Marcello Bonitatibus – Zvolen, Slovakia – 11-12 June 2007.

Marcello Bonitatibus – Zvolen, Slovakia – 11-12 June 2007


SYSTEM OF SME’s IN DISADVANTAGED AREAS

LABOR MARKET & TRAINING SYSTEM

SISTEMA DELLE PMI NELLE ZONE SVANTAGGIATEMERCATO DEL LAVORO E SISTEMA DELLA FORMAZIONE

WORK PACKAGE 4


The employment growth and re-employment questions are the mains problems in Europe and Equal Initiative is one of the instruments adopted to solve it by European Union.

At the some time each European countries develop specific policy, in this field.

In this frame, one of the used instruments is the training.

The background (1)


The background (2) In fact in almost all European countries, training for

the unemployed is the “largest category of active programs” and is often perceived as the principal alternative to regular unemployment benefits.

In many countries, in fact, training accounts over 50% of the expenditure on active labour market programs.

From this point we started to decide the theme of work package 4, because we think can be useful, for each of us, to compare the different ways to face the problems.


The areas involved


Greece

Project code GR-232209ADAPTABILITY OF TOURISM AND LOCAL PRODUCT SMES IN EPIRUS


Greece: a general frame

• In 1997 the country attained a fiscal deficit of 4.2% of the GDP against 14.4% in 1993.

• The inflation rate in September 1999 dropped to 2% against 12.3% at the end of 1993.

• The growth rate in 1998 was 3.7%. At the same time, high investment rates have been registered in the public (18.2%) and the public (8.3%) sectors in 1997, according to the National Observatory for Employment.

• The employment rate over the period 1998 – 1997 has fallen gradually from 46.25% (1988) to 43.50% (1997).

• During the same time however, the working age population increased from 7.907.405 to 8.859.430.


Labour market in Greece

• The Greek labor market is still characterized by high unemployment, particularly among young people and women, and long-term unemployment still accounts for more than 55% of the total.

• A first reform has been introduced in 2001 to attempt the employment protection legislation, overtime and part-time work more flexible, but their impact on employment promotion appears to have been limited so far.

• A new package of labor market reforms was introduced in 2004 which included : the reduction of non-wage costs for unemployed women with children; the creation of part-time jobs in the public sector to offer social services, ecc.

• At this moment there are not data to evaluate the impact of these measures.


The educational system

• Adapting the educational system better to the labor market needs is indispensable for achieving improved labor market performance.

• For example, the transition of young people from initial education to working life in Greece remains very slow by international standards.

• Recent policy initiatives attempt to improve the link between education, initial vocational and continuing training, and labor market needs.


Resume

• Many measures are taken the late years in order to boost development and entrepreneurship.

• These measures are closely related to fighting unemployment, provide citizens of the rural areas with skills capacity in order to participate in all different aspects of production and finally strengthen weak production sectors that are estimated to be powerful.

• All types of enterprises, mainly the SMEs, managed to adopt in the new needs and directions. This new training system created a frame in favor of both employees and employers.

• Still, there is a long way to go until both parts realize the necessity of specialization and innovation in all aspects.


LABOR MARKET & TRAINING SYSTEM IN EPIRUS REGION (1)

• Epirus is defined as one of the poorest regions in Greece.

• Indicators such as, low birth range, low or minimum Industrial production, highly depending on the farming and agriculture, less buying capacity per citizen, show that the Region needs further investments in all production areas as well as in human manpower.

• Special training programs has been implemented – and still continue – in order to enhance the less skilled in specific sectors that have resulted by a Regional research conducted by all Development bodies in the area.

• These programs managed to reduce the unemployment rate by 21,4% by the year 2003.


• Specific features & policies have changed the images in Epirus, such as :– Major constructions employ people

participated in training programs in all sectors,

– Changed the working culture : “people focusing in Public Services – do not anymore”

– Special privileges given to SMEs in order to employ “sensitive groups” (i.e.: long term unemployed, females, people with special needs, citizens in rural mountainous areas, etc.)




• A vast amount of training projects took place and still do, in order to offer unique skills in people with a traditional background.

• As such, enterprises are obliged by the Law to employ a percentage of people coming from these groups.

• Many SMEs – particularly in the Industry sector and Manufacture – employ a significant amount of people who wouldn’t step out unemployment in any other way.



• Many measures are taken the late years in order to boost development and entrepreneurship.

• These measures are closely related to fighting unemployment, provide citizens of the rural areas with skills capacity in order to participate in all different aspects of production and finally strengthen weak production sectors that are estimated to be powerful.



• All types of enterprises, mainly the SMEs, managed to adopt in the new needs and directions.

• This new training system created a frame in favor of both employees and employers.

• Still, there is a long way to go until both parts realize the necessity of specialization and innovation in all aspects.


