Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

92
Pazienti insoddisfatti e operatori in burn out: un outcome da evitare Silvio Brusaferro Accreditamento, gestione del rischio Clinico e valutazione delle Performance sanitarie Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Università degli Studi di Udine

Transcript of Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Page 1: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Pazienti insoddisfatti e operatori in burn out: un outcome da evitare

Silvio Brusaferro

Accreditamento, gestione del rischio Clinico e valutazione delle

Performance sanitarie

Dipartimento di Patologia e Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica Università degli Studi di Udine

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Mi presento …

• Silvio Brusaferro – Professore Ordinario Igiene e Medicina

Preventiva – Dipartimento di scienze mefdiche e biologiche - Università degli Studi di Udine

– Direttore SOC Accreditamento, Rischio clinico e Valutazione delle performance

Azienda Ospedaliero Universitario “S.Maria della Misericordia” Udine

– Tel 0432 559206, fax 0432 559239, – email: [email protected]

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L’intervento

• Il concetto di salute ed le aspettative del paziente • La centralità del cittadino • Alcuni dati • Verso cittadini più attivi e soddisfatti • E i professionisti ?

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Il concetto di salute e le aspettative del paziente

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Definizione di salute “definizione O.M.S.”

“Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not

merely the absence of disease or infirmity”

“La salute è uno stato di completo benessere fisico, psichico

e sociale e non solo l’assenza di malattia o infermità”

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Definizione di salute (A.Seppilli 1966)

la salute non è una condizione statica di equilibrio perfetto; al contrario, essa consiste

in uno sforzo continuo di adattamento alle mutevoli condizioni ambientali.

La salute è una condizione di armonico equilibrio funzionale, fisico e psichico,

dell’individuo dinamicamente integrato nel suo ambiente naturale e sociale

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Concetto di salute “L’uomo per serbare salute e benessere, per tutelare e migliorare la qualità della vita, deve

mantenersi in equilibrio col suo mondo” Cosmacini

“Il segreto della salute e della felicità risiede nella capacità di adattarsi con successo, anche il

minimo possibile, alle condizioni eternamente mutevoli del mondo: il prezzo che si paga per gli

insuccessi di questo grande processo di adattamento sono la malattia e l’infelicità”

Hans Selye

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Definizione di salute

La salute va intesa non come un fenomeno statico di esclusivo dominio dei servizi sanitari, ma come un

processo dinamico e multidimensionale, individuale ed allo stesso tempo sociale, che comprende un

pattern di fluttuazioni, autotrasformazioni ed autotrascendenza che comporta crisi e transizioni. Ciò rende spesso impossibile il tracciare delle linee nette tra Salute e malattia. La Salute e la malattia

non sono punti opposti di un continuum

Di Stanislao, Kickbusch

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Kickbusch, 1987

Diventando la misura della capacità di un individuo o di un gruppo di realizzare la proprie

aspirazioni e i propri bisogni e di mutare o adattarsi all’ambiente, la salute è qualcosa di più

dei suoi componenti: è tenuta insieme da assunzioni spirituali ed emozionali di benessere,

da percezioni di sé e dei rapporti con gli altri”

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la morte è inevitabile; la maggior parte delle malattie gravi non può essere

guarita; gli antibiotici non servono per curare l'influenza; le protesi artificiali ogni tanto si rompono; gli ospedali sono luoghi pericolosi; ogni medicamento ha anche degli effetti secondari; la maggioranza degli interventi medici danno solo benefici

marginali e molti non funzionano affatto; gli screening producono anche risultati falsi negativi e falsi

positivi; ci sono modi migliori di spendere i soldi che utilizzarli per

acquistare tecnologia medico-sanitaria.

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Doing Something About It

Society

Intervention Level

Individual

Healthy Chronic Conditions

Impaired Health Spectrum

Disabled End of Life

Laws, Regulations & Resources Allocation

Community Design

Education & Awareness

Costs & Prompts

Behavioral Prevention Programs Care & Disease Management

Social Support & Coping Resources

Tailored Pharmaceutical Treatment

Surveillance & Prevention of Complications

Case Management

??? End of Life Planning Assisted Living

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La centralità del paziente

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Elementi essenziali per un sistema sanitario (STEEEP)

Sicuro: evitare i danni al paziente

• Tempestivo: riduce al minimo ritardi inutili

Efficiente: evita le attese

• Equo: la stessa qualità di cura è garantita per tutti, a prescindere da razza, sesso, locazione geografica e disponibilità economiche

Efficace: è basato su conoscenze scientifiche (evitando sovra o sottoutilizzi)

Centrato sul Paziente: è rispettoso e attento alle preferenze, esigenze e valori dei singoli pazienti

Commette on Quality of Health Care in America Crossing the quality chasm: a new health system for the 21st century Washington, DC:National Academy Press, 2001

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Il concetto di valore nell’assistenza sanitaria

(value in healthcare) (Michael Porter)

• In qualsiasi campo , migliorare la performance e accountability dipende dall’avere degli obiettivi condivisi che uniscono gli interessi e le attività di tutti i soggetti interessati (stakeholders)

• Il concetto di valore si riferisce al risultato raggiunto in rapporto al costo richiesto

• Definire e misurare il valore è essenziale per comprendere la performance di qualsiasi organizzazione e per oreintare il miglioramento continuo

• Nella assistenza sanitaria , il valore è definito come l’esito in termini di salute per il paziente raggiunto per ogni dollaro speso.

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Condizioni iniziali del paziente

processi indicatori

struttura

Esiti di salute

Compliance paziente

Misurare il valore nei sistemi sanitari

Soddisfazione del paziente

Esiti di salute riportati dal paziente

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programma "Health for Growth”

• Objettivo 2: incrementare l’accesso ad una assistenza sanitaria migliore e più sicura per tutti i cittadini Europei.

