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IMPATTI DELLA CRISI ECONOMICA IN ASIA
CENTRALEAzerbaigian, Kazakistan e Uzbekistan
Ilaria Rega
Ravenna, 5 maggio 2009
Che cosa comporta la crisi economica per le economie degli
Stati ex-Sovietici?Interruzione della crescita economica:
stagnazione o recessione virtualmente per tutte le economia nella regione post-Sovietica
Netto aumento della povertà da reddito, dell’ineguaglianza e delle altre dimensioni della povertà
Transizione e crescita: il caso della Russia
• Andamento del PIL a forma di “U”, riflettendo:
Transizione recessione (1990-1996)
Crisi finanziaria russa (1998)
Ripresa crescita (1998-2008)
1990 real GDP = 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Transizione e crescita in Asia Centrale
• Maggior crescita ha bisogno di controbilanciare il trend della popolazione
• Uzbekistan: lieve declino/forte ripresa
• Kazakistan: netto declino/forte ripresa
Source: CIS Statistical Committee
1990 real GDP = 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
Uzbekistan
Problemi della crescita per la riduzione della povertà (“U
invertita”)
Millions living in absolute income poverty in FSU, Turkey, Balkans, new EU member states. World Bank data, using Millions living in absolute income poverty in FSU, Turkey, Balkans, new EU member states. World Bank data, using 2005 PPP exchange rates.2005 PPP exchange rates.
158
38
162
55
197
64
214
77
183
64
142
47
0
250
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005
Living below $4.30/day Living below $2.15/day
Crescita, Povertà e Sviluppo umano
• Riduzione nella povertà in termini di reddito è buona ma lo sviluppo umano è meglio
• La dimensione della povertà non in termini di reddito è importante (salute, educazione, eguaglianza, libertà di scelta, opportunità)
Incremento della povertà dopo la crisi finanziaria russa
del 1998
74%
95%
77%
89%
56%
89%
56%66%
48%
63%
29%42%
0%
100%
Moldova
Armenia
Uzbekistan
Ukraine
Georgia
Russia
1996 poverty rate1999 poverty rate
Absolute income poverty, measured against PPP $ 4.30/day Absolute income poverty, measured against PPP $ 4.30/day threshold. World Bank data.threshold. World Bank data.
Previsioni sulla crescita:
4,6%
1,7%
-2,0%
8,1%
5,6%
-3,5%
7,6%
4,0%
-6,0%
6,0%7,0%
-4,0%
1,3%0,5%
-4,5%
-12%
0%
12%
Turkey Russia Ukraine Romania Hungary
2007 2008 2009
Annual GDP growth. IMF, JP Morgan publicationsAnnual GDP growth. IMF, JP Morgan publications
Contagio:meccanismo di trasmissione
• Shocks commerciali Prezzi (in termini di effetti commerciali) Quantità (riduzione della domanda di esportazione)
• Gap finanziari difficili da recuperare
• Rimesse in calo
Shock commerciale: principali indicatori nei
mercati chiave
-10% -9%-8%
-15%
0%
EU Russia USA
Change in industrial output, October 2008 – February 2009 (year-on-year)
Sources: Eurostat, EIU, national statistical offices
Termini dello shock commerciale:collasso prezzi delle
esportazioni• Questo trend è buono per i
Paesi importatori di cibo ed energia, ma…
• La maggior parte degli Stati ex-Sovietici sono esportatori di materie prime:
Energia (Azerbaijian, Kazakistan) Metalli (Kazakistan, Kyrgystan,
Tagjikistan) Cibo (Ucraina, Moldova,
Kazakistan)
40
60
80
100
2008M6
2008M7
2008M8
2008M9
2008M10
2008M11
2008M12
2009M1
2009M2
FoodMetalsEnergy
World price trends (June 2008=100)
IMF dataIMF data
Rifinanziamento: Attuale equilibrio dei conti (2008)
41%
22%
6% 5%
-6%-12% -13% -15%
-18%-25%-30%
0%
30%
60%
AZBUZB
RUSKAZ
UKRKYR
ARMTAJ
MOLGEO
Shares of 2008 GDP. Source: EIU.Shares of 2008 GDP. Source: EIU.
Significant refinancing issues could be Significant refinancing issues could be present. Much depends on FDI, present. Much depends on FDI,
concessional finance (IMF)concessional finance (IMF)
Significant refinancing Significant refinancing issues are presentissues are present
No refinancing issues
Pagamenti: chi è più a rischio?
