HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno Soluzioni impiantistiche nel restauro di un palazzo storico adibito a contenitore museale il Palazzo Fulcis a Belluno PROF. ING. MAURO STRADA1 – ING. ENRICO BABBOLIN1 – PER.IND. ANDREA CRIVELLA-RO1 – PROF. ING. FRANCESCO RUGGIERO2 1 STEAM Srl Phone +39 080 596.3870, e-mail: info@steam.it 2 Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile e dell’Architettura – Politecnico di Bari Phone +39 080 596.3870, e-mail: ruggiero@poliba.it

SUMMARY

The approach to HVAC design in the recovery and the conversion of an historic building requires particular care and accuracy, due to the complexity of the features and the required uses, without forcing the nature of architectural artefact but, at the same time, combining the architectural language with the modern technologies, through the implementation of an integrated design.

This work present the HVAC design of Palazzo Fulcis, funded by the Fondazione Cariverona, a fine and important historic building in Belluno turned into a museum, to entrust the management to the City institutions, suitable to allow the exhibition of the Museum materials and to create new spaces for temporary exhibitions.

If the first objective obligates to choose technical solutions with low-impact to the building, the second target requires the need to insert a modern and widespread HVAC plant able to guarantee: certainty of operation, precision of active microclimate control system, flexibility to adapt to the different microclimate conditions that are required by the providers of work of art, that couldn’t been installed in Climabox.

Due to a complete recovery of the building, the choice is to operate as a surgeon for the integration of an invasive plant, the HVAC system, in a structure that originally had an outdated and improper air conditioning system, to ensure the best thermo-hygrometric comfort and, at the same time, to control the air chemistry and the electro-magnetic radiation that are the main causes of degradation in the conservation of works of art.

The introduction and the choices of various special and innovative plants is, there-fore, direct to the use of spaces in modern forms and integrated with issues of operation-al and safety, global comfort (lighting, noise, temperature) and air quality. The HVAC systems are integrated in the architecture to create specific operating conditions by

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Edifici di valore storico: progettare la riqualificazioneUna panoramica, dalle prestazioni energetiche alla qualità dell’aria internaHistorical and existing buildings: designing the retrofitAn overview from energy performances to indoor air quality

Roma, 26-27-28 febbraio 2014Rome, 26th-27th-28th February 2014

avoiding any invasivity that is unsuitable in the recovery of an artistic and historical building.

Facing the complexity of these issues the work shows the technical choices de-signed to match each plant to the real needs and to the operating mode of the building, offering environmentally friendly solutions with the necessary guarantees of: indoor comfort (temperature, humidity, air quality); compliance with the current legislation and reliability and security of systems, components and equipment.

The HVAC systems are zoned in order to safeguard: the continuity of operation in case of mechanical failure and/or maintenance; the control system optimization and the simplicity and economy of the centralized management and maintenance of the installa-tions. This is done through a hierarchical BMS with remote control. The system has a very simple controlled procedure, now indispensable in engineering management.

RIASSUNTO

L’approccio alla progettazione impiantistica per il recupero e la rifunzionalizzazio-ne di un edificio storico e monumentale richiede una particolare prudenza ed accuratez-za, legata alla complessità delle funzioni e degli usi richiesti, evitando forzature sulla na-tura del manufatto architettonico ma, nello stesso tempo, coniugando il linguaggio archi-tettonico con quello impiantistico moderno, attraverso la realizzazione di un progetto in-tegrato.

In questo lavoro sarà presentato il progetto di Palazzo Fulcis, finanziato dalla Fondazione Cariverona, un pregevole edificio di particolare importanza storica per la Città di Belluno trasformato in un contenitore museale da affidare alle istituzioni citta-dine, adatto a consentire la esposizione dei materiali del Museo Civico nonché creare spazi in grado di ospitare mostre temporanee.

