?r,

D. D. ^DE

US U SENSUUMMEDIATO

MEDITATION ES,QUAS,

VENIA AM? LI SS. FACULT. PHILOSOPH. UPSAL,

PRAESIDE

Do« PET"RO NICOLAOCHRISriERNIN,

LOG. ET METAPH. PROF. REG. ET ORD.

PRO LAUREAEXHIBET

JOHAN. ERIC. SUNDELIUS,JT1IEND. NESSE!., FJERDH,

IN AUD1T. GUST. MAJ. D. IV JUNII3 MDCCLXXIX.

HORIS A. M. SOLITIS.

USUS MAGISTER EST OPTIMUS.Cicero.

UP SA LI JE,AruD JOH. EDMAN, disigt. et reg. acad. tyrogt.

TO

THE HONOURABLE SIR,

CHARLES GUSTAV. EKEBERG,CAPTAIN of the ROYAL ADMIRALTY,

KNIGHTofHISMAJESTY'SNOBLEORDERofWASAand

MEMBER of the ROYAL ACADEMY of SCIENCESät STOCKHOLM.

May it pleafe Your Honour!Oeing about to exhibit ond defence the prefent Diflertation of the rae*

diäte ufe of rbe human fenfes, to whom, but to Your Honour, fhouldJ with more propriety infcribe it: who ever have been, and (till are ufingYours, with a profound knowledge to the benefit of mankind, and a truereputation to Your Seif.

Befides the kindeft favoufs, fiowing from Your mofi: candid aud ele¬gant Heart to Your happy friends aud fervants; how fenfible have Youmade men in more rban half the tenaqueous giobe, of the utmoft candourand ferenity of Soul throughonf the two moll fickle and boifterous elementsef the Creation; inftead of a juft, thougn lefs noble eafe, even in Yourlater yesrs.

How fenfible hare You made Your Country and the Honourable Eaft-India Direclion of Your great Senfe, Your extenfive and unwearied ex*

perience, Your fleady, compofed and unfhaken courage? and by a virttiefo rare in our age! J mean that fincere and refigned piety to GODl hyall wich, He has alfo made Y'ou fuccefisful through Your whole worthyand virtuous ftage of life: wherein Your renowned Parts and corrfumateConduÖ, have been a fure guide to otbers» as well as Your worthy Seif.

But wbether have Your tranfeendent merits both in publickand domefiick life together with my own unaware gratitude for innume«table received favour-s biaffed me? hopelefs of ever being able of doingYou juftice to the publick end without my own mind: j therfore inuftBop fhort in only wifhing You with Your honourable virtous Family anpofiihle bleffings of kind heaven and befeeching You moll humbly ahvaysto be looked upon, as with the fincereft gratefulnefs and refpect,

HONOURABLE SIR!

Your truely devoted, vioft humbJe, moft obedititltand ever ohliged fcrvoiit,

JOHN ERIC SUNDELIUS.

DE USU SENSUUMMED1ATO.

Quiäquiä animo cernimus, id omne oritur a fenßbus.Cicero.

5. r.Jntroduttio.

Senfibus utimur tantum non omnibus omnes;ita enim benigniffima pariter ac fapientiftima\ Dei O. M. difpofitione humana noftra con-fticuta eft natura , ut non poffimus non res

nobis obvias percipere fenfibus, quorum ope igi-tur quotidie indigemus, truimur & dele&amur}quocirca de immediato fenfuum ufu neceflario, cuifit mens fana in corpore fano, jure vel facile fanedubitaverit nemo; (i autem ferio quis hoc ageret,medicamentis credo eum melius, quam Logicis &Pfychologicis corrigendum efie argumentis ei).

Verum enim vero a fenfibus prima omnis hu¬mans tam cognitionis, quam a&ionis repetenda funcincunabula; etenim a fenfibus integris refts oriun-tur fenfationes, quibus iterum rite repetitis debitasniwntur obfervationes, & his denique ipfis veraqusvis fundatur experientia, qus optimis quibus-que eruditis ideo fuo cerce fummo merito adcom-inodate admodum rerum magiftra & mater faluta-

A tur

a) Cfr. Difiert. CJariff. D. Tegman de Philofophiafalfa §§. 2. 3.

