La Distribuzione Commerciale Nella Moda

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Cd `kwp~kn|}kojl goiil~gkdcljlccd io`d

D g|~d `kGcliljpl Pd~pdfckojl#

Edn~k}ko Fdccdjpl#Id~go ^kgghlppk



Cd `kwp~kn|}kojl goiil~gkdcljlccd io`d

D g|~d `kGcliljpl Pd~pdfckojl#

Edn~k}ko FdccdjplId~go ^kgghlppk



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G|~dpo l ~ldck}}dpo `d

kj goccdno~d}kojl goj

Goj kc gojp~kn|po `k

D g|~d `k

Gcliljpl Pd~pdfckojlEdn~k}ko FdccdjplId~go ̂ kgghlppk

R~oflppo F~dgo

Cd|~d Wdcoiojl

G|~d ~l`d}kojdcl

Lcljd @l C|gd

Ekjkpo `k wg~kul~l jlc >244



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4* Kc ~|oco `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl jlccd io`d rdf* 2<4*4 Kjp~o`|}kojl rdf* 2<

4*> Kc jlfo}ko è kc ~lrd~po jdcl ̀ lc r~oglwwo ̀ k r~o`|}kojl ̀ k udco~l rdf* 25

4*7 Cd flwpkojl ̀ lc ~kwghko p~d ̀ kwp~kn|}kojl l kj`|wp~kd rdf* 2;

4*0 K gowpk ̀ lccd io`d= iocpkrckgdpo~k l id~fkjk ̀ lk jlfo}k rdf* 4>

>* C‛luoc|}kojl `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl kj Kpdckd `dfck djjk Oppdjpd d` offk rdf* 48

7* K eo~idp `kwp~kn|pkuk rdf* >77*4* K jlfo}k i|cpkid~gd kj`krlj`ljpk rdf* >7

7*> Cl gdpljl `k jlfo}k rdf* ><

7*7 F~dj`k idfd}}kjk rdf* >5

7*0 Cl f~dj`k w|rl~gk wrlgkdck}}dpl rdf* >8

7*< K edgpo~{ o|pclp gljpl~w rdf* >;

7*5 l)Goiil~gl rdf* 7>

0* K f~dj`k il~gdpk l|~orlk `lcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo rdf* 7<

0*4* \j drr~oeoj`kiljpo flof~dgo= Fl~idjkd l ̂ lfjo \jkpo rdf* 75

<* Gdwk wp|`ko rdf* 0>

<*4 C|kwd ukd ̂ oid= cd ~kuoc|}kojl `lcc‛l)goiil~gl kj |dj no|pkt|l i|cpkid~gd rdf* 0>

<*> Cd p~dweo~id}kojl `lccd eo~i|cd p~d`k}kojdcl `lc F~dj`l Idfd}}kjo=

kc p|~jd~o|j` `k GOKJ rdf* 0<

Woiid~ko



4* Kc ~|oco `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl jlccd io`d

4* Cogdpkoj# Cogdpkoj#

Cogdpkoj= Djdc{}kjf phl ^lpdkc

Ljuk~ojiljp# l~d kc pkpoco

`k |j ckn~o `k Mojlw l Wkiiojw

|wgkpo jlc 4;;2

4*4 Kjp~o`|}kojl

–Kc jlfo}ko è `d gojwk`l~d~wk phl ioiljp oe p~|ph# kc ioiljpo g|cikjdjpl l w|r~lio jlc t|dcl cd

wp~dplfkd `k id~gd wk idpl~kdck}}d* Kc w|gglwwo `lccl d}klj`l `lccd io`d l `lc c|wwo wk è ~ldck}}dpo f~d}kl

dccd t|dckpâ ̀ lc co~o r~oòppo# dccd co~o kjjoud}kojl# dccd co~o g|~d ̀ lk ̀ lppdfck# id wk è gojwock`dpo f~d}kl

dccd gol~ljpl l dccd wdrkljpl ~ldck}}d}kojl `lccd ~lpl `lk jlfo}k’* (@oiljkgo `l Wocl# R~lwk`ljpl `lc

F~|rro F|ggk rl~ `klgk djjk# p~d kc 4;;< l kc >220+*

C‛luoc|}kojl `lc wkwplid `kwp~kn|pkuo hd du|po `dfck djjk Joudjpd d` offk# |j kirdppo w|ccdwp~|pp|~d l cl rl~eo~idjgl `lc wlppo~l `lccd io`d dciljo rd~k# wl joj rkû ~kcludjpl# `k t|lcco

fljl~dpo `dccl rockpkghl `k `lcogdck}}d}kojl jlk Rdlwk d ndwwo gowpo*

Co wukc|rro `k ~lpk `kwp~kn|pkul iojoid~gd è wpdpo |jo `lk r~kjgkrdck onklppkuk `lfck kjulwpkiljpk

`lk f~dj`k id~ghk ghl hdjjo wrowpdpo kc nd~kgljp~o ̀ lccl goirlplj}l ̀ lccl kir~lwl kj |j d~ld rkû

r~owwkid dc ~lpdkc ghl dccd idjkedpp|~d*

@‛dcp~o gdjpo cd f~dj`l ̀ kwp~kn|}kojl o~fdjk}}dpd# o~idk gojp~occd |jd t|opd iocpo kiro~pdjpl

`lc il~gdpo l dfkwgl goj cofkghl fcondck kj|lj}djò cl `k~l}kojk `lc goiil~gko kjpl~jd}kojdcl*

Kjjl# k io`lcck `k n|wkjlww lil~fljpk l `k idffko~ w|gglwwo edjjo clud r~kjgkrdciljpl w| |jj|ouo ~drro~po p~d r~o`|ppo~k l `kwp~kn|}kojl*

Kj dcp~l rd~ocl# è kirowwknkcl goir~lj`l~l c‛luoc|}kojl ̀ lcc‛kj`|wp~kd kpdckdjd ̀ lccd io`d wlj}d

|jd dppljpd gojwk`l~d}kojl `k t|lccd `lc wkwplid `kwp~kn|pkuo*

Rl~ c‛kir~lwd# djghl t|lccd goj wock`l ndwk idjkedpp|~kl~l# wkd rkggocd ghl f~dj`l# cd flwpkojl ̀ lk

gdjdck `kwp~kn|pkuk è |j d~ld g~|gkdcl ghl goiro~pd wglcpl `d g|k rowwojo `krlj`l~l kc w|gglwwo o kc

edcckiljpo `lcc‛kir~lwd wplwwd# kj |j gojpkj|o ~klt|kckn~ko `k goirlplj}l# `lgkwkojk `k kjulwpkiljpo

l o~fdjk}}d}kojl*

Rl~ k ~drro~pk p~d r~o`|ppo~k l ~lpdkcl~ wk p~dppd `k |jd ~kuoc|}kojl `lk ~|ock l jlccd p~d`k}kojdcl

w|``kukwkojl p~d ghk wuocfl kc ~|oco `k r~o`|~~l k gdrk `‛dnnkfckdiljpo l wk ogg|rd (kj `kul~wl

goinkjd}kojk ̀ dpl ̀ dc rowk}kojdiljpo w|c il~gdpo+ ̀ k= r~oflppd~l kj ioò g~ldpkuo l kjjoudpkuo#

r~o`|~~l kj ioò lgkljpl# gojpljljò k gowpk# ~kwrlppd~l wpdj`d~` ̀ k t|dckp d`lf|dpk# ~ldck}}d~l

d}kojk `k id~alpkjf l goi|jkgd}kojl# l ghk kjulgl wk ogg|rd `k `kwp~kn|k~ck dk gojw|idpo~k# rl~ k

t|dck cl p~l r~kjgkrdck ud~kdnkck goirlpkpkul wk |wd `k~l wkdjo –cogdpkoj# cogdpkoj# cogdpkoj’4# gkoè

goccogd~wk kc rkû rowwknkcl ukgkjo dc c|ofo kj g|k k gojw|idpo~k wk p~oudjo*

Jlccd io`d# goil l rkû ghl kj dcp~k wlppo~k `lk nljk `k gojw|io# |jd w|``kukwkojl jlppd `k ~|ock

joj è offk rkû rowwknkcl* C‛ofll~pd `k |j id~ghko wk goirojl kj`kwwoc|nkciljpl `k r~oòppo#

g~ldpkukp# wl~uk}k l dinkljpl ̀ k ulj`kpd* Cl dppkukp ̀ k id~alpkjf# id kj |j gl~po wljwo djghl t|lccl

6



`k r~oflppd}kojl# ghl rowwojo dul~l kc gojw|idpo~l joj woco goil `lwpkjdpd~ko# id djghl goilgo`lwkfjl~# ~kghklòjo `k lwwl~l wukc|rrdpl `d r~o`|ppo~l l ~lpdkcl~ goil |j p|pp‛|jo*

Cd rlg|ckd~l kiro~pdj}d ̀ lccd ̀ kwp~kn|}kojl dc `lppdfcko jlccd io`d p~oud gojel~id jlk id~fkjk

goiil~gkdck (kc –~kgd~kgo’ o –iocpkrckgdpo~l’+ jo~idciljpl drrckgdpk jlc wlppo~l ghl wojo iocpo rkû

lcludpk `lccd il`kd*

Rl~ goir~lj`l~jl cl ~dfkojk wk `luojo gojwk`l~d~l `|l dwrlppk= t|djpd rd~pl `lc udco~l rl~ kc

gojw|idpo~l ukljl lfllppkudiljpl fljl~dpo r~or~ko jlc r|jpo ulj`kpd l t|djpd rd~pl `lcc‛lcludpo

~kwghko kjwkpo jlc n|wkjlww `lccd io`d f~dud w|ccl wrdccl `lcc‛|cpkio rdwwdffko ghl k r~oòppk `luojo

w|rl~d~l rl~ ~dffk|jfl~l k gojw|idpo~k*

4* > Kc jlfo}ko è kc ~lrd~po jdcl `lc r~oglwwo `k r~o`|}kojl `k udco~l

K r~o`|ppo~k l k f~dj`k id~ghk# jlccd io`d goil kj dcp~k wlppo~k# goirlpojo ofl~ljò dk

gojw|idpo~k |j‛ofll~pd goirowkpd# kc g|k udco~l `kwpkjpkuo (cd udc|l r~orowkpkoj# o |jkt|l wlcckjf

r~orowkpkoj+ `krlj`l `d |jd goinkjd}kojl `k edppo~k `k g|k kc r~oòppo è wocpdjpo |jd rd~pl l ghl

kjgc|`l lcliljpk kiidpl~kdck (wpkcl# io`d# wkinock# g|cp|~d+ l wl~uk}k*Kc r~oglwwo ̀ k fljl~d}kojl ̀ lc udco~l wk lwplj`l t|kj`k nlj ocp~l k gdjglcck ̀ lccd ednn~kgd l d`d

dccl d}kojk `k id~alpkjf |j ~|oco `k g~lwgljpl kiro~pdj}d*

Co wedc`d~wk `lccd w|``kukwkojl `lk goirkpk p~d kj`|wp~kd l ~lpdkc ~kghkl`l |j ~kdwwlppo `lccl dppkukp

`k id~alpkjf ghl kirlfjd# ̀ d |j cdpo c‛kj`|wp~kd d` kjplf~d~l kc jlfo}ko p~d fck wp~|iljpk r~kjgkrdck#

l `dcc‛dcp~o kc ~lpdkc d` lwrdj`l~l cd fdiid `k wl~uk}k ofll~pk dc gckljpl*

Rl~ goir~lj`l~l goil wk ~ldck}}d c‛lwrdjwkojl `lccd fdiid `lk wl~uk}k ofll~pk `dc jlfo}ko wk

`lul rd~pk~l `dcc‛djdckwk `lccl e|j}kojk `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl*

Cd ̀ kwp~kn|}kojl goiil~gkdcl io`l~jd wk gojf|~d goil |j kjwklil ̀ k wl~uk}k lcliljpd~k goj

gd~dppl~kwpkghl iocpo `kul~wl# |w|dciljpl w|``kukwk `dfck wp|`kowk `k id~alpkjf kj wl~uk}k go~l l

wl~uk}k joj go~l >*

K r~kik wojo t|lcck rkû p~d`k}kojdck l wp~lppdiljpl clfdpk dccd cofkwpkgd `k r~owwkikp# ghl ro~pd kc

r~oòppo `lcc‛kj`|wp~kd ukgkjo dc gojw|idpo~l goil co wpoggdffko l cd wglcpd `k |j dwwo~pkiljpo*

Kc jlfo}ko# `d t|lwpo r|jpo `k ukwpd è gojwk`l~dpo |j wlirckgl gdjdcl `k `kwp~kn|}kojl `lccl

il~gk# |j ioò lgkljpl `k ilppl~l d `kwrowk}kojl `lk gojw|idpo~k t|djpo è wpdpo r~oòppo jlccl

ednn~kghl idjkedpp|~kl~l*

T|lwpd ukwkojl `lccd e|j}kojl `lc goiil~gko dc `lppdfcko cd p~oukdio ckirk`diljpl lwr~lwwd

jlccd `ljk}kojl ghl jl `d kc idj|dcl `lccl Jd}kojk \jkpl ghl gojpkljl cl ~dggoidj`d}kojk rl~ cd

>* Wk ul`d d` lwlirko

Rlcclf~kjk (4;;2+

8



~l`d}kojl `lccl wpdpkwpkghl jd}kojdck w|c goiil~gko7= c&dppkukp goiil~gkdcl gojwkwpl jlc .wl~uk}ko

`k wpoggdffko l` lwrowk}kojl `k |jd wlcl}kojl `k r~oòppk ~lwk edgkciljpl `kwrojknkcl dccd gckljplcd.*

Kc r|jpo ulj`kpd è |j wlirckgl gocclfdiljpo wrd}kdcl p~d cd r~o`|}kojl# gojgljp~dpd kj roghl

|jkp idjkedpp|~kl~l l kc gojw|idpo~l# `kwrl~wo w|c pl~~kpo~ko*

Kc wlgojò pkro `k wl~uk}k hd dww|jpo |j‛kiro~pdj}d idffko~l jlk plirk ~lgljpk l` è offk |jo

`lk edppo~k ul~wo g|k cd goirlpk}kojl p~l cl kir~lwl goiil~gkdck wk wrowpd*

Wojo wl~uk}k ghl dirckdjo kc r~kjgkrko `lc .~lj`l~l kc r~oòppo edgkciljpl `kwrojknkcl dccd gckljplcd.#

l r~or~ko kj lwwk wpd p|ppd cd `kfll~lj}d p~d cd `kwp~kn|}kojl p~d`k}kojdcl l kc ~lpdkc `lk fko~jk jowp~k*

L‛ |jd fdiid dirkd `k dppkukp# ghl ud `dccd ~kwpo~d}kojl dcc‛kjpl~jo ̀ lc jlfo}ko# dccd g~ld}kojl`k wrd}k c|`kgk ‗joj woco rl~ k ndinkjk$) d wl~uk}k ̀ k ~krd~d}kojl lgg* T|lwpk wl~uk}k hdjjo |jd jdp|~d

e|j}kojdcl (~lj`l~l rkû dfluocl c‛dgt|kwpo# goinkjd~l kj |j |jkgo c|ofo rkû wl~uk}k# p~dppljl~l kc

gojw|idpo~l dcc‛kjpl~jo `lcco wrd}ko `k ulj`kpd+*

\jd gcdwwl `k wl~uk}k drrd~pljljpk dc wlgojò pkro l `k eoj`diljpdcl kiro~pdj}d jlccd io`d#

è t|lccd `lcc‛kjeo~id}kojl dc gojw|idpo~l*

T|lwpk wl~uk}k rowwojo ckikpd~wk d eo~jk~l kjeo~id}kojk `k ndwl# id djghl ~ldck}}d~wk goil |j

roplj}kdiljpo `lccd `kiljwkojl lio}kojdcl `lcco whorrkjf# dpp~dul~wo c‛|pkck}}o `k wp~|iljpk

goil kc ukw|dc il~ghdj`kwkjf

0

# c‛dinkljpl# c‛d~ghkplpp|~d `lc jlfo}ko# c‛kcc|ikjd}kojl lgg*Wk rljwk dcc‛kjeo~id}kojl eo~jkpd `dc rl~wojdcl `k ulj`kpd* R|þ ~kf|d~`d~l lwgc|wkudiljpl cl

gd~dppl~kwpkghl e|j}kojdck `lk r~oòppk# orr|~l# kj r~lwlj}d `k rl~wojdcl d`lf|dpdiljpl eo~idpo

l `k idpl~kdcl kcc|wp~dpkuo d`lf|dpo# p~dwilppl~l wor~dpp|ppo wljwd}kojk l gokjuocfl~l

lio}kojdciljpl kc gojw|idpo~l*

Co wplwwo wk r|þ ̀ k~l ̀ k il`kd rkû plgjocofkgk= ̀ d |j cdpo c‛drrd~dpo rl~ kc wlce)wgdjjkjf rl~ilppl

dc gojw|idpo~l `k ul~kgd~l r~l}}o l gd~dppl~kwpkghl `lc r~oòppo r~kid `k dj`d~l dccl gdwwl#

`dcc‛dcp~o# rl~ ed~l |j lwlirko# k ghkowghk kjpl~dppkuk jlk jlfo}k Wlrho~d dppkudpk `dc go`kgl d nd~~l

o `dc pdf ÊK@ `lc r~oòppo# iowp~djo kc cidpo r|nnckgkpd~ko gocclfdpo d t|lc r~oòppo*

Jlc gdwo `lk r~oòppk `lccd io`d cd gojjlwwkojl p~d k `|l pkrk `k wl~uk}k# t|lcck gowk``lppk go~l l

k joj go~l# `kuljpd kjwgkj`knkcl# ukljl iljo co wplwwo wkfjkgdpo `k wl~uk}k go~l# goil wl eowwl~o

~lcdpkuk d` |jd e|j}kojl r~kid~kd# kj gojp~drrowk}kojl d t|lccd wlgoj`d~kd `lk wl~uk}k dcp~k*

Cd ~dfkojl è luk`ljpl wl wk gojwk`l~d cd jdp|~d kn~k`d `lk r~oòppk `lccd io`d# d ilp p~d

r~oòppk idjkedpp|~kl~k l r~oòppk g|cp|~dck*

Cd t|djpkp l t|dckp ̀ k ~kwo~wl |idjl l jdj}kd~kl ghl jlccl kir~lwl ̀ lccd io`d wojo `l`kgdpl

d e|j}kojk ghl hdjjo kc r~kjgkrdcl onklppkuo `k kjgo~ro~d~l jlfck dnkpk lcliljpk `k pkro lwplpkgo l

wlidjpkgo# woppo eo~id `k gojplj|pk lwr~lwwkuk# goi|jkgdpkuk l` lio}kojdck è iocpo lcludpd