Se il primo degli obiettivi obbliga ad operare scelte impiantistiche di basso impatto sulla struttura, il secondo obiettivo comporta la necessità di inserire una impiantistica moderna e diffusa tale da garantire certezza di funzionamento, precisione di controllo delle condizioni microclimatiche interne, flessibilità di adattamento alle varie condizioni ambientali richieste dai prestatori d’opera per le opere non installabili in Climabox.

A seguito di un recupero pressoché integrale dell’edificio si è cercato, pertanto, di intervenire in modo “chirurgico” nell’integrazione di un impianto invasivo come quello del condizionamento, in una struttura che originariamente presentava una tipologia impi-antistica obsoleta e inadeguata, per garantire migliori condizioni di benessere ter-moigrometrico e, nel contempo, il controllo delle condizioni e qualità chimica dell'aria e delle radiazioni elettromagnetiche che rappresentano i principali agenti di degrado nella conservazione delle opere d’arte.

L’introduzione e le scelte di vari impianti anche speciali e innovativi è stata, quin-di, rivolta alla fruizione degli spazi nelle forme modernamente richieste, siano esse funzionali e di sicurezza, siano di benessere globale (termoigrometrico, illuminotecnico, acustico) e di qualità dell’aria; gli impianti sono stati integrati all’architettura nella crea-zione delle specifiche condizioni funzionali interne evitando ogni forma di invasività in-adeguata alla importanza storico-artistica dell’edificio.

HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno2

Affrontando la complessità di questi problemi il lavoro presenterà le scelte pro-gettuali tese a far corrispondere ogni impianto alle effettive esigenze e modalità di eser-cizio offrendo soluzioni rispettose delle necessarie garanzie di: massimo comfort ambi-entale (temperatura, umidità, qualità dell'aria); del rispetto della normativa in vigore; del-la massima affidabilità e sicurezza dei sistemi, dei componenti e delle apparecchiature; dei frazionamenti impiantistici in maniera da salvaguardare la continuità anche parziale degli impianti in casi di avaria e/o manutenzione; dell’ottimizzazione della regolazione; della semplicità ed economicità della manutenzione e della gestione centralizzata degli impianti. attraverso un sistema di supervisione gerarchizzato gestibile anche da posta-zione remota, con una procedura estremamente semplice e controllata, ormai indispensa-bile nelle gestioni impiantistiche complesse

Key words: Building plant design, microclimate, rational use of energy

Parole chiave: sistema edificio impianto; microclima, uso razionale dell’energia

1. INTRODUCTION

The approach to HVAC design in the restoration of a historic building requires par-ticular care and accuracy, due to the complexity of the features and the new uses, com-bining the architectural language with the modern technologies, through the implementa-tion of an integrated design.

This paper aims to describe the HVAC design case for Palazzo Fulcis, a fine and important historic building in Belluno, rebuilt to allow the exposition of the artworks of the City’s Museum as well as the organization of temporary exhibitions. The restoration works have been funded by Fondazione Cariverona.

Figure 1 – View of Belluno’ s center

The HVAC systems were designed with a minimal impact on the structure, by

planning a modern distribution network capable to guarantee secure operations, preci-

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sion and the highest control of internal environmental conditions (microclimate, IAQ, lighting, safety and security, info-entertainment, etc..). Such a system assures the desired flexibility to adapt to particular microclimate conditions, as required by the severe art-works conservation standards.

The choice of a "surgical” approach applied to the integration of technological ser-vices, often quite invasive, ensures the achievement of better conditions for hygrometric comfort as well as the control of the chemical quality of the air and electromagnetic ra-diation, the main agents of deterioration.

2. GENERAL CRITERIA

The main design goals were: • high level of reliability and operational safety; • flexibility of use allowing a wide range of configurations; • respect for the architectural restrictions; • energy saving; • easy maintenance and management. More precisely, the management cost also depends on the selection of the equipment: • low temperatures terminals to use condensation recovery; • minimum air exchange; • heat recovery from exhaust air; • adoption of inverters on pumps and fans. Also a BMS System is used to control HVAC. The system can handle : • detection and control of physical quantities (temperature, relative humidity); • detection and management of operating states, alarms, etc.; • programmed swich on/off and adjusting.

