Lezione 06b - 23-ott-14 - uniroma2.it2p]_Lez_06b_23... · 1866 24 luglio 1866: nascita della...

Corso di Urbanistica (EA) - I Semestre - a.a. 2014/2015

Corso di Urbanistica (EA)

a.a. 2014/2015

Lezione 06b - 23-ott-14

La costruzione della città post-liberale:

Berlino

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1861 Guglielmo I è re di Prussia

1862 16 settembre 1862: Guglielmo I nomina Otto von Bismarck capo del governo

1866 Bismarck dichiara sciolta la Confederazione germanica

1866 guerra austro-prussiana

1866 24 luglio 1866: nascita della Confederazione Tedesca del Nord a guida prussiana

1870 19 luglio 1870: inizia la Guerra Franco-Prussiana

1871 18 gennaio 1871: Guglielmo I incoronato imperatore di Germania a Versailles

1871 18 gennaio 1871: Secondo Reich (periodo che va dal conseguimento di una piena unità nazionale, il 18 gennaio 1871, fino all'abdicazione del Kaiser Guglielmo II il 9 novembre 1918)

1871 28 febbraio 1871 - Guerra Franco Prussiana: capitolazione di Parigi

1871 10 maggio 1871: fine della Guerra Franco Prussiana (traité de Francfort)

1871 Berlino é capitale dell'Impero tedesco (dal 1701 era capitale del regno di Prussia)

1918 abdicazione del Kaiser Guglielmo II (9 novembre 1918)

Confederazione germanica

(1815-1866)

Confederazione Tedesca del

Nord (1866-1871)

BERLINO

Le vicende politiche

Guglielmo I Otto von Bismarck


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BERLINO

L’espansione della città dal ‘600 alla metà dell’800

1830

1699

1690

1673

1688

(1695) 18021840

1690

1802


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La popolazione cresce da 172.122 abitanti (nel 1800) a 548.000 (1860)

Epidemie: during the 1831 epidemic, 1,423 people died of cholera, in 1849 there were 3,552 deaths

from the disease, and in 1866 it claimed 5,457 lives

1853: ordinanza della polizia berlinese

resterà in vigore fin al 1873

Lo scopo è la sicurezza contro gli incendi: hmax= 25 ml.; larghezza strade = altezza degli

edifici; lato min corti interne = 5,30

1858: il ministro prussiano degli Interni dispone la formazione di un comitato della Polizia Reale per

la redazione di un piano

Il compito è affidato a J.F.L. Hobrecht, architetto alle dipendenze del dipartimento di polizia

Hobrecht redige un piano dimensionato per 4 milioni di abitanti

Il piano è redatto in 14 sezioni e pubblicato nel 1862

La popolazione di Berlino (x1000)

1750 1800 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910

90 172 419 548 826 1122 1579 1889 2071

BERLINO

La formazione del piano del 1862 (Hobrecht)


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James Friedrich Ludolf Hobrecht

(* 31. Dezember 1825 in Memel; † 8. September 1902 in Berlin)

Nel 1834 suo padre è nominato al Königlichen Ökonomierat, e la famiglia si trasferisce a

Königsberg .

Nel 1845 sostiene il suo esame di Bauführer

Studia presso l'Accademia di Architettura di Berlino dove si diploma nel 1849.

Entra nell'Associazione Architetti di Berlino, in cui sono presenti, tra gli altri, Friedrich August

Stiller e Gottfried Semper Nel 1858 completa la sua formazione in ingegneria civile (acque,

strade e ferrovie) ed entra nella Königlichen Polizei (Baupolizei)

Subito dopo, nel 1859, presiede la commissione per il nuovo piano di Berlino.

Nel 1860 viaggia in Europa (Hamburg, Parigi e Londra) per studiarne gli sviluppi urbani, ed in

particolare i loro sewer systems.

Terminato il piano, si trasferisce a Stettino, dove progetta I sistemi di approvvigionamento delle

acque e fognari.

Nel 1869 é richiamato a Berlino, dove vi era un problema urgente di sewage system.

Con il sostegno del fratello Arthur Johnson Hobrecht, che é Oberbürgermeister (sindaco) di

Berlino dall‘aprile 1872 all‘estate del 1878, e del medico Rudolf Virchow, progetta il nuovo

sistema fognario di Berlino.

Tra il 1872 e il 1874 tiene un posto di insegnante presso la Scuola di Architettura.

Dal 1884 è architetto capo della città di Berlino.