(^kgghlppk# >225+*

7* Kjpl~jdpkojdc

^lgoiilj`dpkojw eo~

@kwp~kn|pkul P~d`l Wpdpkwpkgw

(\jkpl` Jdpkojw >228+

0* Wk kjplj`l t|k kc ukw|dc

il~ghdj`kwkjf kj wljwo

dirko# goil c‛kjwklil

`lccl dppkukpâ `k goi|jkgd}kojl ul~wo kc gckljpl

w|c r|jpo ulj`kpd

;



Dc r~oglwwo kj`|wp~kdcl idjkedpp|~kl~o# ghl jl `lpl~ikjd cl gd~dppl~kwpkghl e|j}kojdck# c‛kj`|wp~kd`lccd io`d dffk|jfl |jd eo~pl gd~kgd r~oflpp|dcl kj f~dò `k ~klppl~l# jlccd w|d i|pluocl}}d# co

wrk~kpo `lc pliro*

Dk gojw|idpo~k ukljl ofll~po# kjwklil dk wlirckgk ulwpkpk# |j il`k|i rl~ idjkelwpd~l cd r~or~kd

k`ljpkp l idjpljl~cd dc rdwwo gok plirk*

Cd io`d è |j r~oòppo kj`|wp~kdcl d gojplj|po g|cp|~dcl# kc ~kw|cpdpo `lccd goinkjd}kojl `k

lcliljpk idpl~kdck l kiidpl~kdck (Idcowwk# 4;;8+*

Rl~ t|djpo c‛kjpl~d}kojl p~d r~oòppo l gojw|idpo~l wkd r~lrd~dpd goj d}kojk `k id~alpkjf#

goil gdirdfjl `k goi|jkgd}kojl `k~lppd (r|nnckgkp+ l kj`k~lppd (plwpkiojkdc# k goiiljpk `lkg~kpkgk `lccd wpdird `lccd io`d lgg*+ è jlc jlfo}ko# dc ioiljpo `lcc‛dgt|kwpo ghl cd gdrdgkp

wl`|pp~kgl `k |j gdro `k dnnkfckdiljpo è lfllppkudiljpl ilwwd dccd r~oud l kc w|o udco~l

kiidpl~kdcl l wkinockgo ro~pdpo d goirkiljpo kj |j dinkljpl d`lf|dpo*

Jlk jlfo}k ̀ lccd io`d ) wk rljwk joj woco dk dfwhkr wpo~lw rkû wowpkgdpk# goil c&D~idjk Ilfdwpo~l

`k ukd Idj}ojk d Ikcdjo o cd Jkal Povj ̀ k Coj`~d# kc dfwhkr ̀ k Wlrho~d jlccd Ekeph Dulj|l ̀ k Jlv [o~a#

o |j Lrkgljpl~ ̀ k R~d`d# id djghl d t|dc|jt|l no|pkt|l kj`krlj`ljpl ) wk ilppl kj wgljd |j dinkljpl

l wk fljl~d |j‛kjpl~d}kojl goj kc gojw|idpo~l kj f~dò ̀ k p~dwilppl~l k udco~k kiidpl~kdck ̀ lc r~oòppo*

C‛dinkljpl kj g|k wk ~ldck}}d cd ulj`kpd è `|jt|l |jd ud~kdnkcl kiro~pdjpl jlccd fljl~d}kojl`lc udco~l ghl kc gojw|idpo~l rl~glrkwgl*

Kc udco~l wk g~ld djghl f~d}kl dcc‛kjpl~d}kojl goj |j‛dirkd fdiid `k wpkiock fljl~dpk `d edppo~k

ghl è ̀ kgkcl ̀ kwpkjf|l~l p~d go~l l joj go~l* Uk gojgo~~ojo kjedppk= c‛dwwo~pkiljpo ̀ k r~oòppk ulj`|pk#

wk rljwk d` lwlirko d gojglrp wpo~lw goil Go~wo Goio 42 d Ikcdjo# kj g|k cd fdiid il~glocofkgd è

dirkd id p|ppd kwg~kppd dcc‛kjpl~jo ̀ lccd ~kgl~gd wpkckwpkgd ̀ k e~ojpkl~d1 kc ukw|dc il~ghdj`kwkjf# k idpl~kdck

`k g|k è edppo c‛kjpl~jo# cd wlfjdclpkgd `lk r~oòppk k goco~k l cl c|gk# id djghl k r~oe|ik1 cd wp~|pp|~d

wkgd `lcc‛dinkljpl l djghl `lcco wpdnkcl kj g|k è goccogdpo# jo dccd ukd kj g|k kc jlfo}ko wk goccogd*

Dcp~lppdjpo# wl joj rkû kiro~pdjpk wojo cl rl~wojl ghl wk p~oudjo dcc‛kjpl~jo `lc jlfo}ko# kc

rl~wojdcl `k ulj`kpd l kc ioò goj g|k wk ~drro~pd dk gckljpk# id djghl fck dcp~k gckljpk ghl

e~lt|ljpdjo kc jlfo}ko goj g|k ofjk gojw|idpo~l wk ~drro~pd o k`ljpkgd*

Joj wk p~dppd# luk`ljpliljpl# `k gd~dppl~kwpkghl lwgc|wkul `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl `lccd io`d# wk

~kp~oudjo kjedppk djghl jlccd ulj`kpd `k dcp~k nljk `k gojw|io* Jlccd io`d# p|ppdukd# d gd|wd `lccd

jdp|~d kn~k`d `lc n|wkjlww# d ilp wp~d`d p~d r~o`|}kojl idjkedpp|~kl~d l kj`|wp~kd g|cp|~dcl# t|lwpl

gd~dppl~kwpkghl wojo kjp~kjwlghl jlk r~oòppk l kjwlrd~dnkck `d lwwk*

Rkû ghl rl~ fck dcp~k nljk `k gojw|io udcl kjocp~l jlccd io`d kc r~kjgkrko ghl co whorrkjf joj è

woco |j dppo ̀ k gojw|io# id goir~lj`l |jd ̀ kiljwkojl kjpl~dppkud ̀ lc gojw|idpo~l goj k r~oòppk

`lcc‛dwwo~pkiljpo (Edca l Gdirnlcc# 4;;6+ l goj c‛dinkljpl kj g|k wk rl~el}kojdjo fck dgt|kwpk*

42



Rl~ cl kir~lwl `lccd io`d# t|kj`k# cd `kwp~kn|}kojl dc `lppdfcko è `d gojwk`l~d~l goil |jdgoirojljpl kiro~pdjpl ̀ k |j rkû dinko wkwplid ̀ k goi|jkgd}kojl ul~wo kc gojw|idpo~l# dwwklil

d r|nnckgkp# luljpk# ~drro~pk goj cd wpdird*

Id joj è woco t|lwpo# è djghl kc r~kjgkrdcl ulkgoco `k kjeo~id}kojk `dc gojw|idpo~l dcc‛kir~lwd#

|j iojkpo~ rl~ gdrpd~l kj pliro ~ldcl l wlj}d il`kd}kojk k wlfjdck `lc il~gdpo*

T|lwpd e|j}kojl `lc jlfo}ko è rd~pkgocd~iljpl kiro~pdjpl kj |j n|wkjlww ~kwghkowo goil

t|lcco `lccd io`d# kj g|k kc `kwdcckjldiljpo p~d co ]lkpflkwp `lk gojw|idpo~k l cd ukwkojl `lc il~gdpo

`lk ̀ lwkfjl~ l ̀ lccl kir~lwl è |jd luljp|dckp d` lcludpd r~ondnkckp l joj r|þ lwwl~l gojp~occdpo

d r~ko~k# id woco òro ghl cd goccl}kojl è duukdpd dccd ulj`kpd*

4*7 Cd flwpkojl `lc ~kwghko p~d `kwp~kn|}kojl l kj`|wp~kd

Kc ~kwghko jlcc‛kj`|wp~kd `lccd io`d è kj cd~fd rd~pl kc ~kw|cpdpo `lccd uocdpkckp l kir~lul`knkckp

`lccl r~lel~lj}l `lk gojw|idpo~k ~kf|d~ò dk gojplj|pk lwplpkgk l wkinockgk `lk gdrk `k

dnnkfckdiljpo*

Kj t|lwpo# kc il~gdpo `lccd io`d dwwoikfckd iocpo d t|lcco `lk r~oòppk g|cp|~dck= |j dppo~l oi|wkgkwpd dfll~idpo djghl wl eo~pliljpl wowplj|pk `d d}kojk `k id~alpkjf rowwojo

kir~ouukwdiljpl lwwl~l rl~glrkpk goil rdwwdpk `k io`d# iljp~l j|ouk ro~pdpo~k `k wkfjkgdpo (o

j|ouk wkfjkgdpk+ rowwojo dcp~lppdjpo kir~ouukwdiljpl lil~fl~l o lwwl~l dòppdpk ̀ dk gojw|idpo~k*

Wk r|þ dfll~id~l ghl kc gojw|io `lk r~oòppk `k io`d# goil `k p|ppk t|lcck d` lcludpo gojplj|po

kiidpl~kdcl l g|cp|~dcl# goil cd i|wkgd# k ckn~k l kc gkjlid# è wofflppkuo l joj f|k`dpo `d ~d}kojdckp

(Hlwioj`hdcfh# >22>+*

Cd `kgocp `k r~lul`l~l k goiro~pdiljpk è dgg~lwgk|pd `dc edppo ghl p~d cl iopkud}kojk `k

gojw|io ̀ k |j r~oòppo g|cp|~dcl uk r|þ lwwl~l djghl t|lccd ̀ lcc‛djpkio`d# gkoè ̀ lccd ~kgl~gd ̀ k |jd

`kfll~lj}kd}kojl l `k |jd `kwpkj}kojl `dfck dcp~k gojw|idpo~k `k r~oòppk g|cp|~dck (Fd~jhdi# 4;;2+*

Kc gojw|io ̀ k |j nljl r|þ t|kj`k djghl wukc|rrd~wk kj orrowk}kojl d` |j p~lj` wogko)g|cp|~dcl

òikjdjpl*

C&lcludpd kjgl~pl}}d l ud~kdnkckp wk p~d`|gl kj lcludpo ~kwghko `k r~lukwkojl ghl d w|d uocpd

goiro~pd |j&dcpd rl~gljp|dcl `k kjw|gglwwk jlc cdjgko `k j|ouk r~oòppk l wl~uk}k# jlccd io`d

r~dpkgdiljpl d` ofjk wpdfkojl o d``k~kpp|~d wlppkidjdciljpl t|djò wk dòppdjo io`lcck `k

n|wkjlww edwp *

C‛lwlirko rkû jopo l wp|`kdpo `k |j n|wkjlww d` dcpd rl~gljp|dcl `k kjw|gglwwk ghl hd iocpk

r|jpk `k gojpdppo goj t|lcco `lccd io`d è c‛kj`|wp~kd `lc gkjlid*

44



L& jopo ghl cd idffko~ rd~pl `lk ci r~oòppk fljl~d rl~`kpl* \jd ~lfocd r~dpkgd jlfck \WD ègojwk`l~d~l ghl w| `klgk ci wlppl wkdjo kj rl~`kpd# `|l ~dffk|jfdjo kc n~lda)lulj l |jo ~ldck}}k

kjgdwwk w|rl~ko~k dk gowpk goirljwdjò cl rl~`kpl `lfck dcp~k* Kj wowpdj}d fck kjgdwwk `lccl gdwl

gkjlidpof~dghl `krljòjo t|dwk kjpl~diljpl `d roghk f~dj`k hkp*

Kj |jo ckn~o w|cc‛kj`|wp~kd `k Hocc{voo` (Focìdj 4;80+ co wg~kppo~l l wgljlffkdpo~l Vkcckdi

Focìdj hd gojkdpo c‛lwr~lwwkojl –jono`{ ajovw’ rl~ `lwg~kul~l kc r~onclid ghl cl kj`|wp~l d`

lcludpo ~kwghko `luojo dfl~ojpd~l= joj gk wojo lcliljpk ghl rl~ilppdjo d r~ko~k `k ed~l r~lukwkojk

w|c w|gglwwo o c‛kjw|gglwwo*

Djghl jlcc&kj`|wp~kd ̀ lccd io`d kc ~kwghko ̀ k r~lukwkojl è |jd goirojljpl ̀ k f~dj`l kiro~pdj}d*K edppo~k ghl rowwojo kj|lj}d~l kc w|gglwwo o kc goirclpo kjw|gglwwo `k |j gdro `k ulwpkd~ko l

ed~co `kuljpd~l kc nlwp wlccl~ o kc or `lccd wpdfkojl wojo iocplrckgk# ud~kdnkck l kir~lul`knkck*

@|jt|l# dc cdjgko ̀ k |jd j|oud goccl}kojl cd r~ondnkckp ̀ k kjp~o`|~~l r~oòppk joj ̀ k w|gglwwo

è lcludpd l idffko~l ghl kj dcp~k wlppo~k kj`|wp~kdck `lk nljk `k gojw|io*

.Jlww|j owwl~udpo~l lwpl~jo# rl~ t|djpo t|dckgdpo# è kj f~dò `k r~o`|~~l |jo wp|`ko `k il~gdpo

ghl wkd kj f~dò `k r~lul`l~l t|djpk gdrk wk ulj`l~djjo `lccd fkdggd X jlc plww|po [ ulj`|pd dc r~l}}o ].

(Id~dioppk# >222+*<

Id~dioppk p~d`|gl c‛lwr~lwwkojl jono`{ ajovw `k Vkcckdi Focìdj# jlk pl~ikjk `lccd io`d= kr~o`|ppo~k l k g~ldpkuk# dcc&kjpl~jo `lccl kir~lwl rowwklòjo |jd wljwknkckp dc il~gdpo l |jd

gojowglj}d ̀ lk rdwwdpk w|gglwwk l` kjw|gglwwk w|ccd ndwl `lccl t|dck gl~gdjo ̀ k r~lul`l~l dc ilfcko

fck lwkpk ̀ k |j j|ouo r~oflppo# |j ci o |jd goccl}kojl# id# dciljo jlccd edwl kjk}kdcl ̀ lc r~oflppo

wojo kj f~dò woco kj ikjkid rd~pl `k djpkgkrd~jl kc w|gglwwo o c&kjw|gglwwo*

Kc r~onclid joj è `k rogo gojpo wl wk gojwk`l~d ghl d` ofjk wpdfkojl k j|ouk r~oòppk/io`lcck

~drr~lwljpdjo `d |j ikjkio `lc p~ljpd rl~ gljpo `lccl ulj`kpl d` |j idwwkio `lc gljpo rl~ gljpo

rl~ ghk è wrlgkdck}}dpo jlk r~oòppk rkû p~lj`{*

Wk wpkid ghl dciljo kc >2, `lc gowpo `k r~o`|}kojl `k |jd goccl}kojl wkd cd goirojljpl

kir|pdnkcl dfck l~~o~k `k r~lukwkojl# udc|pdpk w|ccd ndwl `lc gowpo `lcc‛kjulj`|po d jl wpdfkojl

(Gljp~o Lkjd|`k)WKWKI >22>+*

C&kjgl~pl}}d ~kf|d~ò dc f~d`kiljpo `d rd~pl `lk gojw|idpo~k g~lwgl dc g~lwgl~l `lcc&kjpljwkp

`lc gojplj|po io`d ̀ lk gdrk* L& iocpo ndwwo jlk r~oòppk ndwkgk l rl~ t|lcck gojpkj|dpkuk# p~d t|lwpk

|cpkik uk wojo djghl k gcdwwkgk ̀ k ofjk edwgkd ̀ k r~l}}o kjgc|wl t|lccl ̀ lc c|wwo* G~lwgl wkd jlccl edwgl

`k r~l}}o il`kl ghl kj t|lccl `lc c|wwo rl~ p|ppk t|lk r~oòppk cd g|k ukpd è ckikpdpd dc idwwkio rl~

|jd wpdfkojl l ghl wojo wglcpk r~or~ko rl~ kc co~o gojplj|po `k joukp*

Kc ~kwghko wk gojg~lpk}}d jlcc‛kjulj`|po# ghl rl~ k r~oòppk io`d wk p~d`|gl kj ~ldcp jlccl ulj`kpl

d r~l}}k ~kndwwdpk jlccl wpdfkojk `lk wdc`k*

<* W| t|lwpo wk ul`d djghl

kc rd~df~deo= – \jd jopd w|cclkj`dfkjk `k il~gdpot|djpkpdpkul jlc gdrkpocoR~oflppd}kojl l wukc|rro`lccl goccl}kojk’

4>



Cd `kiljwkojl `lc eljoiljo `lk wdc`k hd jlcc‛dnndfckdiljpo |jd `kiljwkojl joj goird~dnkcld t|lccd `lfck dcp~k nljk `k gojw|io# wlgojò c‛Owwl~udpo~ko Gd~pdwã w|fck dgt|kwpk (Gd~pdwã# >244+

c‛dnnkfckdiljpo ~drr~lwljpd ocp~l kc 54, ̀ lccl ulj`kpl lfllpp|dpl d wdcò# r|~ rlwdjò wocpdjpo rl~

kc 40, `lc popdcl `lfck dgt|kwpk `k nljk `k gojw|io*

Cd rd~pl `lccl ulj`kpl d wdcò è g~lwgk|pd ljo~ililjpl `dfck djjk Wlppdjpd d` offk* Cd Jdpkojdc

^lpdkc El`l~dpkoj dil~kgdjd hd ~kcludpo c‛dj`diljpo `lccl ulj`kpl d wdcò jlk @lrd~piljp Wpo~lw

`dc 4;62 dc 4;;< (è c‛|jkgd eojpl wpdpkwpkgd `kwrojknkcl goj `dpk w|k wdc`k rkû ghl uljpljjdck+*

K `dpk iowp~djo |jd g~lwgkpd `d udco~k kjpo~jo dcc‛8, `lc popdcl `lccl ulj`kpl djj|l jlc 4;62 d

ocp~l kc 72, jlc 4;;<* Wlgojò Rlpl~ Rdwhkfkdj (4;;8+ cd g~lwgkpd `lccd t|opd `lk wdc`k è kj wp~lppd~lcd}kojl goj c&d|iljpo `lccd ud~kdnkckp l kir~lul`knkckp gojjlwwd dcc&kjp~o`|}kojl `lc edppo~l io`d*

