Riforma Diritto Del Lavoro

8/9/2019 Riforma Diritto Del Lavoro

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Ldxj}j2 Oca hd}a :

M}axg ijua sqlld }gsu}quuq}drgjia eal ka}oduj eal ldxj}j gi Gudlgd

a sqlld }ghj}kd eal eg}guuj eal ldxj}j)

#=5 D~}gla =>4>'

ojiuduug2 sdlaiujocahd}aNugsodlg)gu



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M}axg ijua sqlld }gsu}quuq}drgjia eal ka}oduj eal ldxj}j gi Gudlgd

a sqlld }ghj}kd eal eg}guuj eal ldxj}j)

Ed egxa}sg diig ã gi oj}sj qi ~}jfauuj eg }gsu}quuq}drgjia faia}dla eal ka}oduj

eal ldxj}j ~}asaiuduj qhhgogdlkaiua ojka ~jlgugod eg sxglq~~j aojijkgoj eal ^dasa)

Tqasuj eaxa ~dssd}a duu}dxa}sj ld o}adrgjia eg iqjxg ka}odug ~a} la gk~}asa oji ld

ojk~augugxguî eag ~}jejuug) Ojk~augugxguî oca sgfighgod xaiegud eag ~}jejuug d ~}arrg

giha}gj}g eg tqallg eg dlu}a gk~}asa)

Ial ogolj ~}jequugxj l‗qigod xd}gdiua sq oqg giogea}a ~a} }geq}}a gl ~}arrj eg qi

~}jejuuj ã gl ojsuj ealld kdijej~a}d) Ld ojk~augugxguî ~dssd, ~a}udiuj, duu}dxa}sj ld

}geqrgjia eal ojsuj ealld kdijej~a}d a, ogjã, ld }geqrgjia eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g) Iji

d odsj qid ealla dooqsa oca ed egxa}sj uak~j xgaia }gxjlud dg ldxj}duj}g gudlgdig ã tqalld

oca ojsudij u}j~~j ~a} la gk~}asa)

Gl ~}jfauuj oca sud ~dssdiej gi Gudlgd ~}axaea l‗algkgidrgjia eg uquua tqalla odqsa

a, ogjã, g eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g, oca iji ~a}kauujij hdoglkaiua dlla gk~}asa eg }geq}}a gl

ojsuj eal ldxj}j) L‗jmgauugxj ã l‗dmjlgrgjia ujudla ealla fd}dirga }au}gmqugxa a ealld

sudmglguî eal ~jsuj eg ldxj}j)

Ogý sud dxxaiaiej kaegdiua ld ~}axgsgjia a l‗d~~lgodrgjia eall‗gsuguquj ealld

hlassgmglguî, oca gi ~}dugod sgfighgod ~gaid egso}argjidlguî eal eduj}a eg ldxj}j

iall‗gisudq}drgjia, iall‗asaoqrgjia a iallj sxglq~~j eal }d~~j}uj eg ldxj}j,

sjuuj~jiaiej g ldxj}duj}g d tqdlsgdsg }goduuj) Gi sjsudird, lafdlgrrdrgjia eal ldxj}j

ia}j)

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L‗gisudq}drgjia eal }d~~j}uj eg ldxj}j, hgij d tqdloca diij hd, ejxaxd dxxaig}a

~a} laffa asolqsgxdkaiua u}dkgua l‗Qhhgogj eg Ojlljodkaiuj gi kjej oca gl ~de}jia iji

soaflgassa d sqj ~gdogkaiuj g eg~aieaiug) _oalud oca dx}amma ojk~j}uduj ld

}goduudmglguî sql ~jsuj eg ldxj}j a l‗asolqsgjia gi diugog~j eag ldxj}duj}g ojijsogqug ojka

sgiedodlgrrdug j ~a}ocç sak~lgoakaiua gi ~}aoaeaiug }d~~j}ug dxaxdij ~}j~jsuj

“xa}uaird‛ ojiu}j gl eduj}a, qid odqsd edxdiug dl Fgqegoa eal Ldxj}j)

Gl ~de}jia ejxaxd dssqka}a g ldxj}duj}g dxxgdug edl ojlljodkaiuj gi mdsa de qid

f}deqduj}gd u}ds~d}aiua ~a} sjeegshd}a ld sqd asgfaird eg kdijej~a}d



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gieg~aieaiuakaiua edlld ~a}sjidlguî eal ldxj}duj}a #sassj, }drrd, }algfgjia,

d~~d}uaiaird ~jlgugod sgiedodla, aoo)')

Oji gl ~doocauuj U}aq eal 4776 ~}gkd a oji ld laffa Mgdfg eal =>>? ~jg, gl

ojlljodkaiuj ã suduj dmjlguj ae gl ~de}jia ~qý dssqka}a d sqd egso}argjia)" " "

Ld }au}gmqrgjia kgigkd ojiu}duuqdla, hgij}d giegxgeqdud gi tqalld ~}axgsud edg

sgifjlg ojiu}duug ojllauugxg idrgjidlg, sd}î dmjlgud #}ghj}kd eall‗d}u) ?8 ealld

Ojsuguqrgjia') _d}diij dlu}asì dmjlgug uquug flg gsuguqug ojlldua}dlg dlld }au}gmqrgjia) Tqgieg

dmjlgrgjia ealld f}dughgod a ealla kaisglguî dffgqiugxa #4?kd a 45kd', eal U)H)])

#lgtqgedrgjia', ealla ha}ga a eag ~a}kassg }au}gmqgug, l‗dsuaisgjia eq}diua ld f}dxgedird a

ld kdua}iguî, l‗dssgoq}drgjia ~}axgeaird a ojiu}j la kdlduuga a flg gihj}uqig, a uquua la

dlu}a gieaiiguî a fd}dirga)

Ld }au}gmqrgjia sd}î sudmglgud qigodkaiua edl eduj}a eg ldxj}j a sd}î

jiigojk~}aisgxd) Oji tqdiuj ~a}oa~guj gl ldxj}duj}a ejx}î sug~qld}a, sa xj}}î,

ojiu}duug ~a}sjidlg dssgoq}dugxg ~a} ld ~aisgjia, ld kdlduugd, flg gihj}uqig) _a xj}}î

kauua}î sjleg ed ~d}ua ~a} ~dfd}sg ld sjs~aisgjia ha}gdla, g fgj}ig iji ldxj}dug, g ~a}gjeg

eg kdlduugd, aoo) Dlu}gkaiug iji ~a}oa~g}î iqlld gi tqdiuj l‗qigoj ahhauuj soduq}aiua edl

}d~~j}uj eg ldxj}j, ogjã, l‗qigoj eg}guuj oca cd, ã ld }au}gmqrgjia kaisgla eaogsd edl

eduj}a)

Edl ~qiuj eg xgsud fgq}gegoj, iassqi ldxj}duj}a ~ju}î ~g÷ ~}j~j}}a qid odqsd eg

ldxj}j ~a} eghha}aira }au}gmqugxa, gi ~}dugod iassqij ~ju}î hd}a xa}uaird dl ~de}jia)

Ld ~dfd kaisgla oj}}gs~jsud dl ldxj}duj}a ojsuguqg}î ~a} gl eduj}a l‗qigoj ojsuj

ealld kdijej~a}d #dmjlgrgjia ealld eghha}aird u}d ojsuj lj}ej a ojsuj iauuj') Ogý

hdoglgua}î iji sjlj g ~}jf}dkkg eall‗drgaied sql ojsuj eal ~}jejuuj, kd dioca ld

ojkka}ogdmglguî eall‗drgaied suassd)

Ial h}duuak~j eg qid as~lgogud dm}jfdrgjia eall‗d}u) ?8 Ojsu) a ealld

ojiu}duudrgjia ojllauugxd, sjij sudua fgî dxxgdua ealla }ghj}ka ~d}rgdlg gi udl saisj)

D ~d}ug}a edflg diig ijxdiud, sjij sudua xd}dua ealla ij}ka oca cdiij ~a}kassj

ld }geqrgjia ealld }au}gmqrgjia kgigkd a l‗dmjlgrgjia ealla fd}dirga }au}gmqugxa a eg

sudmglguî)

Oji dooj}eg sgiedodlg sqlld “hlassgmglguî sdld}gdla‛ xgaia, eg hduuj, o}adud qidij}kdugxd saojiej ld tqdla g ldxj}duj}g ~jssjij assa}a }au}gmqgug dl eg sjuuj eag kgigkg



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sdld}gdlg) Ogý ã dxxaiquj ae dxxgaia oji ld sug~qldud ealla ojsgeeauua “oldqsjla

dffgqiugxa‛ #gl sauuj}a uassgla ã suduj u}d g ~}gkg de assa}ia gixasuguj') _uassj }gsqluduj

xgaia juuaiquj oji flg dooj}eg sgiedodlg ~}jxgiogdlg, ijiocç oji flg “dooj}eg f}degij‛ a