• L’azione mirerà ad incrementare:

– L’accesso a informazioni e competenze mediche per condizioni specifiche;

– Lo sviluppo di soluzioni e linee guida per migliorare la qualità e la sicurezza dell’assistenza ai pazienti;

– Le azioni a supporto dei diritti dei pazienti relativamente a

• Assistenza transfrontaliera,

• Malattie rare ed uso prudente degli antibiotici

• Elevati standard di qualità e sicurezza per organi e sostanze di origine umana usare in medicina

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Programma "Health for Growth”

• Obiettivo 3: promuovere la buona salute e prevenire le patologie affrontando i fattori di rischio chiave: – Fumo

– Alcool

– obesità

– Questo include il rafforzare e disseminare le migliori pratiche con rapporto costo efficacia della prevenzione favorevole.

• Obiettivo 4: proteggere le persone dai rischi transfrontalieri

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Principali sfide da affrontare con il programma

• Safety.

– Occorre rinforzare il coordinamento delle autorità nazionali

– Affrontare i rischi legati alla globalizzazione delle catene di produzione

– C’è una domanda crescente di servizi sicuri anche per gli anziani e la necessità di affrontare una crescente sensibilità ai problemi della sicurezza degli alimenti.

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• Informazione e educazione ai consumatori

– C’è necessità di

• Informazioni comparabili, affidabili, facilmente utilizzabili per i consumatori;

• Affrontare i problemi della scarsa conoscenza dei diritti da parte dei consumatori

• Di dati robusti su come il mercato sta rispondendo ai consumatori

• Far crescere il ruolo delle organizzazioni dei consumatori;

Principali sfide da affrontare con il programma

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• Diritti dei consumatori e reale soddisfazione

– Vi è necessità di assicurare ai consumatori che i loro diritti sono tutelati nei vari paesi allo stesso modo che nel loro

• Rafforzare la collaborazione transfrontaliera

– C’è bisogno di incrementare la consapevolezza su ECC-Net (network of European Consumer Centres) tra i consumatori e di rinforzare la sua efficacia.

Principali sfide da affrontare con il

programma

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• Vi è inoltre l’esigenza di affrontare alcune nuove sfide sociali :

– La complessità delle decisioni per i consumatori

– La necessità di adottare modelli di consumo sostenibili

– La necessità di affrontare le sfide della digitalizzazione

– L’invecchiamento della popolazione

– L’incremento della esclusione sociale e dei consumatori vulnerabili

Principali sfide da affrontare con il

programma

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© Active Citizenship Network, 2002

2

EUROPEAN CHARTER OF PATIENTS’ RIGHTS *

Presented in Brussels on 15 November 2002

* This document is the result of the work of a Cittadinanzattiva-Active Citizenship Network group composed of

Giuseppe Cotturri, Stefano A. Inglese, Giovanni Moro, Charlotte Roffiaen and Consuelo Scattolon, who produced a

first draft in July, 2002. The draft was discussed in Rome on 7 September. The participants in the Rome seminar were:

Ekkehard Bahlo, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Versicherte und Patienten e. V. (DGVPV); Pascale Blaes, Fédération Belge

contre le Cancer; Fátima Carvalho Lopes, APOVITA, Portugal; Ana Etchenique, Confederacion de Consumidores y

usurarios (CECU), Spain; Ioannis Iglezakis, KE.P.KA, Greece; Stefano A. Inglese, Cittadinanzattiva / Tribunal for

Patients’ Rights, Italy; Stephen A. McMahon, Irish Patients Association Ltd; Giovanni Moro, Active Citizenship

Network; Margrethe Nielsen, Danish Consumer Council; Teresa Petrangolini, Cittadinanzattiva, Italy; Ysbrand

Poortman, Vereniging Samenwerkende Ouder- en Patiëntenorganisaties (VSOP), The Netherlands; Charlotte Roffiaen,

Active Citizenship Network; Martin Rusnak, International Neurotrauma Research Organization, Austria; Bas Treffers,

Nederlandse Patiënten Consumenten Federatie (NPCF); Simon Williams, The Patients Association, UK. This text was

also presented and discussed during the Conference “The Future Patient” held the 14 – 15 November 2002 in Brussels

organized by Active Citizenship Network (ACN), International Association of Patients’ Organization (IAPO), Ippr,

Picker Institute Europe, Merck Sharpe & Dome. The present text has been prepared based on these discussions. The

ACN also would like to thank George France for his careful review of the text. Of course, the content of the text is the

exclusive responsibility of Active Citizenship Network.

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La certa dei diritti dei pazienti

Diritto a:

1. Alla prevenzione

2. All’accesso alle cure

3. All’informazione

4. Al consenso

5. Alla libero scelta

6. Alla privacy

7. Al rispetto dei tempi del paziente

Diritto a :

8. Al rispetto degli standard di qualità

9. Alla sicurezza

10. All’innovazione

11. Ad evitare sofferenze e dolore non necessari

12. Al trattamento personalizzato

13. A lamentare disservizi

14. Alla compensazione

Page 32: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

1. Accesso equo per i pazienti

2. Conivolgimento dei pazienti

3. Prospettiva dei pazienti

4. Organizzazioni di Pazienti sostenibili

5. Unità dei pazienti

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• Popolazione e comunità: mantenimento della salute pubblica • Consumatore, utente e cliente: aspettative ed esperienze del

paziente • Benessere dello staff: salute personale e sociale e morale • Competenze dello staff: ottenere e mantenere la conoscenza

e le abilità individuali • Pratica clinica: definire e testare l’efficacia contro l’evidenza

scientifica • La erogazione del servizio: gestione e buona organizzazione • Rischio, salute e sicurezza: promuovere un ambiente sicuro

per le cure • La gestione delle risorse: evitare spreco di abilità, tempo,

materiale e denaro • Comunicazione: informazione interne ed esterne e cartelle

CAPITOLI ALL’INTERNO DEI QUALI SI

PONGONO STANDARD E MISURE

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ANNALS OF FAM ILY M EDICINE ✦ WWW.ANNFAM M ED.ORG ✦ VOL. 9, NO. 2 ✦ M ARCH/APRIL 2011

155

Measuring Patients’ Perceptions of Patient-Centered Care: A Systematic Review of Tools for Family Medicine

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE Patient-centered care is widely acknowledged as a core value in family

medicine. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify and compare instru-

ments, subscales, or items assessing patients’ perceptions of patient-centered care

in family medicine.

METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review using the MEDLINE,

Embase, and Cochrane databases covering 1980 through April 2009, with a spe-

ci c search strategy for each database. The search strategy was supplemented with

searching by hand and expert suggestions. We looked for articles meeting all of

the following criteria: (1) describing self-administered instruments measuring patient

perceptions of patient-centered care; (2) reporting quantitative or psychometric

results of development or validation; (3) being relevant to an ambulatory family

medicine context. The quality of each article retained was assessed using a modi-

ed version of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Instrument’

items were mapped to dimensions of a patient-centered care conceptual framework.

RESULTS Of the 3,045 articles identi ed, 90 were examined in detail, and 26,

covering 13 instruments, met our inclusion criteria. Two instruments (5 articles)

were dedicated to patient-centered care: the Patient Perception of Patient-Cen-

teredness and the Consultation Care Measure, and 11 instruments (21 articles)

included relevant subscales or items.

CONCLUSIONS The 2 instruments dedicated to patient-centered care address key

dimensions but are visit-based, limiting their applicability for the study of care

processes over time, such as chronic illness management. Relevant items from the

11 other instruments provide partial coverage of the concept, but these instru-

ments were not designed to provide a speci c assessment of patient-centered care.

Ann Fam Med 2011;9:155-164. doi:10.1370/afm.1226.

INTRODUCTION

In the 1950s American humanistic psychologist Carl R. Rogers developed

the concept of client-centered therapy.1-3 This approach was promoted

in the medical fi eld by psychoanalyst Michael Balint, who introduced

the term “patient-centered medicine.” 4,5 A number of authors compared

traditional medical approaches with patient-centered care. Today, patient-

centered care is widely acknowledged as a core value in family medicine.6-8

It has been associated with positive outcomes: reduction of malpractice

complaints and improvements in physician satisfaction, consultation time,

patients’ emotional state, and medication adherence.9,10 Patient-centered care

may also increase patient satisfaction and empowerment, as well as reduce

symptom severity, use of health care resources, and health care costs.11

Although many authors refer to the patient-centered care concept, defi -

nitions often differ.10,12-19 The model developed by Stewart et al10 is most

frequently cited in family medicine.11,14,20 It proposes 6 dimensions: exploring

Catherine Hudon, MD, MSc, CFPC1,2

Martin Fortin MD, MSc, CFPC1,2

Jeannie L. Haggerty, PhD3

Mireille Lambert, MA2

Marie-Eve Poitras, RN, MSC2

1Département de Médecine de Famille,

Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

2Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de

Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada

3Département de Médecine de Famille,

Université McGill, Québec, Canada

Confl icts of interest: authors report none.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Catherine Hudon, MD, MSc, CFPC

305, St-Vallier

Chicoutimi, Québec

Canada G7H 5H6

[email protected]

ANNALS OF FAM ILY M EDICINE ✦ WWW.ANNFAM M ED.ORG ✦ VOL. 9, NO. 2 ✦ M ARCH/APRIL 2011

155

Measuring Patients’ Perceptions of Patient-Centered Care: A Systematic Review of Tools for Family Medicine

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE Patient-centered care is widely acknowledged as a core value in family

medicine. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify and compare instru-

ments, subscales, or items assessing patients’ perceptions of patient-centered care

in family medicine.

METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review using the MEDLINE,

Embase, and Cochrane databases covering 1980 through April 2009, with a spe-

ci c search strategy for each database. The search strategy was supplemented with

searching by hand and expert suggestions. We looked for articles meeting all of

the following criteria: (1) describing self-administered instruments measuring patient

perceptions of patient-centered care; (2) reporting quantitative or psychometric

results of development or validation; (3) being relevant to an ambulatory family

medicine context. The quality of each article retained was assessed using a modi-

ed version of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Instrument’

items were mapped to dimensions of a patient-centered care conceptual framework.

RESULTS Of the 3,045 articles identi ed, 90 were examined in detail, and 26,

covering 13 instruments, met our inclusion criteria. Two instruments (5 articles)

were dedicated to patient-centered care: the Patient Perception of Patient-Cen-

teredness and the Consultation Care Measure, and 11 instruments (21 articles)

included relevant subscales or items.

CONCLUSIONS The 2 instruments dedicated to patient-centered care address key

dimensions but are visit-based, limiting their applicability for the study of care

processes over time, such as chronic illness management. Relevant items from the

11 other instruments provide partial coverage of the concept, but these instru-

ments were not designed to provide a speci c assessment of patient-centered care.

Ann Fam Med 2011;9:155-164. doi:10.1370/afm.1226.

INTRODUCTION

In the 1950s American humanistic psychologist Carl R. Rogers developed

the concept of client-centered therapy.1-3 This approach was promoted

in the medical fi eld by psychoanalyst Michael Balint, who introduced

the term “patient-centered medicine.” 4,5 A number of authors compared

traditional medical approaches with patient-centered care. Today, patient-

centered care is widely acknowledged as a core value in family medicine.6-8

It has been associated with positive outcomes: reduction of malpractice

complaints and improvements in physician satisfaction, consultation time,

patients’ emotional state, and medication adherence.9,10 Patient-centered care

may also increase patient satisfaction and empowerment, as well as reduce

symptom severity, use of health care resources, and health care costs.11

Although many authors refer to the patient-centered care concept, defi -

nitions often differ.10,12-19 The model developed by Stewart et al10 is most

frequently cited in family medicine.11,14,20 It proposes 6 dimensions: exploring

Catherine Hudon, MD, MSc, CFPC1,2

Martin Fortin MD, MSc, CFPC1,2

Jeannie L. Haggerty, PhD3

Mireille Lambert, MA2

Marie-Eve Poitras, RN, MSC2

1Département de Médecine de Famille,

Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

2Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de

Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada

3Département de Médecine de Famille,

Université McGill, Québec, Canada

Confl icts of interest: authors report none.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Catherine Hudon, MD, MSc, CFPC

305, St-Vallier

Chicoutimi, Québec

Canada G7H 5H6

[email protected]

ANNALS OF FAMILY MEDICINE ✦ WWW.ANNFAMMED.ORG ✦ VOL. 9, NO. 2 ✦ MARCH/APRIL 2011

155

Measuring Patients’ Perceptions of Patient-Centered Care: A Systematic Review of Tools for Family Medicine

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE Patient-centered care is widely acknowledged as a core value in family

medicine. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify and compare instru-

ments, subscales, or items assessing patients’ perceptions of patient-centered care

in family medicine.

METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review using the MEDLINE,

Embase, and Cochrane databases covering 1980 through April 2009, with a spe-

ci c search strategy for each database. The search strategy was supplemented with

searching by hand and expert suggestions. We looked for articles meeting all of

the following criteria: (1) describing self-administered instruments measuring patient

perceptions of patient-centered care; (2) reporting quantitative or psychometric

results of development or validation; (3) being relevant to an ambulatory family

medicine context. The quality of each article retained was assessed using a modi-

ed version of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Instrument’

items were mapped to dimensions of a patient-centered care conceptual framework.

RESULTS Of the 3,045 articles identi ed, 90 were examined in detail, and 26,

covering 13 instruments, met our inclusion criteria. Two instruments (5 articles)

were dedicated to patient-centered care: the Patient Perception of Patient-Cen-

teredness and the Consultation Care Measure, and 11 instruments (21 articles)

included relevant subscales or items.

CONCLUSIONS The 2 instruments dedicated to patient-centered care address key

dimensions but are visit-based, limiting their applicability for the study of care

processes over time, such as chronic illness management. Relevant items from the

11 other instruments provide partial coverage of the concept, but these instru-

ments were not designed to provide a speci c assessment of patient-centered care.

Ann Fam Med 2011;9:155-164. doi:10.1370/afm.1226.

INTRODUCTION

In the 1950s American humanistic psychologist Carl R. Rogers developed

the concept of client-centered therapy.1-3 This approach was promoted

in the medical fi eld by psychoanalyst Michael Balint, who introduced

the term “patient-centered medicine.” 4,5 A number of authors compared

traditional medical approaches with patient-centered care. Today, patient-

centered care is widely acknowledged as a core value in family medicine.6-8

It has been associated with positive outcomes: reduction of malpractice

complaints and improvements in physician satisfaction, consultation time,

patients’ emotional state, and medication adherence.9,10 Patient-centered care

may also increase patient satisfaction and empowerment, as well as reduce

symptom severity, use of health care resources, and health care costs.11

Although many authors refer to the patient-centered care concept, defi -

nitions often differ.10,12-19 The model developed by Stewart et al10 is most

frequently cited in family medicine.11,14,20 It proposes 6 dimensions: exploring

Catherine Hudon, MD, MSc, CFPC1,2

Martin Fortin MD, MSc, CFPC1,2

Jeannie L. Haggerty, PhD3

Mireille Lambert, MA2

Marie-Eve Poitras, RN, MSC2

1Département de Médecine de Famille,

Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

2Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de

Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada

3Département de Médecine de Famille,

Université McGill, Québec, Canada

Confl icts of interest: authors report none.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Catherine Hudon, MD, MSc, CFPC

305, St-Vallier

Chicoutimi, Québec

Canada G7H 5H6

[email protected]

ANN ALS OF FAM ILY M EDICINE ✦ WWW.ANNFAM M ED.ORG ✦ VOL. 9, NO. 2 ✦ M ARCH/APRIL 2011

156

M EASURIN G PERCEPTIONS OF PATIEN T-CEN TERED CARE

both the disease and the illness experience, understand-

ing the whole person, fi nding common ground, incor-

porating prevention and health promotion, enhancing

the patient-doctor relationship, and being realistic. Mead

and Bower14 reviewed the conceptual and empirical lit-

erature to develop a model of the various aspects of the

doctor-patient relationship encompassed by the concept

of patient-centered care. They identifi ed the following

dimensions: biopsychosocial perspective, patient-as-

person, sharing power and responsibility, therapeutic alli-

ance, and doctor-as-person.

A clear conceptual framework is an essential fi rst

step for measurement. In the absence of a clear con-

sensual model in the literature, we decided to keep

the 4 dimensions common to Stewart et al and Mead

and Bower’s review: (1) disease and illness experience

(patient-as-person in Mead and Bower’s model), (2)

whole person (biopsychosocial perspective), (3) com-

mon ground (sharing power and responsibility), and (4)

patient-doctor relationship (therapeutic alliance). Fig-

ure 1 represents the patient-centered care framework

used as the conceptual basis in our review.

Various methodological approaches have been taken

in designing instruments to measure patient-centered

care, the 2 most predominant being direct observation of

the clinical encounter (structured objective checklist) and

self-assessment of the patient’s or the physician’s experi-

ence of the encounter.21 Many studies have shown that

measures of the patients’ perceptions are more successful

at predicting outcomes than either observation or physi-

cians’ perceptions.9-11,22 Experts also claim that patient-

administered questionnaires are the best way to measure

patient-centered care attributes of primary health care.23

In this study, we aimed to identify and compare

instruments, subscales, or items assessing patients’ per-

ceptions of patient-centered care in family medicine.

METHODS

Our review process was based on important domains

and elements identifi ed by the Agency for Healthcare

Rersearch and Quality for systematic reviews.24

Inclusion Criteria

We looked for articles meeting all of the following

criteria: (1) describing self-administered instruments

measuring at least 2 dimensions of the conceptual

framework of patient-centered care, (2) reporting

quantitative or psychometric results of development

or validation, and (3) being relevant to the context of

ambulatory family medicine.