Cl gke~l rl~ c‛Kpdckd wojo offk# wlgojò cl wpkil `k Gojegoiil~gko (>242+ w|rl~ko~k dc >5, jlccd

il`kd `lcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo (gk~gd 42ikckd~`k `k ₣+# ghl goir~lj`l wkd k r~oòppk gojpkj|dpkuk# rogo

kjpl~lwwdpk dk wdc`k# ghl k r~oòppk io`d*

Kc edppo~l `kwpkjpkuo `lc r~oòppo io`d è ghl kc w|o udco~l rl~ kc gojw|idpo~l plj`l ~drk`diljpl

d }l~o t|djò kc gkgco ̀ lccd io`d gdinkd l gkþ ghl è wpdpo ̀ k io`d ̀ |~djpl cd wpdfkojl joj co wd~

rkû kj t|lccd w|gglwwkud*

Kc il~gdpo ud t|kj`k kiil`kdpdiljpl wfoin~dpo `dk r~oòppk ghl joj hdjjo go~~kwrowpo dccl`lgkwkojk `k wrlwd `lk gojw|idpo~k `|~djpl cd wpdfkojl# dk r~l}}k `k wpdfkojl*

Jlk wlppo~k kj g|k cd r~lwlj}d `k r~oòppk d gkgco `k ukpd n~lul è idffko~l# kc ~kwghko plj`l d`

lwwl~l rkû lcludpo= dc r~onclid `lccd wlcl}kojl `lc r~oòppo fk|wpo wk dffk|jfojo t|lcco `lc

ioiljpo fk|wpo kj g|k ̀ lul d~~kud~l w|c il~gdpo l t|lcco ̀ lc ~kwp~lppo d~go pliro~dcl kj g|k k gowpk

`luojo lwwl~l ~lg|rl~dpk*

Cd goinkjd}kojl `k wgd~wd r~lul`knkckp l e~diiljpd}kojl `lk goiro~pdiljpk `lk gojw|idpo~k#

goj cd ~drk`kp goj g|k kc gkgco ̀ k ukpd ̀ k |j r~oòppo wk lwd|~kwgl è p~d cl gd|wl ̀ lccd wgd~wd ̀ kfl|wkojl

jlccl kir~lwl `lccd io`d `lcco wp~|iljpo `lccd ~kgl~gd `k il~gdpo (Wkjhd# >224+*

C‛kirdppo `lk wdc`k w|c gojpo lgojoikgo `lk jlfo}k è ~kcludjpl* Kc ~kw|cpdpo `k gdppkud wlcl}kojl

`lcc‛dwwo~pkiljpo rl~ |j jlfo}ko i|cpkid~gd o cd r~orowpd `k |jd goccl}kojl –wndfckdpd’ è |jd

gojwkwpljpl ~k`|}kojl `lk id~fkjk*

Rl~ e~ojplffkd~l t|lwpo ~kwghko# cd ~kwrowpd pkrkgd `lc ~lpdkc è wpdpd# id co è djgo~d offk# `k

kiro~~l r~l}}k lcludpk w|k gd~plcckjk `lk gdrk ulj`|pk kj wpdfkojl# ghl fljl~djo wou~did~fkjk

`lwpkjdpk d goirljwd~l k idjgdpk id~fkjk `lccl ulj`kpl d wdcò*

\j lfllppo goccdpl~dcl `lc –ajono`{ ajovw r~oncli’ è `|jt|l t|lcco `k dul~l r~l}}k rkû dcpk

`|~djpl cd wpdfkojl# lfllppo ghl rl~ ocp~l ̀ |l ̀ lgljjk è wpdpo dgglppdpo ̀ dk gojw|idpo~k# ghl offk

wojo iocpo iljo `kwrowpk d` dgglppd~l ghl kj rdwwdpo*

47



4* 0 K gowpk `lccd io`d= iocpkrckgdpo~k l id~fkjk `lk jlfo}k

Kc jono`{ ajovw r~oncli l k gowpk `k flwpkojl ~lcdpkuk dccd e|j}kojl `k dffk|jfl~l udco~l

kiidpl~kdcl dk r~oòppk gokjuocfljò kc gojw|idpo~l gojp~kn|kwgojo d` dgg~lwgl~l k iocpkrckgdpo~k

`k r~l}}o drrckgdpk `dk jlfo}k l k id~fkjk co~`k*

Kj |jd ~lgljpl `kghkd~d}kojl kc r~lwk`ljpl `lcc‛dwwogkd}kojl jd}kojdcl `lk gdc}d)p|~kgk hd

`kghkd~dpo ghl=

–kc wlppo~l gdc}dp|~kl~o hd |j id~a |r p~orro lcludpo**$ Wlin~l~lnnl |jd ndpp|pd ̀ k wrk~kpo kj noggd

dc r~lwk`ljpl `lk `kwp~kn|po~k `k gdc}dp|~l# id joj è gowã* Joj è gowã# rl~ghë wl kc id~a |r kj Kpdckd èkj`kgdpkudiljpl `lc ;2)4>2 (wlcc)kj d 422 l r~l}}o kj ulp~kjd 4;2)>>2+ l` dcc‛lwpl~o d``k~kpp|~d `lc 4<2)

>22# kj p|ppo kc goird~po eoo` l f~ogl~{ è `lc >< (wlcc)kj d 422 r~l}}o w|cco wgdfldcl 4><+’*

@lr|~dpo `dcc‛lfllppo `lk wdc`k# kc id~fkjl co~ò# p|ppdukd wk ~k`kiljwkojd# l plj|po gojpo `lk

gowpk `k flwpkojl kc id~fkjl jlppo joj wk `kwgowpd p~orro `d t|lcco il`ko `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl*

Goil wk ul`l jlccd Ekf|~d 4# edgljò c‛kroplwk ghl kc iocpkrckgdpo~l ghl kc jlfo}kdjpl drrckgd dc

r~l}}o ̀ k wlcc)kj wkd `lc >*> (r~l}}o `k wlcc)kj 422# r~l}}o dc gojw|idpo~l >>2+ l ghl kc ~kndwwo il`ko

`lk wdc`k wkd `lc 05,# wl p|ppk k gdrk uljfojo ulj`|pk kj wpdfkojl kc id~fkjl co~ò (dc co~ò `lccl

wrlwl `k flwpkojl+ è `lc <<,# id wl cd t|opd `lk wdc`k d~~kud dc 72, kc id~fkjl co~ò wglj`l dc 05,l wl d~~kud dc <2, wglj`l dc 78,*

Ekf|~d 4 Id~fkjk co~`k w|ccl ulj`kpl kj ~lcd}kojl dccd t|opd `lk wdc`k

Eojpl= Hl~ilw Cdn

40



Djghl cl e|j}kojk `k goi|jkgd}kojl# `k ~drr~lwljpd~l k gojplj|pk wkinockgk l` lwplpkgk `lk gdrkl `k id~alpkjf lio}kojdcl ghl kc jlfo}ko wuocfl# hdjjo ouukdiljpl lfllppo w|k id~fkjk jlppk*

Kj t|lwpk gdwk k gowpk dww|iojo wkd cd eo~id `k kjulwpkiljpo# p~dwilppljòwk w|k id~fkjk

dpp~dul~wo kc uoc|il `k diio~pdiljpk# wkd cd eo~id `k wrlwl go~~ljpk goj |j kirdppo `k~lppo w|c

gojpo lgojoikgo*

Cl wrlwl goj jdp|~d `k kjulwpkiljpo ~kf|d~`djo c‛kirkdjpo `lc jlfo}ko# kjgc|wd cd al{ iojl{

(n|oj|wgkpd+= cd r~oflppd}kojl l c‛dcclwpkiljpo `lc jlfo}ko l kc w|o ~kjjouo rl~ko`kgo# wlgojò |j

gkgco ghl r|þ dj`d~l `dk 7 dk 5 djjk kj ~lcd}kojl dccd pkrocofkd (Gklppd# >225+*

P~d t|lccl `k jdp|~d go~~ljpl uk wojo kjulgl gowpk `k flwpkojl goil kc ukw|dc l c‛dcclwpkiljpo ̀ lcclulp~kjl# kc il~ghdj`kwkjf kj)wpo~l# kc rl~wojdcl l fck dppk* Ouukdiljpl wk p~dppd ̀ k wrlwl ghl k jlfo}k

kjgojp~djo kj t|dc|jt|l wlppo~l il~glocofkgo# id jlccd io`d r~lwljpdjo dcg|jl rd~pkgocd~kp*

Rl~ t|djpo ~kf|d~`d k gowpk `k dcclwpkiljpo `lk jlfo}k `lccl io`d# `|l wp|`k ~ldck}}dpk `d Hl~ilw

Cdn jlc >222 (Gljp~o Lkjd|`k)WKWKI >224+ l jlc >225 (Gklppd# >225+ iowp~djo goil rl~ t|lwpo

wlppo~l cd e|j}kojl gljp~dcl jlc jlfo}ko jlccd ~drr~lwljpd}kojl `lk udco~k wkinockgk l g|cp|~dck `lc

r~oòppo `lpl~ikjk |j kjg~liljpo gojwkwpljpl `lk gowpk# ghl wk dirckd dc g~lwgl~l `lc gojplj|po

io`d `lk r~oòppk ulj`|pk l dc rowk}kojdiljpo rl~ edwgkd `k r~l}}o*

D pkpoco `k lwlirko |j jlfo}ko `k ukgkjdpo ghl p~dppd dnnkfckdiljpo lwpl~jo `k edwgkd ndwwd hd|j gowpo `k r~oflppd}kojl l dcclwpkiljpo ghl wk dffk~d w|k 0<2/<22 l|~o dc it# iljp~l rl~ gojp~o

|j jlfo}ko `k edwgkd dcpd hd |j ~djfl `k kjulwpkiljpo ghl ud `dk 4*622 dk 7*222 l|~o1 cl no|pkt|lw

`lccl f~kfll rkû kiro~pdjpk rd~pojo `d gke~l w|rl~ko~k dk 7*<22 l|~o dc it* (Gklppd# >225+ (Ekf|~d >+

Ekf|~d > Gowpk `k kirkdjpo l plirk `k ~kjjouo `lk r|jpk ulj`kpd `lccl gdpljl `k jlfo}k

`k dnnkfckdiljpo

Wlppo~l Rowk}kojdiljpo Rl~koò ̀ k ~kjjouo Eo~idp ̀ kwp~kn|pkuo Gowpo dc it`lc gojglrp (djjk+ (If ̀ k w|rl~gkl+ (kj l|~o+

Dnn* Lwpl~jo Ndwwo < 4>2)>22 0<2)<<2

Dnn* Lwpl~jo Il`ko 7)< 4>2)>24 5<2)4><2

Dnn* Lwpl~jo Dcpo 7)< 4>2)>2> 4622)7222

Dnn* Lwpl~jo C|wwo 7 82)4<2 7<22 l ocp~l

Dnnkfckdiljpo Il`ko 5 ocp~l 4222 722)022

Eojpl= wpkil Hl~ilw Cdn (lwp~dppo `d ^kgghlppk l Gklppd# >225+

4<



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`lccd io`d# wor~dpp|ppo jlk wlfiljpk dcpk# id joj woco wkfjkgd# wglfckl~l cl ukl `lccd io`d jlccl

gkpp f~dj`k l rkggocl*

\jo wp|`ko `lc >227 (Joikwid)WKWKI >227+ hd gdcgocdpo ghl jlccl ukl `lk gljp~k wpo~kgk `lccl

f~dj`k gkpp cd io`d `lpkljl |jd t|opd lcludpkwwkid ) ocp~l kc 07, woco rl~ c‛dnnkfckdiljpo# kc <8,

gojwk`l~djò djghl cl gdc}dp|~l ) `lc j|il~o `k jlfo}k5*

Wlgojò Gklppd (>225+ è rlg|ckd~l `lccd io`d dpp~kn|k~l |jd f~dj`l udco~l dcc‛drl~p|~d `lk r|jpk

ulj`kpd jlccl wp~d`l |jkul~wdciljpl ~kgojowgk|pl goil `lr|pdpl dcco whorrkjf io`dkoco=–Joj wk p~dppd kjedppk woco `k we~|ppd~l kc p~dkjo l kc |wwo fljl~dpo `d id~ghk rkû jopk goil duukljl

rl~ gljp~k goiil~gkdck1 c‛d}klj`d lil~fljpl hd cd jlglwwkpâ `k |wd~l kc udco~l wkinockgo `lc r|jpo

ulj`kpd goil wlfjdcl `k drrd~pljlj}d d` |jd wlcl}kojl ~kwp~lppd `lk id~ghk ghl gojpdjo d ckulcco

fcondcl* Kc udco~l wkinockgo è rd~pkgocd~iljpl kiro~pdjpl rl~ wlfjdcd~l dk r~or~k gckljpk kj fk~o rl~

kc iojò `k ~drr~lwljpd~l |jd ~ldcpâ d}klj`dcl ghl gojpd l ghl hd g~l`knkckpâ w|c il~gdpo*

Kj |j wlppo~l kj g|k kc r~oòppo è wp~|pp|~dciljpl o~kljpdpo dc gdinkdiljpo# cl ~lfocl `lfck wgdink

kjpl~jd}kojdck wlin~djo ~kghkl`l~l g~l`lj}kdck joj wocpdjpo jdj}kd~kl# id djghl ~kwrlppo dccd

gdrdgkpâ `k wpdnkck~l ~lcd}kojk `k~lppl goj k r~or~k (wlcl}kojdpk+ gojw|idpo~k*Kc r|jpo ulj`kpd dcc‛kjpl~jo ̀ k dcg|jl }ojl goiil~gkdck è t|kj`k |j kjulwpkiljpo ̀ k goi|jkgd}kojl

l id~alpkjf r~kid djgo~d ghl goiil~gkdcl wkd jlk goje~ojpk `lk r~or~k gckljpk/orl~dpo~k `lccd

`kwp~kn|}kojl ghl `lk r~or~k gckljpk/gojw|idpo~k*’

Kj |j kjpl~uljpo dccd GGKDD `k Ikcdjo jlc >225# D~p|~o `lcc‛Dgt|d Nlccdukpkw# r~lwk`l `lccd Edgocp

`k @lwkfj `lc Rockplgjkgo `k Ikcdjo# wk ghkl`lud wl cd io`d# rl~ kc w|o gojgljp~d~wk kj dcg|jl ukl l

t|d~pkl~k `lccd gkpp joj gowpkp|kwwl rl~ Ikcdjo |j –edppo~l `k wp~|pp|~d}kojl |~ndjd’ (Nlccdukpkw >225+

l gkpdud p~l `kul~wl l nlj r~lgkwl d~ll `k cogdck}}d}kojl=

‗ kc T|d`~kcdpl~o= Ukd Iojpljdroclojl# Ukd ̀ lccd Wrkfd# l |jd rd~pl ̀ k Ukd Idj}ojk l Go~wo Uljl}kd#

òul wk goccogdjo cl f~dj`k ~il `lccd io`d l k f~dj`k wd~pk ghl g~ldjo rl~ |jd gckljplcd

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il~gdpo d |jd rkû udwpd gckljplcd l wk kjpl~jd}kojdck}}djo*

‗ Cd }ojd Pkgkjlwl / Jdukfck= lwlirko ̀ k –cljpd l r~of~lwwkud ilpdio~eowk ̀ lccd gkppâ kj id~gkd ul~wo

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dcckjldjo k jlfo}k l k gojglrp wpo~lw `lccd io`d fkoudjkcl `lcc‛\~ndjvld~*

‗ Cd }ojd Po~pojd= goir~lwd p~d kc Jdukfcko F~dj`l l ukd Wocd~k ghl hd gojwl~udpo ilio~kl

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5* Cd ~kgl~gd hd r~lwo kj

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Ukd `lk Po~jdn|ojk (Ek~lj}l+#

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Ukd Wdj Jkgocþ ( P~klwpl+#

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Gdjjd)~lfko (Uljl}kd+

45



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gojjlwwl dccd io`d# dccd goi|jkgd}kojl l dcc‛kiidfkjl*

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d` lwlirko kc c|wwo jlccl wp~d`l kjpo~jo d ukd Iojpljdroclojl# kc idww id~alp `lccl gdpljl d r~l}}o

ndwwo l il`ko jlccl dcp~lppdjpo gljp~dck Go~wo Ukppo~ko Lidj|lcl l ukd Po~kjo# cd io`d fkoudjkcl kj

}ojd Pkgkjlwl/Jdukfck# cl whov~ooi kj ]ojd Po~pojd*

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goiil~gkdck# ̀ k g|k rl~ ed~l djgo~d c‛lwlirko ̀ k Ikcdjo co wukc|rro ̀ lcc‛d~ld Pkgkjlwl jlfck |cpkik ̀ |l

`lgljjk è wpdpo |j lwlirko `k w|gglwwo*

Rl~ t|lwpd ~dfkojl# k gowpk `k w|nljp~o wojo iocpo lcludpk6 l kj gojpkj|d g~lwgkpd= lwgc|`ljò k

gowpk `k r~oflppd}kojl l ~ldck}}d}kojl `lc jlfo}ko# ghl rl~ cl f~kfllw `lc c|wwo rowwojo w|rl~d~l k

7*<22 l|~o dc it# cd n|oj|wgkpd kj |jd ukd r~kid~kd ̀ lc gljp~o gkppd`kjo r|þ ~dffk|jfl~l k <2 ikckojk

`k l|~o*

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wukc|rrd~l |jd r~or~kd ~lpl goiil~gkdcl `k~lppd cl `kiljwkojk ikjkil wojo `k gk~gd </42 ikckojk

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02/<2 ikckojk `k l|~o `k edpp|~dpo*

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r~kid ilp `lfck djjk `klgk l ghl hdjjo ~dffk|jpo kj wp~d`l goil ukd Iojpljdroclojl d Ikcdjo

o ukd Gojòppk d ôid k 5*622/5*822₣ djj|k dc ilp~o t|d`~o (Ekf|~d 7+*

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4<#<, `lc udco~l goirclwwkuo dgt|kwpdpo `dc gckljpl (`lc r~l}}o `k ulj`kpd J`^+*

Wk p~dppd `k rl~gljp|dck ghl `kiowp~djo c‛dpplj}kojl goj cd t|dcl cl d}klj`l offk r~oflppdjo cl

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fljl~dpd `dc cd{o|p l `dccd cogdpkoj `lc r|jpo ulj`kpd* (Gklppd# >225+

6* K gowpk ̀ k w|nljp~o uljfojo

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`k cogd}kojl# o wl cd ukpd |pkcl