46%
38%
19%
10% 9% 7% 5%
0%
50%
Tajikistan
Moldova
Kyrgyzstan
Albania
Armenia
Georgia
Bulgaria
Remittances as % of GDP. Source: Remittances as % of GDP. Source: WorldWorld
Settori in cui la Russia gioca uno speciale ruolo economico
nei Paesi ex-Sovietici
$10
$38
$21
$2
$11
$1
$15
$0
$40
Merchandiseimports
Remittances Serviceexports
FDI stock
19992008
In billions. Source: Central Bank of Russia. 2008 data are preliminary.In billions. Source: Central Bank of Russia. 2008 data are preliminary.
Dati della Banca Mondiale: alti tassi di povertà in Asia
Centrale
39%
95%
22%
90%
22%
90%
1%
50%
0%
100%
Uzbekistan Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Kazakhstan
PPP$1.25/dayPPP$4.30/day
2005 World Bank data, based on 2005 PPP exchange rates2005 World Bank data, based on 2005 PPP exchange rates
Tassi elevati di consumo di acqua
5324
2351 22921983 1901
1654
977
548 528 485 399 291173 172
0
6000
Turkmenistan
Kazakhstan
Uzbekistan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
USAEgypt
Turkey
Russia
China
Nepal
Israel
Morocco
Mongolia
In cubic metres per annum. From various years, 1998-2007. In cubic metres per annum. From various years, 1998-2007. Source: (http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dbase/index.stmSource: (http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/dbase/index.stm
Dovuto all’irrigazione, non all’uso familiare
41%
28%
23%
18%
14%
0%
50%
Tajikistan Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan Uzbekistan Kazakhstan
2004 data. Source: UNDP Human Development Report Office2004 data. Source: UNDP Human Development Report Office
Ma le riserve di acqua del periodo 2008-2009 sono al di
sotto della norma
-41%
-9%
-37%
-8%
-38%
-12%
-39%
-9%
-39%
-8%
-39%
-8%
-40%
-9%
-40%
-10%
-40%
-13%
-40%
-9%
-50%
0%
May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb.
Toktogul (KYR) Nurek (TAJ)
2008-2009 data, relative to monthly averages from 1991-2007. 2008-2009 data, relative to monthly averages from 1991-2007. Source: SIC-ICWC, UNDP calculations.Source: SIC-ICWC, UNDP calculations.
-17%
-8%
-20%
0%
KYR TAJ
12%
-2%
10%
-4%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
KYR* TAJ
20072008
Electric power generation, 2008Electric power generation, 2008
Lo shock Elettrico ha bloccato Lo shock Elettrico ha bloccato la crescita economicala crescita economica
Change in industrial outputChange in industrial output
Source: National statistical Source: National statistical officesoffices
* Kumtor production not included* Kumtor production not included
Come sono aumentati i costi dell’energia
$100
$145
$240
$0
$300
2007 2008 2009
$0,005
$0,016
$0,035
$0,00
$0,04
2002 2009 Cost-rec.
Price (per 1000 cubic metres) of gas importsPrice (per 1000 cubic metres) of gas imports from Uzbekistan, purchased by TAJ, KYRfrom Uzbekistan, purchased by TAJ, KYR
Per kWh. World Bank dataPer kWh. World Bank data
Imported gas costsImported gas costs Average household Average household electricity tariffs (TAJ)electricity tariffs (TAJ)
..E il prezzo del cibo rimane alto…..
Tajikistan:1,5 milioni di
persone vivono condizioni alimentari disagiate
-Più di 650,00 richiedono un intervento immediato.