%. De ufu finfiiumÉiir fciennarum F). Nulla profe&o cum fucceftu in-ftitui poceft reflexio, nifi pnrceflerit hifiorica q ;ae*dam obie&orum cognitio , obfervationibus haufia.Et diu omnino homines fenciunt, antequani de re¬bus fenfibus perceptis ratiocinari & meditari inci«piant. Quo vero clarius & frequentius res conbde-randae ienfibus exploratse fuerinc, eo cercius & fa-cilius ad meditandum de iis progredimui: ea enimqux omnem fenfuurn fugiunc aciem, femper ob-fcura nobis & incerta manent.. Hinc qui plura ob-je£ta eorumque mucaciones exadhus ac plenius ob-fervavic, ampliorem longe refkxionum & medita«.tionum ilorizontem habet, quam qui pauciores res& minus adtente ac perfefte fenfibus examinavit.Quod evidenter licet fat fuperque doöis non mi¬nus quam indo&is jam dudum notum fir; nihilotarnen minus eo fi&ionis, ne facbonis dicam, us*que progrediuntur haud pauci, ut abstra&is fuisiisdemque gratis plerumque adiumtis opinionibus,liumanam totarri quantam vitam adfcribere atquenotitiam vix verecundentur. Cujus res maximimomenti pro virili vindicandse ergo, qualescumqueha^cc de ufu fenfuurn mediato medicationes Tecum,Candide Lefctor, voSuimus communicatas , qnae fiminus quidem Tibimet fuerint probatse, id argumen-tantij nec argumento facilis tribuas digniffimo.,

& Ib.

b) Vid. PifTert. Ciariff. D. Tömflen de experientiavidgari, Prsefide Celeb. Prof. S Duraeo §. i. & Max.Rev. D, D. Nie. Wall, Pfych. emp. §. 284.

meåiatö,, B

$. ii.U/wx fenfaum in Fhyficis primus immeåiatus%

mediatus inde.Ad indo'em cognltionis noftrae quando debita

oonverfa f jerit adtencio, obfervare licebit illam prin-c i p io & maxime verfari circa ea, quae externos pro-xime adficiunt fenfus. FiddTimis hisce anirnae mini-flris, rerum extra nos poficarum fingularium ideas,prirnum adq lirimus, easdemque fimpiices, unifor¬mes aue diffjrmes, unde dein oriuntur complexae& compofirae. Quas iterum adfidua prudemerquerepetita fenfim perficimas exercitatione, magis ma-gFque eas claras reddendo ac diftin&as, alias cumaliis tliccelTive comparances. Arque tum demum aconcrecis ad abstra&a, a fingularibus ad univerfaliaab$.tra0:ioni> aixilio, ufuque leÄfuum mediato ad-icendere re£te eonamur & incipimo*. Sic tandemunam rem vel ideam, ejosve part'em feparatim abaliis confideramus & experimur, aut ab individuisp*r varierates, fpecie% genera & ordines ad clafleseundo, generalis rerum naturaiium , cerris funda-men is & fin ilitudinibus exftru£fca, conduntur Syfte-mata, quae hnbitnalem maxime adjuvant cognirio-nem c\ Hoc praeeipue modo a phasnomenis fenfuiobje&is ad veram Philofophiam pervenire datur na-ruralem five Phyficam, qux generatim omnem no«

A 2 ftram

c) Ctr. Diftert. Clarili: D. Netzel de origine, ufu& abulu idear. abstraft, nec non Oiftert darift, D, Guft°Chriftietnin de fubfidiis cognitionis habitualis#

4 De uju fenfuumftram de corporibus generaliorem fignificat cogni¬tionern, obfervationibus adquifitam Sc experimentis.Habet hsec tres qnafi gradus, qui occafionem tribusdedere fcientiis, Hiftoriae Naturali, Phyficae Sc Che*miae, quae primum tarnen & ultimo mediate pen¬delt a (enfibus d). Omnes quoque reflexiones Schyporhefes ingeniofiflimae in Aftronomia, Chemia acMedicin.i , in nudas conje&uras & inanes h&ionesabeunc, quoties per fenfuum obfervationes nuila exparte confirmantnr. Unica haec efl veritatum phy-ficarum via Sc infallibilis norma> qua reli£ta in me-ris tenebris ambulamus.