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kjpl~jd}kojdck KE^W (KDW78+*

Dc ioiljpo `lccd glwwd}kojl

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goil dcp~k r~ouljpk

46



Ekf|~d 7 Fck dppk rl~ k jlfo}k jlccl ukl `lccd io`d kj L|~ord* >242

Gkpp ]ojl Ikfckd `k ₣ rl~ it ) djjo

Coj`~d Jlv Noj` Wp~llp 6#7

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Eojpl= G|whidj%Vdallc`

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Kc id~fkjl co~ò il`ko `lcc‛djjo pkljl gojpo `lk ~kndwwk jlk wdc`k l kc id~fkjl jlppo `lk gowpk `k

flwpkojl rlg|ckd~k `lccd io`d*

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gdjdcl l eo~idp rkû p~d`k}kojdcl `lccd io`d kpdckdjd# kc jlfo}ko kj`krlj`ljpl `k edwgkd dcpd

(no|pkt|l+# `k il`kl `kiljwkojk l eogdck}}dpo w| r~oòppk d` lcludpo gojplj|po io`d*

Kc gdwo kj t|lwpkojl è |jo `lk rkû jopk jlfo}k `lccd io`d ikcdjlwl goj p~l kiro~pdjpk r|jpk

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kc w|gglwwo `lk id~ghk `lc Id`l kj Kpdc{# offk ilw)wo kj `kgocp `dcc‛lil~fl~l `k j|ouk io`lcck l

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gojw|idpo~l*

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id~alpkjf lio}kojdcl+ wk d~~kud d` |j id~fkjl jlppo kjel~ko~l dc 7,*

48



Ekf|~d 0 ^kgduk# id~fkjk l ~l``kpkukpâ `k |jd no|pkt|l `lccd io`d

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>7

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4/7 `lfck dgt|kwpk*

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Eojpl= Wkpd ^kgl~gd

>0



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gkpp o jlk gljp~k wpo~kgk*

È kj t|lwpd pkrocofkd `k jlfo}k ghl uljfojo ulkgocdpl cl r~kil r~orowpl io`d `lccd wpdfkojl*

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il`ko)ndwwd+*

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7* K eo~idp `kwp~kn|pkuk

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djgo~d `ljkpk*

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kc jlfo}ko kj`krlj`ljpl*

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p~dppdpk*

>5



7*> Cl gdpljl `k jlfo}k

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r~o`|}kojl ̀ k joj ̀ lclfd~l kc r~oòppo d` dcp~k l` kj rd~pkgocd~l dc wkwplid ̀ kwp~kn|pkuo kj`krlj`ljpl*

C‛kjplf~d}kojl `k iocpl d}klj`l r~o`|ppkul ul~wo cd `kwp~kn|}kojl è wlj}d `|nnko cd ud~kdjpl

jd}kojdcl `k t|lwpo eo~idp# kjjoud}kojl ghl goikjgkd d r~lj`l~l eo~id wkj `dcc‛kjk}ko `lfck djjk

‛;2# p~dweo~idjò kc co~o id~ghko kj kjwlfjd*

Cd ~dfkojl è luk`ljpl= cl d}klj`l `k io`d kjulwpojo iocpl ~kwo~wl jlccd g|~d `lcc‛kiidfkjl l

`lc rowk}kojdiljpo r~lwwo kc gojw|idpo~l `lk r~or~k r~oòppk# g|~d ghl wk p~d`|gl kj |jd

>6



wrdwio`kgd dpplj}kojl jlccd wglcpd `lccd cogdpkoj `lc r|jpo ulj`kpd# `lc cd{o|p `lc jlfo}ko# `lccdwlcl}kojl `lk r~oòppk w|fck wgdfldck* P|ppl dppkukp w|ccl t|dck# goj kc g~lwgl~l `lccd goirlpk}kojl#

oggo~~l lwl~gkpd~l kc idwwkio gojp~occo l ghl `kuljpdjo t|kj`k rkû `kgkciljpl `lclfdnkck d jlfo}k

kj`krlj`ljpk l i|cpkid~gd l pdjpo iljo dccd il`kd}kojl `k kiro~pdpo~k o dfljpk rc|~kidj`dpd~k*

Gkþ hd jkpo rl~ ~lj`l~l rkû we|idpo kc gojjl p~d r~o`|}kojl l `kwp~kn|}kojl joj woco goil

lwkpo ̀ k |j‛kjplf~d}kojl d udccl ̀ k kir~lwl ̀ k r~o`|}kojl# id djghl rl~ghë cl wplwwl kir~lwl ̀ lccd

`kwp~kn|}kojl# rl~ ~dfkojk wkikck dc r~o`|ppo~l# wlrr|~l w|c e~ojpl orrowpo# hdjjo kjk}kdpo |jd

r~of~lwwkud kjplf~d}kojl d iojpl*

Cd g~lwgkpd `lccl gdpljl `k jlfo}k joj hd gd~dppl~k}}dpo woco kc il~gdpo kjpl~jo= cl d}klj`l `kio`d hdjjo kjedppk we~|ppdpo cd `kwp~kn|}kojl `k~lppd goil wp~|iljpo `k kjpl~jd}kojdck}}d}kojl#

t|dwk d uocl~ ~lg|rl~d~l pl~~ljo w|ccd `lcogdck}}d}kojl r~o`|ppkud ghl cl dulud gocpl kir~lrd~dpl

~kwrlppo dk gojgo~~ljpk jo~`)l|~orlk*

7*7 F~dj`k Idfd}}kjk

Ocp~l ghl cd r~kid eo~id `k `kwp~kn|}kojl o~fdjk}}dpd# kc f~dj`l idfd}}kjo è wpdpojlcc&dnnkfckdiljpo# wpo~kgdiljpl# kc r~kio gdjdcl d` kjp~o`|~~l cd r~o`|}kojl kj`|wp~kdcl `k wl~kl

l kc cknl~o wl~uk}ko*

K r|jpk ulj`kpd wojo fljl~dciljpl wkp|dpk jlk gljp~k |~ndjk (wrlwwo jlccl ukl rkû gljp~dck+ l

hdjjo `kiljwkojk w|rl~ko~k dk 022 ilp~k t|d`~k*

R~or~ko cd co~o |nkgd}kojl eduo~kwgl co wukc|rro ul~pkgdcl ̀ lccd w|rl~gkl ̀ k ulj`kpd# wp~|pp|~dpd

w| `kul~wk rkdjk ogg|rdpk `d ~lrd~pk wrlgkdck}}dpk*

C&ofll~pd è o~kljpdpd dc joj)eoo` l ̀ kukwd kj idg~o)d~ll il~glocofkghl* Dcc&kjpl~jo ̀ k |jd wplwwd

il~glocofkd# p|ppdukd# wojo rowwknkck ̀ kukwkojk wlgojò gdplfo~kl ̀ k r~oòppo# id~ghko d}klj`dcl l

kjjl wlgojò wpkck `k gojw|io*

È e~lt|ljpl c‛kjp~o`|}kojl ̀ k |j id~ghko ̀ lc ̀ kwp~kn|po~l ( r~kudpl cdnlc + d r~l}}k kjel~ko~k d t|lcck

`lk id~ghk kj`|wp~kdck# kc ghl rl~ilppl dc `kwp~kn|po~l wplwwo `k dggdrd~~d~wk |jd idffko~ t|opd `k

udco~l dffk|jpo l `k ikfcko~d~l jlc gojw|idpo~l cd rl~gl}kojl `lcc‛kjwlfjd*

Kc F~dj`l Idfd}}kjo kj wljwo wp~lppo hd |j&ofll~pd rk|ppowpo dirkd l r~oeoj`d# l fljl~dciljpl

wk goccogd jlccd edwgkd il`ko)dcpd# wkd r|~l d r~l}}k kjel~ko~k ~kwrlppo d t|lcck ̀ lc ̀ lppdfcko wrlgkdck}}dpo*

Kc idfd}}kjo rorocd~l è kjulgl |jd eo~i|cd rkû o~kljpdpd dc r~l}}o= t|k c&dirkl}}d ̀ k fdiid è

>8



wdg~kgdpd d eduo~l ̀ lc gojpljkiljpo ̀ lk r~l}}k il`k* C&|nkgd}kojl r|þ lwwl~l djghl wlikrl~kel~kgd#rl~ we~|ppd~l |jd idffko~l d~ld rkdjd `k wukc|rro*

\j r|jpo `k eo~}d `lk f~dj`k idfd}}kjk # rl~ ljp~dinl cl eo~i|cl# è gl~pdiljpl cd rowwknkckp `k

dggowpd~l rkû pkrocofkl `k r~oòppo# wkd jlcc&d~ld rl~wojd ghl jlcc&d~ld gdwd (l jlcc&dckiljpd~l+*

Rl~ t|djpo ~kf|d~`d kjulgl fck lcliljpk `k `lnocl}}d# wk r|þ `k~l ghl cd eo~i|cd `lc f~dj`l

idfd}}kjo# ghl jo dccd jl `lfck djjk Joudjpd è wpdpo |jo `lk r~kjgkrdck p~dkjk `lccd

io`l~jk}}d}kojl `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl `lccd io`d# kjgojp~d `d t|dcghl djjo eo~pk `kgocp l rl~`lpl~~ljo jlc goje~ojpo goj dcp~l eo~il `k `kwp~kn|}kojl o~fdjk}}dpd*

Idjkelwpd}kojk ̀ lccd g~kwk ̀ k t|lwpd eo~i|cd ̀ kwp~kn|pkud wk p~oudjo kj t|dwk p|ppk k f~dj`k Rdlwk l|~orlk=

‗ kj Fl~idjkd goj kc edcckiljpo jlc >22; `k D~gdjò~ # kc rkû kiro~pdjpl orl~dpo~l `lc wlppo~l#

jdpo ̀ dccd e|wkojl ̀ k Ad~wpd`p (kc idffko~ ̀ lrd~piljp wpo~l pl`lwgo+ goj kc cld`l~ ̀ lccl ulj`kpl

rl~ go~~kwroj`lj}d T|lccl* Ekjo dc >228 D~gdjò~ wk p~oud djgo~d kj gkid dccd gcdwwkgd `lk

idffko~k ~lpdkcl~ dc ̀ lppdfcko ̀ k dnnkfckdiljpo kj Fl~idjkd goj 0*445 ikckojk ̀ k l|~o ̀ k ulj`kpl

jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo* C‛d~~kuo `lccd g~kwk jdj}kd~kd `lc >228# hd ro~pdpo kc f~|rro d `kghkd~d~lkjwoculj}d jlc fk|fjo >22; l d ghkl`l~l c‛kjpl~uljpo r|nnckgo rl~ lukpd~l kc edcckiljpo

‗ jlc ^lfjo \jkpo# ̀ oul Id~aw%Wrljgl~ (kc wkinoco wplwwo `lc io`lcco `lc `lrd~piljp wpo~l+

òro cd g~kwk ghl co hd ro~pdpo t|dwk dccd ghk|w|~d dccd jl `lfck djjk Joudjpd l cd edpkgowd

w|gglwwkud ~kr~lwd# rl~ cd r~kid uocpd jlc >242 è wpdpo w|rl~dpo `d D~gd`kd F~o|r goil

r~kjgkrdcl f~|rro `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl kjfclwl

‗ kj Kpdckd jlfck |cpkik djjk kc rkû kiro~pdjpl ̀ lrd~piljp wpo~l kpdckdjo# kc F~|rro Gokj hd duukdpo

|jd ~lukwkojl wkfjkgdpkud `lccd eo~i|cd dirckdjòjl cl roplj}kdckp wkd ul~wo kc io`lcco

lil~fljpl `lc edwp edwhkoj# goj c‛kjwlfjd OUW Kj`|wp~{ # wkd ul~wo kc c|wwo goj c‛drl~p|~d `k |j

j|ouo eo~idp jlc gljp~o `k Ikcdjo

‗ wlir~l kj Kpdckd# c‛kjwlfjd wpo~kgd wkinoco `lk ̀ lrd~piljp wpo~l kpdckdjo# Cd ^kjdwgljpl è wpdpo

gl`|po d` |j f~|rro pdkcdj`lwl jlc idffko `lc >244* Cd ^kjdwgljpl dulud w|nkpo wlf|kpo cd

plj`lj}d wukc|rrdpdwk jlfck djjk Joudjpd d ~kjjoud~l cd eo~i|cd ̀ lwpkjdjò |jd t|opd ~kcludjpl

`lcco wrd}ko lwrowkpkuo dccd g~ld}kojl ̀ k go~jl~w `lk f~dj`k id~ghk `lcc&dnnkfckdiljpo# gl~gdjò

`k gojgkckd~l cd f~dj`l ̀ kiljwkojl goj |jd idffko~l rl~wojdck}}d}kojl ̀ lcc&ofll~pd dpp~dul~wo

|jd `kwrowk}kojl `lk r~oòppk rl~ wpkck `k ukpd* Kc ikfcko~diljpo `lccd e~lt|lj}d `k ~kjjouo

`lcc&dwwo~pkiljpo# `lccl io`dckp lwrowkpkul l `lccd t|dckp `lk wl~uk}k (d` lwlirko# cd wd~po~kd+

hd gojp~kn|kpo d fk|wpkgd~l c‛d|iljpo `lc r~l}}o il`ko `lc ulj`|po*

>;



Ekf|~d 42 J|il~owkpâ `lk jlfo}k rl~ eo~idp* >222)>22;

Eojpl lcdn* Hl~ilw Cdn w| `dpk @kid~a# Wkpd ^kgl~gd# Ikjkwpl~o Wukc|rro Lgojoikgo

7*0 Cl f~dj`k w|rl~gk wrlgkdck}}dpl

Jlccl wpdpkwpkghl `lccl wogklp `k ~kgl~ghl `k il~gdpo cl f~dj`k w|rl~gk wrlgkdck}}dpl

jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo wojo dwwkikcdpl dfck krl~il~gdpk# wkd rl~ghë cd co~o t|opd `k il~gdpo è djgo~d

rk|ppowpo id~fkjdcl# wkd rl~ghë wpo~kgdiljpl cd eo~i|cd ̀ k t|lwpd pkrocofkd ̀ kwp~kn|pkud wk goccogd kj |j

wlfiljpo ̀ k il~gdpo iocpo wkikcl* Cl f~dj`k w|rl~gk wrlgkdck}}dpl wk gd~dppl~k}}djo rl~ |jd ̀ kiljwkojl

il`kd w|rl~ko~l dk <22 ilp~k t|d`~k l `k jo~id drrd~pljfojo d o~fdjk}}d}kojk rkû goirclwwl# djghl

wl kj Kpdckd joj idjgdjo gdwk ̀ k r|jpk ulj`kpd kj`krlj`ljpk* Hdjjo wockpdiljpl |j&|nkgd}kojl rl~kel~kgd#

o dc rkû wlikrl~kel~kgd# rl~ gojpljl~l k gowpk l we~|ppd~l cd `kwrojknkckp `k rd~ghlffko*

R|jpo `k eo~}d `lccl f~dj`k w|rl~gk wrlgkdck}}dpl gl~pdiljpl cd gdrdgkp `k ofl~k~l |j oppkio

~drro~po t|dckp/r~l}}o `lk r~o`oppk# jojghë# |jd oppkid r~orowpd rl~ dirkl}}d l r~oeoj`kp `k

fdiid* Wk p~dppd kjedppk `k |j&ofll~pd wrlgkdck}}dpd jlcc&dnnkfckdiljpo (djghl wl rowwojo lwwl~l kjwl~kpk

72

>222 >22; ,>222 ,>228

I\CPKID^GD KJ@KRLJ@LJPK(>222 l >228+ 55472 422 <4;22 422

Lwpl~jo 77222 <2 ><0<2 0;

Kjpkio 6<82 44 5822 47

Il~gl~kl 46022 >5 4>522 >0

Dnn* Wro~pkuo 04<2 5 7522 6

Dnn* Ndinkjo 0222 5 70<2 6GDPLJL IOJOID^GD 44642 422 45422 422

Lwpl~jo 8222 58 42>22 57

Kjpkio 4;22 45 >822 46

Dnn* Wro~pkuo 4>52 44 >0<2 4<

Dnn* Ndinkjo <<2 < 5<2 0

F^DJ@K IDFD]]KJK 426> 404<

KRL^IL^GDPK 70; <62

F^DJ@K W\R*WRLGKDC* (>22>)>22;+ ><< 7;5

DIN\CDJPK (>22< )>22;+ 57484 55<52

O\PCLP j*` 522



dgglwwo~k l plwwkcl gdwd+# id p~dwul~wdcl dk `kul~wk wlfiljpk (lwpl~jo |oio l òjjd# kjpkio# kjedj}kd#lgg*+ l rljwdpd rl~ ~kw|cpd~l e|j}kojdcl rl~ p|ppo kc j|gclo edikckd~l# jlccd cofkgd `lc ojl)wpor)whor*

^kwrlppo dfck krl~il~gdpk# c&dwwo~pkiljpo è iocpo rkû dirko l kc gojglrp `kwp~kn|pkuo è o~kljpdpo

ul~wo gojw|idpo~k rkû lwkfljpk* Wk gl~gd ̀ k ~dflo~}d~l jlc gojw|idpo~l cd rl~gl}kojl ̀ k |j lfllppkuo

~kwrd~iko jlccd wrlwd edikckd~l rk|ppowpo ghl r|jpd~l w|ccd ndjdck}}d}kojl `lc gojw|io*

\j dcp~o r|jpo `k eo~}d `lc gdjdcl è c&kj`|wp~kdck}}d}kojl `lk wl~uk}k rowp)ulj`kpd# goj co

we~|ppdiljpo ̀ lccl lgojoikl ̀ k wgdcd jlcc&ofll~pd ̀ k wl~uk}k r~l l rowp)ulj`kpd (rd~ghlffk# wd~po~kd#

Akj`l~hlki# flwpkojl `lk ~lwk# lgg*+*

W|c il~gdpo kjpl~jo# cd g~lwgkpd `lccd t|opd `k il~gdpo `krlj`l~ jlglwwd~kdiljpl `dccdgdrdgkp `k ofl~k~l |j r~oòppo `k t|dckp d r~l}}k gojplj|pk# id wor~dpp|ppo joj ndjdcl# owwkd joj

lgglwwkudiljpl wu|opdpo ̀ k |j gojplj|po io`d*

Nljghë kc ~dffk|jfkiljpo ̀ k |jd ̀ kiljwkojl jd}kojdcl wkd |jd gojt|kwpd dnndwpdj}d ~lgljpl