Italy

Project code IT-G2-CAM-069CRESCO IN CAMPANIA` - CROSSING OVER DELLE ESIGENZE DI COMPETENZE


The Italy Company

Imprese registrate ogni 100 abitanti

11 ,87 a 13,62 (19)10,82 a 11 ,87 (21)

9,79 a 10,82 (20)8,92 a 9,79 (22)7,36 a 8,92 (21)

Map of the enterprises’ distribution on the Italian territory. Recorded enterprises every 100 inhabitants

Legal Shape 2003 2004 % on the entire

Sole Proprietorship 3.462.667 3.490.274 58,2 Private Partnerships 1.225.899 1.237.527 20,6 Joint-stock Companies 1.022.943 1.074.686 17,9 Other 193.374 195.262 3,3 TOTAL 5.904.883 5.997.749

Some data about the Italy Company


The Campania region

• The analysis of the productive structure of the Campania region shows the presence of a lot of very small, small and medium enterprises in every economic sector.

• Their number grows when we consider the trade, the services and the industrial sectors.

• The SMEs in the Campania region ask economic and territorial policies so to enhance the competitiveness of the territorial production systems.

• They need an integrated perspective in the competitiveness field among urban and production systems, especially when there is a lack of logistic support infrastructure for the development of the SMEs.


The employment market in Italy and in Campania region

Employment and unemployment rates - in I taly and in Campania

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

anno 1999 anno 2000 anno 2001 anno 2002 anno 2003

%


Unemployed women in Italy and in Campania Region

Unemployed women - I taly and Campania

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

anno 1999 anno 2000 anno 2001 anno 2002 anno 2003

%

donne occupate Italia donne occupate Campania

donne disoccupate Italia donne disoccupate Campania


Who provide to unemployed people in Italy

In Italy the unemployment matter is up to by:

1. INPS (National Institute for the Public Welfare) together with

2. Employment Centres

The first one gives financial support to the unemployed people by means of unemployment benefits and mobility compensations.

The second one provides consultancy and assistance to the unemployed people looking for a new job.


Employment Centres

In the employment market a significant role is attributed to employment centres, responsible for providing adequate information and selection services to support the encounter of supply and demand, implementing support services to accompany placement and training of underprivileged segments, offering the territory a point of reference for planning, promotion and implementation activities supporting employment.


Actions in the labour market in Campania region

• Through the www.lavorocampania.it portal and the e-Labor platform, the Region has created a tool for encouraging the encounter of employment supply and demand

• There are provinces, like Naples for instance, that have activated a site for jobseekers or for specific actions: this is the case of Naples Provincial Council’s www.nonlavoro.net website, and that of Salerno Provincial Council, www.preokkupati.it.

• At national level there are also platforms that make it possible for training supply and demand to meet, and one is precisely www.form-azione.it.


The innovative forms on the italian

training system

• Since 1993 innovative forms of bilateral collaboration have been experimented between social parties: Joint Interprofessional Funds;

• At the end of 2004, the Funds for lifelong learning began operating in favour of workers and enterprises.


Slovakia

Project code SK-50

EAE (EQUALITY OF ACCESS TO EMPLOYMENT)


Labour market in Slovakia

• Labour market has passed through the big changes from 1989.

• In Slovakia job seekers began to register for the first time in February 1990.

• Problematic groups of unemployed were gradually outlined in the labour market (alumni and juvenile, persons with changed work ability, low qualified and without qualification, Roma population,ecc.)


Unemployment development in the

SR from 1992

16,218,017,518,7

19,418,7

10,4

14,4 14,813,1 12,8 12,5 12,5

16,7

0

5

10

15

20

25

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

YEAR

PE

RC

EN

TAG

E


Rate of unemployment in 2006

13,512,8

12

14,9

0

4

8

12

16

1. Quarter 2 .Quarter 3. Quarter 4. Quarter

Months

Perc

en

tag

e

From the data published by the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs for the first quarter of 2006 that the growth of employment rate was recorded almost in all sectors, the most in building industry (by 22.8 thousand employees), hotels and restaurants (by 14.2 thousand employees) and commerce (by 16.8 thousand).


Employment in 2006 Viceversa the growth of employment rate

was recorded almost in all sectors:• the most in building industry (by 22.8

thousand employees)• hotels and restaurants (by 14.2

thousand employees) and commerce (by 16.8 thousand)

Health care, social care and real estates, leasing and commercial activities were exception to the trend of growth


Labour market and legislation

• Act No. 311/2001 Labour Code• Act No.5/2004 on employment services• Act No. 82/2005 on illegal works and illegal

employment • Act No.2/1991 on collective bargaining

• Act No. 365/2004 Anti-discrimination act

The most important acts regarding the labour market are:


Employment in enterprises

22,4 22,8 23,7 25,4 28,5 30,0 32,4

14,3 16,9 17,7 18,619,1 20,3 17,9

19,3 18,0 17,718,0

18,419,1 20,4

44,0 42,3 40,9 38,0 34,0 30,5 29,3

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Micro (0-9) 10 - 49 50 - 249 250 + Employees

State of small and medium enterprising 2004 and 2005


Human resources In human resources concerns there is a necessity to support investments to the educational reform

Category Indicator Recommendations Institutional support

Human resources and education

Average hour wage in Slovak regions and its increase in real and nominal value

Government should initiate schemes with the support of structural funds to eliminate differences between regions

Government of the SR

Human resources and education

Percentage of the total number of inhabitants with finished higher secondary education

Data on apprenticeships schools are missing.It is necessary to elaborate an analysis with regard on market needs.