§. III.TJJus fenfuum in Pfycbologia mediatus♦

Qoemadmodum pofl: plurium extra nos pofita«rum rernm fenfatione?, nobis denique noftri e^adi»mus confcii, (ic a faciliori quoque rerum materia-lium confideratione ad difficiliorem d am immate-rialium fubftantiarum demum progredimur Cogni¬tionen! , quae tanto magis eft ardua, quanto pluri-bus ea & majoribus impedita fit obftaculis. Corpo*mm namque exfiftentise ac qualitates nobis multonoriores funt animse, hujusque ab illis, ufu fenfuummediato abstrahendo, vix nifi negativam habemus

no»

d) Cfr. 1). Gregorii Steenman Thef. Phyfic. de me»thodo Phiiolophandi experimencali & Mathemarica, &aoledn. till forelåfn. ofver Chemiens befkaffenhct och nytta,famt naturl. kroppars allm. egenik. af Chemie Profeflo-ren och Riddaren af Kongi. Vafa Orden, Herr TorbernBergman, 1779.

mediato. 5

notionem. Noftrum corpus difle&ionibus & obferva-tionibus cognofcimus Anatomicis. Hac ipfa via foreut ad (piritus ejusque facultatum perveniamus Co¬gnitionen! fperare poflumus. Illum quafi difiecare,ut ita dicere liceat, oportet, fi veram operationumejus connexionem cognofcere voluerimus & confti-tutionem. In difficili autem hocce negotio, animsenoftrae detegendi & illuftrandi operationes, feiicesnos fa&uros progreflus nec nobis nec aliis perfva-deamus, nifi a fimplicifllmis & frequentioribus pede-tentim & circumfpe&e ad magis complicata & ra-riora procedendo. Hac igitur ratione externi quin-que fenfus primi confiderari merentur in analyfi fa¬cultatum humanarum, qui non nifi mediante illo-rum ufu legitimo rite cognofci umquam poterunt ej,

§. IV.Vfus fenjuum mediatus in fcientiis moralibus.Guftus quidem moralis aeque neceflarius & com¬

munis eft, ne phyficus, fenfadones tarnen moralespracedunt phyficae, primam notidam fubminiftran-tes ac indolem obje&orum, quae grato aut ingratonos adficiunt fenfu. Ad vitse felicitatera adfpiramus,dum fpiramus & fperamus, omnes, quae fiquidemveri fuerit nominis, in perpetuis ftabilis & continuaevoluptatis, gratis confirfit ienfationibus, ad quas riteobtinendas & continuandas, ingratas vero fugien-

A 3 das,e) Recherches fur fentendement humain, d'apres les

principes du fens rommun, par Thomas Reid, Profefi"de Philofophie. Chapitre I: introd. Sect i. 2. Chap. it;Se&. i.

6 De afu fenfuum

das, maxime opus h bemus ufu fenfuurn mediaro.«Quicumque fenfu mori'i auc plane deftituitur, uxfunoli & maniaci, auc eundem in aÖiöfium lihera-rum percepcione haud diligsncer exercuent, uc ho-mines feri, & incer b^flias ed icaci , non clarius &Felicias in juflo & injuftq, in virtutibus & viriis dija-dicaodis verfacur, quam c#cus natus auc in Ohustenebris educatus in lumine '& coloribus difcernendis.Kullam enirn a&ionis Über# ideam innatam haberepoffumus f).

§• VSenfuum ufus mediatus in Theologia^ tam naturali,

quam revelata,Quo quis magis & melius in quolibec human#

cognitionis genere hieric verfatus, eo quoque faciliusfuas ad Deum noftramque cum eo communionem,& ad id optirne conducencia adminieuja naturalia pa-riter atque revelata tandem eyehere poterit cogita-tiones, qu# a fenfibus remotiffim# Ont ac difficiüirr.ae..De Deo namque & fpiritualibus idese nobis iunc rela¬tiv# & reflex#, qu# non nifi poft fongum plurima-rum rerum u'um multamque experienriarn iocumhabent g). Quin immo in ipfa Scriptura Sacra, The-oiogiae revelat# fönte puriflimo, digne intelligenda &explicanda, non nihil pendet ab experientia. Ubi deanimalibus, plantis, arboribus, aromatibus, gemmis