`d rd~pl `k kjwlfjl ghl jo d rogo pliro r~kid ~kidjludjo gojgljp~dpl wor~dpp|ppo jlc Jo~`)

Lwp `lc Rdlwl# lwlirk wkfjkgdpkuk `k f~dj`k w|rl~gk wrlgkdck}}dpl kj Kpdckd joj idjgdjo*

E~d k rkû kiro~pdjpk g‛è Wo~lccl ^dioj`d# kjwlfjd ghl r|jpd rkû dccd t|dckp `lc r~oòppo ghl

dc wl~uk}ko l ghl wk goccogd dcc&kjpl~jo `k gljp~k goiil~gkdck o dff~lfdpk goiil~gkdck rl~kel~kgk1

orr|~l jlc wlfiljpo wro~pkuo# Wro~p Wrlgkdckwp l Gkwdced ghl ~lwkwpojo dccd dff~lwwkukp w|k r~l}}k`lc cld`l~ l|~orlo @lgdphcoj* Djghl kj t|lwpo gdwo# cd eo~i|cd `lc wl~uk}ko rowp)ulj`kpd d r~l}}k

goirlpkpkuk o d``k~kpp|~d kjgc|wk jlc gowpo `lc r~oòppo gowpkp|kwgl |j lcliljpo `k eo~pl

`kfll~lj}kd}kojl ~kwrlppo dc gdjdcl kj`krlj`ljpl*

7*< K Edgpo~{ O|pclp Gljpl~w

Goil wk è owwl~udpo d r~orowkpo ̀ lccd jdp|~d ̀ lc n|wkjlww cl rl~`kpl ̀ l~kudjpk ̀ dccd rl~gljp|dcl

`k r~o`|}kojl ghl d jl wpdfkojl ~lwpd kjulj`|pd wojo |jo `lk r~kjgkrdck r~onclik `lccl kir~lwl

`lccd io`d*

Cd wlcl}kojl `lk g~ldpkuk# cl rockpkghl id~alpkjf# cd wglcpd `k gdjdck `kwp~kn|pkuk# fck wplwwk io`lcck

o~fdjk}}dpkuk ̀ lccd ckl~d wojo p|ppk wp~|iljpk rl~ ~k`|~~l k ~kwghk ̀ k kjulj`|po* Id rl~ t|djpo wk gl~ghk

`k ikjkik}}d~cl ~lwpdjo |jd gowpdjpl ̀ k ofjk wpdfkojl* L‛ t|kj`k jlglwwd~ko ilppl~l d r|jpo eo~i|cl

`k flwpkojl ̀ lccl ~kidjlj}l ̀ k jl wpdfkojl* Kj |j gojplwpo kj g|k cl ̀ lgkwkojk kj t|lwpo gdiro wojo

rd~pkgocd~iljpl `lckgdpl l kjgo~ro~djo ~kwghk `k udco~k}}d}kojl `lc id~ghko l rowwojo kjfljl~d~l

jlk gojw|idpo~k c‛lfllppo ~kjuko ̀ lfck dgt|kwpk kj dpplwd ̀ lk wdc`k# cl r~dpkghl ̀ k flwpkojl ̀ lccl ~kidjlj}l

wk wojo luoc|pl wukc|rrdjò gdjdck `k ulj`kpd rd~dcclck d t|lcck `lk wdc`k jlk jlfo}k p~d`k}kojdck*

74



Kj t|lwpo dinkpo# cl eo~i|cl wojo wpdpl t|lccl ̀ lcco wrdggko# ̀ lcco wpogghkwpd l w|gglwwkudil

`lcc‛o|pclp*

Kc rl~kgoco `k |j ¡kjt|kjdiljpo± `lc il~gdpo l cd idjgdj}d `k |j gojp~occo `k~lppo w|ccd

`lwpkjd}kojl jdcl `lc r~oòppo hdjjo kjòppo iocpl d}klj`l d we~|ppd~l wrd}k goiil~gkdck `k

r~or~klp l cogdck}}dpk jlccl d`kdglj}l `lk r~or~k wpdnkckiljpk*

Co wrdggko hd gowã dww|jpo |jd e|j}kojl dffk|jpkud d t|lccd p~d`k}kojdcl `k ofl~k~l r~oòppk d

r~l}}k wgojpdpk dk r~or~k `krlj`ljpk l` è `kuljpdpo |j gdjdcl `k widcpkiljpo `lcc‛kjulj`|po*

@dk r~kik lwrl~kiljpk# iocpo wrd~pdjk# wk è rdwwdpk d eo~i|cl rkû luoc|pl# goj |j cd{o|p rkûdggdppkudjpl l ~kgl~gdpo l goj wl~uk}k `k dwwkwplj}d dcc&dgt|kwpo rl~ k t|dck e~lt|ljpliljpl uljkudjo

gokjuocpk fck d``lppk `lcc&d~ld goiil~gkdcl*

Goj t|lwpd luoc|}kojl# wl ̀ d |j cdpo è dj`dpd r~of~lwwkudiljpl ~k`|gljòwk cd rl~gljp|dcl ̀ k

wgojpo rl~ kc gojw|idpo~l# `dcc&dcp~o cdpo wk è ~dflo~}dpd cd rowwknkckp rl~ kc r~o`|ppo~l `k lfllpp|d~l

|jd wo~pd `k plwp goiil~gkdcl w|k gojw|idpo~k*

Co wpogghkwpd kjk}kdciljpl è wpdpo wor~dpp|ppo kc ulj`kpo~l din|cdjpl d g|k k r~o`|ppo~k

d`dudjo c‛kjulj`|po `k wpdfkojl rl~ lwwl~l r~orowpo d r~l}}k iocpo ndwk l wlj}d id~ghko jlkil~gdpk ~kojdck# id fk dccd jl ̀ lfck djjk Joudjpd hd wrlwwo goikjgkdpo d` o~fdjk}}d~wk goj r|jpk

ulj`kpd wpdnkck l djghl rkggocl gdpljl l d joj ~kwrlppd~l kc ukjgoco `lcc‛dwwlj}d `lc id~ghko o

`lcc‛kj`kgd}kojl ̀ lc r~o`|ppo~l# kc id~ghko# pocpo ̀ dc gdro uljkud kj ofjk gdwo lwknkpo w|cco wgdfldcl#

r~dpkgd ouukdiljpl joj f~d`kpd dk r~o`|ppo~k# kj t|dcghl gdwo wk è djghl ogg|rdpo ̀ k ~lkiilppl~l

k gdrk jlc gk~g|kpo r~kjgkrdcl ̀ lccl ulj`kpl# kj gdjdck ̀ kwp~kn|pkuk ̀ kul~wk# d` lwlirko jlfck krl~il~gdpk*

C‛kjorro~p|jkp `k t|lwpl r~dpkghl rl~ kc r~o`|ppo~l l cd t|opd wkfjkgdpkud `k il~gdpo ghl

t|lwpo gdjdcl hd goikjgkdpo d` ogg|rd~l hdjjo wpkiocdpo cd ~kgl~gd `k j|oul eo~i|cl `d rd~pl

`lccl kir~lwl# ghl goj k Edgpo~{ O|pclp hdjjo ~kukpdck}}dpo c‛k`ld ̀ lccd ulj`kpd ̀ k~lppd# gdinkdjòjl

popdciljpl gd~dppl~kwpkghl l e|j}kojk ~kwrlppo dccd eo~i|cd `lcco wrdggko*

Cd eo~i|cd io`l~jd l `k idffko~ w|gglwwo jlcc‛|cpkio `lgljjko `k ulj`kpd `k~lppd `lfck

kjulj`|pk ̀ k wpdfkojl è t|lccd ̀ lk Edgpo~{ O|pclp Gljpl~ (EOG+* Wukc|rrdpdwk jlfck Wpdpk \jkpk dppo~jo

dfck djjk Oppdjpd# t|lwpd eo~i|cd wk è wukc|rrdpd jopluociljpl kj L|~ord# r~kid jlccl rl~kel~kl `k

Rd~kfk l Coj`~d rok# kj ikw|~d iocpo gojwkwpljpl# kj Kpdckd*

K EOG wojo rl~ co rkû cogdck}}dpk c|jfo cl f~dj`k d~pl~kl `k gocclfdiljpo l r~orojfojo

|j&ofll~pd `k il`ko)dcpo ckulcco (jo dk id~ghk rkû r~lwpkfkowk+* Fljl~dciljpl ogg|rdjo |jd

w|rl~gkl `k 47)45*222 ilp~k t|d`~k l ~dff~|rrdjo 72)02 wrdggk*

7>



Ekf|~d 44 Kc io`lcco kjwl`kdpkuo `lc Edgpo~{ O|pclp Gljp~l

R^KJGKRKODff~lfd}kojl wrd}kdcl `k rkû r|jpk ulj`kpd wrlgkdck}}dpk iojoid~gd#

KJWL@KDPKUOlwl~gk}k `k ukgkjdpo l il`kl w|rl~gk `k ulj`kpd# goj gojf|~d}kojlkjwl`kdpkud `k pkro d~ldcl*

Kj dinkpk lxp~d|~ndjk# goj n|ojd òpd}kojl kje~dwp~|pp|~dcl d` dcpddgglwwknkckp# wrlwwo kj r~owwkikp `k |j dwwl d|powp~d`dcl# wrlwwo d

COGDCK]]D]KOJL uogd}kojl p|~kwpkgd wlgojò |jd cofkgd wkikcl d gljp~k goiil~gkdcklxp~d|~ndjk* Gojjopd}kojl |~ndjkwpkgd wkikcl dccl f~dj`k w|rl~gk`k ulj`kpd# r|~ jlc t|d`~o `k |jd `kul~wd o~fdjk}}d}kojl kjpl~jd*

D\PO^K]]D]KOJL D|po~k}}d}kojl goiil~gkdcl fljl~dciljpl `k goirlplj}d goi|jdclL DPP\D]KOJL l ~lfkojdcl* Dpp|d}kojl |jkpd~kd `dc r|jpo `k ukwpd |~ndjkwpkgo*\^NDJKWPKGD

Wojo o~fdjk}}dpk rl~ we~|ppd~l cl wkjl~fkl l cl gdrdgkp ̀ k ulj`kpd ̀ lk ̀ kul~wk

GDRDGKPâ .id~ghk. l c‛kjplf~d}kojl goj dcp~k eo~idp `k ofll~pd clfdpk d pliro cknl~o@K DPP^D]KOJL l kjp~dppljkiljpo# dk wl~uk}k `k ~kwpo~d}kojl# dccd r~oio}kojl p|~kwpkgd*

Ndgkjk f~dukpd}kojdck lwplwk `k wgdcd wou~dgoi|jdcl (kjpl~r~oukjgkdcl lkjpl~~lfkojdcl+*

Ekf|~d 4> Pkrocofkl `k Edgpo~{ O|pclp Gljpl~ rl~ w|rl~gkl l rl~koò `k idffko~ wukc|rro

Wofckd ̀ kiljwkojdcl Eo~i|cd ̀ kwp~kn|pkud Rl~koò ̀ k wukc|rro

@d <2 d 4*<22it Wrdggko 4;62);2

@d 4<2 d 7*222id Wpogghkwpd 4;82);2

Ekjo d 5*222it O|pclp rd~a 4;;2)>222

Ocp~l ;*222it O|pclp ukccdfl >222)offk

77



7*5 l)Goiil~gl

Co wukc|rro ̀ lcc‛l)Goiil~gl jlc il~gdpo ̀ lccd io`d è wpdpo |j eljoiljo kjdpplwo rl~ ulcogkp

`k wukc|rro* Kjdpplwo ̀ dfck wplwwk orl~dpo~k ̀ k p|ppd L|~ord (k gdwk ~kel~kpk rkû woppo ~lcdpkuk dc il~gdpo

kjfclwl wojo kj t|lwpo wljwo wkfjkgdpkuk+ ghl woco roghk djjk ed l~djo iocpo wglppkgk w|ccl

rowwknkckp `k wukc|rro `k t|lwpo gdjdcl jlccd io`d*

Co wglppkgkwio l~d ndwdpo w|ccl gojwk`l~d}kojk ~kf|d~ò dc ~|oco g~|gkdcl `lcco wrd}ko wkgo `lc

jlfo}ko# d g|k wk è edppo ~kel~kiljpo djghl jlccd r~kid rd~pl `k t|lwpo wp|`ko* Co wglppkgkwio hd

`lpl~ikjdpo kj t|dcghl gdwo kc ~kpd~ò jlcc‛duuko `k wrl~kiljpd}kojk `k l)Goiil~gl# kj dcp~k gdwkc‛duuko `k wrl~kiljpd}kojk iocpo clffl~l l rogo kjjoudpkul ghl wk ckikpdudjo d ~kr~o`|~~l w|c vln

ilggdjkwik wkikck d t|lcck wrl~kiljpdpk jlc rdwwdpo `dk r~l`lglwwo~k `lcc‛l)Goiil~gl= k gdpdcofhk

`k ulj`kpd rowpdck*

Kc gdjdcl `lk idkc o~`l~ kj L|~ord hd du|po f~dj`l `kfl|wkojl kj Fl~idjkd ghl offk òro fck

\WD# è kc rkû f~dj`l il~gdpo ioj`kdcl goj gk~gd 4< ikckd~`k `k L|~o `k ulj`kpl* ^kcludjpl è djghl

cd w|d `kfl|wkojl kj E~djgkd l jlc ^lfjo \jkpo# iljp~l joj hd idk ~lfkwp~dpo |j w|gglwwo kj Kpdckd*

C‛d~~kuo `k kjpl~jlp hd rl~ilwwo# r~kid dfck wrlgkdckwpk `lk gdpdcofhk rowpdck# rok ukd ukd d fck

orl~dpo~k `lfck dcp~k gdjdck p~d`k}kojdck `k wukc|rrd~l wp~dplfkl `k kjplf~d}kojl i|cpkgdjdcl#dffk|jfljò t|lcco ukd kjpl~jlp dc p~d`k}kojdcl gdjdcl `k ulj`kpd# wp~dplfkd ghl ud goi|jliljpl

woppo lpkghlppd `k gckga dj` io~pd~ l ghl ~lj`l offk rkû cdnkck ghl jlc rdwwdpo k gojjk p~d k gdjdck*

P~d k r~kik d i|oul~wk goj kjulwpkiljpk wkfjkgdpkuk w| vln wojo wpdpk fck orl~dpo~k pl`lwghk# d

rd~pk~l `dccd wock`d ndwl `lk gdpdcofhk rowpdck*

Fck l)pdkcl~w pl`lwghk wojo offk p~d t|lcck ghl jl rowwojo p~d~~l |j kiro~pdjpl udjpdffko* Oppo)

Ul~wdj` è fk kc wlgojò rkû f~dj`l ~lpdkcl~ ioj`kdcl òro Did}oj l` hd ~lgljpliljpl duukdpo

djghl |jd ckjld `k dgt|kwpk w| plcleojkd ionkcl*

Kc wdcpo `k t|dckp wk è rl~þ du|po t|djò c‛l)Goili~gl hd wilwwo `k lwwl~l |jd ul~wkojl

io`l~jd `lk gdpdcofhk rowpdck l` è ~k|wgkpo d ~kr~o`|~~l# io`l~jk}}djòcl l d~~kgghljòcl iocpl

`lccl gd~dppl~kwpkghl `lk gdjdck p~d`k}kojdck*

L‛ d` lwlirko kc gdwo ̀ lc gdjdcl ̀ lccd flwpkojl ̀ lfck kjulj`|pk (wpogghkwpk l o|pclp+ ghl hd kwrk~dpo

cd ~kuoc|}kojl `k [oox# kc idffko~l oj)ckjl wpo~l kpdckdjo `lccd io`d kpdckdjd# goj |jd r~lwlj}d

wkfjkgdpkud djghl w|k il~gdpk lwpl~k# dpp~dul~wo ul~wkojk `lc wkpo `k l)Goiil~gl `l`kgdpl#

wrlgkdck}}dpl rl~ k `kul~wk il~gdpk l|~orlk (ckjf|d# ckulcco `lk r~l}}k# wglcpd `lcc‛dwwo~pkiljpo+*

C‛k`ld ghl hd ro~pdpo dc f~dj`l w|gglwwo `k [oox è wpdpo ro~pd~l# dpp~dul~wo kc vln# d p|ppk k

gojw|idpo~k l goj edgkckp c‛orro~p|jkp ̀ k dgt|kwpd~l d r~l}}k ~kòppk k gdrk ̀ lccl wpdfkojk r~lgl`ljpk#

kj rd~pkgocd~l `lccl f~dj`k f~kfllw l `lk id~ghk `lccd io`d d r~l}}k iocpo gojuljkljpk*

70



Jlc gdwo `k [oox kc io`lcco kjk}kdcl `k n|wkjlww wk è wukc|rrdpo kj wljwo i|cpkgdjdcl# `d |j cdpowk è dirckdpd cd fdiid ̀ lk r~oòppk# joj rkû eo~idpd wocpdjpo ̀ dk gdrk d r~l}}k ~kòppk ̀ dccl wpdfkojk

r~lgl`ljpk# id djghl `d gdrk p~lj`{ `lccd wpdfkojl kj go~wo*

[oox# kjocp~l ofl~l cd w|d rkdppdeo~id rl~ co wukc|rro `k jlfo}k uk~p|dck iojo)n~dj` dk id~ghk

jopk `lccd io`d# fd~djpljò wl~uk}k `k wpdj`d~` iocpo lcludpo# wkd woppo kc r~oco kjeo~idpkgo ghl

~kf|d~ò dccd flwpkojl ̀ lccl kjeo~id}kojk ~dggocpl r~lwwo fck |pljpk ghl ljp~djo jlk jlfo}k uk~p|dck*

Ekf|~d 47 , ̀ k kj`kuk`|k ghl hd lfllpp|dpo dgt|kwpk ̀ k ulwpkd~ko kj Kjpl~jlp jlcc&|cpkio djjo(-+`dpk >228

Eojpl= lcdn Hl~ilw Cdn (>242+ w| `dpk L|~owpdp

Goil dggd`l rl~ k jlfo}k idpl~kdck# p|ppdukd k io`lcck `k n|wkjlww drrckgdnkck dcc‛l)Goiil~gl wk

wojo p|ppdukd iocpkrckgdpk l udjjo `dccd ~kr~o`|}kojl `lccl gd~dppl~kwpkghl `lk jlfo}k iojo)n~dj`

dccd flwpkojl kjplf~dpd i|cpk r~oòppo `lk `lrd~piljp wpo~lw*

L‛ kjpl~lwwdjpl d t|lwpo r~orowkpo c‛lwrl~klj}d w|c il~gdpo kjfclwl# t|lcco kj g|k offk c‛l)

