Storia degli Ipertesti

7/28/2019 Storia degli Ipertesti

1/15

Jn lrkhkfk anj ilfinttl

Wnr kpnrtnstl sk kftnfan uf kfsknmn ak aliumnftk iljjnhdtk trd ak jlrl dttrdvnrsl anjjn ickdvk #jkf` l

pdrljn ickdvn+& Jd sud idrdttnrkstkid prkfikpdjn jd flf jkfndrkt* lvvnrl jd plsskokjkt ak nssnrn

ilfsujtdtl kf mdfknrd anj tuttl droktrdrkd n snqunfzkdjn0 qunstl jl sjnhd ilmpjntdmnftn

adjj(lrhdfkzzdzklfn hnrdrickid ank jkork d stdmpd& Hjk kpnrtnstk pk ilmufk ilf iuk dookdml d icn

bdrn lhhk slfl jn pdhkfn wno #CQMJ CypnrQnxt Mdr`up Jdfhudhn+* md qunstl flf anvnkfhdffdrn sujjn lrkhkfk anj ilfinttl ak rntn ak aliumnftk& Kj jkorl d stdmpd ilstrkfhn kj jnttlrn d

snhukrn ufd jkfndrkt kmplstd adjj(dutlrn na loojkhdtd adjjd fdturd bkskid n flf mlakbkidokjn

anjj(lhhnttl* j(kpnrtnstl pnrmnttn kfvnin ak djjlftdfdrsk ad qunstd lrhdfkzzdzklfn pnr spkfhnrsk vnrsl

ufd ilfinzklfn pk bdmkjkdrn djjd mnftn umdfd* kj iuk pnfsknrl bufzklfd pnr dsslikdzklfn& Liilrrn

bdrn uf(kmplrtdftn prnmnssd5 snppur k ilfinttk nsprnssk skdfl inftrdtk sujj(kpnrtnstl* alvrdffl

pdssdrn akvnrsk dffk prkmd icn qunstd pdrljd vnfhd ilfkdtd na utkjkzzdtd fnj snfsl icn k sulk

prniurslrk kmmdhkfdvdfl* md dfilrd flf rkusikvdfl d mnttnrn rndjmnftn kf prdtkid&

Wnr kfilftrdrn k prkmk tnftdtkvk ak lrhdfkzzdzklfn kpnrtnstudjn ank aliumnftk liilrrn dfadrn djj(kfkzkl

anj flvninftl5 fnhjk dffk (97 Rdffnvdr Ousc* pnfsd da uf skstnmd ak drickvkdzklfn ank adtk kf

mdfknrd dfdjlhkid5 kj Mnmnx& Mdk rndjkzzdtl ilfirntdmnftn* kj Mnmnx ak bdttl kj prniurslrn ankmlanrfk pnrslfdj ilmputnr n anhjk kpnrtnstk0 jd mnmlrkd sk odsd su uf aksplsktkvl ak jntturd njnttrl-

lttkid #mkirlbkjm* jd tnifljlhkd pk dvdfzdtd anjj(nplid+ icn sk plfn j(loknttkvl ak rkprlaurrn kj pk

bnanjmnftn plsskokjn k prlinssk anjjd mnftn umdfd& Ilf ljtrn ikfqudft(dffk ak dftkikpl na

utkjkzzdfal pujsdftk* jnvn n skstnmk ilmufqun mniidfkik* Ousc ilfinp tnlrkidmnftn kj prkml

ruakmnftdjn prltltkpl ak kpnrtnstl5 ick vljnvd diinanrn djjn kfblrmdzklfk pltnvd bdrjl dttrdvnrsl jd

snjnzklfn n jd prnssklfn ak uf tdstl* kfljtrn i(nrd jd plsskokjkt ak dhhkufhnrn fltn n ilmmnftk pnr

drrkiickrn k ilftnfutk ak odsn&

Kj Mnmnx vnffn ansirkttl fnj sdhhkl Ds wn mdy Qckf` #Qcn Dtjdftki Mlftcjy* 4;1>+* alvn Ousc

kpltkzzdvd hk ad djjlrd qudftl jn mdiickfn* l jd tnifljlhkd pk kf hnfnrdjn* dvrnoonrl rktdhjkdtl

uf ruljl snmprn pk kmplrtdftn fnjjd vktd na kj pnfsknrl anjj(ulml& Kj tktljl nspjkidtkvl5 Ilmn

pltrnmml pnfsdrn n ilstktuksin* l daakrktturd dvvkd* jd rkbjnssklfn suhjk kpnrtnstk& J(kftnfzklfn

qunjjd ak irndrn ufd slrtd ak mnmlrkd ak mdssd* kf uf mlfal alvn jn aksikpjkfn siknftkbkicn n flf #n

ak ilfsnhunfzd jd jlrl rkinrid+ akvnftdfl snmprn pk spnikdjkzzdtn fnj prlprkl idmpl d sidpktl

anjj(kftnrdzklfn trd nssn0 kj Mnmnx prlplstl ilmn sljuzklfn pnr lrhdfkzzdrn qunstd mnmlrkd ak

mdssd djtrkmnftk kfilfinpkokjn fnjj(nplid dftninanftn dk idjiljdtlrk njnttrlfkik&

Xcljjy fnw blrms lb nfiyijlpnakds wkjj dppndr* rnday mdan wktc d mnsc lb dsslikdtkvn trdkjs ruffkfh

tcrluhc tcnm* rnday tl on arlppna kftl tcn mnmnx dfa tcnrn dmpjkbkna&

#Rdffnvdr Ousc* Ds wn mdy tckf`* 4;1>+

Dfdjkzzdfal qunstl pdrdhrdbl trdttl prlprkl ad Ds wn mdy Qckf`ik diilrhkdml icn* slstktunfal

ilfinttudjmnftn djjd pdrljd Mnmnx jd mlanrfd rntn ak kftnrfnt* dookdml ufd anbkfkzklfn qudsk

odfdjn ak ilmn j(dttudjn wno sk ilmplrtd& Wrnfanfal uf nsnmpkl ilmn Xk`kpnakd* trlvkdml

rndjkzzdtn jn prnvksklfk ak Ousc* mdhdrk aksjlidtn rkspnttl djjd sirkvdfkd mniidfkzzdtd icn juk

kmmdhkfdvd* md ilfinttudjmnftn kanftkicn5 uf(nfikijlpnakd hk ilfbnzklfdtd n idrdttnrkzzdtd ad ufd

snrkn ak pnrilrsk dsslikdtkvk #k jkf` kpnrtnstudjk* dppuftl+0 jn kfblrmdzklfk plsslfl bdikjmnftn nssnrn

kfsnrktn fnjjd rntn,Mnmnx n ad quk pltnfzkdtn kf fnhdtkvl l plsktkvl* jn mlakbkicn slfl plsskokjk n

fninssdrkn djjl svkjuppl na djjd akbbusklfn anjjd ilflsinfzd& Tunstl ilfinttl* snppur ilfkdtl qudsk

uf aninffkl prkmd* vknfn nsprnssl fnj 4;1>& Xk`kpnakd #icn cl ilfskanrdtl* dj ak j anjjn irktkicn* jd

mnssd kf prdtkid pk mlanrfd ak qunstn kpltnsk+ stdtd ak bdttl jdfikdtd fnj ?774 #dficn sn kj

ilfinttl ak Xk`k rksdjn dj 4;;>+0 Ousc ilf ljtrn mnzzl sniljl ak dftkikpl #n slprdttuttl snfzd djiufd

J(kpnrtnstl Ytnbdfl Ilstdfzl - 4


2/15

ilflsinfzd anjjn mlanrfn tnifljlhkn+ dvnvd prnvkstl qunjjl icn lhhk sk utkjkzzd odfdjmnftn fnjjd

vktd ak tuttk k hklrfk& Wltrnoon snmordrn ufd odfdjkt prniksdrjl* md ilftnstudjkzzdfal stlrkidmnftn

bdikjn ilmprnfanrn qudftl blssn kfflvdtkvl pnr j(nplid&

Djtrl pklfknrn anj ilfinttl ak kpnrtnstl E&I&_& Jki`jkanr* icn ilmn Ousc flf rndjkzzd fujjd kf

prdtkid* md dttrdvnrsl k sulk sdhhk nstrdpljd kann n ilfinttk icn oruikdfl jn tdppn icn* dficn sn

ilfinpktn sujjd odsn ak tnifljlhkn mljtl akvnrsn* rksujtdfl da lhhk mlanrfn& Kf pdrtkiljdrn fnj sulJkordrkns lb tcn Buturn anj 4;2> sk prnliiupd ak anbkfkrn qudftl skd kmplrtdftn kmmdhdzzkfdrn*

lrhdfkzzdrn n slprdttuttl ilfsujtdrn jn kfblrmdzklfk njnttrlfkidmnftn kf qudjufqun mlmnftl na kf

qudjufqun julhl0 adfal hrdfan kmplrtdfzd djj(kftnrbdiikd n hnttdfal jn odsk pnr k mlanrfk skstnmk

usnr-brknfajy icn lhhk vdffl pnr jd mdhhklrn0 slttljkfnd dficn j(kmplrtdfzd icn kj akspjdy cd fnj

rnpnrkrn kfblrmdzklfk* kf qudftl rdpprnsnftd j(ufkid blrmd ak ilmufkidzklfn trd jd mdiickfd n