Scri-

f) Cfr. Diflerf. ClarifH D. Widgren de fenfu com-muni jufti & injufti & S'enfelt de comparar. inter fen-fum phyfic. & Moral, nec non Boethii de fenfationibusgratis & ingratis, atque GellerrsMoral, forel. i afdeln. 2 forel.

g) Cfr. Ciarill. D. Wallquift Elementa Theo). Nac. §. 2.

medlato < 7

Scriptura foquitur, ibi facileomnes utilidimam 8z fappeneci-ffariam experientise operarn pradicant» Eli fanefl des ex auditu. Et Ii auditorres ip as in Scriptura Sa»era commemoratas, aut quae cum iis propiorem ana¬logiam habent» fuis ferifibus clare perceperit & obler-vaverit, tanto aptior judicatur ad verba revelacionisintelligenda & expiicanda. Nam Sacra Scriptura de re¬bus naturalibus & fenlibiljbus ita loquitur, quemad«rnodum in lenfus adtendentium communiter incur-runt, neque virtutes & vitia aliter defcribit, quamfenfum moralem in communi hominum converfatione,hs a£liones & inclinationes adficere deprehenduntur«>Quoties S.icri Scriptores nullas vocum adhibitarumtradunt definkiones, non alias verborum noiiones aDeo prsefupponi & in nobis excitari poflunt, quamquas animis nodris jam per experientiam inhärent,aut quas adquirimus, dum ipfo opere in nobis experi-mur ea, de auihus Auöores divinitus aÖi loquuntur0Sic qpando Revelatio divina inculcac caditatem, tempe-rantiam, juditiam,.pietatem,-Dei laudem & gloriam, idaverba dne adtentione ad fenfationes & reflexiones ho-n inum communes, re£Ve percipi & intelligi nequeunt^Numquam intelliges Davidem, donec ipfa experientia,ipfis Pfalmor lim adfcius indueris > ut refriftirne akBernhardus. Cum euquoque con(piratWernsdorfEus,fub pnefidio Danhaveri, inquiens: Davidica non intel-ligit, qui Davidica non eft experius Inde etiamed, quod tenrationes & fpirituales exercitationes interprrceipua cognirionis Theologicae adjumenta referrefoléanc Theologb. x

§• VI.b) Didert, de TheoAcg. experimentaii, pag. 34,

f De ufu fenfumn mediato.$♦ VI. Claufula.

Sic pauciflimis hiscc per fumma tantum capitaeundo, fatis tamen Le&oribus patere arbitror, totamnoftram vitam tam rationalem, quam animalem acfpiritualem, & non minus cognitionem reflexivam,quam hifloricam a fenfibus incipere & continuari,iisdemque ultimato fuam debere veritatem & certitu-dinem. fn omnibus fcientiis necefie ert, ut abstra&aperfpiciamus in concretis & univerfalia in fingulari-bus, (i ultra cognitionem verbalem proficere volu-mus, Senfus fåne inenarrabile quid in rerum cogni-tione praeftant, quod verbis non poteft cum impe-ritis communicari, ut fatius fit rem coram fencire,quam ab aliis commemoracam legere vel audire.Senluum mßgnus abufus, tollere tamen minime de.bet maximum ufum tam immediatum, quam media¬rum , aäionibus seque ac meditationibus & judiciis

nos tandem perducentem ad fempiternamnoftram felicitacem &

SUMMI NUMINIS GLORIAM.

Remnvquez fur • tout, qii* auffitot qu*on a Ju obferver, on aété conduit de découvertes en decouvertes. Condillac.

To the Author.The fweet fmndfhip, thar has tied our union fpreads into my foul t

deligbt more easy to be tafted rhan defcribed, when J have tbis occafionto declare, with wbat a hearty a pleafure J does take part in the tneritedapplaufes, with wich the leanied world will honour Your prefent fair DiflTer»tstion, wherein You do fbew, how very weil You have known make ufeof the fenfes to the improvement and accomplifhment of Your Mind. Dotheifore receive thefe few lines astheleafl gratitude and acknowledgment of

Yourfinctrefl and moft obliged Friend and Servant

JAMES ANDREWS CASSTROM.