Goiil~gl wpd g~lwgljò rkû ulcogliljpl*

Goil w|c il~gdpo pl`lwgo# fck orl~dpo~k ghl hdjjo `dpo kjk}ko dccd g~lwgkpd ̀ lcc‛l)Goiilgl jlc

^lfjo \jkpo wojo t|lcck ghl r~lgl`ljpliljpl orl~dudjo goj k gdpdcofhk rowpdck# ghl wk wojo

~kgojul~pkpk d` kjpl~jlp goil DWOW# No`lj# o D~pkfkdjo (wrlgkdck}}dpo kj r~oòppk kpdckdjk+*

7<



Kc nooi `lfck |cpkik djjk# `dc >226)>228 kj rok# è wpdpo rl~þ p~dkjdpo `dccl kjwlfjl p~d`k}kojdck#goj c‛kjf~lwwo kj t|lwpo gdjdcl ̀ k f~dj rd~pl ̀ lk nkf rcd{l~w l ̀ lccd ̀ kwp~kn|}kojl ̀ k dnnkfckdiljpo

goil Jlxp# Id~aw%Wrljgl~ (ghl hd |jd rd~pjl~whkr goj Did}oj+# D~gd`kd F~o|r# @lnljhdiw#

Iojwooj# Plwgo# Rldgogaw# Jlv Cooa# l Mohj Clvkw*

Ckppclvoo`w wk è kjulgl wukc|rrdpd `d kjwlfjd `k `lrd~piljp wpo~l d ~lpdkcl~ d orl~dpo~l `k l)

Goiil~gl goj Ckppclvoo`w*goi# |jo `lk n~dj` `k `k~lgp whor (4#>ikckd~`k `k l|~o `k ulj`kpl+*

Kc goird~po dnnkfckdiljpo# gdc}dp|~l l` dgglwwo~k è kc r~kio rl~ g~lwgkpd p~d k wlppo~k `lcc‛l)

Goiil~gl kjfclwl* L fck orl~dpo~k `lc wlppo~l wpdjjo wgdcdjò cd gcdwwkgd `lk rkû kiro~pdjpk wkpk

`k l)Goiil~gl `lc ^lfjo \jkpo* Wlgojò |jo wp|`ko GdrFlikjk jlc >228 cl ulj`kpl oj)ckjl `kdnnkfckdiljpo wojo g~lwgk|pl `lc 72,*

Jlfck |cpkik `|l/p~l djjk co wukc|rro oj)ckjl è wpdpo t|kj`k iocpo ~drkò# r~ondnkciljpl

kjdwrlppdpo rl~ fck wplwwk orl~dpo~k* @lnljhdiw d` lwlirko hd ̀ kghkd~dpo ghl cd wglcpd ̀ k kjulwpk~l

wkfjkgdpkudiljpl jlccl ulj`kpl oj ckjl è duulj|pd# d jl >225# woco òro ghl |j vln)wkpl

wrl~kiljpdcl l~d wpdpo woiil~wo kj roghl wlppkidjl `d ~kghklwpl `‛dgt|kwpo* Plwgo òro dul~

duukdpo kc vln)wkpl d jl >226 hd kjpl~~oppo cl orl~d}kojl oj)ckjl jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo rl~ udc|pd~jl

kc ~kpo~jo# d wlpplin~l >22; hd ~kcdjgkdpo kc wkpo goj |j gdpdcofo `k 7*<22 ckjll `k r~oòppk (4222 `lk

t|dck `kwrojknkck woco oj)ckjl+ l >2 id~ghk*

75



Kc il~gdpo `lk gojw|ik `k dnnkfckdiljpo kj L|~ord è eo~pliljpl gojgljp~dpo kj roghk Rdlwk*K r~kik t|dpp~o il~gdpk Kpdckd# Fl~idjkd# E~djgkd l ^lfjo \jkpo rlwdjo rl~ gk~gd >/7 `lc popdcl

`lk gojw|ik l|~orlk `k dnnkfckdiljpo (Ekf|~d 40+*

Kj gkdwg|jo `lk 0 il~gdpk kc wkwplid `kwp~kn|pkuo r~lwljpd rlg|ckd~kp jd}kojdck*

Goil wk è fk owwl~udpo# c‛Kpdckd wk `kwpkjf|l rl~ |jd t|opd `k il~gdpo lcludpd `lk jlfo}k

kj`krlj`ljpk jlppdiljpl rkû lcludpd ghl jlfck dcp~k p~l f~dj`k il~gdpk l rd~dfojdnkcl woco d t|lccd

`lccd Wrdfjd*

Dcc‛lwp~lio orrowpo `lcc‛Kpdckd wk p~oud kc ^lfjo \jkpo `oul cd t|opd `lfck kj`krlj`ljpk è wglwd

woppo kc 42,# l cd E~djgkd `oul cd t|opd è woppo kc >2,*Wkd kj E~djgkd ghl kj Fl~idjkd cd t|opd `k il~gdpo rkû lcludpd è `lplj|pd `dccd gdpljl

iojoid~gd* Djghl jlc ^lfjo \jkpo cd t|opd rkû lcludpd è `lplj|pd `dk iojoid~gd djghl wl# cd

f~dj`l p~d`k}kojl n~kpdjjkgd ̀ lk ̀ lrd~piljp wpo~lw ~lwpd# r|~ goj iocpl `kgocp rd~pkgocd~iljpl

kiro~pdjpl goj |jd t|opd `k il~gdpo r~owwkid dc ><,*

Ekf|~d 40 K r~kjgkrdck il~gdpk l|~orlk `lcc&dnnkfckdiljpo= goirowk}kojl , >228

Eojpl= lcdno~d}kojk Hl~ilw Cdn w| `dpk L|~owpdp

0* K f~dj`k il~gdpk l|~orlk `lcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo

76



Ekf|~d 4< T|opd , `k il~gdpo `lc `lppdfcko kj`krlj`ljpl jlk r~kjgkrdck Rdlwk \L=

popdcl dnnkfckdiljpo >228

Eojpl= lcdno~d}kojk Hl~ilw Cdn w| `dpk KEI l Wkpd ^kgl~gd

0*4 \j drr~oeoj`kiljpo flof~dgo= Fl~idjkd l ^lfjo \jkpo

CD FLÎDJKD

Goj gk~gd 64 ikckd~`k `k L|~o `k gojw|ik `k ulwpkd~ko# `k g|k t|dwk 52 ikckd~`k `k dnnkfckdiljpo#

cd Fl~idjkd è kc rkû f~dj`l il~gdpo l|~orlo òro c‛Kpdckd*

@oro |j c|jfo rl~koò `k wpdfjd}kojl)gojp~d}kojl# kj g|k cd `kjdikgd `lc ulwpkd~ko wk l~d

wlrd~dpd# kj rlffko# `d t|lccd `lk gojw|ik fljl~dck# `dc >22< k gojw|ik `k ulwpkd~ko hdjjo ~kr~lwo

t|opd*

Cd `kwp~kn|}kojl è iocpo gojgljp~dpd= k r~kik 4> ~lpdkcl~ ~drr~lwljpdjo 4/7 `k p|ppl cl ulj`kpl*

Kc gdjdcl rkû kiro~pdjpl è `kuljpdpo t|lcco `lccl f~dj`k gdpljl (>;, `lc il~gdpo+*

\jd rlg|ckd~kp `lc gdjdcl `lk jlfo}k kj`krlj`ljpk (kj eo~pl gdco+ è kc wkwplid `k

drr~ouukfkojdiljpo ghl rdwwd rl~ f~dj`k f~|rrk ̀ ‛dgt|kwpo (è dwwogkdpd d f~|rrk `‛dgt|kwpo gk~gd

cd ilp `lk `lppdfckdjpk kj`krlj`ljpk+*

78



P~d kc 4;;> l kc >226# kc j|il~o `k kir~lwl jlc goiil~gko dc `lppdfcko `k dnnkfckdiljpo è wglwo`d 76ikcd d >5ikcd ()>6,+# cdwgkdjò wrd}ko dccd f~dj`l `kwp~kn|}kojl*

D jlfo}k `k dnnkfckdiljpo wk dffk|jfojo t|dwk 42ikcd ~lpdkcl~ `lc plwwkcl (gdwd# wpofll d ilp~o#

lgg*+ l t|dwk 8ikcd ~lpdkcl~ `lccl gdc}dp|~l*

K `lppdfckdjpk `k dnnkfckdiljpo wojo wpdpk gowp~lppk d gojpkj|l rockpkghl `k p~d`kjf òvj# dc

gojpkj|o kjwlf|kiljpo ̀ lk gojw|idpo~k dppljpk dc r~l}}o# wkd dpp~dul~wo kc gojpljkiljpo ̀ lk ckwpkjk

rl~ k n~dj` rkû jopk ghl goj c‛kjp~o`|}kojl `k r~kudpl cdnlc *

C‛|jkgo wlfiljpo jo~d ~k|wgkpo d wopp~d~wk d t|lwpd plj`lj}d è t|lcco `lc c|wwo# rl~þ

goirclwwkudiljpl ~k`kiljwkojdpo `dc p~lj` ul~wo dgt|kwpk ghldr*Kc gdjdcl rkû dff~lwwkuo è wpdpo jlcc‛|cpkio ̀ lgljjko t|lcco ̀ lccl gdpljl= wkd t|lccl kjpl~jd}kojdck

goil H%I# Idjfo# ]D^D# wkd t|lccl cogdck goil G%D (nlcfd/pl`lwgd+ Ul~o Io`d o Pdcc{ Vlkm*

Jl wojo wpdpl kj|lj}dpl djghl cl rockpkghl `k drr~ouukfkojdiljpo=

‗ w|c rkdjo `lccd wlcl}kojl flof~dgd `lk eo~jkpo~k# goil wk ul`l `dccl wpdpkwpkghl w|cc‛o~kfkjl

`lccl kiro~pd}kojk

‗ w|c j|il~o `lk eo~jkpo~k# ghl cl gdpljl hdjjo ~kòppo goirdppdjò cd w|rrc{ ghdkj1

‗ w|ccd pkrocofkd `lc ~drro~po# kc io`lcco è t|lcco `lccd ckl~d R\CC o `lc ~lrcljkwhiljp oj

g|wpoil~ `lidj`# cd flwpkojl kjeo~idpk}}dpd l co wgdinko lclpp~ojkgo `lk òg|iljpk è |jdgoj`k}kojl kj`kwrljwdnkcl w|k plirk `k drr~ouukfkojdiljpo (wlgojò |jd ~lgljpl kj`dfkjl

`k Plxpkcvk~pwghdep kc 5;, `lk ~lpdkcl~ pl`lwghk kjplj`l kjg~liljpd~l fck dgt|kwpk w|c n~lul#

wlf|ljò cl p~dggl `lc io`lcco `lc edwp edwhkoj+*

Cd gojgljp~d}kojl è r~owlf|kpd jlfck djjk ~lgljpk* Wlgojò cd N|j`lwul~ndj` `lw @l|pwghlj

Plxpkclkj}lchdj`lcw (NPL+# p~d kc >224 l kc >226 k ~lpdkcl~w goj ulj`kpl kjel~ko~k dk <icj ̀ k L|~o (jlfo}k

wkjfock o ikg~o gdpljl ̀ k roghk jlfo}k+ hdjjo rl~wo 5 r|jpk rl~gljp|dck ̀ k t|opd ̀ k il~gdpo# t|lcck

goj edpp|~dpo p~d < l 422icj ̀ k L|~o jl hdjjo rl~wk woco > l kc ~kwp~lppo f~|rro ̀ lk ~lpdkcl~w goj ocp~l

422 ikckojk `k L|~o `k edpp|~dpo (>; f~dj`k orl~dpo~k+ jl hd f|d`dfjdpk t|dwk ;*

Dc >228# k r~kik 7 ~lpdkcl~w gojpdjo rl~ kc 4<, ̀ lc il~gdpo# k r~kik 6 rl~ kc ><, l k r~kik 4> rl~ 4/7*

Cd t|opd `k il~gdpo `lk jlfo}k kj`krlj`ljpk (><, `lccl ulj`kpl+ è wkikcl d t|lccd e~djglwl l rkû

lcludpd ̀ k t|lccd kjfclwl# id iocpo rkû ndwwd ghl kj Kpdckd* Cl gdpljl rlwdjo rl~ t|dwk kc 72,# iljo

t|kj`k ghl jlc ^lfjo \jkpo l kj E~djgkd# id jlppdiljpl rkû ghl kj Kpdckd*

Kj rdwwdpo# kj Fl~idjkd goil kj Kpdckd l `kul~wdiljpl ghl kj E~djgkd l ^lfjo \jkpo# k rkggock

jlfo}k kj`krlj`ljpk hdjjo du|po |j ~|oco kiro~pdjpl jlccd ulj`kpd dc ̀ lppdfcko ̀ k dnnkfckdiljpo*

Dccd ilp `lfck djjk Wlwwdjpd cd co~o t|opd l~d djgo~d `lc 52,# id fk dccd jl `lfck djjk

Joudjpd l~d wglwd woppo dc 72,* Dcco wplwwo ioò# cd t|opd `lccl f~dj`k w|rl~gk wrlgkdck}}dpl

7;



i|cpkid~gd# goil d` lwlirko N~l|jkjfl~# |j f~dj`l ~lpdkcl~ `k edwgkd il`ko)dcpd# w|c io`lcco Gokj#goj ndwl d Wpóppfd~p l goj r|jpk ulj`kpd jlccd idffko~k gkpp ̀ k p|ppd cd Fl~idjkd# ghl jo dcc‛kjk}ko

`lfck djjk Joudjpd duludjo wrkd}}dpo fck kj`krlj`ljpk# wk è d w|d uocpd r~of~lwwkudiljpl ~kòppd*

Dcg|jk `lk idffko~k rcd{l~ `k t|lwpd gdplfo~kd dccd ilp `lc `lgljjko kj go~wo hdjjo

dnndjòjdpo kc il~gdpo# goil d` lwlirko Hlppcdfl l Nolgal~# ~kwrlppkudiljpl t|d~po l t|kjpo

~lpdkcl~ i|cpkid~gd wrlgkdck}}dpo jo dk r~kik djjk `lc `lgljjko kj Fl~idjkd*

Co wplwwo è duulj|po rl~ k f~dj`k idfd}}kjk joj wrlgkdck}}dpk# goil Ad~wpd`p o Ad|ehoe# rl~

iocpk `lk t|dck wk è p~dppdpo `k |j gdco dwwoc|po `lc edpp|~dpo*

Kc idjpljkiljpo `k rowk}kojk `k cld`l~whkr hd ~kghklwpo dk idffko~k orl~dpo~k `k rl~wlf|k~lwp~d~lfkl i|cpkgdjdcl dpp~dul~wo dgt|kwk}kojk* Cd rkû kiro~pdjpl è wpdpd t|lccd `k Ad~wpd`p# ghl hd

dgt|kwkpo T|lccl jlc >22<# kc rkû kiro~pdjpl orl~dpo~l `lccl ulj`kpl rl~ go~~kwroj`lj}d goj cd

g~ld}kojl `k Ad~wpd`pT|lccl DF rok goj|kpo jlc f~|rro D~gdjò~*

Edgljò clud w| |j‛lgkljpl cofkwpkgd l |jd idffko~l lwwknkckp l ~drk`kp ̀ lcc&ofll~pd cl gdpljl

wrlgkdck}}dpl# wrlwwo `ljoikjdpl kj Fl~idjkd ~lpdkcl~ ul~pkgdck hdjjo# dc gojp~d~ko# ~lfkwp~dpo

jlcc‛|cpkio ̀ lgljjko pdwwk ̀ k g~lwgkpd lcludpk l` kjg~liljpk ̀ lccl t|opl ̀ k il~gdpo* Fck lwlirk udjjo

`dccl gdpljl kjpl~jd}kojdck goil H%I o ]d~d o kc `djlwl Nlwpwlccl~ d t|lccl jd}kojdck goil Jlv

[o~al~ o Nojkpd*Cd co~o g~lwgkpd è wpdpd gowk idwwkggkd l gojpkj|d `d ~drr~lwljpd~l offk kc idffko~l rl~kgoco

rl~ cl eo~i|cl p~d`k}kojdck*

D t|lwpo ~kf|d~ò# wlgojò |jo wp|`ko `k ARIF @l|pwghl (>225+ f~dj rd~pl `lk ~lpdkcl~w

p~d`k}kojdck ghl joj hdjjo wukc|rrdpo |jd kjplf~d}kojl `k ckl~d d iojpl wojo wghkdggkdpk p~d=

‗ cl rockpkghl k̀ r~l}}o dff~lwwkul# `lk `kwgo|jp djghl joj wrlgkdck}}dpk# goil d` lwlirko

Ck`c (ocp~l 4ic` `k L|~o `k ulj`kpl jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo# wlgojò cl wpkil `k PlxpkcVk~pwghdep+#

dcp~o gdjdcl wpo~kgdiljpl rkû kiro~pdjpl kj Fl~idjkd ghl jlfck dcp~k Rdlwk l|~orlk

‗ cd e~lwghl}}d ̀ lccl gdpljl edwp edwhkoj# kj f~dò `k ~kjjoud~l c‛ofll~pd ~drk`diljpl l rkû uocpl

kj |jd wpdfkojl

‗ cl r~kudpl cdnlc d r~l}}k gojplj|pk `lccd F~dj`l @kwp~kn|}kojl (krl~# w|rl~ l `kwgo|jp+ goil

Ilp~o o Pljflcidjj ghl wojo wpdpk kj gowpdjpl g~lwgkpd jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo jlfck |cpkik `klgk

djjk l ghl hdjjo dirckdpo cd t|opd `lcc‛ dnnkfckdiljpo jlccd fdiid ofll~pd*

\jd rlg|ckd~kp `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl pl`lwgd è kc rlwo `lc gdjdcl `lccl ulj`kpl rl~ go~~kwroj`lj}d

(4<, `lc il~gdpo+* Cd gojw|lp|`kjl `lk gojw|idpo~k pl`lwghk d` |pkck}}d~l t|lwpo gdjdcl è |j

ropljpl p~dkjo rl~ c‛l)Goiil~gl*

Kj Fl~idjkd |j gojw|idpo~l w| 0 jlc >228 hd dgt|kwpdpo gdrk ̀ k ulwpkd~ko w| kjpl~jlp* \jd t|opd