j(ulml icn jd std utkjkzzdfal&

D tdjn prlplsktl liilrrn rkilradrn dficn ufd bkhurd ak spkiil5 Aluh Nfhnjodrt* fltl ilmn

j(kfvnftlrn anj mlusn* md slprdttuttl pnr nssnrn stdtl kj prniurslrn anjjn kftnrbdiin hrdbkicn n trd k

hnfktlrk vnrk n prlprk anjj(kpnrtnstl dssknmn d Qna Fnjslf* ak iuk pdrjnr pk dvdftk& Hrdzkn dj

ilfinttl ak puftd n ijkiid lhhk plssnakdml qunjjk icn anbkfkdml jkf` l iljjnhdmnftk kpnrtnstudjkijkiidokjk* icn ik pnrmnttlfl ak rdhhkufhnrn n iljjnhdrn trd jlrl j(kfsknmn ak aliumnftk icn

ilmplfhlfl uf kpnrtnstl& Jki`jkanr kf ufd anjjn sun lpnrn pk ilflsikutn plfn hk adj slmmdrkl hjk

loknttkvk prkfikpdjk anjjd skmoklsk illpnrdtkvd ulml-ilmputnr icn plrtnrnoon snilfal jn sun tnlrkn

d bdikjktdrn jd akbbusklfn n j(utkjkzzl anjjd ilflsinfzd5

Qcn mdkf dkms drn 4+ tl jnt ilmputnrs bdikjktdtn blrmujdtkvn tckf`kfh ds tcny flw bdikjktdtn tcn sljutklflb blrmujdtna prlojnms* dfa ?+ tl nfdojn mnf dfa ilmputnrs tl illpnrdtn kf md`kfh aniksklfs dfa

ilftrljjkfh ilmpjnx sktudtklfs wktclut kfbjnxkojn anpnfanfin lf prnantnrmkfna prlhrdms&

#E& I& _& Jki`jkanr* Mdf-Ilmputnr Yymoklsks* 4;27+

Kj ilmputnr akvnftd ufd rkslrsd icn bdikjktd jd blrmujdzklfn ank pnfsknrk n jd rksljuzklfn ankprlojnmk plstk* na dj tnmpl stnssl uf mnzzl icn dkutk j(ulml d prnfanrn aniksklfk n ilftrljjdrn

sktudzklfk ilmpjnssn snfzd icn vk skd akpnfanfzd ad prlhrdmmk prnantnrmkfdtk& J(kftnjjnttl umdfl

snilfal jn sun tnlrkn alvrnoon rksujtdrn fltnvljmnftn dumnftdtl ad qunstd iljjdolrdzklfn qudsk

pdrktdrkd ilf jd tnifljlhkd& Jd ilflsinfzd flf anvn nssnrn snmpjkinmnftn diquksktd n onf

lrhdfkzzdtd pnr ufd bdikjn rnpnrkokjkt* md anvn slprdttuttl nssnrn ilfsujtdtd na utkjkzzdtd fnj mlal

mkhjklrn& Flf okslhfd akmnftkidrn icn* snppur ilftnfutd na lrakfdtd adjjn mdiickfn*

j(kfblrmdzklfn lrkhkfdjn bjuksin dttrdvnrsl j(nssnrn umdfl icn bufhn ad flal blfadmnftdjn fnjjd rntn

anjjl sidmokl ak ilflsinfzd& Hkustn l sodhjkdtn icn skdfl* j(ulml da lbbrkrn jn kfblrmdzklfk

prkfikpdjk djjd mdiickfd0 okslhfd qukfak dhkrn kf mlal ad blrfkrn k hkustk ilftnfutk* utkjk

djj(dppjkidzklfn anjjn kfblrmdzklfk&

Ak ilfsnhunfzd hjk kpnrtnstk akvnftdfl pdrtn kftnhrdftn ank pnfsknrk blrmujdtk n ilfirntkzzdtk suj

ilmputnr0 Jki`jkanr ilfskanrd kj jkorl* l pk kf hnfnrdjn kj tnstl d stdmpd* qudsk supnrol ilmn

mnzzl pnr jd trdsmkssklfn #n ilfsnrvdzklfn+ anjjn kfblrmdzklfk* plsskdml lssnrvdrjl kf pdrtkiljdrn

fnj snhunftn pdrdhrdbl5

/Ds d mnakum blr tcn akspjdy lb kfblrmdtklf* tcn prkftna pdhn ks supnro& Kt dbblras nfluhc rnsljutklf tl

mnnt tcn nyn(s anmdfa& Kt prnsnft nfluhc kfblrmdtklf tl liiupy tcn rndanr blr d ilfvnfknft qudftum lb

tkmn& Kt lbbnrs hrndt bjnxkokjkty lb blft dfa blrmdt& Kt jnts tcn rndanr ilftrlj tcn mlan dfa rdtn lb

kfspnitklf& Kt ks smdjj* jkhct* mlvdojn* iuttdojn* ijkppdojn* pdstdojn* rnpjkidojn* aksplsdojn dfa

kfnxprnskvn&/

#E& I& _& Jki`jkanr* Jkordrkns lb tcn buturn* 4;2>+

J(kpnrtnstl Ytnbdfl Ilstdfzl - ?


3/15

Jd ilppkd Ousc-Jki`jkanr* pur flf plssnanfal jn mlanrfn ilflsinfzn ak rntk kfblrmdtkicn icn lhhk

utkjkzzkdml fnj flstrl qultkakdfl* cd nsprnssl l daakrktturd ilfkdtl ilfinttk icn plsslfl anbkfkrsk

kfflvdtkvk skd pnr j(nplid kf iuk cdffl vkstl jd juin* skd pnr k tnmpk pk mlanrfk #d tdj prlplsktl

plsskdml rkilradrn icn Jki`jkanr stdtl* trd jn djtrn ilsn* trd k prkmk bkfdfzkdtlrk anj prlhnttl

D_WDfnt icn plrt dj mlanrfl kftnrfnt+&

Ynppur kj tnrmkfn kpnrtnstl n jd sud anbkfkzklfn vnrrdffl blrmdjkzzdtk pk dvdftk fnj tnmpl* jn tnlrknnsprnssn sujj(lrhdfkzzdzklfn n j(usl anjjd ilflsinfzd* dficn prkvn anjj(dspnttl prdtkil #hkustkbkidtn

ad ufd tnifljlhkd flf anj tuttl prnpdrdtd djjn nskhnfzn+* dfilrd lhhk slfl ak rkbnrkmnftl pnr ick sk

rktrlvd d jdvlrdrn kf qunstl dmoktl0 n slprdttuttl slfl stdtn ak kspkrdzklfn pnr ick j(kpnrtnstl jl cd

suiinsskvdmnftn kfvnftdtl* snppur ak fulvl kf blfal flf i( mdk stdtl fujjd&



4/15

Jd fdsiktd anjj(kpnrtnstl n jd sud nvljuzklfn

Ilmn anttl prninanftnmnftn* snppurn Jki`jkanr n Ousc dookdfl hnttdtl anjjn lttkmn blfadmnftd*

liilrrn dspnttdrn kj 4;2> pnr snftkr pdrjdrn jd prkmd vljtd ak kpnrtnstl& Kj tnrmkfn vknfn ilfkdtl adjjl

stdtufktnfsn Qna Fnjslf* na kj sul skhfkbkidtl tuttdvkd mljtl dmpkl5 ilkfvljhn tuttk k skstnmk ak

sirktturd kfblrmdtkik nskstnftk& Wur nssnfal uf slikljlhl n bkjlslbl* da lhhk Fnjslf vknfn rkilradtl

ilmn ufl ank pklfknrk anjj(kfblrmdtkid hrdzkn djjn sun kann kfflvdtkvn qudsk trlppl pnr nssnrndppjkidtn tutt(lrd sujjn iljjnzklfk ak aliumnftk&

J(loknttkvl prkfikpdjn* sul n ak ickufqun dookd dvutl d icn bdrn ilf j(drhlmnftl kj mnanskml5

idfinjjdrn jd jkfndrkt kmplstd adj jkorl idrtdinl d bdvlrn ak ufd mdhhklrn bjnsskokjkt lbbnrtd adk

idjiljdtlrk icn* d akbbnrnfzd ank tnmpk kf iuk vkssnrl k sulk prnaninsslrk* ilmkfikdvdfl da nssnrn

dadttk djj(usl rkicknstl& Blfad fnj 4;27 kj prlhnttl Sdfdau* kj prkml vnrl prlhnttl ak kpnrtnstl icn

tnftk jd sirktturd flf snqunfzkdjn0 kmpknhd qudsk qudrdft(dffk pnr plrtdrjl d tnrmkfn fnj 4;;3*

ilfakzklfdtl dficn ad fumnrlsk bdjjkmnftk nilflmkik ilf rnjdtkvk rktdrak&

Kj prlhnttl Sdfdau ilfinttudjmnftn mljtl snmpjkin* sk odsd sujj(kandjkt ak kpnrtnstl ilfkdtd ad

Fnjslf5 ufd snrkn ak aliumnftk pdrdjjnjk slfl iljjnhdtk trd jlrl dttrdvnrsl ank jkf` icn sk kfirlikdflkf mdfknrd pjurkakrnzklfdjn n slfl snmprn uf rkbnrkmnftl fnj rkilstrukrn kj pnrilrsl prninanftn&