Dal 1897 Hobrecht va in pensione per motivi di salute.

BERLINO

Hobrecht

James Hobrecht

Arthur Hobrecht


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BERLINO

La formazione del piano del 1862


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BERLINO

Il piano del 1862 (Hobrecht)


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In blu il muro delle accise

In arancio la rete stradale

In giallo le aree edificate

In rosso tratteggiato l’area del piano

In grigio i limiti di Berlino nel 1920

BERLINO



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BERLINO



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BERLINO



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La Sezione IX del piano

BERLINO



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1920

Rosso tratteggiato: le aree del piano edificate

Grigio: Aree non edificate

BERLINO



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BERLINO

L’espansione della città 1650-1890


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BERLINO

Il Regolamento Edilizio del 1892


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1838

1846-84

1841

1842

1866

Stadtbahn 1882

1875

1871

Ringbahn 1877

1867-82

1842

BERLINO

Le ferrovie


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1838 Potsdamer Bahnhof (la prima stazione di Berlino, aperta nel 1838 come capolinea della linea per Potsdam (la Preußische Stammbahn))

1839 Stettiner Bahnhof

1841 Anhalter Bahnhof (inaugurata il 1º luglio 1841)

1842 Nordbahnhof (inaugurata il 1º agosto 1842, con il nome di Stettiner Bahnhof)

1842 Frankfurter Bahnhof (Nasce nel 1842 come capolinea della Frankfurter Eisenbahn: dal 1842 al1881 Frankfurter Bahnhof, dal1881 al1950 Schlesischer Bahnhof)

1846-47 Hamburger Bahnhof (chiusa all'esercizio passeggeri già nel 1884, sostituita dall'adiacente LehrterBahnhof)

1851 Nel 1851 é completato il Berliner Verbindungsbahn (Königliche Bahnhofs-Verbindungsbahn) tra iterminali ferroviari di Berlino

1866 Görlitzer Bahnhof (aperta al traffico il 13 giugno 1866; progetto di Orth, August Friedrich Wilhelm)

1867 Berlin Ostbahnhof (La stazione restò in servizio pochi anni: nel 1882, con l'apertura della Stadtbahn, l'Ostbahn venne deviata sullo Schlesischer Bahnhof così da poter percorrere quella linea)

1871 Lehrter Bahnhof (inaugurata nel 1871; progetto di Alfred Lent, Bertold Scholz e Gottlieb Henri Lapierre)

1875 Dresdener Bahnhof (aperta il 17 giugno 1875)

1882 Berlin Ostbahnhof è soppressa

1884 Hamburger Bahnhof è chiusa

BERLINO

Le ferrovie


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1838 Potsdamer Bahnhof

1839 Stettiner Bahnhof

1842 Frankfurter Bahnhof

1846-47 Hamburger Bahnhof

1866 Görlitzer Bahnhof

1871 Lehrter Bahnhof

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BERLINO

Le ferrovie


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1851 Berliner Verbindungsbahn

It was laid in the streets, disrupting traffic and

disturbing residents. In order to minimise

disruption of traffic, trains ran at night, with the

train bell being constantly rung.

The Lower Silesia-Mark Railway Company was

commissioned to construct and manage the line:

construction began in 1867 and was completed

in 1877.

Ringbahn

The first section opened on 17 July 1871.

BERLINO

Le ferrovie


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1902

1910-12

1913

BERLINO

La metropolitana


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BERLINO

I tram

Ernst Werner Siemens

(von Siemens since

1888; 13 December 1816

– 6 December 1892)

At the Berlin Trade Fair of 1879, Werner von Siemens presented the

first electric railway in which the power was supplied through the rails.

The electric locomotive pulled a train of three small demonstration

carriages around a 300-meter-long circular track at the exhibition site,

running at a speed of 7 km/h.

Siemens introduces the world’s first operational electric railway at the

Berlin Trade Exhibition.

The small locomotive runs on a 300-meter-long circular track, is

powered by a 150 V DC generator and has a motor rating of 2.2 kW.

During the four-month exhibition,

the locomotive proves the

electric drive’s traction capability:

pulling three six-seater cars, it

conveys a total of 90,000

passengers. At 18 passengers

per run, this adds up to a

remarkable 5,000 trips.


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The Electromote was the world's first vehicle run like a

trolleybus, which was first presented to the public on April

29, 1882, by its inventor Dr. Ernst Werner von Siemens in

Halensee, a suburb of Berlin.