02



`lgkwdiljpl rkû lcludpd `k t|lccd il`kd l|~orld# `k rogo w|rl~ko~l djghl d t|lccd kjfclwl lkjgoird~dnkcl goj cd wkp|d}kojl kpdckdjd*

Wlgojò |j ~lgljpl wp|`ko `k DFOE# wogklp pl`lwgd wrlgkdck}}dpd jlcc‛l)Id~alpkjf# kc 6>, (rd~k

d 74 ikckojk ̀ k gojw|idpo~k+ ̀ lfck |pljpk ̀ k kjpl~jlp kj Fl~idjkd wk ̀ kghkd~djo kjpl~lwwdpk dccd io`d

kj fljl~dcl (dnnkfckdiljpo l wgd~rl+ l kc <7, ̀ lfck kjpl~jd|pk (gk~gd >> ikckojk ̀ k rl~wojl+ gl~gdjo

kjeo~id}kojk rl~ c‛dgt|kwpo `k gdrk `k dnnkfckdiljpo oj)ckjl* Kc 70#6, (t|dwk 4< ikckojk `k rl~wojl+

hd fk goir~dpo gdrk `k io`d w| kjpl~jlp# |jd rl~gljp|dcl clffl~iljpl w|rl~ko~l d t|lccd ~kcludpd

`d L|~owpdp ghl rl~þ wk ~kel~kwgl dfck dgt|kwpk lfllpp|dpk jlfck |cpkik 4> ilwk*

\pkck}}djò k fk|wpk wl~uk}k `k l)Goiil~gl# t|lwpo gdjdcl ~drr~lwljpd t|kj`k |jo wnoggo `krd~pkgocd~l kjpl~lwwl w|c il~gdpo pl`lwgo* Cd gk~gowpdj}d ghl |jo `lk idffko~k orl~dpo~k l|~orlk

jlcc‛l)Goiil~gl `lccd io`d wkd kpdckdjo ([oox# 424 ikckojk `k l|~o jlc >228# `k g|k kc 0;, wojo

lwro~pd}kojk kj dcp~k rdlwk `lcc‛\L# p~d k t|dck cd Fl~idjkd hd |j rlwo kiro~pdjpl+ ~lj`l kc gdjdcl

`lcc‛l)Goiil~gl p~d t|lcck `d lwrco~d~l goj rd~pkgocd~l dpplj}kojl*

^LFJO \JKPO

Goj t|dwk <8 ikckd~`k `k L|~o `k gojw|ik `k ulwpkd~ko# `k g|k rkû 0; ikckd~`k `k dnnkfckdiljpo# kc

^lfjo \jkpo è kc pl~}o il~gdpo l|~orlo òro c‛Kpdckd l cd Fl~idjkd*Kj t|lwpo rdlwl# k gojw|ik ̀ k ulwpkd~ko g~lwgojo rkû ̀ lccd il`kd l|~orld# wor~dpp|ppo kj uoc|il*

Kc `lgljjko kj go~wo è kjedppk gd~dppl~k}}dpo `d |jd id~gdpkwwkid `kwglwd `lk r~l}}k il`k ()04,

jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo òjjd p~d kc 4;;8 l kc >228+# djghl kj gojwlf|lj}d `k kiro~pdjpk gdinkdiljpk

jlc goiro~pdiljpo `‛dgt|kwpo `lk gojw|idpo~k*

Cd `kwp~kn|}kojl è cd rkû gojgljp~dpd `‛L|~ord= k r~kik 42 ~lpdkcl~ ~drr~lwljpdjo cd ilp `lc

il~gdpo# k r~kik 7 ocp~l 4/7 `lc il~gdpo* Kc wlppo~l è òikjdpo `d kjwlfjl goil D~gd`kd#

Id~aw%Wrljgl~ l Jlxp l jlccl gdc}dp|~l G%M Gcd~a l Wp{co*

Gdpljl# krl~)w|rl~ l ̀ kwgo|jpl~ hdjjo wopp~dppo t|opl ̀ k il~gdpo wor~dpp|ppo dk `lrd~piljp wpo~lw*

Fck kj`krlj`ljpk wojo eogdck}}dpk w|ccl edwgl dcpl `lc il~gdpo l c‛l)Goiil~gl è kj g~lwgkpd

~drk`kwwkid*

P~d kc >222 l kc >228# kc j|il~o `lk ~lpdkcl~ wrlgkdck}}dpk è wglwo `d 40ikcd d 47*<22 ()>6,+# id è

kj ~kr~lwd `dc r|jpo `k ikjkio `lc >227# t|djò kc j|il~o l~d wglwo d 47ikcd* Wojo kjulgl kj

gojpkj|d `kwglwd fck wrlgkdck}}dpk jlccl gdc}dp|~l# `d 0*522 jlc >222 d 7*522 jlc >228*

Jlcc‛|cpkio `lgljjko# k cld`l~ p~d`k}kojdck hdjjo w|nkpo cd gojgo~~lj}d `k j|il~owk j|ouk

ljp~djpk ghl hdjjo kjjoudpo k eo~idp `kwp~kn|pkuk# p~d k t|dck k rkû wkfjkgdpkuk wojo cl gdpljl

kjpl~jd}kojdck ]d~d# H%I l Fdr l k `kwgo|jpl~w kjfclwk goil R~kid~a l Idpdcdj*

\jd |cpl~ko~l ikjdggkd dk cld`l~ è ulj|pd ̀ dk w|rl~ l krl~ il~gdpk# |jd plj`lj}d ghl jlc ̂ lfjo

04



\jkpo hd du|po |jd pdrrd kiro~pdjl d jl djjk Joudjpd goj c‛dgt|kwk}kojl whoga `k DW@D `d rd~pl`k Vdc)Id~p l c‛ kjp~o`|}kojl `lccd ckjld `k dnnkfckdiljpo cov r~kgl Flo~fl*

Jlc ^lfjo \jkpo# d `kfll~lj}d ghl jlk rdlwk goil c‛Kpdckd# kc eo~idp ilwwo kj `kgocp

`dcc‛luoc|}kojl `lc il~gdpo joj è t|lcco `lfck kj`krlj`ljpk# id t|lcco `lk `lrd~piljp wpo~lw# ghl

hdjjo ~drr~lwljpdpo jo dfck djjk Joudjpd cd gocojjd ro~pdjpl `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl `k dnnkfckdiljpo#

r~kio e~d p|ppk Id~aw % Wrljgl~# ̀ oikjdpo~l kjgojp~dwpdpo jo dccd jl ̀ lfck djjk ‘;2*

Wkd ~kwrlppo dccd `kfl|wd r~dpkgd `lcc‛drr~ouukfkojdiljpo ul~wo eo~jkpo~k lxp~d)l|~orlk wkd

~kwrlppo dcc‛luoc|}kojl `lccl eo~il `k `kwp~kn|}kojl# |j lcliljpo `lgkwkuo è wpdpd cd g~lwgkpd `lc

il~gdpo Udc|l eo~ Iojl{*Kc il~gdpo kjfclwl wk è kjedppk wlir~l gd~dppl~k}}dpo rl~ lcludpk uoc|ik `‛dgt|kwpo (kj j|il~o

gdrk dgt|kwpdpk r~ogdrkpl+ goj ndwwk r~l}}k |jkpd~k* Cd plj`lj}d# fk r~lwljpl jlfck djjk Joudjpd wk

è dggljp|dpd jopluociljpl jlcc‛|cpkio `lgljjko# kj g|k k r~l}}k il`k `lcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo jlc ^lfjo

\jkpo wojo wglwk ~drk`diljpl*

D e~ojpl `k |j kj`kgl fljl~dcl `lk r~l}}k kj g~lwgkpd# jlk 42 djjk p~d kc‛;8 l kc >228 k r~l}}k `lc

ulwpkd~ko wojo wglwk `lc >4, jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo lwpl~jo |oio# `lc 04, jlccd òjjd# `lc >5, jlc

ndinkjk# `lc 6, jlccl gdc}dp|~l*

Wlgojò L|~owpdp jlc >226 il`kdiljpl k r~l}}k l~djo `lc ><, rkû ndwwk ghl kj Kpdckdjlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo l `lc >2, rl~ cl gdc}dp|~l*

Kc p~d`kjf òvj hd kjpl~lwwdpo wor~dpp|ppo k gdjdck `lccl gdpljl l `lk w|rl~)krl~ il~gdpk# id d`

lwwo r|þ uljk~l dwwkikcdpo djghl kc gdjdcl `lk `kwgo|jp ghl ~drr~lwljpd jlc >228 4⁀0 `lc il~gdpo

popdcl# goj r|jpl lcludpl kj rd~pkgocd~l rl~ c‛dnnkfckdiljpo nkino*

C‛dnnkfckdiljpo nkino kjedppk è |j il~gdpo ̀ k f~dj`l w|gglwwo rl~ kc wlfiljpo ̀ k ndwwo r~l}}o#

cd g|k t|opd è g~lwgk|pd kj < djjk `dc >5, dc 75,* Wlgojò |jo wp|`ko `k Ul~`kgp k edppo~k ghl

`lpl~ikjdjo cd wljwknkckp dc r~l}}o jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo nkino wojo `|l# kc r~kio è wp~|pp|~dcl=

c‛dcpd e~lt|lj}d `lfck dgt|kwpk ghl wlf|ojo cd g~lwgkpd `lk ndinkjk1 kc wlgojò è wpdpo c‛d|iljpo

`lfck dgt|kwpk lfllpp|dpk `k~lppdiljpl `dk ~dfd}}k jlc wlfiljpo ocp~l k 42 djjk# wpkiocdpo `d |jd

idffko~l dpplj}kojl dccd goirojljpl io`d*

Joj iljo ~kcludjpl è cd t|opd ̀ k dgt|kwpk ̀ k r~oòppk ̀ k ndwwo r~l}}o jlcc‛dnnkfckdiljpo ̀ ojjd

ghl jlc ̀ lgljjko è g~lwgk|pd ̀ dc 48, dc >7, (c‛dnnkfckdiljpo ̀ ojjd è ocp~l cd ilp ̀ lc wlfiljpo

udc|l jlc >228+*

K `|l cld`l~ `lc p~d`kjf òvj wojo kc `kwgo|jpl~ R~kid~a (4#; ikckd~`k `k L|~o `k edpp|~dpo+ ghl

wlgojò cl wpkil `k Ul~`kgp `lpkljl kc 48#<, `lc il~gdpo udc|l l hd w|rl~dpo jlc >228 kc id~ghko

Flo~fl `lccd gdpljd `k w|rl~il~gdpk DW@D# d g|k kjulgl è dpp~kn|kpd |jd t|opd `lc 45#7,* K `|l

cld`l~ t|kj`k gojp~occdjo g|i|cdpkudiljpl ocp~l kc 70, `lc wlfiljpo*

0>



Cd g~lwgkpd `lc wlfiljpo udc|l gojpkj|d d` lwwl~l rkû ~drk`d `k t|lccd goirclwwkud `lk gojw|ik`k dnnkfckdiljpo* K ̀ dpk iowp~djo rl~þ ghl è o~idk kj edwl ̀ k ~dccljpdiljpo l wlin~d dul~ lwd|~kpo

cd w|d wrkjpd dulj`o r~ondnkciljpl ~dffk|jpo cd w|d idwwkid lwrdjwkojl l r~ouogdpo cd ~ld}kojl

`k `kelwd `lfck dcp~k gdjdck ghl hdjjo d co~o uocpd ~kukwpo ul~wo kc ndwwo k r~l}}k*

W|ccd ndwl `lk `dpk `kwrojknkck d` offk# joj è rowwknkcl udc|pd~l wl cd g~kwk jdj}kd~kd `lc >228)

>242 dnnkd ~kdrl~po cd eo~nkgl p~d cd g~lwgkpd `lc wlfiljpo l kc ~lwpo `lc il~gdpo*

07



Jlcc‛dinkpo `k t|lwpo cduo~o `k ~kgl~gd wojo wpdpk kj`kuk`|dpk `|l gdwk wp|`ko ghl rl~gd~dppl~kwpkghl gor~ojo |jd fdiid dirkd `k eo~idp `kwp~kn|pkul l gdjdck* R~lgkwdiljpl#

c‛drr~oeoj`kiljpo du~ d` offlppo=

• cd no|pkt|l kj`krlj`ljpl i|cpkid~gd# jlccd w|d ul~wkojl rkû wowpkgdpd# t|lccd `lc gojglrp

wpo~l* Kj t|lwpo dinkpo wk è wglcpo |j gdwo rd~pkgocd~iljpl kjjoudpkuo l jopo# t|lcco `k C|kwd ukd

ôid# wpo~kgo jlfo}ko ̀ k Ek~lj}l ghl ̀ dc >220 hd dòppdpo |jd wp~dplfkd lwp~lidiljpl kjjoudpkud

`k i|cpkgdjdckp goj c‛drl~p|~d ̀ k |j d~ld ̀ k l)Goiil~gl ghl hd opplj|po |jo wp~do~`kjd~ko w|gglwwo

• |j `lrd~iljp wpo~l* Djghl kj t|lwpo gdwo wk è wlcl}kojdpo |j gdwo rd~pkgocd~iljpl

kjjoudpkuo# t|lcco ̀ lc f~|rro Gokj ghl ̀ dc >22< d` offk hd duukdpo |j orl~d ̀ k ~kukpdck}}d}kojl l~k`ljk}kojl ̀ lccd eo~i|cd ̀ lc `lrd~piljp wpo~l# djghl kj t|lwpo gdwo goj |j jopluocl w|gglwwo*

<*4 C|kwd Ukd ôid= cd ~kuoc|}kojl `lcc‛l)goiil~gl kj |jd no|pkt|l i|cpkid~gd

C|kwd ukd ôid è |jd `lccl wpo~kghl no|pkt|l `k Ek~lj}l# c‛kjwlfjd lwkwpl `dc 4;27 l` dppkud jlc

wlfiljpo `lc r~èp ro~pl~ l `lc c|wwo j `dfck djjk 72 `lc wlgoco wgo~wo*

L‛ |j jlfo}ko iocpo jopo d ckulcco jd}kojdcl# ed rd~pl `lccd Gdil~d `lk N|{l~ ghl dwwogkd |j~kwp~lppo j|il~o `k r~lwpkfkowk jlfo}k i|cpkn~dj` kpdckdjk `k dcpd fdiid*

C|kwd ukd ôid hd cl pkrkghl gd~dppl~kwpkghl `lc gojglrp wpo~l= |j kiidfkjl lcludpd `lc r|jpo

ulj`kpd l `lcc‛kjwlfjd# |jd fdiid dirkd `k id~ghk*

Jlc il~kpo# kc jlfo}ko ofl~l 022 goccl}kojk l <222 d~pkgock |oio# ̀ ojjd# dgglwwo~k l gdc}dp|~l ̀ lk

r~kjgkrdck id~ghk `lc r~èp ro~pl~ l `lccd ~kgl~gd wpkckwpkgd p~d g|k= Ndcidkj# N|~nl~~{# Ghcoè# Gh~kwpkdj

Co|no|pkj# @ko~# @wt|d~l`# @ocgl % Fdnndjd# Fkuljgh{# Mohj Fdcckdjo# Cdjukj# Id~g Mdgonw# ^kga

Ovljw l [ulw Wdkjp)Cd|~ljp* Id djghl `k idkwoj `&dudjf|d~`kd goil Dclxdj`l~ Vdjf#

Gh~kwporhl~ Adjl# Fd~lph R|fh l ô`d~pl*

Cd `lgkwkojl `k wukc|rrd~l |jd r~lwlj}d w|c vln ~kwdcl dccd jl `lfck djjk Joudjpd* Cd r~kid

iopkud}kojl ̀ lccd wglcpl è wpdpo kc pljpdpkuo ̀ k idjpljl~l k gojpdppk goj k iocpk p|~kwpk kjpl~jd}kojdck

ghl l~djo |jd t|opd kiro~pdjpl `lk gckljpk `lc jlfo}ko# ghl rl~þ# goil pkrkgo `k t|lwpo pkro `k

gckljplcd# dgt|kwpdudjo fljl~dciljpl |jd wocd uocpd# kj oggdwkojl `lccd ukwkpd dccd gkpp kj g|k

`kgkciljpl ~kpo~jdudjo goj e~lt|lj}d* C‛k`ld l~d t|kj`k ̀ k gdrkpdck}}d~l k gojpdppk goj cd gckljplcd

wp~djkl~d l kj t|dcghl ioò `lck}}d~cd*

Ekjo dc >220 kc vln)wkpl è wpdpo rl~þ |jd p~d`k}kojdcl ulp~kjd ̀ k ulj`kpd# flwpkpd kj ~ldcp ̀ d |jd

wogklp lwpl~jd* @dc >220 cd e|j}kojl `lc vln)wkpl wk è `k iocpo dccd~fdpd l cd w|d flwpkojl è wpdpd

kjpl~jdck}}dpd*

<* Gdwk wp|`ko

00



Jlfck djjk w|gglwwkuk kc ~|oco `lccl ulj`kpl oj)ckjl è g~lwgk|po jopluociljpl= jlc >228 t|lwpogdjdcl hd kjedppk ~dffk|jpo goil udco~l kc ckulcco `lc jlfo}ko p~d`k}kojdcl l jlfck |cpkik `|l djjk cd

g~lwgkpd è r~owlf|kpd w|c vln d ~kpik rkû lcludpk `k t|lcck `lc jlfo}ko p~d`k}kojdcl* Fck dgt|kwpk ukd

vln o~idk w|rl~djo wpdnkciljpl k <22 l|~o fko~jdckl~k*

Cl gke~l ̀ lccd r~lwlj}d ̀ k C|kwd ukd ̂ oid w|ccd ~lpl wojo kir~lwwkojdjpk= |j ikckojl ̀ k ukwkpdpo~k

dc ilwl l t|dpp~ogljpoikcd gojpdppk fko~jdckl~k# kj g~lwgkpd `k ocp~l kc >22, `dc >228 dc >242* Cd

r~kjgkrdcl r~ouljklj}d `lfck dgt|k~ljpk wojo fck \WD*

W|c wkpo vln wojo `kwrojknkck rkû `k 422 goccl}kojk `k por p~d g|k Ghcoè# @ko~ Hoiil# @ocgl %

Fdnndjd# @wt|d~l`# Cdjukj dj` Iojgcl~* Dcg|jk f~dj`k n~dj` fcondck# goil Cluk‛w Wp~d|ww l Cdgowplhdjjo djghl g~ldpo d~pkgock l gocclgpkojw kj l`k}kojl ckikpdpd drrowkpdiljpl rl~ c|kwdukd~oid*goi*