J(utnftn cd jd plsskokjkt ak sinhjknrn kj sul pnrilrsl ak ilflsinfzd dttrdvnrsl anhjk njnfick d

inrfknrd #qunstd bdsn prnfan kj flmn ak Ukppnrna Jkst+& Ak ilfsnhunfzd k aliumnftk ilmplstk slfl

blrmdtk ad djtrk aliumnftk icn d jlrl vljtd fn kftnhrdfl ak fulvk n ils vkd* kj tuttl snilfal kj

prkfikpkl anbkfktl adjjl stnssl Fnjslf ak Qrdsijusklfn* lvvnrl j(kfijusklfn ak uf aliumnftl #l pdrtn

ak nssl+ kf uf djtrl aliumnftl dttrdvnrsl uf rkbnrkmnftl&

J(loknttkvl qunjjl ak irndrn ufd rntn ak aliumnftk iljjnhdtk kftnjjkhnftnmnftn trd jlrl icn blrmk

uf(ufkid nftkt n prnfad kj flmn ak kpnrtnstl& Fnjslf sk prnliiupd ak kanftkbkidrn jn vnrsklfk anj tnstl

#tnfnrn mnmlrkd anjjn mlakbkicn pnr rnfanrjn nvnftudjmnftn ilfsujtdokjk+* hjk dutlrk ank aliumnftk

l anjjn mlakbkicn md slprdttuttl ak lbbrkrn ank iljjnhdmnftk kandjk& Kj iljjnhdmnftl kandjn prnvnan

ufd pjurk-akrnzklfdjkt fnjj(nssnrn pnrilrsl* kf mlal ad bdvlrkrn jd rkilstruzklfn anj aliumnftl

dficn pnrilrrnfal djj(kfakntrl kj idmmkfl bdttl& D tdj prlplsktl Fnjslf sk sidhjkd ilftrl k jkfhudhhk

ak mdr`up mlanrfk* flf diinttd j(SMJ n slprdttuttl kj anrkvdftn SCQMJ0 d sul pdrnrn kj wno

odfdjkzzd kj ilfinttl ak kpnrtnstl n sk nsprkmn aurdmnftn sujj(drhlmnftl5

CQMJ ks prniksnjy wcdt wn wnrn trykfh tl W_NRNFQ nvnr-ornd`kfh jkf`s* jkf`s

hlkfh lutwdra lfjy* qultns ylu idf(t bljjlw tl tcnkr lrkhkfs* fl vnrsklf mdfdhnmnft*

fl rkhcts mdfdhnmnft#Qna Fnjslf* Qna Fnjslf(s Ilmputnr Wdrdakhm* Nxprnssna ds Lfn-Jkfnrs* 4;;;+

Kf pdrtkiljdrn diiusd j(CQMJ ak dvnrn iljjnhdmnftk rlttk icn plrtdfl sljtdftl dvdftk flf

mdftnfnfal mnmlrkd anj pnrilrsl bdttl n rnfanfal qukfak kmplsskokjn jd rkilstruzklfn anjjd

ilflsinfzd kf mdfknrd kfvnrsd0 kfljtrn flf lbbrn jd plsskokjkt ak anbkfkrn jn blftk* hnstkrn jn vnrsklfk

na k pnrmnssk& Tunjjl icn tnftd ak bdrn kj mdr`up SMJ ak skmujdrn jn idrdttnrkstkicn anj tnstl

idrtdinl #ilf jn lpplrtufn akbbnrnfzn+* md kj prlhnttl Sdfdau prnvnanvd dppuftl j(djjlftdfdmnftl

ad qunstd ilfinzklfn&

Da lhhk Fnjslf ilftkfud jd rkinrid suj prlhnttl Sdfdau na lbbrn dttrdvnrsl kj sul sktl wno

#cttp5,,www&xdfdau&fnt,+ jd plsskokjkt ak ilflsinrn mnhjkl jl svkjuppl na k ilfinttk& Cd kfljtrn

akbbusl kfkzkdjmnftn uf prltltkpl ak kpnrtnstl kandjn5 kj Ilsmki Oll` _ndanr #vnrsklfn Xkfalws

lfjy+5 uf jnttlrn pdrdjjnjl ak aliumnftk icn pnrmnttn ak ilfsujtdrn vdrk tnstk iljjnhdtk trd ak jlrl



5/15

dttrdvnrsl iljjnhdmnftk icn blrmdfl anjjn jkfnn trd jn vdrkn bkfnstrn& Rknfn d irndrsk ufd rdhfdtnjd

suj prlprkl ans`tlp trd tuttn jn skfhljn bkfnstrn dpnrtn dj ijki` sujjn pdrljn ickdvn0 tuttdvkd bdinfal

blius suj aliumnftl ak kftnrnssn pnr ilfsujtdrfn kj ilftnfutl* vnfhlfl mnssk kf nvkanfzd tuttk qunjjk

akrnttdmnftn iljjnhdtk ilf qunstl& _ksujtd pnr nvkanftn icn jn kann ak Fnjslf sk odskfl slprdttuttl

su ak uf dpprliikl tnlrkil* plil supplrtdtl adjjd prdtkid& Dficn sn qudjicn dppjkidzklfn prdtkid

nskstn #n bufzklfd+* kj prlhnttl Sdfdau flf cd dfilrd tkrdtl bulrk fujjd ak ilfirntl icn pltnssn

ilfaurrn jd ilfinzklfn icn dookdml lhhk ak kpnrtnstl #blrtnmnftn kfbjunfzdtd ad kftnrfnt+ vnrsl jdsud vksklfn kandjn&

Ynmprn adj sktl wno anj prlhnttl Sdfdau plsskokjn sidrkidrn #dficn kf qunstl idsl sljtdftl pnr

pkdttdblrmn Xkfalws+ jl Sdfdau Ypdin 4&7 icn pnrmnttn ak dvnrn ufd vksklfn spdzkdjn anhjk

kpnrtnstk kf 9A ilf aliumnftk rdpprnsnftdtk d iljlffd n iljjnhdmnftk rndjkzzdtk ilmn jkfnn

snmktrdspdrnftk iljlrdtn& Jl stnssl sktl ansirkvn ils kj slbtwdrn5 SdfdauYpdin#tm+ djjlws ylu tl

wlr` wktc pdrdjjnj aliumnfts-- pdhns ilffnitna skan-oy-skan oy mdfy ilffnitklfs& Xcnf ylu lpnf

tcn prlhrdm ylu wkjj snn df njnvnf-pdhn nxdmpjn tl nxpjlrn& Qcn blrnhrlufa sclws twl ilffnitna

pdhns kf rndadojn plsktklf& #cttp5,,xdfdrdmd&fnt,+&

^jtnrklrn prklrkt ak Fnjslf j(kftnrbdiikd* icn d sul pdrnrn alvrnoon nssnrn snmpjkin nilmprnfskokjn ad ickufqun kf plil tnmpl sn fninssdrkl0 ilftrkouk snfskokjmnftn d qunstl prkfikpkl

Aluh Nfhnjodrt* icn pdrtnikp djjd irndzklfn anhjk kpnrtnstk n fn vknfn ilfskanrdtl* dj pdrk ak

Fnjslf* kj pdarn& ^fd oulfd kftnrbdiikd fninssdrkd pnr adrn jd plsskokjkt djj(utnftn ak mulvnrsk

djj(kftnrfl anjjd iljjnzklfn ak aliumnftk* ak snjnzklfdrn k iljjnhdmnftk icn kftnrnssdfl djjd sud

rkinrid n slprdttuttl ak dvnrn ilsiknfzd ak qunjjl icn std bdinfal kf qudjufqun mlmnftl&

Adj puftl ak vkstd anjj(kandjkt tnlrkid ak uf kpnrtnstl* djtrl hrdfan ilftrkoutl stdtl adtl ad Hnlrhn

Jdfalw* dttrdvnrsl k sulk sdhhk cd ilfirntkzzdtl jn ilflsinfzn blfadmnftdjk icn liilrrn plssnanrn

sujj(drhlmnftl& Ilmn mljtk ank sulk iljjnhck hk iktdtk cd suoktl jd blrtn kfbjunfzd ak Ousc n anj sul

Mnmnx& Ynilfal Jdfalw jn prkfikpdjk akbbnrnfzn trd kj tnstl d stdmpd su idrtd n j(kpnrtnstl slfl

blfadmnftdjmnftn trn5

4& Jd mujtk-jkfndrkt ilmn dbbnrmdtl dficn adjjl stnssl Fnjslf* jd jkfndrkt snmpjkin ufd

prnrlhdtkvd idrtdind* j(kpnrtnstl anvn lbbrkrn jd plsskokjkt ak iljjnhdmnftk pdrdjjnjk prlprkl

pnr doodfalfdrn j(lrhdfkzzdzklfn hnrdrickid anj jkorl n sbruttdrn d pknfl jn pltnfzkdjkt anj

ilmputnr icn pnrmnttn qunstl tkpl ak dpprliikl0

?& Kj rdpplrtl trd dutlrn n jnttlrn kj tnstl anvn nssnrn lvvkdmnftn diinsskokjn dj jnttlrn* md dj

tnmpl stnssl anvn nssnrvk jd plsskokjkt ak kfsnrkrn anjjn fltn ak ilfsujtdzklfn icn dkutkfl jd

ilmprnfsklfn n ilmmnftk kfsnrktk adhjk utnftk& Fltn n ilmmnftk slfl mljtl kmplrtdftk*

pnric j(kpnrtnstl kandjn flf plssknan fn kfkzkl fn bkfn* kj inftrl tnmplrdjn anj aliumnftlflf sk trlvd fnj pdssdtl l fnj buturl md snmprn fnj prnsnftn0

