza VaccinationInfluenza Vaccination
Patients with cardiovascular disease should have influenza vaccination
III IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIII IIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIIIIIaIIaIIa IIbIIbIIb IIIIIIIII
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
• Evidence confirms that aggressive comprehensive risk factor management improves survival, reduces recurrent events and the need for interventional procedures, and improves the quality of life for these patients.
• Every effort should be made to ensure that patients are treated with evidence-based, guideline recommended, life-prolonging therapies in the absence of contraindications or intolerance.
Secondary Prevention Secondary Prevention Conclusions:Conclusions:
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA
Tomorrow
LUCCACARDIOLOGIA