The Elektromote operated from April 29 to June 13, 1882,

on a 540 m (591 yard) trail-track starting at Halensee

railway station

The Electromote built by the Siemens & Halske company

was a converted four-wheel landau carriage, equipped with

two 2.2 kW electric motors transmitting the power using a

chain drive to the rear wheels. The voltage used was 550 V

DC.

The electric power transmission to the coach was by a

flexible cable pulling a small eight-wheeled "contact car"

(Kontaktwagen) that ran along the overhead power lines. In

English language use, the Kontaktwagen was later named

the "trolley", giving the trolleybus its name.

This experimental vehicle already fulfilled all the technical

criteria of a typical trolleybus. After the demonstration runs

closed on June 13, the test track was dismantled on June

20, 1882.

BERLINO

I tram


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BERLINO

I tram

In 1881, Siemens & Halske built the Gross-

Lichterfelde Tramway, the world's first electric

tramway, in the southwestern Lichterfelde suburb

of Berlin (Groß-Lichterfelde era all'epoca un

comune rurale indipendente da Berlino)

On May 16, 1881, two years after its world

premiere, the new technology is ready for day-to-

day use: Werner von Siemens launches the

world’s first commercially operated electric

streetcar in Berlin Lichterfelde right on schedule.

The 4.3-meter-long train runs at a maximum of

20 km/h on a 2.5 km track and draws current

from both rails.

Each car was originally equipped with a 180 Volt

DC 4 kW electric motor, the current supplied via

the running rails and weighs 4.8 tonnes.

It travels at a maximum speed of 40 kilometres

per hour and carries 20 people at a time. In the

first three months of operation the tram had

already carried 1 2,000 passengers.


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BERLINO

Sewage

Da: The Sewage Farms of Berlin

Author(s): Robert C. Brooks

Source: Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Jun., 1905), pp. 298-313

In 1874 the sanitary condition of Berlin was more worthy of the eighteenth than of the nineteenth century. Open gutters,

deep enough in places to deserve the name of ditches, were to be found throughout the greater portion of its built-up

territory.

Through these gutters the liquid filth of houses and streets, or rather such part of it as did not soak into the soil, found

its way sluggishly into the river Spree. At places where danger threatened, rude coverings of timber or stone had been

provided, with the result that the ditches beneath were made difficult of access and speedily became the worst plague-

spots in the city.

As early as 1860 the consequences of such unsanitary conditions had been recognized officially, and during the

succeeding decade various reform plans were discussed with more vigor than fruitfulness.

Then came the Franco-Prussian war, at the end of which Berlin, suddenly elevated to the rank of a world city, began to

grow with Chicago-like rapidity. Under the pressure of increasing population the inadequacy of existing sanitary

arrangements became alarmingly manifest.

At this crisis Berlin was fortunate in the possession of two great masters of sanitary science,

Rudolph Virchow and James Hobrecht.


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BERLINO

Sewage

Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow

(Świdwin, 13 ottobre 1821 – Berlino, 5 settembre 1902)

E’ stato un patologo, scienziato, antropologo e politico tedesco, considerato il medico più

importante del XIX secolo. Pioniere dei moderni concetti della patologia cellulare e della

patogenesi delle malattie, ha sottolineato che le malattie non sorgono da organi o tessuti in

generale, ma nelle cellule. Portò le discipline dell'Igiene e della Medicina Sociale allo sviluppo

attuale. Ha inoltre condotto, come consigliere comunale di Berlino, una lunga campagna di

sensibilizzazione per le riforme sociali, l'igiene pubblica e ha contribuito allo sviluppo

dell'antropologia come scienza moderna.

His epoch-making report to the Berlin council in I872 laid bare with unflinching hand the

sanitary dangers of the city's condition and demonstrated the absolute necessity of action.

Virchow was able to show, for instance, that in the three periods of five years each preceding

his report the general mortality of the city had advanced in the ratio of 5, 7 and 9.

These figures fitly reflect what was taking place within the metropolis -an increasing population

crowded in unsanitary houses, a growing accumulation of dirt in the streets and squares, an

ever greater amount of liquid filth running or soaking through the city's open gutters, a

progressive poisoning of the sub-soil, and the defilement of the river Spree to the ultimate

pollution of the sources of the city's water supply.

Among the various plans proposed, Virchow's report favored that of the distinguished sanitary

engineer, James Hobrecht.


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Il piano di Hobrecht

…a plan, complete to the minutest detail, for the creation of pumping stations and sewage

farms on a scale which made all earlier efforts of a similar character sink to the rank of mere

experiments.