3. DEFINITION OF PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS

The project has considered the contents of the Ministerial Decree of 10/05/2001 ”Guideline on technical-scientific criteria and operation standards of museums”, accord-ing to the Legislative Decree n. 112/98 art . 150, paragraph 6 Ministry of National Herit-age and Culture.

Generally, the workcrafts owners impose restrictions concerning the environmental preservation conditions when loaning, according to internationally recognized standards. According to it and on the basis of an evaluation of the performances of HVAC systems in the host museum, the loan insurance is agreed: the higher comfort, the more security in storage, the lower fee!

The measurement and the memorization of environmental parameters of exposure, defined by law as mandatory, can be sent to a centralized storage data system.

4. FIRST ANALYSIS

The artwork categories listed in Table 3 of the decree (such as works made of oxi-dized bronze, oxidized iron, unstable historic glass and wet wood), which require far more severe environmental conditions, haven’t been taken into account in the definition

HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno4

of the design criteria. As a matter of fact, it is very difficult to ensure thermoigrometric controlled rooms, as well as the stability of the moisture values in the context of a histor-ic building (Strada M., Crivellaro A., 2009; Strada M. Crivellaro A., 2007).

Inside the building, several areas have been identified and characterized by differ-ent climatic requirements:

- Conference / exhibition / multi-purpose - Offices, control room, ticket office, bookshop - Bar - Storage - Restrooms. By balancing the directions given by the decree, it is possible to derive the perfor-

mance values for the air conditioning system which shall be as proposed in Table I.

Table I – Design air temperature, relative humidity, air velocity and filtration requirements Parameters

Air Temperature °C

Relative Umidity UR %

Maximum Air Speed

Filtration

EXHIBITION Winter 19 (+/-1) 55 (+/- 5) 0,13 m/s > 95%, <

2µm Summer 24 (+/-1) 55 (+/- 5) 0,17 m/s > 95%, <

2µm STORAGE Winter 19 (+/-1) 50 (+/- 5) 0,17 m/s > 95%, <

2µm Summer 24 (+/-1) 50 (+/- 5) 0,17 m/s > 95%, <

2µm CONFERENCE ROOM

Winter 20 (+/-1) 50 (+/- 10) 0,13 m/s 95% Summer 26 (+/-1) 50 (+/- 10) 0,17 m/s 95% BAR Winter 20 (+/-1) 50 (+/- 10) 0,15 m/s 95% Summer 26 (+/-1) 50 (+/- 10) 0,15 m/s 95% OFFICES Winter 20 (+/-1) 50 (+/- 10) 0,15 m/s 95% Summer 26 (+/-1) 50 (+/- 10) 0,15 m/s 95% RESTROOMS Winter 20 (+/-1) N.C. Summer N.C. N.C. N.B. Air temperature, humidity and air velocity values shall be measured near the walls too. Filtration of Air values shall be measured according to the Standard NISO– TR01/95. Maximum variation of Temperature’s value in the day must be 1,5 °C/gg. Maximum variation of relative humidity in the day must be 5% UR/gg.

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5. THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND EQUIPMENTS

The limited budget availability has resulted in the need to constrain fully condi-tioned areas, the most expensive, to select the rooms where a strict humidity control was not required, while designing a very simple and efficient air conditioning system.

The ground floor of Palazzo Fulcis will be assigned to support activities (ticket of-fice, bookshop, bar, services, control rooms, etc.).

The above mentioned ground floor is also characterized by a fragmentation of the property, so it was not possible to get its whole availability. This condition forced the need to design a system with separate and flexible sub-networks in order to start operat-ing for independent sections.

The first floor, main floor and the second floor had optimal features for hosting ex-hibitions but they are characterized by the presence of frescoes which compel to avoid any distribution on walls or ceilings. In the specific case, the restoration work has re-quired deep structural actions that returned a seismic improved building, as well as a more efficient one, since the main floors being removed have been used to place the main distributions, both hydraulic and electric.