“sdld}g eg gif}assj‛ oca ~}axaejij ld }geqrgjia eg qi ua}rj eag kgigkg sdld}gdlg)_g ~aisg, dioj}d, dg ojiu}duug e‗d}ad, dg ~duug ua}}guj}gdlg, dg ldxj}duj}g sjogdlkaiua

quglg #laffa “Ma}ugijuug‛', dg ldxj}duj}g ojj}egidug ae, jffg, d ~}jfauuj #laffa Mgdfg')

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Xa}}diij dmjlgug flg gsuguqug ojiu}duuqdlg sql ldxj}j d uak~j gieaua}kgiduj, sql

uak~j ~gaij, sqg u}dsha}gkaiug a sqg lgoairgdkaiug)

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Iji asgsua}î ~g÷ sudmglguî a ojsudird eal ~jsuj eg ldxj}j gi tqdiuj ed qi lduj gl

eduj}a eg ldxj}j ~ju}î sug~qld}a saird iassqi jsudojlj ojiu}duug d uak~j eaua}kgiduj

#dioca eg qi diij, eg qi kasa j eg qid sauugkdid dlld xjlud', edll‗dlu}j xa}}diij

}gojijsogqua kdffgj}g }dfgjig eg sj~~}assgjia eal ~jsuj eg ldxj}j dioca ~}gkd ealld

sodeaird suassd eal ojiu}duuj d uak~j) Gi sjsudird sd}î }g~}gsugiduj ~a} uquug gl

lgoairgdkaiuj de iquqk) G ojiugiqg duudoocg dll‗d}u) 43 eallj _uduquj eag Ldxj}duj}g sjij

qid egkjsu}drgjia)

Gi udl saisj ã suduj akdiduj gl E) lfs) i) ?83*>4 ~}gkd a ld L) 4??*>3 ~jg, oca

lgma}dlgrrd gl ojiu}duuj d ua}kgia dioca ~a} l‗duugxguî j}egid}gd eall‗gk~}asd ae dmjlgsoa

gl egxgauj sdioguj edlld laffa i) =?>*8=)

Gl ojiu}duuj d ua}kgia, gihduug, a}d xgauduj gi tqdiuj ~dlasakaiua }goduuduj}gj iag

ojih}jiug eal ldxj}duj}a)

L‗gsuguquj ealld hlassgmglguî ‟ oca ã ld odqsd ealld ~}aod}gauî ‟ ã suduj giu}jejuuj

gi Gudlgd fgî ial 477> oji ld laffa i) 5=3, ld tqdla ojisaiua dlla gk~}asa eg j~a}d}a g

lgoairgdkaiug lgma}dkaiua a saird u}j~~g ~}jmlakg) L‗d}u) 56 eg udla laffa }gs~jiea de

qid ljfgod eg hlassgmglgrrdrgjia eal }d~~j}uj eg ldxj}j ea}jfduj}gd }gs~auuj dlld egsog~lgid

ojiuaiqud iall‗d}u) =44= o)o) ^}assj ld Oj}ua Aq}j~ad eg Lqssakmq}fj asgsujij fgî

qlua}gj}g ~}j~jsua xjlua d sq~~j}ud}a l‗dirgeauud ij}kdugxd ae dhhgiocç la drgaiea

dmmgdij ld ojio}aud ~jssgmglguî eg lgoairgd}a saird dloqi ~}jmlakd)

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^d}gkaiug ã suduj dmjlguj gl egxgauj eg }geqrgjia eall‗j}d}gj eg ldxj}j) Jffg gl

~d}u ugka ã suduj lgma}dlgrrduj oji ld laffa Mgdfg, sjuuj~jiaiej d }goduuj g ldxj}duj}g

oca cdiij iaoassguî eg ojisafqg}a gl sdld}gj kgigkj)

Gl lgxallj eg sh}quudkaiuj ealld kdijej~a}d, giegoduj ojka ~}jequugxguî, ã sudujdqkaiuduj f}drga gl E)lfs) i) 88*>? oji gl tqdla ã suduj dmjlguj gl lgkgua kdssgkj

eall‗j}d}gj eg ldxj}j fgj}idlga}j)

Gi safqguj dlla fgj}idua eal ^}gkj Kdffgj a eall‗3 Kd}rj, ld ojkqiguî

giua}idrgjidla eal saojlj soj}sj dxaxd ejxquj doojflga}a l‗gsudird eg hgssdrgjia eal

lgkgua kdssgkj eal ldxj}j fgj}idlga}j gi juuj j}a) Udla giegodrgjia ã sudud }aoa~gud

edll‗j}egidkaiuj gudlgdij eal fjxa}ij hdsogsud oji gl ]afgj Eao}auj L) i) 87=*=?) Oji

sqooassgxg giua}xaiug xaigxd lgkguduj l‗j}d}gj kdssgkj eal ldxj}j sauugkdidla gi 5> j}a

oji egxgauj aooargjidlkaiua ea}jfdmgla eal ldxj}j su}dj}egid}gj)

Ld kjugxdrgjia ~}giog~dla eal lgkgua eall‗j}d}gj de juuj j}a dl fgj}ij

ojisgsuaxd ial }gkaegj dg iqka}jsg giogeaiug dioca kj}udlg sql ldxj}j s~assj odqsdug

edlld sudiocarrd, edlld hdugojsguî ~}ju}duud a edlld kdiodird eg lqogeguî)

J}d, edl =>>?, gl lgkgua sudmglguj ed qid laffa hdsogsud ã suduj dmjlguj ae gl

ldxj}duj}a ~qý assa}a ojsu}auuj d sxjlfa}a qi j}d}gj eg ldxj}j j}egid}gj eg ejegog j}a dl

fgj}ij sa hqll ugka a eg saegog j}a dl fgj}ij sa ~d}u ugka) Oji l‗dooj}ej eal =? lqflgj

=>>6 ã ~}axgsuj eg ~jua} }gocgaea}a la saegog j}a dl fgj}ij dioca ~a} g ldxj}duj}g hqll

ugka)

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L‗dqkaiuj eaflg giogeaiug dioca kj}udlg sql ldxj}j a ealla kdlduuga

~}jhassgjidlg sjij o}jidod eg uquug g fgj}ig dlla tqdlg cd sgoq}dkaiua ojiu}gmqguj dioca

l‗dmjlgrgjia eal egxgauj eal sqmd~~dluj eg kdijej~a}d)

Flg giogeaiug a la kdlduuga sql ldxj}j, gihduug, sjij odqsdug s~assj edlld ~}aod}gauî ealla

ojiegrgjig eg ldxj}j d oqg sjij kdffgj}kaiua as~jsug g ldxj}duj}g “dhhguudug‛ j

eg~aieaiug ed eguua sqmd~~dludu}gog)

^a} algkgid}a udla odqsd, ã sudud akdidud ld laffa 4?87*8> oca xgaudxd tqasua hj}ka

eg quglgrrj eag ldxj}duj}g)

J}d, ~}gkd oji gl ~doocauuj U}aq eal 4776 oji gl ldxj}j giua}gidla, ~jg oji ld laffa Mgdfg

eal =>>? oji gl ldxj}j d sjkkgigsu}drgjia, udla laffa ã sudud dmjlgud ae ã sudujlgma}dlgrrduj l‗dhhguuj eag ldxj}duj}g)



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Gi tqasuj tqde}j eg ~}aod}gauî ealla ojiegrgjig eg ldxj}j sg gisa}gsojij dioca la ij}ka

sqlld oassgjia a dhhguuj eg drgaied j }dkj eg assd)

Gi ~}dugod, la kgsq}a sqlld uquald eal ldxj}duj}a edflg gihj}uqig a edlla kdlduuga

sjij ojisgea}dua iall‗aojijkgd a iag mgldiog drgaiedlg ojka “od~gudla kj}uj‛, iji~}jequugxj, ae g lj}j ojsug giogejij iafdugxdkaiua sql ~}arrj eal ~}jejuuj j sa}xgrgj

xaiequj, }aieaiejlj kaij ojk~augugxj j }geqoaiej gl ~}jhguuj drgaiedla)

L‗dmjlgrgjia ealla ij}ka ~jsua d uquald ealld sdlqua a ealld xgud eag ldxj}duj}g ‟

ahhauuqdud, u}d l‗dlu}j, oji gl E) lfs) 88*>? a ld laffa Mgdfg ‟ sjij ojisgea}dua gigrgdugxa

~a} lj sxglq~~j aojijkgoj a ~a} ld ojk~augugxguî)

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L‗giu}jeqrgjia eall‗gsuguquj ealld “kjmglguî‛ jmmlgfd g ldxj}duj}g de assa}a

u}dsha}gug, s~jsudug ed qid saea dll‗dlu}d ojka qi duu}arrj j qi kdoocgid}gj, hdoglgudiej,

ojsì, l‗j}fdigrrdrgjia drgaiedla)

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Ojk~laudij gl tqde}j ld ~}gxdugrrdrgjia ealld ~}axgeaird a eall‗dssgsuaird

ojiu}j flg gihj}uqig)

Ld “hdojluî‛ ae gl sglairgj dssaisj eg ojiha}g}a gl UH] dg hjieg ~aisgjia xd}dud ial

