kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw · 2019-06-02 ·...

`mKw 1

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2015

tIc-f-k¿°m¿

hnZym- ym-k-h-Ip∏v

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xwkmaq-ly-imkv{Xw

JT �

5�-�

/S��- ��

tZio-b-Km\w

P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mc-X - m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,

hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,

D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,

Xh-ip- -\mta PmtK,

Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,

Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

{]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚

ktlm-Z-co- ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln -°p∂p;

kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚

]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw

apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-

sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn-\pw- th≠n

{]bXv\n°pw.

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala

Website : www.scertkerala.gov.ine-mail : [email protected]

Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869Typesetting and Layout : SCERT

Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi© Department of Education, Government of Kerala

{]nb-s∏´ Ip´n-Itf,

CXv \nß-fpsS kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-]m-T-]p-kvX-Iw. CXn¬ Ncn-{Xhpw

`qan-im-kv{Xhpw kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{Xhpw cmjv{S-aow-am-kbpw

kaq-l-im-kv{Xhpw khn-ti-j-ambn Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p.

hyXykvX hnj-b-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ Ipsd hnh-c-ß-fpsS

kam-lm-c-a-√nXv. Ncn{Xw sI´n \n¬°p∂ Pem-i-b-a-s√∂pw

HgpIp∂ ]pg-t]m-se-bm-sW∂pw Cu ]pkvXIw \nßsf Hm¿an-

∏n-°pw. `qan-im-kv{X-sa-∂Xv {]IrXnbpw a\p-jy\pw XΩn-ep≈

khn-tij_‘-Øns‚ IY-bm-sW∂v ]d-™p-X-cpw. kmº-Øn-

Im-i-b-ßfpw Nn¥-Ifpw \ΩpsS kaqlsØ cq]s∏SpØp∂

sXßs\sb∂v hniIe\w sNøpw. Kh¨sa‚ v Fßs\

{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn -®p≈ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw

kmaqlnI PohnXØns‚ A\nhmcyXbpw hniZam°pw. kmaq-

ly-im-kv{X-]m-T-]p-kvXIw KpW-I-chpw Btcm-Ky-]q¿W-hp-amb

Hcp kaq-l-\n¿an-Xn°v A\n-hm-cy-am-Ip-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v Cu

]pkvXIw hy‡-am-°pw. kaq-l-\n¿amW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ CXv

\nßƒ°p Znim-t_m[w \¬Ipw. Aßs\ DØa]uc∑mcmbn

amdm≥ \nßƒ°p Ignbpw

kvt\lm-iw-k-I-tfmsS,

tUm. Fkv. cho-{μ≥ \mb¿

Ub-d-IvS¿

Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn.

kwÿm\ hnZym- ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT)hnZym- h≥, ]qP-∏p-c, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw˛695 012

inev]-im-e-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿

]mT-]p-kvXI cN\mkanXn

AP-b-Ip-am¿, F≥.

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n., C°-tWm-an-Ivkv,

Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv. t_°q¿, Imk¿tKmUv

A_vZpƒ Ako-kv, hn.]n.

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.-‰n., lnÃ-dn,

hn.]n.-sI.-Fw.-Fw.-F-®v.-F-kv.-Fkv., ]pØq¿]≈n-°¬,

ae∏pdw

Pam¬, sI.

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃ-dn,

B¿.-F.-kn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., IS-ta-cn, tImgn-t°mSv

hn.Sn. Pbdmw

eIvN-d¿, Ub-‰v,

Xriq¿

{]Zo-]≥, ‰n.

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃ-dn,

Pn.F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., I√m-®n , tImgn°mSv

{]Zo-]vIpam¿.-Sn.hn.,

F®v.-F-kv.-F., Zp¿§ F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Im™-ßm-Sv,

Imk-d-tKmUv

]n.F≥. apc-fo-[-c≥ \mb¿

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv

F≥.-F-kv.-F-kv. F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv, B\n-°m-Sv, tIm´bw

bqk^v Ipam¿, Fkv.Fw.

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., lnÃdn, Kh. tamU¬ -t_mbvkv

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., B‰n-ß¬, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

hn¬{Ûv tPm¨, Fkv.

