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Transcript of Master Catania (3 Modulo
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EPIDEMIOLOGIA MOLECOLARE DEITUMORI E DI ALTRE PATOLOGIE
CRONICO-DEGENERATIVE
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GIORNI-SETTIMANE
ANNI-DECENNI
Analisi dimetaboliti
Mutagenicitdi escreti
Addotti aDNA e
proteine
Alterazioni metaboliche
Danno e riparazione del DNA
Mutazioni/Effetti citogenetici
Attivazione di oncogni
Delezione o mutazione digeni oncosoppressori
Effetti su proliferazione,differenziazione, apoptosi
FATTORIDI RISCHIO
MALATTIE
MARCATORI DIESPOSIZIONE
DOSE
MENTEEFFETTIVA
DANNIBIOLOGICIPRECOCI
BIOLOGICA-
MAINSTREAMSMOKE
SIDESTREAMSMOKE
ENVIRONMENTALCIGARETTESMOKE (ECS)
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GIORNI-SETTIMANE
ANNI-DECENNI
Analisi dimetaboliti
Mutagenicitdi escreti
Addotti aDNA e
proteine
Alterazioni metaboliche
Danno e riparazione del DNA
Mutazioni/Effetti citogenetici
Attivazione di oncogni
Delezione o mutazione digeni oncosoppressori
Effetti su proliferazione,differenziazione, apoptosi
FATTORIDI RISCHIO
MALATTIE
MARCATORI DIESPOSIZIONE
DOSE
MENTEEFFETTIVA
DANNIBIOLOGICIPRECOCI
BIOLOGICA-
FATTORI PROTETTIVI
STOP
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CELLULABERSAGLIO
CELLULAINIZIATA
CELLULA
NEOPLASTICA
DOSE DIESPOSIZIONE
DOSEFARMACOLOGICA
DOSECELLULARE
DOSEBERSAGLIO
DOSEMOLECOLARE
DOSIMETRIA DEGLI XENOBIOTICI
ADDOTTO AL DNA
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40
30
20
10
0
0 50 100 150 200
BPDE-DNA adducts (FU)
Cigarettes/day
A. Izzotti et al., Carcinogenesis 12, 1281-1285, 1991
r = 0.57
P < 0.05
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SIGNUM PROJECT (918 subjects)End-points: DNA adducts
8oxodG
Metabolic polymorphisms
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ADDOTTI AL DNA DEL FEGATO DI WOODCHUCKS, INRELAZIONE ALLINFEZIONE CON IL VIRUS DELLEPATITE
WHV
WHV +
A. Izzotti et al., Chem.-Biol. Inter. 97, 273-285, 1995
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MALATTIECARDIOVASCOLARI
DIAGNOSI
TERAPIA
EPIDEMIOLOGIA
PREVENZIONE
FATTORI DI RISCHIO E FATTORI PROTETTIVI
IL FENOMENO DELLICEBERG PER MALATTIE CRONICODEGENERATIVE
BPCO
CANCRO
DannoalDNA
Stressossidativo
Infiammazionecronica
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THE 'OMICS TECHNOLOGIES
PROTEOME
Proteins
GENOME
DNA
Coloredby: SHAMvs CS,DefaultInterpretation( sham.txt)GeneList: mmu(484)
MIRNOME
MicroRNARNA
TRANSCRIPTOME
Chronicdegenerative
diseasesand critical
periodsof life
PROTECTIVE FACTORS
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A. Izzotti et al., FASEB J. 23, 806812, 2009
mRNA
SHAM
Proteins
SHAM
1000 10000
1000
10000
DNA MicroRNA
SHAM
0,01 0,1 1 10 100
0,01
0,1
1
10
100
CIGA
RETTESMOKE
MOLECULAR EFFECTS OF CIGARETTE SMOKE IN RAT LUNG
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COMMON PATHOGENETIC MECHANISMS
DNA damage
Epigenetic mechanisms
Oxidative stress
Chronic inflammation
Genetic predisposition
CancerStem cell
susceptibility
Agerelateddiseases
Perinatalvulnerability
Transplacentaldamage
Degenerativeheart diseases
Metabolicsyndrome
Neurological
disordersSkin ageingand alopecia
Diabetes
Chronic obstructivepulmonary diseases
Atherosclerosis
Eye diseases
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
Cancer / Physical agentsCancer / Physical agents
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
Cancer / Chemicals
and
complex mixtures
Cancer / Chemicals
and
complex mixtures
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
Cancer / Microbial diseasesCancer / Microbial diseases
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
COPDCOPD(A.(A. IzzottiIzzotti etet al., FASEBal., FASEB JJ. 17, 1127. 17, 1127--29, 2003)29, 2003)
(R. Balansky et al., Carcinogenesis 30, 1398(R. Balansky et al., Carcinogenesis 30, 1398--401, 2009)401, 2009)
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
AlopeciaAlopecia
(R. Balansky et al., PNAS USA 103, 7823(R. Balansky et al., PNAS USA 103, 7823--28, 2006)28, 2006)
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
Heart diseasesHeart diseases
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