=>>6 ã qi ~}gkj ~dssj xa}sj l‗dmjlgrgjia ealld lgtqgedrgjia a ealla ~aisgjig ojsì ojka

fgî dxxgdud oji l‗dooj}ej eal =? lqflgj =>>6)

Gl kjugxj ealld ~}axgsgjia lafgsldugxd eg easugidrgjia eal UH] dg Hjieg eg ~}axgeaird

giuaf}dugxd ã suduj s~gafduj oji ld }geqrgjia eall‗dssafij ~aisgjigsugoj ~j}uduj edl 6>

dl 5> ~a} oaiuj eall‗qlugkd }au}gmqrgjia) ]geqrgjia kjugxdud oji l‗giidlrdkaiuj ealld

eq}dud eg xgud ealla ~a}sjia a oji gl o}asoaiua dqkaiuj eal iqka}j eg ~aisgjidug

}gs~auuj dg ldxj}duj}g gi sa}xgrgj)

Oji ld easugidrgjia ealla }au}gmqrgjig ojlldua}dlg ‟ 4?kd, 45kd, ha}ga ‟ ld ~aisgjia sd}î

qlua}gj}kaiua }gejuud edl 5> dl 41 ~a} oaiuj eall‗qlugkd }au}gmqrgjia) A‗ suduj ~}axgsuj

gi hquq}j, gijlu}a, l‗jmmlgfduj}gauî ealld easugidrgjia, }aieaiejld hj}rdud, iji sjlj ~a}

g ldxj}duj}g eal sauuj}a ~}gxduj kd dioca eag ~qmmlgog eg~aieaiug)

Ld ~dq}d eall‗aooassgxj eamguj ~aisgjigsugoj ã qid hdlsguî gi tqdiuj la odssa

eall‗GI^_ iji sjij gi eamguj) Ld hdlsguî xgaia quglgrrdud edllj _uduj ~a} idsojiea}a

qi‗dlu}d u}qhhd)



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A‗ giuairgjia eallj _uduj dmjlg}a la ~aisgjig a }afdld}a la sjkka eg eaid}j eag

ojiu}gmqug fgî xa}sdug #oca ial 4773 dkkjiudxdij d _ag Kglgjig eg Kglgd}eg eg lg}a' dg

f}dieg od~gudlgsug #gieqsu}gdlg a hgidirga}g')

Fgî iaflg diig ijxdiud, jfig fjxa}ij dxdirdxd ld ojixgirgjia ealld }ghj}kd eallj sudujsjogdla ojisgsuaiua qigodkaiua ial ojsgeeauuj “ojisjlgedkaiuj eal eamguj

~aisgjigsugoj‛)

Kd ojsd sgfighgod ojisjlgedkaiuj : A ojs‗ã gl eamguj ~aisgjigsugoj :

Ld ~d}jld ojisjlgedkaiuj sgfighgod2 }ghgquj eg ~dfd}a qi eamguj)

Gl eamguj ~aisgjigsugoj sjij la sjkka oca lj _uduj cd giodka}duj edg ldxj}duj}g sjuuj

hj}kd eg ojiu}gmqug ~}axgeairgdlg ~a} ~jg, ialld xaoocgdgd, ~dfd}flg ld ~aisgjia)

^a}udiuj, ojisjlgedkaiuj eal eamguj ~aisgjigsugoj sgfighgod oca lj _uduj, ej~j dxa}

giodssduj g ojiu}gmqug ~}axgeairgdlg eau}duug edlld }au}gmqrgjia eag ldxj}duj}g, sg }ghgqud eg

}asuguqg}lg, sg }ghgqud eg ~dfd}flg ld ~aisgjia)

A iji ~dfdiej la ~aisgjig, lj _uduj }afdld g sjleg eag ojiu}gmqug oca cd fgî ialla ~}j~}ga

odssa dg f}jssg od~gudlgsug)

Tqasuj ã gl ~}jfauuj eallj _uduj) Tqdiej g fjxa}ig dhha}kdij oca la ~aisgjig

duuqdlg ejx}diij assa}a }gejuua a oca g fgjxdig gi hquq}j iji dx}diij kdg ld ~aisgjia,

iji hdiij dlu}j oca duuqd}a gl ~}jfauuj eg }d~gid d ediij eag ldxj}duj}g g tqdlg sg

u}jxa}diij saird UH] a saird ~aisgjig)

L‗Gidgl }gsd}ogsoa sjlj gl ediij ed giod~doguî ldxj}dugxd a oa}od sak~}a eg iji

}gojijsoa}a la kdlduuga ~}jhassgjidlg) Oji laffa eal =>>> sjij sudug ~affgj}dug g

}gsd}ogkaiug2 la gixdlgeguî hgij dl 1! iji sjij }gsd}ogmglg a ld }aiegud ã ojioassd sjlj edl

48! gi ~jg) ]goaxa qi }gsd}ogkaiuj ediig ~g÷ ld xguugkd ealld su}ded a iji gl ldxj}duj}a

oca sqmgsoa qi giogeaiua sql ldxj}j)

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Ocgd}dkaiua g ldxj}duj}g oca dooauua}diij l‗gk~jsgrgjia eg tqasud

}gsu}quuq}drgjia a sdld}g dioj}d ~g÷ mdssg, dx}diij kdffgj}g fd}dirga ldxj}dugxa a

kdffgj}g ~jssgmglguî ~a} axgud}a eg assa}a lgoairgdug j eg }gkdia}a egsjooq~dug)

Gi udl saisj sjij sudua giu}jejuua dloqia kgsq}a)

Ial sauuakm}a =>>3, fjxa}ij, sgiedodug a ~de}jig cdiij sgflduj l‗dooj}ej

DLGUDLGD gl tqdla iji cd giua}assduj sjlj g ldxj}duj}g ealld ojk~dfigd da}ad, ojkaa}}jiadkaiua cdiij xjlquj hd} o}aea}a)



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L‗dooj}ej Dlgudlgd cd sgfighgoduj l‗gigrgj ealld }ghj}kd eag sdld}g eg uquug g ldxj}duj}g)

Jfig drgaied oca egocgd}d lj suduj eg o}gsg ~qý axgud}a l‗jmmlgfj eg }gs~auud}a la fd}dirga

a la uquala ~jsua d eghasd eag ldxj}duj}g)

Mdsud qi ojkkgssd}gdkaiuj, qid ~}joaeq}d eg odssd giuaf}drgjia j eg kjmglguî al‗drgaied ~qý odkmgd}a sjlj gl ijka)

Oji gl iqjxj ijka, l‗drgaied ~qý lgoairgd}a uquug g ldxj}duj}g a ~}joaea}a d iqjxa

dssqirgjig, ocgd}dkaiua d ojiegrgjig ~affgj}g) A, ogjã, oji sdld}g ~g÷ mdssg a oji

ojiu}duug ~}aod}g, tqdlg g ojiu}duug d ua}kgia, ~d}u ugka, d ~}jfauuj, d sjkkgigsu}drgjia,

aoo) aoo)

Fjxa}ij, sgiedodug a ~de}jig cdiij duuqduj qi qlua}gj}a ~dssdffgj xa}sj gl

~affgj}dkaiuj oji l‗dooj}ej eal == faiidgj =>>7 oji gl tqdla cdiij }ghj}kduj ld

ojiu}duudrgjia ojllauugxd)

L‗dooj}ej eal == faiidgj =>>7 ~}axaea oca jfig sgifjld drgaied ~qý sudmglg}a gl

~dfdkaiuj eg sdld}g gi kgsq}d giha}gj}a eg tqalld ~}axgsud d lgxallj idrgjidla)

Ld soqsd dej~a}dud ~a} tqasud ea}jfd gi ~affgj ã tqalld eal kgij} ojsuj ealld xgud gi

dloqia d}aa fajf}dhgoca

_g ã ~d}lduj oca flg dooj}eg Dlgudlgd a tqallj eal == faiidgj =>>7 cdiij

}agiu}jejuuj la gihdkg “Fdmmga _dld}gdlg‛ oca ld ljuud eag ldxj}duj}g iaflg diig ‗8> la cd

fgqsudkaiua dmjlgua)

Gi }adluî, tqasug dooj}eg sjij dioj}d ~affgj ealla fdmmga sdld}gdlg) _jij qi karrj

~a} gk~j}}a ld }geqrgjia eag sdld}g a hd} soduaid}a qid ojioj}}aird dl }gmdssj u}d g

ldxj}duj}g ealla sgifjla drgaiea2 tqallg oca dooauua}diij qid ~dfd giha}gj}a dx}diij ld

~}jkassd eg iji assa}a lgoairgdug j ~g÷ j~~j}uqiguî ~a} assa}a dssqiug)