Search Strategy and Article Selection

We conducted an electronic literature search of the

MEDLINE (1980–), Embase (1980–), and Cochrane

(1991–) databases for English and French articles pub-

lished between 1980 and April 2009. An information

specialist developed and ran specifi c strategies for each

database (Supplemental Appendix 1, available online

at http://www.annfammed.org/cgi/content/full/

9/2/155/DC1). The following MeSH terms and

key words were used: “patient-centered care” and

its linguistic variations, “questionnaire,” “process assess-

ment (health care),” “quality assurance, health care,”

“psychometrics,” “validation studies,” “reproducibility of

results,” “factor analysis, statistical,” “outcome and pro-

cess assessment (health care),” and “outcome assessment

(health care).” To broaden the scope of our research, we

also applied the following search strategy to the same

databases using “patient-centered care” and its linguistic

variations, “family practice,” “primary health care,” “pri-

mary medical care,” and “primary care.”

We also examined reference lists for additional

relevant articles (searching by hand). In addition, we

consulted experts to identify articles describing instru-

ments, including subscales or items that assess dimen-

sions of patient-centered care.

All search results were transferred to a reference

database (Refworks), and duplicates were eliminated.

Titles and abstracts were read by one team member

(M.L.) to exclude articles that were not eligible. We

excluded references clearly not meeting our inclusion

criteria and retained all other references for complete

reading. If there was any doubt, the full article was

retrieved and read to apply selection criteria. Two

Figure 1. Conceptual framework of patient-

centered care (PCC).

Patient-as-person Bio-psychosocial

perspective

Therapeutic

alliance

Sharing power

and responsibility

Disease and

illness experience

Patient-doctor

relationship

Common ground

PCC model (Mead and Bower)

PCC model (Stewart et al)

Whole person

ANNALS OF FAM ILY M EDICINE ✦ WWW.ANNFAM M ED.ORG ✦ VOL. 9, NO. 2 ✦ M ARCH/APRIL 2011

155

Measuring Patients’ Perceptions of Patient-Centered Care: A Systematic Review of Tools for Family Medicine

ABSTRACT

PURPOSE Patient-centered care is widely acknowledged as a core value in family

medicine. In this systematic review, we aimed to identify and compare instru-

ments, subscales, or items assessing patients’ perceptions of patient-centered care

in family medicine.

METHODS We conducted a systematic literature review using the MEDLINE,

Embase, and Cochrane databases covering 1980 through April 2009, with a spe-

ci c search strategy for each database. The search strategy was supplemented with

searching by hand and expert suggestions. We looked for articles meeting all of

the following criteria: (1) describing self-administered instruments measuring patient

perceptions of patient-centered care; (2) reporting quantitative or psychometric

results of development or validation; (3) being relevant to an ambulatory family

medicine context. The quality of each article retained was assessed using a modi-

ed version of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy. Instrument’

items were mapped to dimensions of a patient-centered care conceptual framework.

RESULTS Of the 3,045 articles identi ed, 90 were examined in detail, and 26,

covering 13 instruments, met our inclusion criteria. Two instruments (5 articles)

were dedicated to patient-centered care: the Patient Perception of Patient-Cen-

teredness and the Consultation Care Measure, and 11 instruments (21 articles)

included relevant subscales or items.

CONCLUSIONS The 2 instruments dedicated to patient-centered care address key

dimensions but are visit-based, limiting their applicability for the study of care

processes over time, such as chronic illness management. Relevant items from the

11 other instruments provide partial coverage of the concept, but these instru-

ments were not designed to provide a speci c assessment of patient-centered care.

Ann Fam Med 2011;9:155-164. doi:10.1370/afm.1226.

INTRODUCTION

In the 1950s American humanistic psychologist Carl R. Rogers developed

the concept of client-centered therapy.1-3 This approach was promoted

in the medical fi eld by psychoanalyst Michael Balint, who introduced

the term “patient-centered medicine.” 4,5 A number of authors compared

traditional medical approaches with patient-centered care. Today, patient-

centered care is widely acknowledged as a core value in family medicine.6-8

It has been associated with positive outcomes: reduction of malpractice

complaints and improvements in physician satisfaction, consultation time,

patients’ emotional state, and medication adherence.9,10 Patient-centered care

may also increase patient satisfaction and empowerment, as well as reduce

symptom severity, use of health care resources, and health care costs.11

Although many authors refer to the patient-centered care concept, defi -

nitions often differ.10,12-19 The model developed by Stewart et al10 is most

frequently cited in family medicine.11,14,20 It proposes 6 dimensions: exploring

Catherine Hudon, MD, MSc, CFPC1,2

Martin Fortin MD, MSc, CFPC1,2

Jeannie L. Haggerty, PhD3

Mireille Lambert, MA2

Marie-Eve Poitras, RN, MSC2

1Département de Médecine de Famille,

Université de Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada

2Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux de

Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada

3Département de Médecine de Famille,

Université McGill, Québec, Canada

Confl icts of interest: authors report none.

CORRESPONDING AUTHOR

Catherine Hudon, MD, MSc, CFPC

305, St-Vallier

Chicoutimi, Québec

Canada G7H 5H6

[email protected]

Page 38: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 39: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Aree principali di ricerca

– La gestione intraorganizzazione

– La gestione interorganizzazione

– Le relazioni con il paziente

– Governance e accountability

Working conference “Health Services Research In Europe” April 2011

Page 40: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Alcuni dati

Page 41: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Percezione e ruolo del cittadino

Page 42: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

45° Rapporto Censis sulla situazione sociale del Paese/2011 Roma, 2 dicembre 2011 –

La sanità e il rischio di una sostenibilità solo finanziaria

• Nel periodo 2001-2010 le Regioni con Piano di rientro hanno registrato un incremento della spesa del 19% contro il +26,9% del resto delle Regioni.

• Ma la cura a cui è sottoposto il Servizio sanitario non sta generando effetti positivi secondo i cittadini.

• Nell’ultimo biennio i dati dell’indagine Forum per la Ricerca Biomedica-Censis indicano che – è solo l’11% a ritenere migliorato il servizio sanitario della

propria regione,

– quasi il 29% ha registrato un peggioramento

– circa il 60% una sostanziale stabilità.