Neurodegenerative diseasesNeurodegenerative diseasesS. La Maestra et al., Toxicol. Sci. 123, 471S. La Maestra et al., Toxicol. Sci. 123, 471--9, 20119, 2011
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PROLIFERATION AND CHRONIC DEGENERATIVE DISEASES
DNA damageDNA repair
Oxidative stressChronic inflammation
Epigenetic mechanisms
Degenerativediseases of
the myocardium
Neuro-degenerative
diseases
Atheroscleroticplaque
Cancer
Proliferation
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
Eye diseasesEye diseases
(A. Izzotti et al., Am. J. Med. 114, 638(A. Izzotti et al., Am. J. Med. 114, 638--646, 2003)646, 2003)
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Pathological conditionsPathological conditions
Rare genetic diseasesRare genetic diseases(A. Izzotti et al., Neurology 71, 610(A. Izzotti et al., Neurology 71, 610--2, 2008)2, 2008)
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Physiological situationsPhysiological situations
Pregnancy and perinatal
period
Pregnancy and perinatal
period
(A. Izzotti et al., Mutat. Res. Rev. 544, 441(A. Izzotti et al., Mutat. Res. Rev. 544, 441--449, 2003)449, 2003)
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Physiological situationsPhysiological situations
AgingAging
(R. Balansky et al., Cancer Res. 56, 1642(R. Balansky et al., Cancer Res. 56, 1642--7, 1996)7, 1996)
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Physiological situationsPhysiological situations
Stem cellsStem cells
(S. De Flora et al., Int. J. Oncol. 29, 521(S. De Flora et al., Int. J. Oncol. 29, 521--529, 2006)529, 2006)
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A. Izzotti et al., FASEB J. 17, 126-129, 2003
DNA adducts/108 nucleotides
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5
NAC
SHAM
ECS *ECS + NAC
MN PCE ()
0 2,5 5 7,5 10 12,5
NAC
SHAM
ECS *ECS + NAC
8-oxo-dG/105 nucleotides
0 5 10 15 20 25
NAC
SHAM
ECS *ECS + NAC
GENOMIC AND TRANSCRIPTIONAL ALTERATIONSIN MOUSE FETUS LIVER
TRANSPLACENTALCIGARETTE SMOKE
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GSH
metabolism5/7 (71%)
Housekeeping
genes0/9 (0%)
Oxidative
damage4/7 (57%)
EXPRESSION OF 746 GENES IN A/J MOUSE FOETUS LIVER
SHAM
SMOKE
Xenobiotic
metabolism18/50 (36%)
Stress
response18/120 (15%)
Protein repair
and removal15/21 (71%)
Apoptosis11/23 (48%)
Cell cycle
regulation19/96 (20%)
Growth factors
and cytoskeleton8/99 (8%)
Transcription
factors6/100 (6%)
Cell
receptors5/99 (5%)
A. Izzotti et al., FASEB J. 17, 126-129, 2003
DNA repair7/115 (6%)
AngiogeninVEGF precursor
DNA repair7/115 (6%)
NACGPxGST 1
GST MGST GST Pi 1
Ox-stress proteinCatalaseCu-Zn SOD 1 prec.Mn SOD 2 prec.
Trypsin-relatedserine protease
1-Antitrypsinprecursor
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UNTREATEDPREGNANT
MICE
GENOMIC CHANGES IN MOUSE LUNG AT BIRTH
A. Izzotti et al., Mutat. Res. (Rev. Genetic Toxicol.), 544, 441-449, 2003
DNA adducts Expression of 746 genes8-oxo-dGuo
Newborn mice / fetuses
5.05.01.9P < 0.05 P < 0.001
2.00.9NS
NS
NACTREATEDPREGNANT
MICE
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INDUCTION OF LUNG TUMORS BY CIGARETTE SMOKEIN MICE EXPOSED EARLY IN LIFE
R. Balansky et al., Carcinogenesis 28, 223643, 2007
Time (months)
No.oflungtumors/mouse
5 6 7 8
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
Males
2 3 410
Incidence = 14/22 (63.6%)
Multiplicity = 6.1 1.64
Incidence = 12/16 (75.0%)
Multiplicity = 13.6 2.33
Females
5 6 7 82 3 410
Spontaneous deaths
Including one
malignant tumor
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PRENATAL NACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC) PREVENTSCIGARETTE
SMOKEINDUCED LUNG TUMORS IN NEONATAL MICE
Incidence (%) Multiplicity (mean SE)
Sham
MCS
NACMCS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.53.0
Sham
MCS
NACMCS
Sham
MCS
NACMCS
Sham
MCS
NACMCS
Total lungtumors
Microadenomas
Adenomas
Bronchoalveolar carcinomas
Total lungtumors
Microadenomas
Adenomas
Bronchoalveolar carcinomas
R. Balansky et al., Carcinogenesis 30, 13981401, 2009
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PRENATAL NACETYLCYSTEINE (NAC) PREVENTS CIGARETTESMOKEINDUCED HISTHOPATOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS IN
NEONATAL MICE