Ojsì, sa g ldxj}duj}g gudlgdig dooauua}diij sdld}g ~g÷ mdssg eag ldxj}duj}g h}dioasg, la

gk~}asa u}disdl~gia gixasug}diij gi Gudlgd d~}aiej iqjxa hdmm}goca) _a g ldxj}duj}g

ka}gegjidlg dooauua}diij qi sdld}gj giha}gj}a d tqallj eal ij}e, la gk~}asa sg

s~jsua}diij ial sqe) _a g ldxj}duj}g eg qid rjid eal sqe dooauua}diij qid }geqrgjia eg

sdld}gj }gs~auuj d tqallj eg qi‗dlu}d rjid eal sqe, la gk~}asa sg s~jsua}diij gi tqalld

rjid) _a g ldxj}duj}g eg qi‗drgaied dooauua}diij qi sdld}gj giha}gj}a eg tqallj ~a}oa~guj

edg ldxj}duj}g eg qi‗dlu}d drgaied ojioj}}aiua, dx}diij kdffgj}a ~jssgmglguî eg iji

assa}a lgoairgdug) Ogý sud fgî dxxaiaiej iji sjlj oji la }ghj}ka haea}dlgsua kd,sj~}duuquuj, oji g ~duug ua}}guj}gdlg ae g ~duug eg d}aa eg sxglq~~j #mai dooauudug ed



7

MD__JLGIJ a OGUJ dhha}kdiej gl sq~a}dkaiuj eal haea}dlgskj a l‗gk~jsgrgjia eal

kqigog~dlgskj')

Ial ka}gegjia, ejxa g egsjooq~dug sjij gl 48! ealld hj}rd ldxj}j, ld }au}gmqrgjia ã

fgî kaij ealld kauî eg tqalld eal sauuaiu}gjia ejxa g egsjooq~dug sjij gl 5!)A‗ ocgd}j oca g sauuj}g ~g÷ giua}assdug d tqasuj egsoj}sj sjij tqallg ialld oqg

~}jeqrgjia giogea hj}uakaiua gl ojsuj ealld kdijej~a}d) Ogý iji sd}î ~a} la drgaiea

ocgkgoca gi oqg gl ojsuj eal ldxj}j giogea sjlj ~a} gl 41+=>! sqg ojsug ujudlg) Gihduug, la

drgaiea ocgkgoca eghhgoglkaiua sjij u}dsha}gua ialla rjia d mdssj ojsuj eg kdijej~a}d

a ial ka}gegjia d eghha}aird eg tqdiuj fgî dxxgaia ~a} gl sauuj}a uassgla, odlrduq}ga}j,

ealla ojihargjig a kdighduuq}ga}j gi faia}a la tqdlg cdiij ed uak~j ~}jxxaequj d

ealjodlgrrd}a la lj}j gk~}asa)

Ld uaieaird sd}î sak~}a ~g÷ dl }gmdssj xgsud ld ojiugiqd kgidoogd eg ealjodlgrrd}a

ld ~}jeqrgjia dll‗asua}j)

Dooj}eg ~de}jidlg eaflg qlugkg kasg cdiij ~}axgsuj oca g sdld}g kaisglg eag

ldxj}duj}g gudlgdig sd}diij eg €) 4)4>> dl ij}e, 61> dl oaiu}j a ?>> dl sqe)

" " "

Ojk~laudij gl tqde}j l‗dmjlgrgjia eag eg}guug sgiedodlg)

Gl eg}guuj eg sogj~a}j ã ojiugiqdkaiua ojk~}jkassj a lgkguduj) Gl }aduj eg

sogj~a}j ~}axgsuj edlld lafgsldrgjia hdsogsud iji ã suduj kdg dmjlguj)

Ld hj}kdrgjia a l‗duugxguî sgiedodla eg mdsa, ojkqitqa egxa}sd edg sgiedodlg

ojihaea}dlg, OFGL, OG_L, a QGL, ojsgeeauug u}g~lgoa, ã gk~aegud a egso}gkgidud) O‗ã qi

}guj}ij dlla oj}~j}drgjig hdsogsua oji oqg g sgiedodug ealld u}g~lgoa, qigog }gojijsogqug,

asafqjij la giegodrgjig eal fjxa}ij ae as~laudij eg hduuj qi‗duugxguî eg sa}xgrg gi hdxj}a

ealla gk~}asa)

Ld }ghj}kd eal eg}guuj eag ldxj}duj}g sud ~dssdiej dioca duu}dxa}sj ld “iji

ahhauugxguî eal eg}guuj‛ a, ogjã, ld eghhgojluî sa iji l‗gk~jssgmglguî eg asa}ogud}a gl eg}guuj

iafduj dl ldxj}duj}a)

Ed qi lduj sg dssgsua de j}gaiudkaiug fgq}gs~}qeairgdlg sak~}a ~g÷ }asu}guugxg sql

}gojijsogkaiuj eag eg}guug a ealla }dfgjig eag ldxj}duj}g) Edll‗dlu}j, sg uaiea de asaiud}a

g fgqegog edg lj}j ojk~gug eg ojiu}jllj a }alafdug d hqirgjig eg oa}ughgodrgjia eall‗j~a}duj

egso}argjidla eag eduj}g eg ldxj}j)



4>

A‗ gi oj}sj ld u}dshj}kdrgjia eal ijka suassj ealld kdfgsu}duq}d eal ldxj}j)

^}jssgkdkaiua g fgqegog sd}diij ocgdkdug d hd}a iji ~g÷ g fgqegog eal ldxj}j, maisì g

“kdfgsu}dug aojijkgog‛) _d}diij, ogjã, kdfgsu}dug sjuuj~jsug iji dlla }afjla eal eg}guuj

a dioj} kaij d tqalla d sjsuafij eag ldxj}duj}g, kd dlla asgfaira eall‗aojijkgd a ealka}oduj)

" " "

Gl Fjxa}ij ae gl ~de}jiduj gk~jifjij tqasud ~jlgugod ~}j~dfdiediej l‗dqkaiuj

eall‗jooq~drgjia a ld kdffgj}a ojk~augugxguî eag ~}jejuug gudlgdig a kgidoogdiej eg

ealjodlgrrd}a la drgaiea gi dlu}a ~d}ug eal kjiej #Aq}j~d eall‗Asu, Dh}god ae j}gaiua

dsgdugoj' ejxa g ldxj}duj}g ‟ u}d oqg g mdkmgig + xaifjij ~dfdug dioca oji qi sjlj aq}j

dl fgj}ij a ocg ~}juasud xgaia dioca dssdssgiduj)

Gi ojiolqsgjia2 og sd}î ~jsuj eg ldxj}j ~a} uquug0 ~a} eqa sjleg kd ~a} uquug)

_qll‗dmjlgrgjia eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g, ealla ~aisgjig a ealld fgqsugrgd eal ldxj}j,

gl od~gudla gudlgdij sud fgjodiej ld ~}j~}gd sojkkassd dioca }gs~auuj dg }d~~j}ug oji flg

dlu}g sudug kakm}g ealld Ojkqiguî Aq}j~ad)

Iji dxaiej ~g÷ sauuj}g eg ~}jeqrgjia su}duafgog, gl od~gudlgskj gudlgdij oa}od

duugxguî eg ~}jhguuj oji l‗jhha}ud eg kdijej~a}d d mdssj ojsuj, dioca eg tqalld

tqdlghgodud a s~aogdlgrrdud)

Gi sjsudird, ~}j~jia dg f}dieg ~dasg od~gudlgsug #tqdlg Q)_)D), Odided, Gifcglua}}d,

H}diogd, Fa}kdigd, aoo)' eg iji ealjodlgrrd}a ~g÷ iag ~dasg eal ua}rj kjiej kd gi Gudlgd

fd}diuaiej la suassa ojiegrgjig a, ogjã, ld kdijej~a}d d mdssj ojsuj)

_g uaiud eg o}ad}a gi Gudlgd qid sguqdrgjia didljfd d tqalld eal sqe asu dsgdugoj,

eall‗dh}god, eall‗asu aq}j~aj, eall‗dka}god ldugid

^a} duuqd}a ogý jooj}}a oca g ldxj}duj}g gudlgdig iji maiahgogij ~g÷ eag ~}aoaeaiug

eg}guug kd sg doojiuaiugij eg sdld}g mdssg, sa iji mdssgssgkg, a oca iji dmmgdij ld

~jssgmglguî eg }goj}}a}a gi u}gmqidla) Gi ~}dugod, ld ~jssgmglguî eg ~dfd}a sdld}g mdssg, ~a} gl

od~gudlgsud su}diga}j eaxa assa}a qid oa}uarrd)

Iji d odsj, oji ld ~}js~auugxd eall‗dmjlgrgjia eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g, ealla

~aisgjig a ealld fgqsugrgd eal ldxj}j, sg ~d}ld fgî eg }gljodlgrrdrgjia ealla gk~}asa

edll‗asua}j)

Fgî iaflg diig ijxdiud, la }ghj}ka gi ~affgj eal eg}guuj eag ldxj}duj}g xaigxdkjugxduj oji lj soj~j eg duu}d}}a g od~gudlg su}diga}g)