KyrgyzstanCirca un milione a rischio
di carenze alimentari
Food price trends (January 2007 = 100)
100
180
Janu
ary
Mar
chM
ay July
Septe
mbe
r
Novem
ber
Janu
ary
Mar
chM
ay July
Septe
mbe
r
Novem
ber
Janu
ary
Global
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan
20072008 2009
Sources: FAO, national statistical offices; UNDP calculationsSources: FAO, national statistical offices; UNDP calculations
Portando alla crescita dell’inflazione
10%
13%
21%
11%
15%
26%
0%
30%
Consumer price inflation Food price inflation
200620072008
Average annual inflation rates. Source: National statistical officeAverage annual inflation rates. Source: National statistical office
TajikistanTajikistan
Diminuzione dei flusso di pagamenpossibili are d’azione
per migliorare la situazione76%
40%
82%
55%62%
43%
10%25%
-29%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
2008:Q1 2008:Q2 2008:Q3 2008:Q4 2009:Q1*
TajikistanKyrgyzstan
Sources: National Banks of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan; IMF. 2009:Q1 data are for January-February
Allo stesso modo i prezzi di esportazione ed i tassi di cambio del
Tajikistan’s sono crollati
Global price trends: August 2008 = 100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. March
Aluminium
Cotton
3.4
3.9
1/19/2
009
1/26/2
009
2/2/2009
2/9/2009
2/16/2
009
2/23/2
009
3/2/2009
3/9/2009
3/16/2
009
3/23/2
009
3/30/2
009
Source: OANDASource: OANDASource: IMFSource: IMF
Tre possibili aree d’azione per migliorare la situazione
• Acqua e energia: Diminuire le tensioni dovute alla scarsità d’acqua
• Diminuzione del tasso d’inflazione
• Rimesse in scadenza… ma per importi elevatissimi
La siccità è in diminuzione…
-10%
-25%
-13%
-21%
-9%
-14%
0%
3%
-30%
-20%
-10%
0%
10%
December January February March
Nurek (TAJ)Charvak (UZB)
Water volumes for these months in 2008-2009, relative to average volumes Water volumes for these months in 2008-2009, relative to average volumes for these months during 1991-2007. Source: ICWC-SIC, UNDP calculationsfor these months during 1991-2007. Source: ICWC-SIC, UNDP calculations
….Ma non nel Bacino Syr Darya
-40%-42%
-21%
-40%-37%
-15%
-40%
-32%
-19%
-34%-36%
-19%
-50%
0%
December January February March
Toktogul (KYR) Andijan (KYR) Kayrakkum (TAJ)
Water volumes for these months in 2008-2009, relative to average volumes Water volumes for these months in 2008-2009, relative to average volumes for these months during 1991-2007. Source: ICWC-SIC, UNDP calculationsfor these months during 1991-2007. Source: ICWC-SIC, UNDP calculations
Il tasso d’inflazione del prezzo del cibo sta scendendo
• Ma i prezzi del cibo satanno ancora salendo
• Ie pressioni per l’emergenza cibo continuano
• Come si traduce allora l’abbassamento globale del prezzo cibo in quello del prezzo del cibo del Tajikistan?
Tajikistan: Year-on-year food price inflation rates
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
July O ct. Jan. Ap ril July O ct. Jan.
Source: National Statistical OfficeSource: National Statistical Office
Le rimesse potrebbero diminuire moltissimo
$600$521
$1,204
$754
$1,774
$1,041
$2,669
$1,462
$0
$3,000
2005 2006 2007 2008
TajikistanKyrgyzstan
Wages and transfers received, in million. Sources: National Banks of Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan; IMF.
2009 Prospettive di crescita..grandi incertezze
PILPIL 7.9%7.9% It’s not clear where It’s not clear where growth will come growth will come
from in 2009from in 2009
IndustryIndustry -4.0%-4.0% ““Electric shock” is Electric shock” is giving industrial giving industrial
production a production a seasonal seasonal character.character.
Electricity Electricity consumption consumption
dropped 7% during dropped 7% during January-February, January-February, and export demand and export demand
is falling sharply.is falling sharply.
AgricultureAgriculture 7.9%7.9% Reduction in cotton Reduction in cotton planted, more land planted, more land under cultivation under cultivation seemed to offset seemed to offset
the drought.the drought.
Prospects in the Prospects in the Amu-Darya basin Amu-Darya basin
may be better than may be better than in the Syr-Darya in the Syr-Darya
Basin.Basin.
Fixed Fixed investmentinvestment
60.8%60.8% Due mostly to Due mostly to budget spending budget spending on infrastructure, on infrastructure,
and housing and housing construction construction financed by financed by remittances.remittances.
It’s not clear that It’s not clear that these trends will these trends will continue in 2009.continue in 2009.
Conclusioni
• The crisis will reduce growth, human development in The crisis will reduce growth, human development in the regionthe region– Poverty will risePoverty will rise– Much development progress could be lostMuch development progress could be lost
• Key priorities in the response:Key priorities in the response:– Protect those most vulnerable:Protect those most vulnerable:
• Better targeting of social benefitsBetter targeting of social benefits• Scaling up those initiatives that can quickly and effectively Scaling up those initiatives that can quickly and effectively
reach vulnerable communitiesreach vulnerable communities– Don’t forget about other, longer-run development threats Don’t forget about other, longer-run development threats
(e.g., climate change)(e.g., climate change)
• Once growth returns, or accelerates:Once growth returns, or accelerates:– Will it be as strong as before?Will it be as strong as before?– Will reforms and “transition” resume?Will reforms and “transition” resume?