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., tPym{K-^n,

Fw.Pn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., IWn-bm-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

h¿Kokv t]mØ≥

F®v.-Fkv.Fkv.‰n., C°tWmanIvkv, sk‚v tPm¨kv F®v.-F-

kv.-F-kv. a‰w, amth-en-°c, Be-∏pg

jm≥em¬,-F._n.,

F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv.‰n., tPym{K-^n

Kh.-tamU¬ t_mbvkv F®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., lcn-∏mSv, Be-∏pg

jqP-tam≥,-F-kv.,

F®v.-F-kv.-F., ]n.F≥.-Fw.-Pn.-F-®v.-F-kv.-F-kv., Iq¥-≈q¿,

Nnd-bn≥Io-gv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

lcn-{]`,sI.,

F®v.-F-kv.-F., i_cn F®v.-F-kv.-Fkv., ]≈n-°p-dp-∏v,

]me-°mSv

hnZ-Kv[¿

A°m-Z-anIv tIm˛Hm¿Unt\‰¿

at\mPv, sI. hn., dnk¿®v Hmô-k¿, Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.

Akn-Ã‚ v s{]m -k¿, Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v Hm v lnÃdn,

sI.sI.Sn.Fw. Kh: tImtf-Pv, sImSp-ß-√q¿, Xriq¿at\mPv Ipam¿, ]n.Fkv.

Akn-Ã‚ v s{]m -k¿, Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v Hm v C°-tWm-an-Ivkv,

bqWn-th-gvkn‰n tImtf-Pv, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcwtUm. {]ntb-jv, Fw.

Akn-Ã‚ v s{]m -k¿, Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v Hm v s]mfn-‰n-°¬ kb≥kv,

hn.‰n.-Fw. F≥.-F-kv.-Fkv. tImtf-Pv, [\p-h-®-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcwkp[o-jvIpam¿.sP.

Akn-Ã‚ v s{]m -k¿ (dn´.), Fkv.-kn.-C.-B¿.-Sn.sF.-]n. tPmk v

dnk¿®v Hmô-k¿ (tPym{K- n), Fkv.-kn.C.-B¿.Sn.Nn{Xm-am-[-h≥,

Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m -k¿, Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v Hm v lnÃ-dn,

]n.F-kv.Fw.H. tImtf-Pv, Xncq-c-ßmSntUm. A_vZpƒ dkm-Iv, ]n.]n.

Atkm-kn-tb‰v s{]m -k¿, Un∏m¿ vsa‚ v Hm v C°tWmanIvkv,

hna≥kv tImtf-Pv, Xncph\¥]pcwtUm. Atim-Iv AeIvkv

01. BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw

02. \Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS

03. `ua-c-l-ky-ßƒ tXSn

04. \ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

05. {]mNo-\-X-an-gIw

06. `q]S-ß-ƒ hmbn°mw

07. kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

7

23

41

57

75

87

107

Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ Nne Nn”ßƒ

]T\kuIcyØn\mbn D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p

XpS¿{]h¿Ø\ßƒ

hnebncpØmw

{][m\ ]T\t\´ßfn¬ s]Sp∂h

kw{Klw

]T-\- ]p-tcm-KXn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ

A[nIhmb\bv°v ˛ hnebncpØen\v

hnt[bamt°≠Xn√

{]h¿Ø\-ßƒ

kzbw hne-bn-cpØmw

hS-°p-]-Sn-™m-d≥ {^m≥knse emkvtIm (Lascaux) F∂ {]tZ-

iØv c≠v Ipń-Iƒ Ah-cpsS th´-∏ń-bp-ambn apb-ep-Isf th´-

bm-Sm-\n -d-ßn. s]m¥-°m-Sp-I-fnepw amf-ß-fnepw apb-ep-Isf

Xnc™p \S-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn¬ th´-∏-ńsb ImWm-Xm-bn. ]cn-{`m-

¥-cmbn Xß-fpsS ]ńsb At\z-jn®p \S∂ Ah¿ sNs∂-Øn-

bXv hen-sbmcp Kpl°-I-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. \q‰m-≠p-Ifmbn Bcp-

sSbpw {i≤-bn¬s∏SmXn-cp-∂- B

Kpl-bn¬ I≠ ImgvN Ahsc

A¤p-X-s∏-Sp -Øn. Kplm-`nØn

\ndsb hnhn[ h¿Æ-ß-fn¬ IpXn-

c, Im´p-t]m-Øv, Imf, am≥ XpS-ßnb

arK-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ....