Ministry of economy of the SR and Ministry of education of the SR

Recommendations for improvement of the business environment for human resources and education indicators


Institutional support to the labour market in Slovakia

• Ministry/Headquarters of Labour, Social Affairs and Family

• Labour offices• Legal entity or private person• Agency for temporary job• Agency for supporting of employment

Current structure of institutional support to employment services and their main responsibilities in the SR is following:


Active policy in the labour market Instruments of active policy in labour market within national projects

Title of National Project Instruments of APLM(Active policy of labour market)

National Project no. I – Support to employing unemployed with an emphasis on disadvantaged groups in the labour market

§ 49 contribution for individual employment § 50 contribution for employing of disadvantaged job applicant

National Project no. II – Support to employing of handicapped citizens (people)

§ 56 contribution for establishment of protected workshop and protected workplace and for their preservation

§ 57 contribution to handicapped citizen for performing or operating individual employment

§ 59 contribution for the activity of work assistant § 60 contribution for covering operational costs of protected

workshop or protected workplace and for covering the costs for employees transportation

National Project no. III – Education and training of unemployed for the labour market

§ 46 education and preparation for the labour market of job applicant

National Project no. V – Activation of unemployed and unemployed with low motivation who are dependent on

social fees

§ 52 contribution for activation measures

National Project no. VII – Increasing the quality and the extent of employment through information and consultation

instruments and services

§ 43 covering a part of travel expenses connected with job applicant in his/her participation in the activities set out in individual action plan

National Project no. VIII – Increasing the extent and quality of providing mediation services

§ 32 covering a part of travel expenses for job applicant connected with his/her first interview or participation in tender

National Project no. IX – Practice for graduates § 51 contribution for performing practice for the graduates


Training system/Education of adults

• RETRAINING PROGRAMMES• RETRAINING OF UNEMPLOYED PERSON BEING

KEPT IN THE FILES• RETRAINING OF EMPLOYEES

– Theoretical or practical preparation if unemployed person or an employee after finishing compulsory elementary education has not attained any skills,

– Special training for unemployed persons being kept in the files aimed at finding or obtaining a job,

– Preparation courses for complementary finishing elementary education for unemployed people who are kept in the files of unemployed,

– Preparation courses for entry exams to secondary schools for unemployed persons kept in the files,

– Courses for people with changed work capability that will enable them to attain new skills


Spain

Project code ES-20040515SNE HACIA UNA AGRICULTURA EMPRESARIAL


LABOUR MARKET REPORT

Last reports on labour market pointed that only three regions within Spain had reached the European commitment of having an unemployment rate under 5%. Extremadura and Andalucia are the regions with higher unemployment rates (17,2% and 17,1% respectively) while Navarra, Aragón y La Rioja have the lowest rates (around 5%).


LABOUR MARKET IN SPAIN 2004

Total actives Employed Unemployed

Men 68,08% 91,85% 8,15%

Women 45,19% 84,99% 15,01%

Average 56,36% 89,03% 10,97%


LABOUR MARKET IN CACERES PROVINCE/NORTH 2005

Men Women Total

Province 8,95% 13,25% 22,19%

North Extremadura

10,26% 14,81% 25,07%


LABOUR MARKET BY SECTORS

CÁCERES ESPAÑA

Agriculture and farmering

11,7% 5,2%

Industry 10,6% 17,3%

Building (Construction)

14,70% 12,5%

Services 62,8% 65,1%


PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN SPAIN


PROFESSIONAL TRAINING IN SPAIN: PARTICIPANTS


Some conclusions

• In each of our countries the laboru market has a big contraddiction and big problems, in particular in our region of interventions;

• The way to face these problem, are often similar in our countries;

• We need more positive actions at all levels, to solve the problems of unemployment, in particular in the rural areas;

• For this, it could be useful to develop a common strategies and instruments, like Equal and Equal transnational activities, because we are all, at last, european people.

CountryActivity

rate

Unemployment rate

UE 62,9% 9,1%

Spain 59,7% 11,3%

Slovakia 57,7% 17,5%

Greece 57,8% 9,3%

Italy 56,1% 8,6%


Thanks for your attention

Grazie per la vostra attenzione

Marcello Bonitatibus – Zvolen, Slovakia – 11-12 June 2007.

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Transcript of Marcello Bonitatibus – Zvolen, Slovakia – 11-12 June 2007.