Figure 2, 3, 4 – Interiors of Palazzo Fulcis

HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno6

The attic, historically used as warehouse and storage space, is free from con-straints, so it is perfect for temporary exhibitions, while enjoying the wide and open space. At the same time, the wooden covering structure gives the volume less inertial mass compared to the lower floors.

6. CHOICE AND COMPATIBILITY OF MATERIALS

Particular attention was paid to the choice of materials that will be used for the HVAC plants to reduce or eliminate the possibility of deterioration and chemical attacks [Cisternino M., Ruggiero F., Strada M., 2003; Strada M., Borsoi L., Crivellaro A., 2006; Strada M. , Fochesato S., Peron F., Rossi G., 1999; Strada M., GussoA., 2004]. The use of multilayer pipes, with presence of polymeric materials inside and outside, ensures their protection against corrosion.

7. HVAC SYSTEMS

The use of any radiant floor panels in the exhibition rooms was avoided because, besides the aesthetic advantages, they would be characterized by:

- unacceptable inertia, - difficulties to control air T / RH room by room, - the need to keep the air system working continuously to control airborne pollu-

tants and moisture. Eventually, the presence of a large group of visitors in the museum may request

cooling even during the winter, that’s an additional reason why the radiant floor heating system is not the best solution and therefore could never fulfill the need.

All proposed solutions also meet the needs for local filtration (dust and gas pollu-tants), deodorization, heating, cooling, dehumidification and humidification.

7.1. Ticketing and bookshop The radiant floor heating system has been adopted in other areas of the museum,

such as the ticket / bookshop on the ground floor. A particular type of radiant floor spe-cifically designed with reduced thickness was applied.

7.2. Exhibition rooms In these spaces precision custom designed units were provided for the museum fa-

cilites: - dehumidification and post-heating - flat medium efficiency air filters, high efficiency air filter 95%, active carbon fil-

ter for pollutants - ultrasonic precision humidifier, with different sets of values in each room - condensate collectors and check for fluid leakage - automatic management of the temperature gradient (+ /-0.5°C) room by room

and recording in supervisory system (as required by the DM 2001). The units are always two for each room to allow maintenance of the units without

losing performance and ensuring redundancy in case of break-down.

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The proposed units are equipped with an automatic leak detection system with con-trol valve adduction. The solution can also assure, in special situations, temperatures above 20°C (lenders often require to maintain artworks at 22/24°C with 50% relative humidity both in the summer and in the winter).

The units have been sized to meet the conditions with typical crowds for temporary exhibitions throughout the building (larger than the crowds in art galleries), extending the flexibility of use to various configurations of the building. The variable primary air flow is controlled by recirculation air quality sensors that only take in external air in case of heavy crowd, by controlling CO2 as a pollutant. The HVAC system can be completely shut down allowing a significant source saving in terms of operation and maintenance costs, but at the same it can ensurie the recommended parameters in the rooms (tempera-ture, humidity, VOC, gas) .

7.3. Exhibition attic It's characterized by less massiveness and large windows. A double fan external air

unit was chosen to quickly react to changes in weather and/or crowding conditions. Air ducts are visible, due to spaces’ height, and are provided with a perforated surface for the distribution in the rooms.

7.4. Other spaces Four-pipe and primary air fan coil units have been adopted only in the ticket office,

bar, bookshop, control room and administration.

8. PRODUCTION OF HEATING AND COOLING FLUIDS

Due to the lack of an electrical power supply in the center of the city of Belluno, four gas compression heat pumps driven by a natural gas engine and two boilers were installed. This production system has a particularly high energy efficiency and, up to -20°C outside, they don’t require defrosting, typical trouble of electric heat pumps, caused by the heat recovery system.

A micro-computer controls the engine’s rotation speed in order to modulate the heat output according to the needs. By comparing operating costs of a traditional electri-cally powered air conditioning with a gas heat pump system, the savings range from 20 up to 40%.

Three heat pumps and the two boilers can easily cover the winter heating request of the building while the fourth heat pump is needed for covering of the cooling load.