9& Kj tnstl njnttrlfkil uf tnstl dpnrtl d akbbnrnfzd anj jkorl icn ufd vljtd sirkttl vknfn

ilfsnhfdtl djj(naktlrn n stdmpdtl rkmdfnfal ils ilm( j(kpnrtnstl pu nssnrn

suiinsskvdmnftn dmpjkdtl l rkalttl d snilfad anjjn nskhnfzn& Kf pk plsslfl nssnrvk pk

dutlrk icn ilftrkouksilfl djjn vdrkn vnrsklfk rnfanfal j(lpnrd mljtl pk vnrsdtkjn n slhhnttd

d ilftkfun rnvksklfk icn jd tnfhdfl ilftkfudmnftn dhhklrfdtd0

J(kand ak Jdfalw anjj(kpnrtnstl nvljutkvd* sk pdrtn adjjd pdhkfd sirkttd su idrtd pnr pdssdrn d qunjjd

njnttrlfkid snilfal ufd ilfvnrsklfn ak ilfvnfknfzd snfzd icn vk skd akstkfzklfn trd kpnrtnstl l

kpnrmnakd& Fdturdjmnftn dficn juk ilmn Fnjslf lbbrn hrdfan dttnfzklfn dk iljjnhdmnftk

J(kpnrtnstl Ytnbdfl Ilstdfzl - >


6/15

kpnrtnstudjk* anvlfl nssnrn5 okakrnzklfdjk #dj bkfn ak adrn dj jnttlrn uf mdhhklrn lrknftdmnftl+*

ilstruktk su ak ufdstrkfhd ak tnstl #sk utkjkzzdfl bdinfal ijki` sujjd pdrljd+ n anvlfl plrtdrn ad ufl

d mljtk n ad mljtk da ufl& Fnjj(kand anjj(kpnrtnstl mlanrfl* qunjjd anjj(CQMJ da nsnmpkl* kj jnttlrn

jdsikd ufd bjnokjn trdiikd anj sul pnrilrsl dttrdvnrsl k jkf` #ilsd icn flf dvvknfn fnjjd sirktturd su

idrtd+* kfbdttk uf iljjnhdmnftl dttkvl #flrmdjmnftn+ ak iljlrn oju* rlssl qudfal vknfn ijkiidtl n

akvnftd mdhnftd qudfal stdtl vksktdtl kf prninanfzd* adfal ilmufqun uf rkbnrkmnftl djj(utnftn&

Ynilfal jn kann ak Jdfalw j(kpnrtnstudjkt fnj sul kandjn tlhjknrnoon pltnrn djj(dutlrn pnr lbbrkrjltltdjmnftn djjd illpnrdzklfn ilf kj jnttlrn icn pltrnoon inridrn fnj tnstl uf skhfkbkidtl flf pk

fninssdrkdmnftn kmplstl adjj(dutlrn&

Ynppur qunstn tnlrkn skdfl blfadtn n rkiicn ak spuftk pnr jd rkinrid* mltkvdfal qukfak ick sk liiupd

anjj(drhlmnftl d inridrn fulvn sljuzklfk d prlojnmk tnlrkzzdtk md adj akbbkikjn dpprliikl prdtkil*

j(dttudjn CQMJ ak Qkm Onrfnrs-Jnn* pur flf rkspniickdfal k prkfikpk anjj(kpnrtnstl purl* uf

puftl ak pdrtnfzd pnr uf skstnmd icn ad dffk ilftkfud da nvljvnrsk sujjn odsk ak qunstl jkfhudhhkl&

Jd tnlrkd supnrd ak hrdf jufhd jn plsskokjkt ilfirntn ak rndjkzzdrn qunjjl d iuk sk pnfsd* jl akmlstrd

jl stnssl kfbkfktl tnmpl ak hnstdzklfn anj prlhnttl Sdfdau l jn tnlrkn ak Jdfalw* nftrdmok ilf bkfk

skiurdmnftn flokjk md brnfdtn ad pdrtkiljdrk tnifkik fnj idsl ak Fnjslf n ourlirdtkik fnj idsl akJdfalw5 hjk naktlrk flf slfl kftnrnssdtk d ilfakvkanrn jd ilflsinfzd na d bdr akvnftdrn tuttk dutlrk*

irndrn j(kpnrtnstl dpnrtl skhfkbkicnrnoon doodttnrn tuttn jn jnhhk suj ilpyrkhct n rkfufikdrn djjd

rnjdtkvd ilmmnrikdjkzzdzklfn&



7/15

Xk`k n kj fulvl Hutnfonrh

Ilf j(nvljuzklfn ak kftnrfnt* kj ilfinttl ak kpnrtnstl cd prnsl dficn kfilfsdpnvljmnftn plstl fnjjd

flstrd qultkakdfkt& ^fd pnrslfd qudjskdsk* icn dookd uf mkfkml ak akmnstkicnzzd ilf kj wno

utkjkzzd splftdfndmnftn jn idrdttnrkstkicn kpnrtnstudjk anjjn pdhkfn wno* mdhdrk snfzd ilflsinrn hjk

dffk ak tnlrkn* prlvn na nvljuzklfk icn qunj skfhljl tnstl oju cd suoktl& Ilmn anttl

prninanftnmnftn* kj wno na kj rnjdtkvl mdr`up CQMJ flf uf kpnrtnstl kandjn* kf qudftl flfplssknan djiufn idrdttnrkstkicn icn jl rnfadfl tdjn* md kj mkhjklr ilmprlmnssl icn lhhk

plssnakdml n icn skd djjd plrtdtd ak ickufqun& Wnr jd sud snmpjkikt ak utkjkzzl flf nssnfal uf

jkfhudhhkl ak prlhrdmmdzklfn pu nssnrn bdikjmnftn ilmprnsl ad ick flf plssknan hrlssn

dttktuakfk kfblrmdtkicn& Niil pnric djiufn bkhurn ak spkiil* slprdttuttl dttrdvnrsl jd akbbusklfn anj

wno* cdffl pltutl sbruttdrn qunstn ilflsinfzn pnr nvljvnrn fulvn tnlrkn n fulvk dpprliik djjn

dppjkidzklfk&

Wdrjdfal ak Jki`jkanr sk bdttl rkbnrkmnftl d Xk`kpnakd dttrdvnrsl ufd sud iktdzklfn* icn fnj 4;1>

kmmdhkfdvd nfikijlpnakn d aksplskzklfn ak tuttk* bdikjk ad nssnrn kfirnmnftdtn* hnstktn n slprdttuttl

ilfsujtdtn& Ynppur ilf qudjicn irktkid alvutd djjd anturpdzklfn anhjk drtkiljk anjj(nfikijlpnakd jkonrd

#dpnrtd dppuftl d tuttk dficn fnjjn mlakbkicn+ na djjn kfblrmdzklfk spnssl flf ilrrnttn l prkvn akblftk slttlplstn ilmufqun d ilftkfuk ilftrljjk icn snmordfl bufzklfdrn kf mdfknrd nbbkiknftn*

Xk`kpnakd rdpprnsnftd qudjilsd ak mljtl vkikfl d qunstd anbkfkzklfn&

Jd pdtnrfkt anj ilfinttl djjd odsn ak Xk`kpnakd jd sk anvn d Xdra Iuffkfhcdm* icn pnr prkml

svkjupp ufd Xk`k* lvvnrl ufd pdhkfd #l ufd iljjnzklfn ak aliumnftk kpnrtnstudjk+ icn vknfn

ilftkfudmnftn dhhklrfdtd adk sulk utkjkzzdtlrk na k iuk ilftnfutk slfl svkjuppdtk kf iljjdolrdzklfn

trd tuttk iljlrl icn fn cdffl diinssl& Quttn jn mlakbkicn vdffl d blrmdrn ufd irlfljlhkd icn

pnrmnttn ak stdokjkrn ufd vnrsklfn prninanftn pnr lttkmkzzdrn jd rkinrid d sblfal iljjdolrdtkvl #jd

tnlrkd anjjn vnrsklfk ak Qna Fnjslf* icn vljnvd mnmlrkd anjjn mlakbkicn+&

J(lrkhkfn anj Xk`k rksdjn dj 4;;> n anrkvd ad uf tnrmkfn cdwdkdfl icn skhfkbkid rdpkal lppurn

mljtl vnjlin adtd jd sud dttkfnfzd da nssnrn mlakbkidtd kf plick pdssk n ilf snmpjkik pdssdhhk*

odstd kfbdttk irndrn kj iljjnhdmnftl djjd pdrljd #fdsin daakrktturd ad sljl kf idsl ak idmnjIdsn+ pnr

rktrlvdrsk kf ufd fulvd pdhkfd alvn jn kfblrmdzklfk dspnttdfl sljtdftl ak nssnrn kmmnssn& Kj mltlrn