44

_ak~}a oji gl kaeasgkj soj~j sjij kjugxdua la }ghj}ka eag ijsu}g fgj}ig) _jij

as~lgogua gi udl saisj la }aldrgjig eal saiduj}a eg oaiu}j sgigsu}d Gocgij, dquj}a eg qid

faia}dla }ghj}kd eag eg}guug, mai ~affgj}a eg tqalld ~}js~auudud edll‗qlugkd gigrgdugxd

fjxa}idugxd eal kd}rj =>4>, ojijsogqud ojka ij}ka sqll‗d}mgu}duj)Egau}j ld ljuud dlld egsjooq~drgjia a la gigrgdugxa ~a} lj sxglq~~j aojijkgoj sg oald

l‗dmjlgrgjia eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g)

La gigrgdugxa giu}d~}asa edl 477> de jffg #laffa U}aq, Mgdfg, ojiu}duuj d ua}kgia,

d}mgu}duj, aoo)', sjij sjlj kgsq}a uak~j}diaa a u}disguj}ga, iaoassd}ga dlld f}deqdla

duuqdrgjia eg sqeeauud dmjlgrgjia)

A‗ gk~j}udiua egsoqua}a eg udlg sgifjla gigrgdugxa, kd ã iaoassd}gj dhh}jiud}a ae

j~~j}sg dl ~}jfauuj fljmdla eal od~gudlgskj oca ~}axaea l‗dmjlgrgjia ujudla eag eg}guug

eag ldxj}duj}g)



4=

GL ^A]OJ]_J EALLA ]GHJ]KA

Lj sugllgogegj eag eg}guug eag ldxj}duj}g ã suduj laiuj a f}deqdla) Gi egxa}sa joodsgjig,

ld Ojihgieqsu}gd cd sjsuaiquj2 ld }ghj}kd eal eg}guug eal eg}guuj eal ldxj}j sg hd kd iji sg

egoa)

Aooj ~a}ocç l‗duugxguî eg }ghj}kd a eg dmjlgrgjia xgaia sxjlud gi sglairgj ae d

~aiau}drgjia oji l‗d~~j}uj eag ~d}ugug a eag sgiedodug ojihaea}dlg oca sg ~}asudij, oji

s~g}guj eg ojioj}}aird, d sq~~j}ud}a a }adlgrrd}a flg jmgauugxg ~de}jidlg)

La }ghj}ka ~d}ujij fgî edl 477> a ~jssgdkj giegxgeqd}ia gl ~a}oj}sj edlla

egocgd}drgjig eag “}ghj}kduj}g‛ }asa iaflg diig ijxdiud, kd eg sojioa}udiua duuqdlguî)

• _qlld hlassgmglguî)

_aojiej l‗aojijkgsud _gljs LDMGIG jooj}}a ~qiud}a d kgsq}a oca dqkaiugij ld

hlassgmglguî #ojka gl }goj}sj dl uak~j ~d}rgdla' a }aiea}a “kaij eghhgogla gl }goj}sj dl

lgoairgdkaiuj ~a} axgud}a oca gl fd}diugskj sg u}deqod gi ~}juargjia de jlu}dird ~a} g

~d}dssgug‛)

+ ed Ld Idrgjia, =6 hamm}dgj 4778, ~df) 44)

Gi }adluî dl ojixafij eg ga}g d Id~jlg, flg gk~}aieguj}g cdiij }gldiogduj

sj~}duuquuj ld hlassgmglguî sdld}gdla a qid kjmglguî jooq~drgjidla) OG^JLLAUUD sjfid oca

g ldxj}duj}g sg s~jsugij ~a} died}a ejxa gl ldxj}j o‗ã a oca la gk~}asa sg eg}gfdij ejxa og

sjij joodsgjig)

+ ed Ld _udk~d, 43 d~}gla 4778, ~df) =?)

^a} gl ^}asgeaiua ealld OJIHGIEQ_U]GD ã giegs~aisdmgla eahgig}a }afjla ~}aogsa

oca ojisaiudij ea}jfca dg ojiu}duug eg ldxj}j gi kjej ojioj}eduj) Ojsì, d sqj

fgqegrgj, egxaiud ~jssgmgla duug}d}a flg gixasugkaiug ialla }afgjig ka}gegjidlg a o}ad}a

jooq~drgjia)

+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, =4 d~}gla 4778, ~df) 1)

La }ghj}ka eal ka}oduj eal ldxj}j ~a} U]AQ iji xdiij ahhauuqdua oji qid iqjxd

jiedud eg laffg, kd oji ld ojioa}udrgjia u}d la ~d}ug, saojiej gl kaujej jffg gi qsj sq

~g÷ uakg, kaujej oca cd eduj hgij}d mqjig h}quug)

+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, fgqfij 4778)



4?

Ld HGDU OG_L cd sgflduj l‗dooj}ej ua}}guj}gdla eg M}giegsg ial kd}rj –78 gi mdsa dl

tqdla la iqjxa drgaiea ~jssjij ~dfd}a sdld}g giha}gj}g dg kgigkg ojiu}duuqdlg)

Ld MD]GLLD cd sgflduj giuasa oji g sgiedodug gi mdsa dlla tqdlg gl ~a}sjidla xgaia

}au}gmqguj oji qi f}degij sdld}gdla giha}gj}a d Kalhg a Hjffgd)Gl O)O)I)L) Lafij ~}axaea ~a} g iqjxg dssqiug sug~aieg giha}gj}g eal =>!) Gl O)O)I)L)

Ld~geag a Kdiqhduug cd dllqifduj gl ~a}gjej eg dxxgdkaiuj ed eqa d ogitqa diig)

+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, =7 dfjsuj 4778, ~df) 4?)

Ld OJIHGIEQ_U]GD ~}aka ~a} juuaia}a ea}jfca uak~j}diaa dg kgigkg

sdld}gdlg ~a} duug}d}a la gk~}asa d _qe) Ial karrj ld }adluî iafjrgdla oca cd ~j}uduj g

uassglg d eahgig}a, saird e}dkkg, ea}jfca sdld}gdlg ~a} fd}diug}a l‗jooq~drgjia eag ~dasg

eall‗Asu a eall‗Asu}akj J}gaiua) ^a} axgud}a ojllgsgjig eg}auua j ~}jmlakg eg fasugjia

ealld ojioa}udrgjia, gl Fjxa}ij ~qiud d o}ad}a dloqia rjia h}dioca, xa}a a ~}j~}ga

d}aa jhh+scj}a)

+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, =3 dfjsuj 4778, ~df) 4)

Hlassgmglguî sg hd kd iji sg egoa) Gi 4)4=6 dooj}eg sgiedodlg edl –7> dl –71 ld ~d}jld

ojk~d}a sjlj sq 4?6 ejoqkaiug kaiu}a asgsua iag hduug kjluj eg ~g÷ eg tqdiuj

ojk~d}gxd iag uasug oca xaigxdij ~jg kjeghgodug) Hlassgmglguî sj~}duuquuj iaflg j}d}g) Ogý

ojsuguqgsoa qid lgiad fqged oca ~jg soduua}î dioca gi uakd eg sdld}gj)

Flg dooj}eg f}degij ~}axaejij sdld}g giha}gj}g dg kgigkg ~}axgsug edg ojiu}duug)

Qi dooj}ej f}degij ã suduj sug~qlduj iall‗asudua –78 ~a} g uassglg a ojsuguqgsoa qid

oldqsjld dffgqiugxd gisa}gud dl O)O)I)L) eal –71) “Flg dooj}eg f}degij sdlxdij ~jsug eg

ldxj}j a hdiij dqkaiud}a dl sgiedoduj ld ~}asaird iag ~jsug eg ldxj}j‛ #Diujigj

Kafdla ealld O)F)G)L) Uassglg') _giedodug ae gk~}asa uassglg sjij ojioj}eg ial }guaia}a

oca ld oldqsjld eag uassglg egkjsu}d ojka l‗d~~}joogj dlla ea}jfca sdld}gdlg }gsqlug ~g÷

ahhgodoa sa dhhgeduj dlla sgifjla oduafj}ga a iji gk~jsuj oji giuasa oaiu}dlgrrdua

u}j~~j ojiegrgjidua ed tqa}alla ~jlgugoca) Tqallj eag uassglg ã gl sauuj}a d~}g~gsud

iall‗aka}sgjia eal sjkka}sj2 ?>)>>> deeauug0 =)>>> drgaiea0 4>)>>> deeauug fgî

aka}sg0 6> drgaiea fgî aka}sa ial laooasa, => d Kd}ugid H}diod)

+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, =3 dfjsuj 4778)

• _qlld kjmglguî)

_aojiej qij suqegj ealld OJIHGIEQ_U]GD2 ialla }au}gmqrgjig kaega eal uassglao‗ã qi eghha}airgdla eal =1! u}d Ij}e a _qe) U}d l‗31 a gl –74 jfig diij gi kaegd gi Gudlgd



45

~a} jfig 1 ~jsug eg ldxj}j oa i‗ã qij oca ã suduj o}aduj ae qij oca ã suduj egsu}quuj,

oji qij bjm+uq}i jxa} eal =>!, gl ~g÷ dluj gi Aq}j~d)