Page 43: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

45° Rapporto Censis sulla situazione sociale del Paese/2011 Roma, 2 dicembre 2011 –

La sanità e il rischio di una sostenibilità solo finanziaria

• Il futuro della sanità per i cittadini è segnato da alcune paure: – un’accentuazione delle differenze di qualità tra le sanità

regionali (35,2%), – che l’interferenza della politica danneggi la qualità della

sanità (35%), – che i disavanzi rendano indispensabili robusti tagli

all’offerta (21,8%), – che non si sviluppino le tipologie di strutture e servizi

necessarie, come l’assistenza domiciliare territoriale (18%), – che l’invecchiamento della popolazione e la diffusione

delle patologie croniche producano un intasamento delle strutture e dei servizi (16,3%).

Page 44: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Special EUROBAROMETER 3 6 3 “I NTERNAL MARKET: AW ARENESS, PERCEPTI ONS AND I MPACTS”

54

29% of EU citizens in Austria believe that doctors ought to have a qualification from their

own country, as do 28% of people in Finland. However, only 1% of people in Cyprus, 2%

in Luxembourg and 6% in Malta share this view.

I m portance of a doctor’s country of qualificat ion by individ ual Mem ber State

Attitudes towards medical training tend to also be reflected in people’s opinion of the

origin of training for hairdressers. 94% of people in Cyprus say the country of origin

makes no difference to them, as do 92% of people in Luxembourg and Sweden.

However, only 45% of people in Austria and 56% of people in Italy agree. 21% of EU

citizens in Austria think that hairdressers should be qualified in specific EU Member

States only, as do 12% in Italy.

Special EUROBAROMETER 3 6 3 “I NTERNAL MARKET: AW ARENESS, PERCEPTI ONS AND I MPACTS”

54

29% of EU citizens in Austria believe that doctors ought to have a qualification from their

own country, as do 28% of people in Finland. However, only 1% of people in Cyprus, 2%

in Luxembourg and 6% in Malta share this view.

I m portance of a doctor’s country of qualificat ion by individual Mem ber State

Attitudes towards medical training tend to also be reflected in people’s opinion of the

origin of training for hairdressers. 94% of people in Cyprus say the country of origin

makes no difference to them, as do 92% of people in Luxembourg and Sweden.

However, only 45% of people in Austria and 56% of people in Italy agree. 21% of EU

citizens in Austria think that hairdressers should be qualified in specific EU Member

States only, as do 12% in Italy.

Special EUROBAROMETER 363 “I NTERNAL MARKET: AW ARENESS, PERCEPTI ONS AND I MPACTS”

54

29% of EU citizens in Austria believe that doctors ought to have a qualification from their

own country, as do 28% of people in Finland. However, only 1% of people in Cyprus, 2%

in Luxembourg and 6% in Malta share this view.

I mportance of a doctor’s country of qualification by individual Member State

Attitudes towards medical training tend to also be reflected in people’s opinion of the

origin of training for hairdressers. 94% of people in Cyprus say the country of origin

makes no difference to them, as do 92% of people in Luxembourg and Sweden.

However, only 45% of people in Austria and 56% of people in Italy agree. 21% of EU

citizens in Austria think that hairdressers should be qualified in specific EU Member

States only, as do 12% in Italy.

Page 45: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 46: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 47: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 48: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 49: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Il percorso del paziente

Page 50: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 51: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 52: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 53: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

drfoster 2010

Page 54: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 55: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 56: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 57: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 58: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

SCUOLA SUPERIORE Sant’Anna Pisa - MeS Report Network delle Regioni 2010

Fasce per la valutazione

Page 59: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

il bersaglio interregionale

Page 60: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 61: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 62: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Verso cittadini più attivi e soddisfatti

Page 63: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Cosa viene richiesto al professionista che opera in sanità

• Competenza : Quello che gli individui conoscono o sono in grado di fare in termini di conoscenza, abilità ed attitudini.

• Capacità di adattamento: L’ambito nel quale un individuo può adattarsi al cambiamento, generare nuove conoscenze e continuare a migliorare le sue performance.

• Auto riflessione critica : Processo strutturato che facilita il riflettere su se stessi e sul proprio operato.

Page 64: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

• Fattori interni – Stato di salute

– Conoscenze sulla salute

– Convinzioni ed abilità nel ricercare la salute

– Valori ed obiettivi di salute

– Capacità di autogestione

– Efficacia nel prendere le decisioni rigutadanti la salute

– Motivazione intrinseca a raggiungere gli esiti di salute desiderati

– Aspettative positive rispetto agli esiti di salute

• Fattori esterni – Norme sociali

– Reti sociali e capitale sociale

– Influenza di gruppi cui si appartiene

– Circostanze materiali

– Sicurezza sociale, politica ed economica

– Accesso ed utilizzo di servizi sanitari

– Caratteristiche dei sistemi di assistenza e di sanità pubblica

Page 65: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Biology and Genetic Predisposition

Genes Personality

Risk seeking/risk averse

Intermediate Social Context

Social norms Social networks (e.g., family, school)

Group membership/expectations Neighborhood/community

Life circumstances Foundation from childhood

Public Health and Health Care System

Access to High-quality prevention and treatment Cultural barriers to optimal use of resources

Health values and norms Finance and interactive environment

Macro, Social, Political, and Economic Environment

Economics opportunities Political empowerment

Human security Social structures (e.g., class hierarchy)

Public moral norms and values Distributional norms

Human rights/discrimination Governance principles

Health Capability

Confidence and ability to be effective in achieving optimal health given biologic and genetic disposition;

intermediate and the broader social, political, and economic environment; and access to the public health

and health care system

Page 66: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 67: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

IL CAMBIAMENTO E’ PERMANENTE

1. PRE-RIFLESSIONE

4.AZIONE

3.PREPARAZIONE

2.RIFLESSIONE 6.RICADUTA

5.MANTENIMENTO

Fasi del modello per il cambiamento

1. nessuna intenzione di

cambiare nei prossimi anni

2. cambiamento considerato

ma non nell’immediato futuro

3. pianificazione del

cambiamento nel mese

successivo

4. fase instabile di recente

acquisizione del cambiamento

5. adozione del comportamento

(da almeno X mesi)

Il ciclo può reiterarsi per 3 – 7 volte prima di garantire

un comportamento stabile

Page 68: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 69: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 70: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

The JCAHO patient safety event taxonomy Chang A, et al. Int J Qual Health Care 2005, 17:95-105.