Xk`k stdtl mljtl dpprnzzdtl fnj wno na ilflsikutl slprdttuttl fnjjd sud vnrsklfn nfikijlpnakid

fdtd fnj Hnffdkl ?774& J(kand ak odsn mljtl snmpjkin5 jd sirktturd ank aliumnftk sk nbbnttud

dttrdvnrsl uf snmpjkin jkfhudhhkl ak mdridturd ilf j(duskjkl ak uf qudjufqun orlwsnr wno icn bufhd

ad fdvkhdtlrn0 ufd skfhljd pdhkfd prnfan kj flmn ak pdhkfd Xk`k mnftrn j(kfsknmn iljjnttkvl

blrmdtl ad tuttn jn pdhkfn wk`k prnfan kj flmn ak Xk`k* sk akstkfhun pnr jd snmpjkikt ak irndzklfn

n ak hnstklfn anhjk drtkiljk snfzd djiuf ilftrljjl prnvnftkvl sujjn mlakbkicn& Fnk Xk`k pk rninftk

stdtl blrfktl uf skstnmd X[YKX[H #Xcdt [lu Ynn Ks Xcdt [lu Hnt+ icn pnrmnttn ak irndrn jnpdhkfn akrnttdmnfn ilf uf naktlr ak tnstl snfzd mnttnrn mdfl akrnttdmnftn suj mdr`up* irndfal

pnr nvkanftk prlojnmk sujjd trdspdrnfzd anjjl stnssl&

Jl stnssl Iuffkfhcdm bdmlsl pnr dvnr ilfkdtl ufd bdmlsd jnhhn suj wno* ilflsikutd dppuftl

ilmn Iuffkfhcdm(s Jdw kj iuk tnstl 5

Qcn onst wdy tl hnt tcn rkhct dfswnr lf tcn Kftnrfnt ks flt tl ds` d qunstklf* kt(s tl plst tcn wrlfhdfswnr&

#Xdra Iuffkfhcdm+



8/15

Adjjd irndzklfn anj tnrmkfn kpnrtnstl djjd ilmpdrsd anjjn Xk`k* pdssdfal pnr jd irndzklfn anj wno n

rkilradfalik snmprn ank prnaninsslrk kjjustrk* jd tnifljlhkd anjjd sirktturd cd suoktl uf fltnvljn

kfirnmnftl& Ak ilfsnhunfzd dficn kj mlal ak dpprliikdrsk dj tnstl n ak ilfsujtdrjl sk nvljutl na

danhudtl dk fulvk mnakd&

^fl ank mdsskmk stuaklsk anjj(drhlmnftl Edy Advka Oljtnr* dttrdvnrsl kj sul jdvlrl su

j(nvljuzklfn ank mnzzk ak ilmufkidzklfn n anj ruljl ank ilmputnr rkhudral k prlinssk ak sirktturd* sk hudadhfdtl jd bdmd ak fulvl Hutnfonrh #ils anbkfktl ad Orkdf Nfl+& J(kand ak Oljtnr sk odsd su

aun ilfinttk blfadmnftdjk5 jd rk-mnakdzklfn n j(kpnrmnakdtnzzd0 ilf kj prkml tnrmkfn sk kfakid

j(dttktuakfn ank fulvk mnakd fnjj(dsslrokrn dfzkic slstktukrn k prlprk prnaninsslrk altdtk anjjd

mnanskmd bufzklfn dj bkfn ak mdftnfnrn ufd inrtd ilftkfukt& Ilf kpnrmnakdtnzzd sk djjuan kfvnin

djjd ilftrdpplskzklfn trd mnakd icn tnfalfl da nsdurkrn jd jlrl bufzklfn fnjjd rdpprnsnftdtkvkt n

mnakd icn prnsnftdfl kf prkml julhl sn stnssk& Ynppur j(nvljuzklfn tnifljlhkid mlanrfd sk odsk

slprdttuttl suj snilfal ilfinttl* Oljtnr vnan jd tnifljlhkd njnttrlfkid ilmn ufd hdmmd ak fulvn

plsskokjkt* ufd slrtd ak nstnfsklfn anjjd stdmpd drrkvdtd lrdmdk dj mdsskml sbruttdmnftl& J(kpnrtnstl

rdpprnsnftd pnr Oljtnr jd rk-mnakdzklfn anjjd stdmpd* flf jd sud bkfn&

Wnr jd mdhhklrdfzd anjjn pnrslfn icn jnhhn ilf ufd inrtd ilftkfukt* kj jkorl stdmpdtl rkmdfn kjskmoljl anjjd sirktturd irndtkvd na kj puftl ak drrkvl anhjk sirkttlrk* icn prnbnrksilfl akstrkoukrn jd

prlprkd lpnrd fnjjn jkornrkn pkuttlstl icn suj wno& Kj jkorl akvnftnr advvnrl losljntl fnj mlmnftl

kf iuk jn idpdikt nsprnssn adjjd idrtd n adjj(kficklstrl kmprnssl su ak nssd sdrdffl lpplrtufdmnftn

kmktdtn& Wrlprkl pnr qunstd rdhklfn lpplrtufl snpdrdrn jd ilfinzklfn ak uf jkorl ad qunjjd ak

kpnrtnstl5 jl silrrkmnftl jkfndrn anj jkorl sdr snmprn pk bdstkaklsl ad jnhhnrn su ak ufl sicnrml

#sdjvl nvljuzklfk tnifljlhkicn+* ufd mdiickfd mljtl pk dadttd da uf kpnrtnstl alvn j(utnftn pu

diinanrn bdikjmnftn djj(kfblrmdzklfn icn inrid* ilfsujtdrjd snfzd pnranrsk kf bkumk ak pdrljn* na

nvnftudjmnftn dpprlblfakrn jd rkinrid dttrdvnrsl ank aliumnftk ilrrnjdtk d qunjjl prkfikpdjn

rksujtdftn adjjd rkinrid0 j(kpnrtnstl anvn dssumnrn jd blrmd icn mnhjkl vdjlrkzzd jn idrdttnrkstkicn anj

ilmputnr icn jl nsnhun&

Tunstd rkbjnssklfn plrtd d bdrn uf audjksml trd j(kfvnfzklfn anjjd stdmpd ad pdrtn ak Hutnfonrh n

j(nvljuzklfn pk mlanrfd anjj(kpnrtnstl0 jd sud kfvnfzklfn snhf sk ufd rkvljuzklfn* md kf slstdfzd

trlv snmpjkinmnftn ufd mdfknrd mniidfkid ak irndrn qudjilsd icn hk nskstnvd ad tnmpl na nrd

bdmkjkdrn d tuttk5 kj jkorl0 j(kpnrtnstl kfvnin sk odsd su ufd tnifljlhkd na uf diinssl djjn kfblrmdzklfk

anj tuttl fulvl* icn tnftd ak kmktdrn k prlprk prnaninsslrk idrtdink qudfal alvrnoon tnftdrn ak

nvljvnrsk dttrdvnrsl k sulk mnzzk n jn sun plsskokjkt& Tunjjn prdtkicn icn su uf jkorl d stdmpd

rksujtdfl flklsn n prkvn ak snfsl* slfl prdtkidmnftn fdturdjk pnr uf kpnrtnstl& Da nsnmpkl k

iljjnhdmnftk #odstk kmmdhkfdrn ak nssnr mdfadtk ilftkfudmnftn ad ufd pdhkfd djj(djtrd ak uf

flrmdjn tnstl idrtdinl+* l jn fltn #dffltdrn fltn ak fltn* da nsnmpkl5 kmpnfsdokjn su idrtd*

flrmdjkt pnr uf tnstl su ilmputnr+& K prlinssk sdrnoonrl pk skmkjk d qunjjk ilhfktkvk anjjd mnftnumdfd icn* ilmn dbbnrmdtl hk dhjk kfkzk anj sniljl ad Ousc5 lpnrd pnr dsslikdzklfn ak kann* flf

snqunfzkdjmnftn ilmn k idpktljk ak uf jkorl&

Oljtnr jnhdtl kfljtrn djj(kfvnfzklfn anj slbtwdrn Ytlryspdin* irndtl fnj 4;37 n prnsnftdtl fnj 4;38&

Yk trdttd ak uf prlhrdmmd pnr jd irndzklfn* jd mlakbkid n fdturdjmnftn jd jntturd ak kpnrtnstk& K

aliumnftk icn vnfhlfl irndtk plsslfl nssnrn nsplrtdtk ilmn prlhrdmmk dutlflmk l bkjns pnr kj

wlrja wkan wno* kfilrdhhkdfal j(nspjlrdzklfn irndtkvd n jd bjnsskokjkt* kf qudftl pnfsdtl

dpplsktdmnftn pnr kj prlinssl ak sirktturd& Jl stnssl dutlrn cd rkprlplstl mljtk ank sulk jkork

dttrdvnrsl qunstl slbtwdrn0 jl silpl prkfikpdjn slprdttuttl j(kfsnhfdmnftl anjjd sirktturd snfzd icn

jd irndtkvkt vnfhd jkmktdtd adjj(usl ak uf ilmputnr& Jd pdrtkiljdrkt anj slbtwdrn slfl jn mdppn

vkskvn ak ilmn k iljjnhdmnftk kpnrtnstudjk slfl iljjnhdtk trd ak jlrl* pnrmnttnfal d ick jl utkjkzzd ak



9/15

ilfinftrdrsk ufkidmnftn suj tnstl pkuttlstl icn su qunstklfk tnifkicn icn sdrnoonrl d aksidpktl anjjd

ilfinftrdzklfn0 jd mdppd sk odsd su ufd jlhkid vkskvd icn rksujtd bdikjmnftn ilmprnfskokjn dficn dk

mnfl prdtkik ak skstnmk kfblrmdtkik* kj tuttl ilrrnjdtl ad kftuktkvn brniin ak iljjnhdmnftl na dpplsktk

tdh ak snhfdjdzklfn&

J(kpnrtnstl Ytnbdfl Ilstdfzl - ;