Iallj suassj ~a}gjej og sjij sudug 4,1 kglgjig eg iqjxg dooassg dl ldxj}j a

dlu}auudiua oassdrgjig, gl 1! eaflg jooq~dug iji cd ldxj}duj ojiugiqdugxdkaiua ialljsuassj ~jsuj ~a} ~g÷ eg 44 kasg)

D Kalhg o‗ã ld hlassgmglguî sqll‗j}d}gj a sql sdld}gj, giha}gj}a d tqallj eaflg dlu}g

sudmglgkaiug HGDU)

D Fgjgd Udq}j la j}a eg hj}kdrgjia sjij ~dfdua kaij ealla j}a eg ~}jeqrgjia)


“L‗akgf}drgjia ojkgiogd de assa}a qid }goauud ~a} }gsjlxa}a lj stqglgm}gj

giua}ij u}d Ij}e a _qe) Ijg gieqsu}gdlg ial ~}gkj sakasu}a eal 4778 dmmgdkj u}jxduj

ldxj}j d 4)1>> ~a}sjia hdoaiejla xaig}a edl _qe gi Akglgd ]jkdfid, dmmgdkj hduuj

kaflgj eal Fjxa}ij‛ #HJ__D')

“Xjlaua qi ldxj}j: Akgf}dua$ Ld kjmglguî ã iaoassd}gd) Assd ã ~d}ua

eall‗Aq}j~d ae ã sgijigkj eg ahhgogaird‛) “Aeqod}a dlld kjmglguî ã l‗qigod su}ded

dhhgiocç ld fljmdlgrrdrgjia iji egxaiug qi gioqmj ed ~}juargjigskj, egsjooq~drgjia ae

gisudmglguî‛ #Fgqlgdij DKDUJ')

“Dl o}jllj eg qi‗gieqsu}gd gi qij _uduj Q_D, g egsjooq~dug sg s~jsudij gi qi dlu}j

_uduj) _g s~jsud ld ~j~jldrgjia kd gl }aeeguj ~}j+od~gua eag eqa _udug }gkdia gixd}gduj)

Hqirgjid ojka qi sgsuakd eg xdsg ojkqigodiug‛ #Kgocala _dlxdug')

+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, =3 dfjsuj 4778)

• _ql _qe)

_aird gl eaojllj eal Karrjfgj}ij og }gkauujij uquug, d ~d}ug}a edllj suassj

d~~d}duj ~}jequugxj eal Ij}e oca sjhh}a eal odlj xa}ugodla eag ojisqkg ialla }afgjig eal

ka}gegjia)

A‗ q}faiua duug}d}a gixasugkaiug) A ~a} hd}lj g sgiedodug eaxjij dooauud}a sdld}g ~g÷

mdssg gi odkmgj ealld o}adrgjia eg ~jsug eg ldxj}j)

“Hduuj 4>> gl lgxallj eg xaiegua dquj HGDU ial –7>, ial –71 gl Ij}e+Asu a}d d tqjud

78, gl Ij}e+Jxasu d 68, gl Oaiu}j d 6?, kaiu}a gl _qe o}jlld d 1>- #Oasd}a ]JKGUG')

#edl ojixafij sql ~duuj ~a} gl ldxj}j, ]jkd, 47 kd}rj 4778, Gieauuj ed Kaegj O}aeguj

Oaiu}dla, Mdiod eg ]jkd a HGDU) Gl ojixafij ã ~jg ~}jsafqguj d Id~jlg, Md}g a ^dla}kj')



41

MD__JLGIJ2 “Ga}g sa}d sjij suduj d oaid dl Og}ojlj ealld _udk~d oji

iqka}jsgssgkg gk~}aieguj}g #)))' Oji g tqdlg suj‗ fgî ldxj}diej sq qi ~duuj ~a} gl ldxj}j

ial _qe) Qi ~duuj d tqduu}j2 fjxa}ij, gk~}aieguj}g, sgiedodug ae gsuguqrgjidlg ljodlg) â}

tqallj oca kg }gfqd}ed, sjij ~}jiuj a o‗ã uquud ld kgd egs~jigmglguî d hdxj}g}a qiegdljfj u}d la ~d}ug sjogdlg a ojkgiogd}a d s~a}gkaiud}a ialld oguuî eg Id~jlg tqdlojsd

oca ~jssd ~jg dxa}a qid xdlj}a ~a} uquuj gl _qe‛)


MD__JLGIJ2 “Gj iji cj ld HGDU2 cj Id~jlg) Eaxj xdlj}grrd}a la kga geaiuguî) Fqdg

sa xjlassg gkgud}a gl Ij}e+asu) â} ogý ~d}dllalj dlla }ghj}ka haea}dlgsua og eaxa assa}a qi

f}diea ~duuj d tqduu}j ~a} gl _qe) Oji lj _uduj oca eaxa fd}diug}a l‗j}egia ~qmmlgoj) Flg

gk~}aieguj}g oca cdiij giua}assg d gixasug}a tqg) G sgiedodug oca eaxjij suqegd}a

socakg iqjxg ae aldsugog ~a} uaia}a mdssj gl ojsuj eal ldxj}j) A gihgia g sgiedog oca

eaxjij jhh}g}a kdssgoogd u}ds~d}aird a ocgd}arrd sqg uak~g) Ocgd}j: “)

+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, 4? kdffgj 4778, ~df) 1)

“Iag ~}jssgkg diig g ~aisgjidug sd}diij sak~}a ~g÷ }d~~}asaiudug ialld

su}quuq}d eakjf}dhgod eal Ij}e, kaiu}a ial Karrjfgj}ij sg ojioaiu}a}diij g fgjxdig

gi oa}od eg jooq~drgjia, kd iji og sd}î ~g÷ l‗akgf}drgjia eal ej~jfqa}}d) Dlla gk~}asa

eal Ij}e oca giuaiejij as~diea}sg }asua}diij u}a su}dea2 died}a dll‗asua}j0 }goj}}a}a

dg ldxj}duj}g su}diga}g0 eaoaiu}d}a flg gk~gdiug dl _qe) A‗ hjiedkaiudla, tqgieg, hdxj}g}a

tqasuj eaoaiu}dkaiuj‛ #E‗DIUJIGJ') “Ojka : Gisgsua}a ialld hlassgmglguî eal sdld}gj0

igaiua fdmmga sdld}gdlg, sdld}g ~g÷ mdssg gi odkmgj eg ~jsug eg ldxj}j‛ #FA]JIRG')

+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, => kdffgj 4778, ~df) ?6)

U}dhhgoj eg â}hargjidkaiuj ^dssgxj #U^^' ã ld uak~j}diad as~j}udrgjia eg

kdua}ga ~}gka j sakgldxj}dug gi rjia j ~dasg ejxa gl ojsuj eg u}dshj}kdrgjia ã

sgfighgodugxdkaiua kgij}a ~a} ~jg }agiu}jeq}}a gl ~}jejuuj ial ka}oduj gudlgdij a ed

tqg xaiea}lj dioca dll‗asua}j)

+ ed Gl _jla =5 J}a, 4 sauuakm}a 4778, ~df) 5)

G egsjooq~dug ial _qe sjij gl 41,=! ealld hj}rd ldxj}j ojiu}j gl ?,6! eal ij}e)

Gl udssj eg egsjooq~drgjia fgjxdigla ã ~a} flg qjkgig gl 1>! ial _qe d h}jiua eal

41! eal Ij}e, a ~a} la ejiia eal 81! }gs~auuj dl =1!)

Ial _qe og sjij =8 deeauug dll‗gieqsu}gd jfig 4)>>> dmgudiug ojiu}j g 4>3 eal Ij}e+Jxasu)



48

Iaflg diig 1> gl }aeeguj ~}j+od~gua eal _qe a}d ~d}g dl 15! eg tqallj eal Oaiu}j

Ij}e0 ial 4771 gl }d~~j}uj a}d eal 18!)