Early in 1873 the city council accepted this plan, and Hobrecht immediately began to put it

into execution.

Starting in that year without a mile of what could properly be called underground sewers,

before the end of 1876 the city had laid pipes connecting with 1.000 lots. This number was

increased to 7.500 in 1880 and to 20.000 in 1890, by which time the whole city had been

provided with a fairly complete network of sewers. Subsequent additions, due largely to the

growth of the city, bring the total number of lots connected up to 28.000.

The acreage of the sewage farms was necessarily extended with the growth of the sewerage

network, until at present the municipality is in possession of seven large estates forming two

fairly compact areas lying to the northeast and southwest of the city.

Twenty years from the installation of this new system of sewage disposal, Berlin had become

one of the healthiest large cities in the world.

The sewage-disposal plant, which thus stands a monument to the beneficent genius of

Virchow and Hobrecht, is divided into two parts-the so-called radial systems in the city and

the Rieselfelder, or sewage farms, lying at a distance of from two to eight miles from its

periphery.

BERLINO

Sewage


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Functioning of Sewage Farms

The sewage farms followed a dewatering concept by J. Hobrecht.

Hobrecht divided the city into 12 districts, called radial systems. Each radial system had a pumping station.

Pumping stations received domestic, commercial and industrial waste waters as well as precipitation water

through gravity flow pipelines. Sewage effluents were conducted from the pumping station through pressure

pipelines to sewage farms located outside the city. Some sewage farms were additionally supplied by direct

pipelines.

Pressure pipelines discharge waste water at the sewage farms. Waste water is first collected in sedimentation

basins made of concrete or earth. Water flows through the tank and most sediments settle to the bottom.

Immersion panels hold back floating matter. Sediments settling in the sedimentation basin are regularly

evacuated and dewatered at special sludge drying areas. Dewatered sludge was used as a soil conditioner

for agriculture and horticulture in early years. The sewage farm trench system is also regularly cleaned,

whereby removed sediments are usually deposited directly alongside the trench. After sewage water has

passed through the sedimentation basin, e.g. has been mechanically cleaned, it flows through gravity

feeders to the terraces.

The natural ground form was not automatically suited for processing sewage waters. Terraces were

constructed horizontally or sloping, depending on the surface. They were about 0.25 ha large, and

surrounded by embankments. There are three methods of sewage farm treatment. Horizontal terraces are

flooded by surrounding distribution ditches. For slope terraces, sewage water overflows the upper bank and

irrigates the sloped terrace. Bed terraces with ditch irrigation were also initially used. Waste water flowed

through bed terraces in connected parallel furrows, about a meter apart.

BERLINO

Sewage


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Within ten years, 1.5 million Berliners had been

connected to the system, which was pumping 42 million

cubic meters of water a year. By 1893 the city of Berlin

had 584 kilometers of pipes leading to 144 kilometers of

underground canals.

BERLINO

Sewage


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BERLINO

Sewage

Riesenfelds


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I vincitori:

Brix & Genzmer

Eberstadt, Möhring und Petersen

Havestadt, Contag & Schmitz

Hermann Jansen

BERLINO

Wettbewerb Groß-Berlin 1910

schema di

organizzazione radiale

suggerito dal bando

Nel 1905 l’associazione degli architetti berlinesi istituì un comitato per la Grande

Berlino, un concorso per la riorganizzazione complessiva della struttura insediativa

dell’area.

Il bando richiedeva una proposta organica relativa alle comunicazioni viabilistiche e

ferroviarie, come premessa ad una razionalizzazione del sistema insediativo. Un ruolo

fondamentale all’interno della nuova struttura urbana lo avrebbero dovuto assumere le

aree ancora libere e il centro.

I quattro vincitori del concorso, presentati all’Esposizione Internazionale di Urbanistica

del 1910, avevano in comune la previsione di una forte crescita demografica della città

e una profonda revisione del sistema ferroviario, ma focalizzavano aspetti diversi dello

sviluppo della città. Uno di questi prevedeva la struttura urbana organizzata in funzione

di uno schema radiale, supportato da linee di trasporto convergenti sulla città e

spazi liberi disposti a raggiera, con il verde in grado di penetrare fino in

prossimità del centro.

Brix

& G

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BERLINO

Wettbewerb Groß-Berlin 1910

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Lezione 06b - 23-ott-14 - uniroma2.it2p]_Lez_06b_23... · 1866 24 luglio 1866: nascita della...

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