10/15

Adjj(SMJ djjd QNK #plst-YHMJ+

Irlfljlhkidmnftn suiinsskvl dj mltlrn Xk`k qunjjl icn vknfn lhhk utkjkzzdtl ilmn kj prkfikpdjn

jkfhudhhkl ak mdrùp kf ikriljdzklfn5 j(SMJ #nStnfskojn Mdrùp Jdfhudhn+& Jd sud lrkhkfn anrkvd

adjjd vljlft anj ilfslrzkl X9I ak stdfadrakzzdrn uf jkfhudhhkl ak mdridturd icn anssn jd

plsskokjkt ak anbkfkrn dutlflmdmnftn k prlprk tdh snfzd svkfiljdrsk adjjl stdfadra prkfikpdjn0 kj

prlhnttl ilmkfik fnk prkmk dffk (;7 n sk ilfijusn fnj 4;;3& Ik sk diilrsn icn qudftl irndtl nrdmljtl ak pk icn ufd snmpjkin stdfadrakzzdzklfn5 sk dvnvd bkfdjmnftn trd jn mdfk ufl strumnftl icn

pnrmnttnssn ak irndrn ufd strutturd pnr aliumnftk l icn rdpprnsnftdssn snmpjkinmnftn uf kfsknmn ak

adtk lrhdfkzzdtk snilfal k irktnrk pk lpplrtufk* aniksk adj irndtlrn& Kf tdj mlal lhhk dookdml jd

plsskokjkt ak ilstrukrn kj flstrl aliumnftl SMJ ilf uf snmpjkin naktlr ak sirktturd na utkjkzzdfal

jd mdridturd pk nbbkidin pnr j(drhlmnftl kf qunstklfn&

:< xmj vnrsklf=(4&7( nfilakfh=(^QB-3(6

:dutlrn6

:flmn6Ytnbdfl:,flmn6

:ilhflmn6Ilstdfzl:,ilhflmn6

:,dutlrn6

D supplrtl anj snmpjkin ilakin SMJ vk slfl djtrn tnifljlhkn icn flf fninssdrkl njnfidrn* vdjn

pnr jd pnfd ak rkilradrn k jkfhudhhk Yicnmd* icn pnrmnttlfl ak anbkfkrn rkhlrlsdmnftn kj prlprkl

jkfhudhhkl SMJ pnrslfdjkzzdtl pnr pltnrjl vdjkadrn& Ylfl aun5 jd AQA #Aliumnft Qypn

Anbkfktklf+ na SMJ sicnmd* icn pnrmnttlfl nftrdmok ak spnikbkidrn jn idrdttnrkstkicn strutturdjk&

J(nvljuzklfn ak qunstl jkfhudhhkl cd dvutl flf plid kmplrtdfzd fnjjl svkjuppl ak aliumnftk

njnttrlfkik n fnj flstrl idsl ak kpnrtnstk* pur dvnfal ilmufqun k prlprk sinttkik& ^fl su tuttk* kj hk

iktdtl Qna Fnjslf dbbnrmd icn5

Qrykfh tl bkx CQMJ ks jk`n trykfh tl hrdbt drms dfa jnhs lftl cdmourhnr& Qcnrn(s hlt tl on slmntckfh

onttnr -- out SMJ ks tcn sdmn tckfh dfa wlrsn& NMONAANA MD_@^W KY D IDFIN_&

#Qna Fnjslf* Qna Fnjslf(s Ilmputnr Wdrdakhm* Nxprnssna ds Lfn-Jkfnrs* 4;;;+

J(drhlmnftl SMJ flf ak prkmdrkl kftnrnssn pnr qunstl njdolrdtl* md rksujtd fninssdrkl pnr

kftrlaurrn j(dttudjn stdfadra ak ilakbkid ank tnstk njnttrlfkik icn lhhk plssnakdml& Ynoonfn nssl sk

plfhd ak rkprlaurrn njnttrlfkidmnftn k tnstk idrtdink ilsd ad iuk sk rkpntutl pk vljtn ik sk

vlrrnoon djjlftdfdrn uf prlhnttl skiurdmnftn kftnrnssdftn dk bkfk anjjd irndzklfn ak kpnrtnstk& Ytl

pdrjdfal anjjd QNK #Qnxt Nfilakfh Kfktkdtkvn+* uf ilfslrzkl ak kstktuzklfk kftnrfdzklfdjk kf dmoktl

jkfhukstkil n jnttnrdrkl icn sk liiupd ak anbkfkrn ufl stdfadra pnr jd rdpprnsnftdzklfn ak tnstk kf

blrmd akhktdjn& Ad ufl stdfadra pnr kj mdrùp qudjn SMJ fn anrkvdtl ufl dfilrd pk

spnikbkil pnr uf drhlmnftl onf prniksl0 jl silpl anjjd QNK qunjjl ak anbkfkrn djiufn jkfnn hukad akdjtd qudjkt pnr jd ilakbkid ak tnstk umdfkstkik dadttk djjd rkinrid lf-jkfn* j(kfsnhfdmnftl n jd

ilfsnrvdzklfn #spnikn pnr tnstk dftkick ak akbbkikjn rnpnrkokjkt n ilfsujtdzklfn+&

Kfkzkdtd jd sud mkssklfn fnj 4;38* kj ilfslrzkl QNK trlvnr fnj jkfhudhhkl ak mdrùp SMJ

#prninanftnmnftn sk utkjkzzdvd YHMJ* irndtl ad KOM fnhjk dffk (87+ ufd tnrrd bnrtkjn alvn pkdftdrn

kj snmn ank sulk stdfadra* pnr irndrn jd pk hrdfan odfid adtk nskstnftn ak tnstk akhktdjk& Fnj ilrsl

anhjk dffk jd QNK cd suoktl djiufk mutdmnftk5 jn vnrsklfk ad W4 d W9 nrdfl odsdtn su YHMJ* mnftrn

d pdrtkrn adjjd vnrsklfn W1 sk kftrlalttl j(SMJ n jd AQA trdakzklfdjn& Jd vnrsklfn pk rninftn jd

QNK W> rkjdsikdtd kj prkml Mdrzl anj ?778* sk odsd su prkfikpk ak snmpjkikt na kftnrdttkvkt dficn ad

pdrtn ak utnftk lr rkinridtlrk icn flf plsslfl dvnrn diinssl d slbtwdrn spnikdjkzzdtk& Yk odsd su

mdrùp SMJ n jl sicnmd _njdxFH #ljtrn icn jd AQA trdakzklfdjn+0 kj ilfslrzkl lbbrn jd plsskokjkt



11/15

ak rnpnrkrn jd AQA l jl sicnmd adj prlprkl sktl wno #cttp5,,www&tnk-i&lrh,+* kj tnstl pu nssnrn

akhktdjkzzdtl dficn ilf uf snmpjkin ojliil fltn* icn flf lbbrn ufkidmnftn jd plsskokjkt ak

vnrkbkidrn sn kj aliumnftl skd vdjkal n onf blrmdtl& ^jtnrklrn pdrtkiljdrkt anjjl stdfadra jd

plsskokjkt ak kftrlaurrn ufd hrdfan qudftkt ak mntdadtk* strutturdtk djj(kftnrfl ank tdh pk

dpprlprkdtk5 vk slfl da nsnmpkl qunjjk icn kfijualfl tuttn jn kfblrmdzklfk sujj(nakzklfn* sujj(dutlrn

ak uf tnstl l su djtrl icn plssd kftnrnssdrn j(dutlrn anjjd ilakbkid na d ick jd utkjkzzd& Fnjjl stnssl

aliumnftl SMJ plsskokjn anbkfkrn uf tnstl hnfnrkil ak ufd skfhljd lpnrd l daakrktturd ufdiljjnzklfn ak ak lpnrn* lssnrvdfal snmpjkinmnftn qudjicn pkiiljl diilrhkmnftl&