Operating temperatures of the fluids are: winter 50/35°C T=15°C summer 5/14°C T=9°C It can be observed that temperature’s gaps are higher than those commonly used

due to the need to limit the diameters of the distribution pipes.

HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno8

Figure 5 – Heating and cooling system

9. BMS

The advanced BMS system is extremely important for applications where the envi-ronmental parameters need to be strictly controlled. [Strada M., Gusso A., 2004; Strada M., Gusso A., 2005]

If more than one unit in a room is working, one of them is labeled as "master". The air handling units is provided with self regulation and the communication pro-

tocol is free and can be interfaced with the supervision network of the museum. BMS can choose to switch off the air conditioning in some areas of the museum.

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Figure 6 – Building Management System

BMS records operation data of each heat pump, including energy consumption. The thermohygrometric environmental data are entirely recorded, thanks to the presence of temperature and humidity probes spread in the rooms according to the directions of the responsible for the conservation of the museum.

The local system is expected to operate even in case of BMS default; to keep the thermo hygrometric conditions constant inside the rooms, the control system follows the trend of external conditions in order to create a smooth transition inside the museum rooms from winter to summer conditions and vice versa.

CONCLUSIONS

In the plant design of an historical and monumental building is necessary to oper-ate respectful choices of the history and the nature of the architectural work.

At the same time its characterization as an art museum imposes the need of an high technology installation to rapidly adapt to varying environmental conditions required by the various types of artworks exposed.

This allows the museum administration to program exhibits and different art exhi-bitions with loaned work of art that, thanks to the high standards of environmental quali-ty and of safety, could lead to lower risks for the lenders and therefore reduced costs, easily balanced by the incomes of the exhibits.

HVAC solutions in the restoration of an historical building as museum Palazzo Fulcis in Belluno10

The end result of aesthetic and functional quality is fundamental in all the enclosed spaces because determines the pleasure of living in that environment.

In the case of a museum the performances of its plants and the flexibility to vary the conditions of the indoor physical parameters, together to the reduction of the man-agement costs, increase the possibilities to attract international exhibits and allow to put the account management in the black. The role of the designer is fundamental in these situations. He has to surgically intervene, trying to abandon standardized and invasive solutions and looking for diversified solutions for the different rooms with technical in-stallations able to satisfy specific demands.

In this paper, through the description of the plant designed for the recovery of Palazzo Fulcis, we have tried to represent this philosophy of design approach that re-quires interdisciplinary culture.

The good result of the design has to start necessarily from the detailed knowledge of the places and its history, of the conditions of environmental quality required by the different types of artworks; from the knowledge of the physical and technical principles of technology that the market offers with competitive prices. All this sum up an integrat-ed and modern approach in the various disciplines of engineering and architecture.

REFERENCES

Ministero per i beni e le attività culturali - Decreto Ministeriale del 10/05/2001 “Atto di indirizzo sui criteri tecnico-scientifici e sugli standard di funzionamento e svi-luppo dei musei” (D. Lgs. n. 112/98 art. 150 comma 6) / Ministry of National Heritage and Culture - Ministerial Decree dated 10/05/2001 "Guideline on technical-scientific cri-teria and functioning standards for development of museums" (Legislative Decree no. 112/98 art. 150, paragraph 6).

UNI 10829:1999 - Beni di interesse storico e artistico - Condizioni ambientali di conservazione - Misurazione ed analisi. /UNI 10829:1999 - Assets of historical and arti-stic interest - Environmental conditions for Conservation - Measurement and analysis.

Strada M., Crivellaro A., L’importanza delle tecnologie per il controllo climatico negli interventi di restauro e rifunzionalizzazione degli edifici di valore storico ed arti-stico, Atti dal Convegno “La Rinascita del Barocco” La Valletta – Malta 13-14/11/2009/ The importance of technologies for climate control in the restoration and refurbishment of buildings of historical and artistic value, Conference "Rebirth of Baroque" Valletta - Malta 13 - 14/11/2009.

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