+ edl Oj}}ga}a ealld _a}d, => kd}rj 4778, ~df) ?6)

Iji ã qid ijxguî xgsuj oca gl sgsuakd od~gudlgsud hqirgjid ed sak~}a ~}j~}gj gi

tqasuj kjej2 l‗asgsuaird eg eqa oldssg ejxa qid, tqalld eag }goocg, odk~d sqlld ~alla

eall‗dlu}d, eag ldxj}duj}g a eaflg sh}quudug) Ojsì dhha}kdxd ial 4738 gl sjogjljfj

suduqiguaisa Kg`a Edxgs eall‗gsuguquj Gshjl ae diugog~dxd2

“‛Gl hquq}j jooq~drgjidla fgjxdigla ~}axaea l‗jhha}ud eg qi ldxj}j “iji fd}diuguj‛, d

ia}j, ~}aod}gj a uak~j}diaj) Fgî duuqdlkaiua d~~aid qi ua}rj eag fgjxdig }gasoa d

~}jsafqg}a flg suqeg) Flg dlu}g sa sjij }gqsogug d ~}aiea}sg ld ua}rd kaegd eaxjij sqmguj

oa}od}a ldxj}j) Ld hquq}d sjogauî sd}î ojk~jsud ed eqa dxxa}sa oldssg2 l‗qid }gsu}auud

oca ~a}oa~gsoa qi }aeeguj dluj, l‗dlu}d, ld kdffgj}dird ealld faiua, ~a}oa~gsoa qi

gisgoq}j }aeeguj mdssj‛‛)

“Mgsjfid ojk~}gka}a ld kdijej~a}d jooq~dud, eg tqalld jooq~dud g sdld}g, eg

tqalld jooq~dud ae gijooq~dud g ojisqkg) Uquug g ojiug sjij sudug hduug sqlld ~alla eag

egsjooq~dug, s~aoga g fgjxdig, a sq tqalld eal sdld}gj }asgeqj0 ld }geqrgjia ealld s~asd

~qmmlgod lg ojl~g}î qlua}gj}kaiua dioca sa ã gi xg}u÷ ealld lj}j asgfaird a dk~garrd oca

sg ~}js~auudij }ghj}ka eg iduq}d mgid}gd ug~j qid sdlqua ~a} g kaegj+}goocg a qid ~a} g

kaegj+~jxa}g, ojka ld kjed hg}kdud a ld ojihargjia gi sa}ga)

_g u}duud eg gk~j}}a la “iqjxa ~jxa}uî‛ ae gk~aeg}a oca sg hdoogdij “as~ljsgxa‛

#Halgoa KJ]UGLLD]J, dll‗a~jod ^}asgeaiua ealld HAEA]KAOODIGOD')

+ ed Gl Kdighasuj, =7 kdffgj 4731)



46

L‗J]GFGIA EAL EG]GUUJ EAL LDXJ]J2

_DMJUDFFG, _OGJ^A]J, J]FDIGRRDRGJIA)

Tqdsg gi uquuj gl kjiej sg hd }gsdlg}a ld idsogud eal “eg}guuj‛ dl ~a}gjej eall‗gk~a}j

}jkdij, edl 61? d)o dl 54> e)o) Fgî eqakgld diig hd, gihduug, a}dij sudua easo}guua ae

aldmj}dua la xd}ga m}dioca eal eg}guuj, ~a} asak~gj tqallj eal kdu}gkjigj, eall‗a}aeguî,

eag ojiu}duug, ealld ~}j~}gauî, aoo) L‗qigod m}diod oca ial eg}guuj }jkdij iji asgsuaxd

a}d tqalld eal eg}guuj eal ldxj}j) Dg ldxj}duj}g iji a}d }gojijsogquj dloqi eg}guuj)

Gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j ial eg}guuj }jkdij iji asgsuaxd sa iji ojka ~}j~}gauî sqllj

socgdxj) Gi sjsudird, gl ldxj}duj}a a}d ~d}dfjiduj de qi duu}arrj, de qid kdoocgid eg

ldxj}j, oca gl ~de}jia ~juaxd egs~j}}a d sqj ~gdogkaiuj ae d}mgu}gj) Lj ~juaxd qsd}a,

s~jsud}a, dmmdiejid}a a xaiea}a ojka xjlaxd)

Dioca ej~j l‗gk~a}j }jkdij ld ojiegrgjia eg socgdxgu÷ ã ojiugiqdud saird oca dg

ldxj}duj}g hjssa }gojijsogquj dloqi eg}guuj ed uquua la lafgsldrgjig eal kjiej)

_jlj edl 461> sg sjij }afgsu}dug s~j}degog giua}xaiug ~a} h}aid}a dloqia sguqdrgjig

socgdxgsugoca kaiu}a la ~}gka aldmj}drgjig eg eg}guuj eal ldxj}j sjij idua u}d gl 43>> ae

gl 4381)

Gi udla ~a}gjej sg a}d eghhqsj lj sxglq~~j gieqsu}gdla oji iqka}jsa ojisafqaira)

La ojiegrgjig eg xgud a eg ldxj}j eaflg j~a}dg eg hdmm}god hq}jij kjluj ~asdiug,

dioca ~a} l‗dssjlqud kdiodird eg jfig uquald eag lj}j eg}guug a ~a} gl egxgauj gk~jsuj edg

fjxa}ig eg dssjogd}sg ~a} juuaia}a kgflgj}dkaiug sdld}gdlg)

Ld fgj}idud ldxj}dugxd a}d eg tqduuj}egog j}a a s~assj hq ~j}udud d saegog) Ld

egsog~lgid gi hdmm}god a}d ha}}ad2 la kdoocgia ejxaxdij ldxj}d}a d qi }gukj ojiugiqj a

xaljoa a iji o‗a}d s~drgj ~a} }g~jsd}sg, iç ~a} la ~dqsa) Dlljiudid}sg edl ~}j~}gj ~jsuj

j ~d}ld}a oji qi ojk~dfij xaigxdij ojisgea}dua kdiodira f}dxg a ojsudxdij ~asdiug

sdirgjig hgij dl lgoairgdkaiuj)

A}d l‗qjkj d ejxa}sg deduud}a dlld kdoocgid a iji gl ojiu}d}gj) Dl ldxj}duj}a sg

ocgaeaxd eg sxjlfa}a qi }qjlj kaoodigoj a iji duugxj j giuallgfaiua)

G sdld}g a}dij mdssgssgkg ~a}ocç g egsjooq~dug a}dij ojsì iqka}jsg oca qi j~a}dgj sa

sojiuaiuj ~juaxd assa}a sjsuguqguj gi tqdlsgdsg kjkaiuj)

^d}ugojld}kaiua f}dxa hq ld ojiegrgjia eag mdkmgig a ealla ejiia oca, assaiej

~dfdug kaij, xaigxdij quglgrrdug gi f}di iqka}j) Ojsudxdij kaij ~a}ocç }goaxaxdij



43

qi sdld}gj ~g÷ mdssj a }aieaxdij dllj suassj kjej) Ialla hdmm}goca ealld _ojrgd ial

4348 sq 4>)>>> j~a}dg, 831> a}dij h}d ejiia a mdkmgig)

Gi iassqi ~dasa asgsuaxdij laffg ~a} uquald}a g mdkmgig, iakkaij tqallg ~g÷ ~goojlg)

Ej~j la ~}gka ljuua lj suduj giflasa d~~}jxý ld ~}gkd laffa ial 4347 oca~}axaeaxd gl lgkgua eg auî eg dssqirgjia eg mdkmgig ed egaog diig gi ~jg a gl lgkgua

eall‗j}d}gj fgj}idlga}j sudmglguj gi egaog j}a) Iji o‗a}d, ~a}ý, dloqid laffa j dquj}guî

oca ~}axaeaxd gl ojiu}jllj) Tqgieg ld laffa sql ldxj}j kgij}gla iji ã sudud kdg

d~~lgodud)

Edl 43>> a}d aij}kakaiua dqkaiudud l‗asds~a}drgjia eag ldxj}duj}g odqsdud

iji sjlj edllj sh}quudkaiuj kd dioca edlla }g~a}oqssgjig ldxj}dugxa ojisgsuaiug gi

kjlugssgkg kj}ug sql ldxj}j, kdlduuga ~}jhassgjidlg, gihj}uqig, kgsa}gd, sj~}dhhdrgjig

sqlld ~a}sjid) G ldxj}duj}g iji a}dij sjlj socgdxg kd dioca od}ia ed kdoallj)

Flg giua}assg ealla eqa oldssg, mj}fcasa a ~}jlaud}gd, sjij giojioglgdmglg) Ld

mj}fcasgd }gugaia oca tqdlqitqa sgd ld sj}ua eall‗j~a}dgj, iji ã ojk~guj eal ~de}jia

kgflgj}d}ld)

Flg j~a}dg ~jssjij ojiud}a sjlj sqlla lj}j hj}ra ~a} kgflgj}d}a la ~}j~}ga

ojiegrgjig eg xgud) _jlj qiaiejsg a ljuudiej gisgaka flg j~a}dg ~jssjij hd}a ~}assgjig

sqg ~de}jig dhhgiocç kgflgj}gij la lj}j ojiegrgjig) Gk~}asd eghhgogla ~a}ocç g ~de}jig

cdiij edlld lj}j ~d}ua dioca g fjxa}ig g tqdlg }d~~}asaiudij la oldssg ~g÷ alaxdua a sg

socga}dij oji g ~de}jig a iji oji flg j~a}dg)

G fjxa}ig cdiij sak~}a xgauduj l‗dssjogdrgjia eag ldxj}duj}g ae gk~aeguj la

hj}ka eg ljuud) Gi Fa}kdigd, deeg}guuq}d, ial 4351 jfig giua}}qrgjia eal ldxj}j a}d

saxa}dkaiua ~qigud dioca oji ld ~aid eg kj}ua)

G ldxj}duj}g cdiij o}aduj xd}ga sguqdrgjig eg j~~jsgrgjia a eg ~}juasud, ~}gkd

s~jiudiaa a h}dkkaiudua, ~jg j}fdigrrdua oji gisqmj}egidrgjig, }ghgquj eal ldxj}j,

sdmjudffg a sogj~a}g) Flg j~a}dg iji dxaxdij su}qkaiug ~a} hd xdla}a la lj}j }dfgjig,

l‗qigoj kjej a}d o}ad}a sdmjudffg a egsu}qrgjia ealla kdoocgia)