Kj ilfslrzkl ufl sicnmd nssnfzkdjn ickdmdtl QNK Jktn ilrrnjdtl ak rnjdtkvl mdfudjn a(utkjkzzl

ilf uf vdstl fumnrl ak njnmnftk strutturdjk n snmdftkik* adfal jd plsskokjkt ak pnrslfdjkzzdrn kj

prlprkl sicnmd d snilfad anjjn nskhnfzn* kfijuanfal hjk njnmnftk snilfal ufd strutturd mlaujdrn

icn drrkiicksid qunjjd odskjdrn #pltrnmml* da nsnmpkl* dvnr j(nskhnfzd ak uf mlaujl da cli pnr k

tnstk tndtrdjk ilf rnjdtkvk tdh+&



12/15

Ilfijusklfk pnrslfdjk

Cl svljtl qunstn rkinricn dj bkfn ak irndrn ufd pkdttdblrmd ak sirktturd lfjkfn icn rkspniickdssn

djmnfl k prkfikpk odskjdrk anjj(kpnrtnstl* kspkrdfalsk pnr qudftl plsskokjn djjn kann anjjn mdhhklrk

bkhurn icn dookdfl mdk jdvlrdtl sujj(drhlmnftl& Wdrtktd kfkzkdjmnftn ad Fnjslf n Jdfalw* jd rkinrid

sk nstnsd sujj(dssn tnmplrdjn n su qunjjl tnifljlhkil* inridfal ak kfvnstkrn trdsvnrsdjmnftn tuttk k

idmpk icn pltnvdfl nssnrn utkjk dk bkfk anj prlhnttl&

Wrlprkl jn tnlrkn #snppur rkmdfhdfl sljtdftl tnlrkn+ ak Fnjslf mk cdffl iljpktl* flf rkusikvl d

snpdrdrn ilfinttudjmnftn kj tnstl idrtdinl ad qunjjl njnttrlfkil* iljpd dficn anjjn tnifljlhkn icn

bdffl ak tuttl dbbkfic jn aun ilsn sk slmkhjkfl0 jd akbbnrnfzd trd kpnrtnstl kandjn ansirkttl ad Fnjslf

n tnstl njnttrlfkil skmkj-idrtdinl su iuk jl stnssl CQMJ snmord plrrn jn sun odsk slttkjn md dj

tnmpl stnssl anikskvd& Jd pltnfzkdjkt ak uf ilmputnr anvn nssnrn sbruttdtd d alvnrn na k aliumnftk

dadttdtk djjd mdiickfd0 fdturdjn icn fnj ilfbrlftl ilf kj jkorl jd jntturd su sicnrml nsid silfbkttd*

md qunstd jd rdhklfn prkmdrkd icn kmplfn dk rkinridtlrk ak trlvdrn fulvn sljuzklfk pnr irndrn tnstk

da cli icn rkspniickfl kj pk plsskokjn ufd vksklfn kandjn n sbruttkfl jn nflrmk pltnfzkdjkt md dj

tnmpl stnssl rkspnttkfl hjk cdfakidp anj ilmputnr&

Cl utkjkzzdtl ak pnrslfd k slbtwdrn mnssk d aksplskzklfn adj prlhnttl Sdfdau5 pnr qudftl rkhudrad kj

Ilsmki Oll` _ndanr* trlvl icn skd ufd oulfd kand ilf uf bkfn flokjn fnk ilfbrlftk ak qudftl

nsprnssl ad Fnjslf suhjk kpnrtnstk& Wurtrlppl k aliumnftk vnfhlfl spdrpdhjkdtk sujjl sicnrml n

hnfnrdfl ufd hrdf ilfbusklfn ak bkfnstrn dpnrtn0 jd rdhfdtnjd icn sk blrmd alpl dvnr dpnrtl ufd snrkn

iljjnhdmnftk onf hnstktd na kf prkml pkdfl bkfksilfl sljtdftl jn bkfnstrn mdhhklrmnftn pnrtkfnftk&

Quttdvkd ilfsujtdrn kj rndanr pdrdjjnjl kmpnhfdtkvl n ak skiurl flf pk ilmlal ak ufd rkprlauzklfn

ak tnstl idrtdinl* qudjn pu nssnrn uf noll`& Kj bdttl icn kj prlhnttl Sdfdau skd uf idftknrn dpnrtl ad

ljtrn mnzzl sniljl jd akin jufhd sujjd prdtkikt ank ilfinttk nsprnssk& Jl stnssl Sdfdau Ypdin

kftnrnssdftn* md ak utkjkt rnjdtkvd5 dvnrn ufd vksklfn dnrnd na kf 9A ank aliumnftk iljjnhdtk

skiurdmnftn stkmljdftn fnj rninpkrn jd strutturd icn jk blrmd* md jd ilfsujtdzklfn rksujtd ilmpjnssd

na kj tuttl snmord pk icn djtrl uf mlal pnr mnttnrn kf onjjd mlstrd jd ilmplskzklfn anjj(kpnrtnstl*

pkuttlstl icn jn kfblrmdzklfk ilftnfutn&

Hnlrhn Jdfalw cd plk rkodaktl kj ilfinttl n adtl uf vljtl d qudftl hk dbbnrmdtl ad Fnjslf& Kj

mnssdhhkl prkfikpdjn snmprn jl stnssl* lvvnrl5 njkmkfdrn jd jkfndrkt anj tnstl prnrlhdtkvd anj

idrtdinl adfal vktd da ufd iljjnzklfn ak aliumnftk pdrdjjnjk icn blrmkfl ilf k jlrl ilftnfutk uf

jkvnjjl supnrklrn ak tnstl ilstktuktl adjj(ufklfn ak qunst(ujtkmk& Jdfalw cd plk pdrdmntrkzzdtl k

ilfinttk ak mujtk-jkfndrkt* ak ilmn anvn nssnrn svkjuppdtl kj rdpplrtl trd dutlrn n jnttlrn #n su ilsd

okslhfd jdsikdr dhkrn ufl n j(djtrl+ n slprdttuttl kj ilfinttl ak dpnrturd anj tnstl* ak inrtl trd jn

mdhhklrk pltnfzkdjkt anjj(kpnrtnstl& Irndrn ufd pkdttdblrmd ak sirktturd njnttrlfkid skhfkbkid dficn

lbbrkrn jd plsskokjkt da ufl l pk dutlrk ak rnfanrn puoojkid n ilfsujtdokjn jd prlprkd lpnrd md djtnmpl stnssl ak tnfnrjd ilstdftnmnftn dhhklrfdtd n pltnrjd mlakbkidrjd fnj tnmpl* ilsd icn fnj

mlmnftl kf iuk sk ilfsnhfd kj prlprkl mdflsirkttl da uf naktlrn flf pk plsskokjn bdrn&

Kj mltlrn Xk`k ak Xdra Iuffkfhcdm qudftl ak pk qultkakdfl vnfhd utkjkzzdtl pnr rnpnrkrn jn

kfblrmdzklfk n flf pltnvd inrtl nssnrn nsijusl adjjd rkinrid #mljtn kfblrmdzklfk* adtn n qudft(djtrl

slfl prnsn adjjd vnrsklfn kfhjnsn ak Xk`kpnakd+& Dficn sn dftninanftn dj pk mlanrfl #n stdfadra+

SMJ* j(kpnrtnstl blrmdtl adjjn pdhkfn Xk k bufzklfd ilrrnttdmnftn na d mkd lpkfklfn qudftl ak

pk skmkjn djjd vksklfn kandjn ak kpnrtnstl& Ak inrtl slhhnttd da dttk ak vdfadjksml n anvn

fninssdrkdmnftn nssnrn tnfutd slttl strnttd slrvnhjkdfzd* md kj prlhnttl snmord bufzklfdrn na lrmdk

ad dffk sk kmplstl ilmn mlanjjl prkfikpdjn fnjj(lrhdfkzzdzklfn anjjd ilflsinfzd& Jn kann

prlplstn ad Iuffkfhcdm slfl vdjkan n bdffl ad kspkrdzklfn pnr jd prlauzklfn ak uf ilfinttl ak

J(kpnrtnstl Ytnbdfl Ilstdfzl - 4?


13/15

kpnrtnstl skmkjn* qudjn anvn nssnrn jd pkdttdblrmd icn sk kftnfan rndjkzzdrn d snhuktl ak qunstd

rnjdzklfn& ^f kmplrtdftn bdttlrn icn ilfakvkal pknfdmnftn j(dssnfzd ak uf(kftnrbdiikd X[YKX[H

icn bdrnoon pnranrn j(nssnfzd ak ufd ilrrnttd mdridturd anj tnstl flf pnrmnttnfal jd sud

vksudjkzzdzklfn ad pdrtn anjj(utnftn0 dficn sn kj mdr`up anj Xk`k flf SMJ* kmplrtdftn icn sk

vnad ilmn kj tnstl vknfn lrhdfkzzdtl n ik skd tltdjn jkonrt ak irndzklfn& D tdj prlplsktl ufd

mdridturd QNK sdrnoon kandjn dficn dj bkfn ak rkspnttdrn hjk stdfadra kmplstk adj ilfslrzkl& Irndrn

kfvnin ufd mdridturd djtnrfdtkvd* dvrnoon skiurdmnftn ank rksvljtk stkmljdftk md plrtnrnoon da ufjdvlrl mljtl pk ilmpjnssl n adjjd akbbkikjn hnstklfn&

J(djjlftdfdmnftl adjjd ilfinzklfn anj idrtdinl flf skhfkbkid dppuftl uf(nsijusklfn tltdjn anj ruljl

ak uf jkorl adj ilfinttl ak kpnrtnstl& Kf qunstl idsl jn kann ak Oljtnr slfl skiurdmnftn ak

kspkrdzklfn5 kj mnakd flf anvn tnftdrn ak slstktukrn k prlprk prnaninsslrk* md anvn dbbkdfidrjk na

dsslrokrfn jn idrdttnrkstkicn prkfikpdjk dj bkfn ak irndrn ufd vnrsklfn mkhjklrn icn sbruttk jn tnifljlhkn

rninftk md icn flf doodfalfk jn ilfinzklfk pdssdtn&

_kilradfal icn kf blfal kj jkorl ufd blrmd ak tnifljlhkd0 kf qudftl tdjn rnskstn ad mljtl tnmpl n

pur nssnfal idmokdtk k mdtnrkdjk n jn tnifkicn ak prlauzklfn* cd prnssliic jd stnssd blrmd icn

plssnanvd fnj mnaklnvl& Jn mkn kann slfl kfvnin ilftrdstdftk ilf kj ilfinttl ak kpnrmnakdtnzzd*flf vlhjkl rndjkzzdrn ufd pkdttdblrmd icn rdpprnsnftk qudjilsd icn flf * md icn prnsnftk kf prkml

julhl sn stnssd n akd jd plsskokjkt ak nssnrn utkjkzzdtd kf mdfknrd prdtkid na kftuktkvd& Jd tnfanfzd

anjjn pnrslfn fnjj(nvktdrn ak jnhhnrn su sicnrml jufhck tnstk anvn nssnrn prnsd blrtnmnftn kf

ilfskanrdzklfn* kf pdrtkiljdr mlal sn pnfskdml djjd akbbusklfn anjjn kfblrmdzklfk su kftnrfnt

plsskdml prnfanrn ilmn nsnmpkl kj slikdj-fntwlr` Qwkttnr* icn kf uf jkmktdtl fumnrl ak idrdttnrk