Page 71: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 72: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro
Page 73: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Evaluating Internet Health Information :

Tutorial

• Provider: – Chi è responsabile della gestione del sito? – Perchè gestiscono il sito? – Sono contabili?

• Finanziamento – Da dove provengono i fondi che permettono il

funzionamento del sito? – Il sito ha degli annunci? – Sono ben identificati?

• Qualità – Da dove provengono le informazioni? – Come sono selezionate? – Degli espertivalutano le informazioni che

vengono pubblicate sul sito? – Il sito è aggiornato? – Vengono evitati annunci sensazionali e/o

incredibili?

• Privacy – Il sito chiede dati personali? – Viene specificato come verranno usati? – Ti disturba come verranno usati?

Page 74: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

CENSIS rapporto 2010

Page 75: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

CENSIS rapporto 2010

Page 76: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

CENSIS rapporto 2010

Page 77: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

CENSIS rapporto 2010

Page 78: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

The impact of a celebrity Promotional Campaign on the use of Colon

Cancer Screening: the Katie Couric effect

Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1601-1605

Page 79: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

SPECI AL EUROBAROMETER 3 3 8 "Ant im icrobia l Resistance ”

1

Special Eurobarometer 338

Antimicrobial Resistance

Fieldwork: November - December 2009

Publication: April 2010

Euro

baro

me

ter

338

/Wave

72

.5 –

TN

S O

pin

ion &

So

cia

l

Survey commissioned by the Directorate-General for Health and Consumers and coordinated by the Directorate-General Communication (“Research and Political Analysis” Unit).

This document does not represent the views of the European Commission.

The interpretations and opinions expressed are solely those of the authors.

Summary

Page 80: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

SPECI AL EUROBAROMETER 3 3 8 "Ant im icrobia l Resistance”

9

1 .3 The reason w hy respondents last took ant ibiot ics

A relative majority of respondents (20%) said that they last took antibiotics for flu,

although it is known that antibiotics are ineffective against viruses. 14% also said that

they had taken them for a cold, 17% to treat bronchitis and 15% for a sore throat.

QD1c What was the reason for last taking antibiotics that you used?

(MULTI PLE ANSWERS POSSI BLE) - EU

(Asked to respondents saying that they have taken any antibiotics in the last 12 months -

base = 10803)

17%

9%

6%

5%

1%

14%

15%

4%

2%

20%

8%

7%

20%

9%

Flu

Bronchitis (...)

Sore throat

Cold

Cough

Fever

Rhinopharyngitis (...)

Urinary tract infection

Skin or wound infection

Headache

Pneumonia (...)

Diarrhoea

Other (SPONTANEOUS)

DK

Respondents in Spain (32%), followed by those in Austria (31%), Cyprus (28%),

Bulgaria and Malta (26%), Greece (25%), Slovakia (24%), Italy and Germany (23%)

are the most likely to have taken antibiotics for flu.

Likewise, citizens in Romania (40%), Bulgaria (32%), Latvia (30%), Greece and

Cyprus (27% each), Spain (24%) and Hungary and Austria (23% each) are the most

likely to have made the mistake of taking antibiotics to treat a cold.

Young people are more likely than older respondents to take antibiotics (23% of those

in the 15-24 age group have taken them for flu, compared with 16% of those aged 55

or over; the same applies to their use to treat colds, at 16% and 11% respectively.

Respondents w ith a bet ter object ive know ledge of ant ibiot ics seem to behave

m ore responsibly: thus, among the most knowledgeable respondents, only 8% have

taken antibiotics for flu and 3% for a cold

Page 81: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

SPECI AL EUROBAROMETER 3 3 8 "Ant im icrobia l Resistance”

18

3 .2 Means of conveying inform at ion

W hen asked to ident ify their sources of inform at ion about not taking

ant ibiot ics unnecessarily, a lm ost a third of Europeans ( 3 0 % ) replied that they

had been advised by their doctor . 29% said they had seen an advertisement on

television, while 15% said that their source was a newspaper article or the TV news.

QD3b Where did you first get this information about not taking any antibiotics unnecessarily? - EU

(Asked to respondents saying that they have got any information about not taking any antibiotics

unnecessarily in the last 12 months - base = 9975)

29%

4%

2%

2%

5%

15%

4%

2%

2%

30%

5%

A doctor told me

I saw it on a TV advertisement

I read it in a newspaper or I saw it on the TV news

A pharmacist told me

A family member or friend told me

I saw it in a leaflet or on a poster

Another health professional (e.g. nurse, physical therapist) told

me

I heard it on the radio

I saw it on the Internet

Other

DK

The role played by doctors is particularly important in Hungary and Italy (59% each),

Romania (53%), the Czech Republic (48%)3. However, respondents in France (10%),

Sweden (13%), Malta (16%), Ireland and Latvia (19%) were the least likely to

mention a doctor as a source of information.

Respondents in France (71% compared with a European average of 29%) are by far

the most likely to have seen a TV advertisement on the subject, followed by those in

Belgium (51%), Luxembourg (40%), Spain (33%), Greece (32%) and Malta (30%).

Respondents in Sweden (47%), Finland (35%), Germany and Cyprus (34% each) are

the most likely to have obtained the information from a newspaper or the TV news

(compared with a European average of 15%).