Flg j~a}dg sg sa}xg}jij eal sdmjudffgj a eal ediiaffgdkaiuj ealla kdoocgia

ojka karrj ~a} ojsu}gifa}a flg gk~}aieguj}g d hd}a ojioassgjig sdld}gdlg j eg dlu}j

faia}a)



47

Jiea axgud}a ld egsu}qrgjia ealla kdoocgia a ealla duu}arrduq}a, gl ~de}jiduj cd

~a}kassj ld hgfq}d eallj sogj~a}j gi kjej oca g ldxj}duj}g sg dsuaifjij edl ldxj}j kd

iji }goaxjij gl sdld}gj)

Gi df}gojluq}d o‗a}d fgî suduj qid s~aoga eg sdmjudffgj a sogj~a}j dflg gigrg eal SGSsaojlj tqdiej qi a ~}aua eg F}juudflga, Og}j Diigoocgd}goj, oji ld sqd j}fdigrrdrgjia

kgidoogdxd g m}doogdiug ealla odk~dfia ~qflgasg ~a} iji ojlugxd}a la ua}}a eag ~de}jig

ldsogdiejla giojlua hj}rdudkaiua) Dioca ~a} ogý, dioj}d jffg gi dloqia rjia eal

_dlaiuj ld ua}}d giojlud xgaia ocgdkdud “diigoocgd}god‛)

^a} axgud}a g ojiugiqg ediig oca sqmgxdij oji g sdmjudffg, g ~de}jig cdiij hduuj la

~}gka ojioassgjig }gojijsoaiej g ~}gkg eg}guug dg ldxj}duj}g)

Gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j idsoa, tqgieg, gi ojisafqaird ealld xgjlaird a ealld ljuud

duuqdud edg ldxj}duj}g gi ediij eag ~de}jig) Gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j iji idsoa edl

}gojijsogkaiuj ealla gsuguqrgjig xa}sj g ldxj}duj}g kd ojka ~}auasd ealld oldssa

ldxj}du}goa eg juuaia}a uquala, }gs~auuj, egfiguî a lgma}uî)

^}gkd ealld ljuud xgjlaiud duuqdud edflg j~a}dg gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j iji asgsuaxd ae

g ldxj}duj}g iji dxaxdij dloqi maiahgogj ae a}dij ~d}dfjidug dflg socgdxg, dlla

duu}arrduq}a eg ldxj}j, dflg jffauug)

Kdg lj _uduj cd akdiduj ij}ka eg eg}guuj eal ldxj}j eg sqd gigrgdugxd kd sjlj gi

ojisafqaird eg mduudflga ~j}udua dxdiug eq}dkaiua edg ldxj}duj}g)

Aooj ~a}ocç ial lgifqdffgj fgq}gegoj gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j ã eahgiguj ojka

“alakaiuj oca }asgsua a oca }asu}gifa lj sxglq~~j aojijkgoj‛)

^a}udiuj, gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j iji ã kdg }gojijsogquj ojka qid ealla udiua

m}dioca fgq}gegoca kd ojka ld hj}rd eag ldxj}duj}g eg }gxaiegod}a ld uquald eag lj}j

giua}assg) A‗ ocgd}j oca ld sqd asgsuaird eg~aied edll‗as~}assgjia eg udla hj}rd) Tqdiej

ld oldssa ldxj}du}goa skauua eg duuqd}a ld ljuud xgjlaiud gl eg}guuj eal ldxj}j sd}î sak~}a

lgkguduj hgij de assa}a dmjlguj)

Hgiocç asgsua ld sjogauî od~gudlgsud, lj su}qkaiuj gi kdij dg ldxj}duj}g ~a}

juuaia}a ld ojitqgsud eg ~}j~}g eg}guug ã suduj sak~}a gl sdmjudffgj, gl ediiaffgdkaiuj

ealla }goocarra eag mj}fcasg) Oji tqasud ~}dugod gl ~de}jia sqmgxd eag ediig ae g

ldxj}duj}g iassqij) Kd gl ~gdij eg }gxaiegodrgjia fgqifaxd ocgd}j dlla j}aoocga eag

~de}jig g tqdlg cdiij ejxquj ~jg }gojijsoa}a a ~}aha}g}a lj sogj~a}j tqdla hj}kd egljuud ~doghgod ae gio}qaiud ~a}ocç ojl~gsoa gl ~de}jia kd ojsud sdo}ghgog dioca dg



=>

ldxj}duj}g oca ld kauujij gi ~}dugod gi tqdiuj iji xaifjij ~dfdug ~a} ld fgj}idud oca

sogj~a}dij)

Lj sogj~a}j ediiaffgd gl ~de}jiduj tqdiej ã faia}dla a eq}duq}j dl ~qiuj oca

mljood ld ~}jeqrgjia a l‗giodssj eg ~}jhguug)Lj sogj~a}j, ogjã, ã qugla ae cd sqooassj sjlj sa o}ad egsdfg, tqdla ~}assgjia sjogdla sqg

fjxa}ig, a ediig, tqdla ~}assgjia ~jlgugod eg}auud) Gi sjsudird, lj sogj~a}j ã qugla sjlj

sa o}ad la suassa ojisafqaira eal sdmjudffgj)

^a} tqasug kjugxg g ~de}jig oa}odij sak~}a eg }a~}gka}a lj sogj~a}j oji ld

~jlgrgd, eg jsudojld}lj oji l‗gixgj eg sjledug gi hqirgjia eg o}qkg}dffgj, eg gk~aeg}lj oji

ld kglgud}grrdrgjia eag ldxj}duj}g eag sa}xgrg ~qmmlgog)

Egoaxdkj oca ial 4351 gi Fa}kdigd lj sogj~a}j a}d ~qiguj dioca oji ld ~aid eg

kj}ua) Jffg iaflg _udug Qigug e‗Dka}god ã sjsudirgdlkaiua xgauduj ae g ldxj}duj}g sjij

}a~}assg oji ld hj}rd)

Jffg gi Gudlgd gl eg}guuj eg sogj~a}j ã hj}uakaiua lgkguduj) A‗ ~a}kassj eg sogj~a}d}a sjlj

}d}dkaiua ae asolqsgxdkaiua gi ojiegrgjig, uak~g a kjeg ed iji }aod}a hdsugegj dl

~de}jia, iji o}ad}a egsdfg, iji ~}jxjod}a ediig)

Lj sogj~a}j “lafdla‛ gi Gudlgd iji cd ~g÷ hj}rd ojiu}duuqdla) Dirg, ocg sogj~a}d

}gsocgd gl lgoairgdkaiuj, kqlua a eaiqioa ~aidlg) Akmlakdugoj tqdiuj ã sqooassj ial

egoakm}a =>>? dflg dqujha}}ju}dixga}g eg Kgldij oca cdiij sogj~a}duj saojiej la

“}afjla a lafdlkaiua‛ ~a} sauua xjlua saird kdg juuaia}a dloqi }gsqluduj a ia~~q}a

duuairgjia sjogdla) A‗ mdsuduj qi sjlj sogj~a}j xa}j, “salxdffgj‛, ~a} ojitqgsud}a

ojisgea}drgjia) _qooassgxdkaiua, f}drga dlla laffg xjlqua edlld sgigsu}d, sjij sudug

ojiediidug edl Fgqegoa ~aidla)

Gi ~}aoaeaird g ldxj}duj}g eag u}ds~j}ug eg ]jkd ~}jkjuj}g eg qi‗dssakmlad

sgiedodla eg mdsa sjij sudug lgoairgdug a eaiqiogdug ed ]quallg)

Gi Gudlgd gl eg}guuj eg sogj~a}j ã sjsudirgdlkaiua dmjlguj a xgauduj a tqdiug xg

~d}uaog~gij a l‗j}fdigrrgij sjij ~a}safqgudug)

^}j~}gj ojka dxxaigxd saojlg hd a ojka sg }g~auaxd eq}diua gl }afgka hdsogsud)

Uquuj ogý f}drga dioca dlld laffa oca lj lgkgud, ld i) 3? eal =>>>, xjlqud ae

akdidud edl fjxa}ij eg oaiu}j sgigsu}d a kdg ojiu}dsudud edg sgiedodug ojihaea}dlg

ealld u}g~lgoa, iç ed ]ghjiedrgjia Ojkqigsud)



Gi ~}dugod, oji ld hgia eallj sojiu}j eg oldssa, oji l‗d}}asuj ealld ljuud eag

ldxj}duj}g dxxaiquj d ~d}ug}a edl 473>, gl ~de}jiduj, oji ld ojk~lgoguî ealld sgigsu}d

gsuguqrgjidla a eag sgiedodug ojihaea}dlg, sg ã }g~}asj tqdiuj dxaxd ejxquj ojioaea}a)

_a xjflgdkj lgma}dog edlld socgdxgu÷ gi oqg sugdkj s~}jhjiediej ejmmgdkj}guj}id}a dlld suj}gd)

Riforma Diritto Del Lavoro

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