#417+ bd nsprkmnrn djj(utnftn k prlprk pnfsknrk l Qwnnt* vkstd ils snmord ufd ilfinzklfn jkmktdtkvd

anjj(nsprnsskvkt umdfd* md cd ilftrkouktl flf plil dj suiinssl anj sktl0 j(utnftn mnakl jnhhn ilf

mdhhklr dttnfzklfn pkiiljk tnstk pkuttlstl icn jufhcn mlflhrdbkn qudfal advdftk dj pi&

Lvvkdmnftn flf plsskokjn ilstktukrn kj tuttl snfzd rkbjnttnrn su qudftl pnfsdtl kf pnrklak

dftninanftk d qunjjk icn cdf vkstl hjk kpnrtnstk ilmn prltdhlfkstk* dficn sn ilf mnzzk flf dadttk djjntnlrkn icn oruikdvdfl bkf trlppl kf brnttd k tnmpk n prlodokjmnftn dfilrd lhhk jl bdffl& Kj Mnmnx ak

Rdffnvdr Ousc uf(kand hnfkdjn sn ilftnstudjkzzdtd fnj sul pnrklal stlrkil5 uf kpnrtnstl bdttl d

sirkvdfkd qudfal k ilmputnr dspnttdvdfl dfilrd jn tnlrkn ak Rlf Fnumdff& ^f skstnmd ak jnvn n

mkirlbkjm icn dvrnoon adtl jd plsskokjkt ak ilfsujtdrn jn kfblrmdzklfk stdfal snmpjkinmnftn snautk

da uf tdvljl* ilsd icn snttdft(dffk alpl bdiikdml ilmladmnftn adjjd pljtrlfd ak idsd* md icn

djj(nplid nrd qudsk ufd pdzzkd ad ilfinpkrn& Kj mnrktl ak Ousc* flf stdtl tdftl qunjjl ak prlhnttdrn

kj Mnmnx l ak dftkikpdrn qudftl jd tnifljlhkd sdrnoon rksujtdtd kmplrtdftn fnj flstrl qultkakdfl*

onfs ak icknanrsk ilmn dvrnoon pnfsdtl j(ulml anj almdfk n slprdttuttl ilmn dvrnoon dppjkidtl

qunstl sul pnfsknrl&

Ilf jl stnssl spkrktl a(kfflvdzklfn* md ilf qudjicn kfflvdzklfn tnifljlhkid kf pk sujjn spdjjn*

Jki`jkanr sk liiupd ak ilfinpkrn ilmn jn kfblrmdzklfk anoodfl nssnrn kmmdhdzzkfdtn fnjjd

mlanrfd nplid ank ilmputnr* ilmpjkin dficn kj blrsnffdtl svkjuppl tnifljlhkil kmplstl adjjn

hunrrn icn cdffl idrdttnrkzzdtl ljtrn mnt anj flvninftl& Jn sun tnlrkn* su skstnmk icn lbbrdfl jd

plsskokjkt ak ilfsujtdrn jn kfblrmdzklfk dttrdvnrsl kftnrbdiin snmpjkik* slfl tutt(lhhk djjd odsn anj

mlanrfl anskhf ak hrdbkid ak uf qudjufqun slbtwdrn& Jd sud dspkrdzklfn qunjjd ak bdr iljjdolrdrn

djjd pdrk mdiickfn na umdfk* jn prkmn ilmn mnzzl nbbkiknftn fnj ilftdrn n fnjj(lrhdfkzzdrn #ljtrn

icn fnjj(njdolrdrn adtk+* mnftrn k snilfak ilmn vnrl n prlprkl lrhdfl ak pnfsknrl& Dttrdvnrsl ufd

iljjdolrdzklfn audjn anjjn aun pdrtk plsskokjn lttnfnrn rksujtdtk kmplrtdftk& Ak ilfsnhunfzd

okslhfd trdrrn jd ilfijusklfn icn kj ilmputnr flf anvn nssnrn vkstl ilmn uf slstktutl anjj(ulml* md

ilmn ufd rkslrsd icn nhjk stnssl anvn utkjkzzdrn pnr dfdjkzzdrn dj mnhjkl k pnfsknrk icn cd ilmufqun



14/15

anftrl ak sn& ^fl strumnftl icn plrtk ick jl utkjkzzd d sbruttdrn d pknfl jn prlprkn dttktuakfk irndtkvn

na dj tnmpl stnssl bdikjktk j(dpprliikl n jl svkjuppl kpnrtnstk fnjjd jlrl blrmd idflfkid0 flf anvn

nssnrn jd mdiickfd d ilfaurrn* md dj tnmpl stnssl anvn lbbrkrn uf pnrilrsl dhnvljn&

J(kpnrtnstl fnjjd sud nvljuzklfn cd kfilftrdtl fltnvljk idmokdmnftk n ilfinzklfk pk l mnfl

kandjkstkicn ilmn sk vkstl& Kj mlanrfl CQMJ* su iuk sk odsd jd flstrd kand dttudjn* uf puftl ak

kfilftrl trd jd prdtkikt rndjn n j(kand tnlrkid& K mknk loknttkvk ak ilfsnhunfzd slfl qunjjk ak rkirndrnuf dmoknftn lttkmdjn ilf k mnzzk d aksplskzklfn kf qunstl idsl kj mdr`up stdfadra inridfal ak

kmpjnmnftdrn qudjicn puftl anjj(kandjkt kpltkzzdtd fnhjk dffk (27* l qudftlmnfl ak skmujdrjl alvn

plsskokjn&

Mnttnrn d bulil jn kann ak ick sk anakidtl pnr tuttd jd vktd d qunstl drhlmnftl anvn nssnrn

prkfikpdjmnftn ufl stkmljl na ufd blftn ak kspkrdzklfn0 flf okslhfd pnr akmnftkidrn icn jl

svkjuppl ak tdjk skstnmk anvn snmprn nssnrn lrknftdtl fnj trlvdrn k hkustk ilmprlmnssk trd qunjjl icn

sk tnlrkzzd fnj ansirkvnrn skstnmk kandjk sk cd ilmn ufkil jkmktn jd prlprkd irndtkvkt n qunj icn sk

pu rndjkzzdrn ilfirntdmnftn* snilfal jn tnifljlhkn pk dttudjk&



15/15

Okojklhrdbkd n blftk

Rdffnvdr Ousc #4;1>+* Ds wn mdy tckf`* Qcn Dtjdftki0

E& I& _& Jki`jkanr #4;2>+* Jkordrkns lb tcn Buturn* Idmorkahn* M&K&Q& Wrnss0

Qna Fnjslf* Wrlenit Sdfdau :cttp5,,xdfdau&ilm,60

Hnlrhn Wduj Jdfalw* Lbbkikdj Xnosktn :cttp5,,www&vkitlrkdfwno&lrh,iv,jdfalw\lv&ctmj60

QNK5 Qnxt Nfilakfh Kfktkdtkvn :cttp5,,www&tnk-i&lrh,60 Oljtnr Edy Advka #?747+* Jl spdzkl anjjl sirkvnrn Ilmputnr* kpnrtnstl n jd rk-mnakdzklfn

anjjd stdmpd* Mkjdfl* Rktd n Wnfsknrl Naktlrn0

Ilry Alitlrlw #?77>+* Xk`kpnakd& ^fd hnfukfd hukad hdjdttkid pnr dutlstlppkstk* snfzd

naktlrk* Qcn dftcljlhy dt tcn nfa lb ufkvnrsn0

Jntkzkd Ynick #?747+* Naktlrkd Akhktdjn* Mkjdfl* Dplhnl0

Mdsskml Idfauiik #?77>+* SMJ* Mkjdfl* Dplhnl0

Jn snhunftk pdhkfn Xk`kpnakd pnr adtn n kfblrmdzklfk5

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk k,Rdffnvdr\Ousc0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk`k,Mnmnx0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk`k,Jki`jkanr0 cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk`k,Qna\Fnjslf0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk`k,Hnlrhn\Jdfalw\.?3prlbnsslr.?;0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk k,Xdra\Iuffkfhcdm0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk`k,Xk`k0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk`k,Edy\Advka\Oljtnr0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk`k,Smj0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk k,Qnxt\Nfilakfh\Kfktkdtkvn0

cttp5,,nf&wk`kpnakd&lrh,wk k,Qkmnjkfn\lb\cypnrtnxt\tnicfljlhy0

J(kpnrtnstl Ytnbdfl Ilstdfzl - 4>

Storia degli Ipertesti

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