C‛kjp|k}kojl kjk}kdcl# ̀ lcc‛lwpljwkojl oj)ckjl ̀ lc jlfo}ko goil wp~|iljpo rl~ ~dflo~}d~l kc clfdil

goj k gckljpk cojpdjk# l pljl~ck clfdpk dc jlfo}ko è wpdpd gowpdjpliljpl idjplj|pd jlcc‛luoc|}kojl `lc

vlnwkpl# gojwk`l~dpo joj |j wlirckgl gdjdcl `k ulj`kpd# id `k goi|jkgd}kojl goj kc gckljpl*

Wlgojò Elckgl Ckiowdjk# kc `k~lppo~l g~ldpkuo `lc jlfo}ko=

–F~d}kl d` kjpl~jlp kc ̀ kdcofo goj kc r|nnckgo è ̀ kuljpdpo |j ~drro~po gowpdjpl l ̀ k~lppo# l joj rd~co

woco rkû `lcc&l)goiil~gl* L& kjedppk c&kjpl~d}kojl e~d kc ~lpdkc# kc vln l k j|ouk wogkdc jlpvo~a kc wlf~lpo `lc w|gglwwo `k C|kwd ukd ôid*

Kc e|p|~o è kj dwwoc|po kc vln >*2 wl ko kjk}kdwwk offk cd `k~l}kojl g~ldpkud `k t|lwpo r~oflppo r|jpl~lk

djgo~d `k rkû# l` kj ioò rkû lwp~lio# w| t|lwpo pkro `k goi|jkgd}kojl= idffko~l ulcogkpâ# idffko~l

kjpl~d}kojl# l joj rkû cl gcdwwkghl wck`l `k eopo ghl iowp~djo k r~oòppk# id |j ul~o l r~or~ko `kdcofo

kwpdjpdjlo goj kc gckljpl# rowwknkcl offk f~d}kl d` |j gdjdcl goil t|lcco `k Edglnonoa.*

Cd r~lwlj}d ̀ k C|kwd ukd ̂ oid w|c vln joj wk ckikpd kjedppk dc vlnwkpl ̀ k l)Goiil~gl# id we~|ppd

p|ppk fck wp~|iljpk ̀ lc vln >*2# Edglnooa# Pvkppl~# [o|p|nl# Vlkno# kc ncof lgg*

C‛k`ld è `k wukc|rrd~l |jo –wogkdc whorrkjf’# kjplf~djò ulj`kpl ojckjl# ulp~kjl l` lwrl~klj}l

kj wpo~l# kjulgl `k idjpljl~cl wlrd~dpl# kj |jd cofkgd i|cpkgdjdcl# wlgojò Dj`~ld Rdjgo~lwk# kc

pkpocd~l= –kj |j iojò ghl jdukfd g~ldpkudiljpl w|ccl ~oppl vln joj è rkû pliro ̀ k goir~d~l |j dnkpo

p~d f~|ggl l gdil~kjk* Rl~ t|lwpo uo~~lk p~dweo~id~l c‛dppo ̀ k dgt|kwpo kj |j‛lwrl~klj}d i|cpkwljwo~kdcl*

Dpp~dul~wo dcg|jk r~of~diik kjeo~idpkgk lwgc|wkuk l goj |j cooa f~dgo ̀ k `lwkfj gojpliro~djlo# `dfck

wghl~ik `kwrojknkck kj jlfo}ko kc gckljpl r|þ ukwkojd~l kc r~oòppo ghl joj è r~lwljpl kj no|pkt|l l`

o~`kjd~co# djghl goj c‛dk|po ̀ k |j rl~wojdc whorrl~# wor~dpp|ppo d` kjk}ko wpdfkojl# t|djò# gkoè# wojo

`kwrojknkck woco cl r~l)goccl}kojk***’*

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C‛dnkpo ~kghklwpo p~dikpl t|lwpo r~oglwwo ukljl ~lgdrkpdpo ̀ k~lppdiljpl dcc‛kj`k~k}}o ̀ lc gckljpl kj >0o~l l rl~ c‛Kpdckd f~dp|kpdiljpl# |jd wo~pd ̀ k dgt|kwpo oj)ckjl lfllpp|dpo ̀ dcc‛kjpl~jo ̀ lc jlfo}ko ~ldcl*

Jlccd hoilrdfl `lc wkpo `k l)Goiil~gl wk p~oudjo jlccd rd~pl gljp~dcl `lcco wghl~io kiidfkjk

iocpo f~dj`k l` kj ioukiljpo ghl uljfojo gdinkdpl kj gojgo)ikpdj}d `k jlvw l` luljpk ghl kc

jlfo}ko u|ocl goi|jkgd~l dk w|ok gckljpk*

Kj ulj`kpd wk p~oudjo wkd goccl}kojk `lccd wpdfkojl kj go~wo ghl goccl}kojk `k djjk r~lgl`ljpk

idjplj|pl `kwpkjpl kj `kul~wl d~ll `lc vlnwkpl*

Kj ckjld ̀ k r~kjgkrko# c‛dwwo~pkiljpo oj ckjl è cd wplwwo ̀ k t|lcco r~lwljpl jlc jlfo}ko ̀ k Ek~lj}l#

l `dc wkpo `k lgoiil~gl wk r|þ dggl`l~l `k~lppdiljpl dk gdjdck `lk wogkdc jlpvo~a l dc ncof òulwojo r~lwljpdpl cl goccl}kojk# fck luljpk o~fdjk}}dpk `dc jlfo}ko# cl plj`lj}l io`d*

<*> Cd p~dweo~id}kojl ̀ lccd eo~i|cd p~d`k}kojdcl ̀ lc F~dj`l Idfd}}kjo= kc p|~jd~o|j` ̀ k GOKJ

Gokj ukljl eoj`dpd jlc 4;45 `d Ukppo~ko Gokj ghl oppkljl cd ckglj}d `k ulj`kpo~l din|cdjpl kj

rd~pkgocd~l rl~ cd ulj`kpd `k plww|pk l d~pkgock `k il~gl~kd* Jlc 4;;6 jdwgl kc F~|rro goj cd e|wkojl

rl~ kjplf~d}kojl `k Gokj l Ouklwwl*Kc f~|rro orl~d wlgojò kc io`lcco `kwp~kn|pkuo `lk `lrd~piljp wpo~l# goj rowk}kojdiljpk

iocpo `kfll~lj}kdpk `lccl `|l kjwlfjl= Ouklwwl jlc wlfiljpo `lk idfd}}kjk rorocd~k ghl ofl~ojo

r~oòppk d ndwwo r~l}}o# kj |jd edwgkd woco `k rogo rkû lcludpd `k t|lccd `lk il~gdpk ~kojdck l ndwwo

gojplj|po io`d1 Gokj jlc wlfiljpo il`ko)il`ko jl `k r~oòppo# goinkjdjò r~kudpl cdnlc

(ghl ̀ kuljpl~djjo iocpo j|il~owl+ l r~oòppk ̀ lk id~ghk rkû jopk ̀ lccd io`d kpdckdjd# wukc|rrdjò

rl~dcp~o kj ioò lwpljwkuo kc gojglrp `lk go~jl~ l `lfck whor kj whor*

P~d kc 4;;6 l kc >222 kc f~|rro ~ldck}}d |jd eo~pl lwrdjwkojl# cd t|opd}kojl kj No~wd l

c‛kjpl~jd}kojdck}}d}kojl# lwro~pdjò cd eo~i|cd p~d`k}kojdcl `lc `lrd~piljp wpo~l `k edwgkd il`kd

l il`ko jl# goj c‛drl~p|~d `k |jd ~lpl `k jlfo}k kj Fl~idjkd l kj Wuk}}l~d# wlj}d rl~þ oppljl~l

wkfjkgdpkuk w|gglwwk l kj |j gojplwpo `k wpdfjd}kojl fljl~dcl `lccl ulj`kpl*

L‛ p~d kc >22< l kc >225 ghl wk ~ldck}}d cd wuocpd ghl ro~pl~ d` |j ~kcdjgko `lc f~|rro ghl wpdud

wofl~ljò cd g~kwk ̀ lc io`lcco ̀ kwp~kn|pkuo ̀ lk ̀ lrd~piljp wpo~l l goj`|~~ kc f~|rro dc w|o dpp|dcl

rowk}kojdiljpo w|c il~gdpo*

Jlc idffko `lc >22< kc eojò `k R~kudpl Lt|kp{ RDK Rd~pjl~w# hd dgt|kwkpo `dccd edikfckd Gokj cd

idffko~dj}d `lc f~|rro l ukljl joikjdpo goil Diikjkwp~dpo~l @lclfdpo Wpledjo Nl~dcò* Kc

j|ouo idjdfliljp kjpl~ukljl rl~ kc ~kcdjgko `k Ouklwwl l Gokj dpp~dul~wo |j rkdjo `k p|~jd~o|j`

l` kc ~kjjouo wkd `lc r~oòppo ghl `lcc‛kiidfkjl `lk jlfo}k*

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\j r~kio wkfjkgdpkuo rdwwo è duulj|po jlc >225 goj kc ~krowk}kojdiljpo ̀ lcc‛kjwlfjd Ouklwwlghl hd kirckgdpo ~lwpkckjf `lcc‛kjwlfjd ~kjoikjdpd –OUW kj`|wp~{’ l co wukc|rro `k |jd j|oud

kiidfkjl# l `k |j io`lcco goi|jkgdpkuo rkû e~lwgo l fkoudjl*

K udco~k ghkdul `lc ulgghko id~ghko= idwwkid gojuljklj}d l rowk}kojdiljpo `k r~l}}o ndwwo1

eo~idp d cknl~o wl~uk}ko# pd~flp dirko ghl gokjuocfl p|ppd cd edikfckd wojo wpdpk ~k`ljkpk rl~ ofl~k~l

|j gojpkj|o ~kjjouo jlcc‛dwwo~pkiljpo# wlgojò kc io`lcco `lc edwp edwhkoj# |j cd{o|p l |j ukw|dc

kj wpkcl |~ndjo l fkoudjkcl ghl udco~k}}d c‛lwrowk}kojl `lccd il~gl goj |j kirdppo ukwkuo/lwplpkgo

gojpliro~djlo ghl wk `kwpdggd goirclpdiljpl `d t|lcco p~d`k}kojdcl `lk idfd}}kjk rorocd~k*

Kj t|lwpo gojplwpo ̀ k ~kjfkoudjkiljpo jdwgl |jd rd~pjl~whkr goj Lcko Eko~|ggk rl~ co wukc|rro ̀ lccdj|oud ckjld `k r~oòppk Ndn{ Djflc# |j id~ghko rl~ fkoudjk l fkoudjkwwkik jlc wlfiljpo eliikjkcl*

Goj t|lwpo j|ouo wghlid wp~dplfkgo jlc >226 Ouklwwl hd cdjgkdpo |j rkdjo `k lwrdjwkojl

dcc‛lwpl~o dr~ljò r|jpk `k ulj`kpd jlk Rdlwk `lcc‛L|~ord `lcc‛Lwp l `lc Il`ko O~kljpl*

Cd p~dweo~id}kojl `lcc‛kjwlfjd Ouklwwl l kc w|o ~krowk}kojdiljpo è `k f~dj`l kjpl~lwwl rokghë

gojf|~d |jd ~drk`kwwkid p~dweo~id}kojl `d |j io`lcco p~d`k}kojdcl kj jlppo `lgckjo kj |j

io`lcco `kwp~kn|pkuo ghl kjpl~r~lpd cd eo~i|cd `k idffko~ w|gglwwo `k t|lwpk djjk jlccd io`d#

t|lccd `lc Edwp Edwhkoj* Kj |jd kjpl~ukwpd c‛diikjkwp~dpo~l @lclfdpo `lc f~|rro Gokj Wpledjo

Nl~dcò wrklfd cl ~dfkojk ghl hdjjo kjòppo kc f~|rro d ~ldck}}d~l kc gdinkdiljpo=–Kc jlfo}ko (Ouklwwl+ joj fljl~dud dcg|jd lio}kojl# cd il~gl uljkud dgt|kwpdpd rkû rl~ kc w|o

~drro~po t|dckpâ)r~l}}o l rl~ cd w|d e|j}kojdckpâ ghl rl~ kc w|o lwwl~l dc rdwwo goj cd io`d* Cd ndwl `lk

gckljpk l~d rl~gkþ kj gojp~d}kojl l `k lpâ il`ko dcpd* Kc ndinkjo# p~d`k}kojdcl r|jpo `k eo~}d `k Ouklwwl

~drr~lwljpdud |jd rl~gljp|dcl w|c ulj`|po `lgkwdiljpl w|rl~ko~l d t|lccd `lccd òjjd# kj jlppo

gojp~dwpo goj kc il~gdpo fljl~dcl* Cl ulj`kpl goirclwwkul ~kw|cpdudjo kj gdco# rl~ cd òjjd kj

rd~pkgocd~l# `d iocpk djjk’ Kc j|ouo o~kljpdiljpo d` |j pd~flp `k gojw|idpo~k rkû dpp~dppk `dc

io`lcco `lc Edwp Edwhkoj ghl OUWkj`|wp~{ `ljkwgl –gojw|idpo~k fkoudjk# g|~kowk l` dppljpk dcco wpkcl’

ocp~l d fljl~d~l |jd ~kr~lwd `lc edpp|~dpo hd `lpl~ikjdpo |j kjg~liljpo `k ukwknkckp# kjpl~lwwl l

p~dgo jlk jlfo}k# wkd t|lcck lwkwpljpk ghl kj t|lcck `k ~lgljpl drl~p|~d l `k gojwlf|lj}d `lccd

r~oppdnkckp `k OUW*

Dpp|dciljpl# kc F~|rro Gokj# òro kc c|jfo rl~go~wo `k ~krowk}kojdiljpo `lwg~kppo# è kc rkû

f~dj`l orl~dpo~l kpdckdjo `lccd `kwp~kn|}kojl `k dnnkfckdiljpo# goj |j edpp|~dpo gojwock`dpo (>242+

`k 4*675 ikckojk `k l|~o# |j Id~fkjl Orl~dpkuo Co~ò d >2> ikckojk `k l|~o (rd~k d 4>#<, w|ccl

ulj`kpl jlppl+ l |j ^kw|cpdpo Jlppo rowkpkuo rl~ 08 ikckojk `k l|~o* Cd t|opd `k il~gdpo kpdckdjo è

rd~k d t|dwk kc 5, (Eojpl= ~lcd}kojl `k nkcdjgko F~|rro Gokj+* Orl~d goj p~l id~ghk `kwpkjpk# OUW

kj`|wp~{# Gokj l \rki l gojpd ocp~l ;22 jlfo}k l ;*822 `krlj`ljpk*

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Gokj* È kc id~ghko wpo~kgo ̀ lc f~|rro* Offk gojpd 422 wpo~lw r~lwljpk jlk gljp~k wpo~kgk `lccl rkûkiro~pdjpk gkpp# r~orojl |j‛lwrl~klj}d i|cpkn~dj` l i|cpkgdplfo~{ l` è |j r|jpo `k ~kel~kiljpo

rl~ co whorrkjf* Hd kjp~dr~lwo jlfck |cpkik djjk |j kjpljwo rkdjo ̀ k ~kcdjgko ghl hd ukwpo kc ~kjjouo

`k f~dj rd~pl ̀ lk w|ok jlfo}k# p~d g|k cd dfwhkr `k Ikcdjo Rkd}}d < Fko~jdpl# ghl f~d}kl dccd edggkdpd

goirclpdiljpl kjpl~dppkud è `kuljpdpd r~opdfojkwpd `lccd ukpd `lk Ikcdjlwk*

OUW kj`|wp~{ è kjulgl cd r~kid d}klj`d kj Kpdckd rl~ t|opd ̀ k il~gdpo jlc wlppo~l dnnkfckdiljpo

io`d= <6; jlfo}k kj Kpdckd l dcc‛lwpl~o# rkû ̀ k 44 ikckojk ̀ k gckljpk dcc‛djjo# 77 ikckojk ̀ k wgojp~kjk# ocp~l

422 ikckojk ̀ k gdrk ulj`|pk* Rl~ co wukc|rro ̀ lccl goccl}kojk# goccdno~d goj g~ldpkuk gojowgk|pk goilLcko Eko~|ggk ghl ̀ kwlfjd cd ckjld Ndn{ Djflc# @duk`l @l Fkfcko ghl ~id cd goccl}kojl F~dj` % Hkccw

l` Ljjko Gdrdwd ghl hd g~ldpo kc id~ghko LLT\DC*

\rki# kj |cpkio# dgt|kwkpd d fljjdko >242# l~d r~lwljpl w|c pl~~kpo~ko jd}kojdcl goj 47< jlfo}k

`k~lppk goj kc id~ghko \rki l 4< jlfo}k goj kc id~ghko Nc|Ak`w# ocp~l d |jd ~lpl kj e~djghkwkjf `k

ocp~l >22 jlfo}k* D` offk <0 r|jpk ulj`kpd wojo wpdpk p~dweo~idpk kj OUW kj`|wp~{# ; kj Gokj l 5 jlc

j|ouo eo~idp \rki ROR# |jo whorrkjf idcc ̀ k gljp~o gkpp ghl ilwgocd wpkcl l io`l~jkp goj |jd

r~orowpd il~glocofkgd ghl wo``kwed cl lwkflj}l rkû `kul~wl*

Ekf|~d 48 K j|il~k ghkdul `k Gokj l OUW

R|jpk ulj`kpd d` kjwlfjd GOKJ kj Kpdckd ;>

R|jpk ulj`kpd d` kjwlfjd OUW Kj`|wp~{ kj Kpdckd 028

R|jpk ulj`kpd d` kjwlfjd OUW Kj`|wp~{ dcc‛lwpl~o 5>

J|il~o ̀ k gckljpk ̀ lcc‛kjwlfjd Gokj 7>#> ikckojk

J|il~o ̀ k gckljpk ̀ lcc‛kjwlfjd OUW 4> ikckojk

J|il~o ̀ k gdrk dgt|kwpdpk jlc >242 jlk jlfo}k OUW ocp~l 422 ikckojk

J|il~o ̀ k pkpocd~k ̀ lccd GokjGd~` 070 ikc

Eojpl= `og|iljpk d}klj`dck

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Ekf|~d 4; Kc p|~jd~o|j` `k Ouklwwl

@D OUKLWWL D OUW KJ@\WP^[

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La Distribuzione Commerciale Nella Moda

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