Page 82: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

SPECI AL EUROBAROMETER 3 3 8 "Ant im icrobia l Resistance”

18

3 .2 Means of conveying inform at ion

W hen asked to ident ify their sources of inform at ion about not taking

ant ibiot ics unnecessarily, a lm ost a third of Europeans ( 3 0 % ) replied that they

had been advised by their doctor . 29% said they had seen an advertisement on

television, while 15% said that their source was a newspaper article or the TV news.

QD3b Where did you first get this information about not taking any antibiotics unnecessarily? - EU

(Asked to respondents saying that they have got any information about not taking any antibiotics

unnecessarily in the last 12 months - base = 9975)

29%

4%

2%

2%

5%

15%

4%

2%

2%

30%

5%

A doctor told me

I saw it on a TV advertisement

I read it in a newspaper or I saw it on the TV news

A pharmacist told me

A family member or friend told me

I saw it in a leaflet or on a poster

Another health professional (e.g. nurse, physical therapist) told

me

I heard it on the radio

I saw it on the Internet

Other

DK

The role played by doctors is particularly important in Hungary and Italy (59% each),

Romania (53%), the Czech Republic (48%)3. However, respondents in France (10%),

Sweden (13%), Malta (16%), Ireland and Latvia (19%) were the least likely to

mention a doctor as a source of information.

Respondents in France (71% compared with a European average of 29%) are by far

the most likely to have seen a TV advertisement on the subject, followed by those in

Belgium (51%), Luxembourg (40%), Spain (33%), Greece (32%) and Malta (30%).

Respondents in Sweden (47%), Finland (35%), Germany and Cyprus (34% each) are

the most likely to have obtained the information from a newspaper or the TV news

(compared with a European average of 15%).

Page 83: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

SPECI AL EUROBAROMETER 3 3 8 "Ant im icrobia l Resistance”

21

Respondents in Cyprus (90%), Malta (88%), Greece (86%), Bulgaria and Romania

(84%)5 are the most likely to say that in future they will always consult a doctor if they

think they need an antibiotic. Respondents in Denmark (56%), Cyprus (41%), Estonia

(40%), Malta, the Netherlands, Romania and Sweden (35%) are the most likely to say

that they will no longer take antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription.

The highest scores for stopping self-medication were recorded in Romania (39%),

Bulgaria (34%), Latvia (30%) and Denmark (27%).

3 .5 The m ost t rustw orthy sources of inform at ion

When asked which source of information they would use to obtain trustworthy

information about antibiotics, a very large majority of Europeans said that they would

choose a doctor (88% on average).

QD4 Which of the following sources of information would you use in order to get trustworthy

information on antibiotics?

( MAXI MUM 3 ANSWERS) - EU

42%

4%

5%

4%

2%

10%

18%

2%

1%

2%

1%

3%

5%

5%

88%

6%

A doctor

A pharmacy

A hospital

A nurse

Family or friends

Another health care facility

The Internet site from the National Government\the Ministry of

Health

The Internet site from the (NATIONAL PUBLIC HEALTH

INSTITUTE)

Another health related Internet site

A Health Medical Encyclopedia

The Internet site on Public Health from the EU

A national, independent public health body or organisation

A health related magazine

A newspaper or magazine

I am not looking for information on antibiotics (SPONTANEOUS)

Other (SPONTANEOUS)

5 The results for this question must be analysed with caution given the weakness of some bases in some

countries

Page 84: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Il problema dalla alfabetizzazione sanitaria (health literacy)

La alfabetizzazione sanitaria (Health Literacy) viene definita come il grado in cui un individuo ha la capacità di ottenere , elaborare e comprendere informazioni di base sulla salute e

sui servizi ad essa correlati per poter adottare scelte appropriate

Page 85: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Il problema dalla alfabetizzazione sanitaria (health literacy)

• L’US Department of Health and Human Services nel rapporto Healthy People 2010 sottolinea che la alfabetizzazione sanitaria include la abilità di comprendere istruzioni relative a

– prescrizioni di farmaci,

– spostamenti di appuntamenti,

– opuscoli informativi,

– consensi informati,

– indicazioni del medico

• L alfabetizzazione sanitaria non richiede semplicemente di sapere leggere ma anche allo stesso tempo di ascoltare e saper prendere delle decisioni riferite a problemi di Salute

Page 86: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

L’alfabetizzazione sanitaria è correlata agli esiti di salute

• Cancer Treatment – (Merriman, Betty, CA: A Cancer Journal for Physicians,

May/June 2002)

• Diabetes – (Schillinger, Dean, JAMA, July 24/31, 2002)

• Asthma – (Williams, MV, Chest, October 1998)

• Hypertension and Diabetes – (Williams MV, Archives of Internal Medicine, January 26,

1998)

Page 87: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

E i professionisti ?

Page 88: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

• Assistenza clinica processo di decisioni condivise

– Medico : esperto ed autorevole nelle scienze mediche

– Paziente : è colui che definisce I valori e le preferenze

• Popolazione e sistemi sanitari

– L’approccio basato sui soli interessi del singolo paziente deve tener conto del valore di offrire a tutti i pazienti un accesso equo all’assistenza necessaria

Page 89: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

• La relazione medico paziente – è stata pesantemente infuenzata dal movimento

per I diritti umani

– L’assistenza è guidata da indirizzi basati su decisioni condivise

• La sfida è trovare un equilibrio tra – L’aspettativa del paziente rispetto al proprio

medico

– L’attenzione del medico ad utilizzare saggiamente le risorse in modo efficiente ed onesto.

Page 90: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Systems view of professionalism

Page 91: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

• There is persuasive rationale for the active involvement of patients in health care professional education.

• There is promise and some evidence of benefits to students, patients, teachers and communities.

• However, we know too little of how to do it and how to optimise its impact, and we have too little systematic development and evaluation.

Page 92: Prof. Silvio Brusaferro

Quando pianifichi per 1 anno, pianta del grano.

Quando pianifichi per un decennio, pianta degli alberi.

Quando pianifichi per la vita, forma ed educa le persone

Proverbio Cinese

Grazie per l’attenzione !