Incidence (%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
ShamMCS
NACMCS
Alveolar epithelium hyperplasia
Emphysema
Urinary bladder epithelium hyperplasia
Sham
MCS
NACMCS
Sham
MCS
NACMCS
R. Balansky et al., Carcinogenesis 30, 13981401, 2009
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Ramos et al. (1996). In Casarett and Doulls Toxicology, The Basic Scienceof Poisons, pp. 487527
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HUMAN ABDOMINAL AORTAWITH ATHEROSCLEROTIC
LESIONS
Extraction of DNA from smooth muscle cells
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MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY
OF ATHEROSCLEROSISS. De Flora et al., FASEB J. 11: 1021-1031, 1997
The levels of 32P postlabelled DNA adducts in the aorta from85 atherosclerotic patients were significantly correlated with:
-Age of patients
-Number of cigarettes smoked currently
-High blood pressure
-Blood triglycerides
-Blood cholesterol (total/HDL)-SFS-positive DNA adducts
-Oxidative DNA damage (8-OH-dG)
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0 5 10 15 20 25
DNA adducts/10 nucleotides8
MODULATION OF DNA ADDUCTS BY DIETARY
AGENTS IN THE AORTA OF SMOKE-EXPOSED RATS
A. Izzotti et al., Mutat. Res. 494, 97-106, 2001
ECS + OPZ
ECS + NAC
ECS + PEITC
ECS + D3T
ECS
SHAM
ECS + NAC + OPZ
P< 0.01
P< 0.01
P< 0.01
ECS + 5,6-BF
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8oxodG DNA ADDUCTS
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0 5 10 15 20 3525 30
DNA adducts/10 nucleotides8
MODULATION OF DNA ADDUCTS BY DIETARY
AGENTS IN THE HEART OF SMOKE-EXPOSED RATS
S. De Flora and A. Izzotti, Mutat. Res. 667, 15-26, 2009
ECS
SHAM
ECS + OPZ
ECS + NAC
ECS + PEITC
ECS + D3T
ECS + NAC + OPZ
P< 0.01ECS + 5,6-BF
P< 0.01
P< 0.001
P< 0.001
P< 0.05
ADDOTTI AL DNA DI RATTO
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ADDOTTI AL DNA DI RATTO
A. Izzotti et al., FASEB J. 12, 753-758, 1998
Controlli Etanolo Fumo Fumo +Etanolo
Esofago
Fegato
Polmone
Cuore
DANNO OSSIDATIVO AL DNA NEL TRABECOLATO OCULARE
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DANNO OSSIDATIVO AL DNA NEL TRABECOLATO OCULARE
(A. Izzotti et al., Am. J. Med. 114, 638-646, 2003)
25
20
15
10
5
0
GSTM1 - nulli GSTM1 +
Malati di glaucoma (n = 39)
GSTM1 - nulli GSTM1 +
Controlli (n = 47)
8
oxodG/1
05nucleotidI
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BIOTRANSFORMATION OF GENOTOXIC AGENT IN MARINE SPONGES.
MECHANISMS AND MODULATION
S. De Flora et al.Mutagenesis 10, 357364, 1995
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FIUMELAMBRO
FIUME PO
A CONTROLLIIN ACQUARIO
MONITORAGGIO BIOTOSSICOLOGICODELLACQUA
MONITORAGGIO BIOTOSSICOLOGICODEI SEDIMENTI
Bioindicatori alterati in trote stabulate
nel punto C:
Iniezione di estratti di sedimenti in
trote adulteA]
B] Esposizione per contatto di larve di trota
Mutagenicit della bile (1)
Induzione di enzimi microsomiali epatici (2)
Induzione dellattivazione metabolica di uncancerogeno nel fegato(2)
Effetti citogenetici (micronuclei ineritrociti(3)
Eliminazione di metaboliti fluirescenti conla bile (1)
BC
Induzione di enzimi microsomiali epatici (2)
Induzione di enzimi microsomiali in estrattidi larva (2)
Indicatori biotossicologici
(1) Marcatore di esposizione
(2) Marcatore di effetto biologicoprecoce
(3) Marcatore di danno genetico
MUTAGENICITY OF SEDIMENTS ALONG THE PO RIVER AND
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GENOTOXICITY BIOMARKERS IN FISH
L. Vigan et al., Mutat. Res. 515, 125134, 2002
ADDOTTI BPA DNA IN VITROADDOTTI BPA DNA IN VITRO
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A. Izzotti, S. Kanitz , F. DAgostini, A. Camoirano & S. De Flora, Mutat. Res. 679, 28-32, 2009
ADDOTTI BPADNA IN VITROADDOTTI BPADNA IN VITRO
SPOTS AUTORADIOGRAFICI
0 50 100 150 200 2500
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Adducts/108
nucleotides
BPA dose (ng/l)
DOSEDIPENDENZA
FRAMMENTAZIONE DI SPERMATOZOI DI RATTI INDOTTA DA BPA
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A. Izzotti, S. Kanitz , F. DAgostini, A. Camoirano & S. De Flora, Mutat. Res. 679, 28-32, 2009
Studi epidemiologici suggeriscono che la qualit e quantit dello
sperma umano sono diminuite durante gli ultimi 6 decenni