Ah {]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿

Kplm-`n-Øn-I-fn¬ hc® Nn{X-ß-

fmbncp∂p. CXp-t]m-ep≈ \nc-h[n

Kplm-Nn - {X-ßƒ temI-Øns‚

hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-

Wv. Cu Nn{Xßƒ BZyIme

a\pjyPohXsØ°pdn®v hnetb

dnb hnhcßƒ \¬Ip∂p.

Imf (emkvtIm- -{^m≥kv)

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw

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1111111111

BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw8

kmaqlyimkv{Xwkmaqlyimkv{Xw

{]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw (Palaeolithic Age)

Nn{X-ßƒ \nco-£n-°q. Ch

GI-tZiw ]Xn\-mb-ncw- h¿j-

ßƒ°v apºv {]mNo-\-in-em-

bpK-Ønse a\p-jy¿ hc®

Kplm-Nn-{X-ß-fm-Wv. F¥p-

sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw Ch Kpl-

Iƒ°p≈n¬ hc-®Xv?

Cu KplmNn{X-ß-fpsS khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?

N¿® sNøp.

arK-ß-fpsS Nn{X-ß-

fmWv Ah-bn¬ A[n-Ihpw

Ch-bn¬ \n∂pw {]mNo\ a\pjys‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ßfmWv e`n°p∂Xv?

arK-ßsf th´-bm-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.

kwL-ambn hnt\m-Z-Ønte¿s∏-´n-cp-∂p.

KplmNn{X-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ \nd-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂p. kky-

ß-fp-sS Nmdpw sN¶¬s]m-Snbpw tN¿ØmWv \nd-ßƒ D≠m-°n-

bn-cp-∂-Xv. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂ Im´p-t]m-Øv, ]∂n F∂n-hbv°p

]pdsa IpXn-c, am≥, knwlw, ]p≈n-∏p-en, Ic-Sn, Igp-X-∏pen

XpSßnbhbpsS Nn{X-ßfpw hnhn[ Kpl-I-fn¬ ImWm≥ Ign-

bpw. Bh-iy-Øn\v kqcy-{]-Imiw e`n-°m-Xn-cp∂ Kpl-I-fn¬

arK-s°m-gp-∏p]-tbm-Kn®v Xo IØn-®m-Wv shfn®w e`y-am-°n-bn-

cp-∂-Xv. th´ \S-tØ≠ ÿew, th´-bm-tS≠ arK-w F∂nh

Bkq{XWw sNbvXXns‚ sXfn-hp-IfmWv th´sb kw_-‘n®

KplmNn{X-ßƒ. Kpl-I-fpsS ta¬`n-Øn-bnepw Nn{X-ßƒ hc-®n-

cp -∂p. CXv {]mNo\ a\p -jy -cpsS sshZKv≤y -Øns‚

sXfnhpIfmWv.

Kplm-Nn-{X-ßƒ {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v hnhcw Xcp∂

t{kmX- p-I-fmWv. ka¿∞n-°pI.

kwL-\rØw (`nwt_UvI C¥y) th -bm-S¬ (`nwt_UvI C¥y)

Im´p ]∂n (Aƒ´m-and kvs]bn≥) Im´p-t]mØv (tjmsh {^m≥kv)

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BZy-Ime a\p-jy-Po-hnXw 9

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIIIÃm≥tU¿Uv VIII

thhn® `£-Wm-h-in-jvS-ßƒ, Nmcw, arK-ß-fpsS F√p-Ifpw

Xetbm- n-I-fpw, ]g-ßfpsSbpw ]®-°-dn-IfpsSbpw ip≤-P-e-a-’y-

ßfpsSbpw Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Kpl-Iƒ°p-≈n¬\n∂v

Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Ch-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ {]mNo-\-a-\p-jy-

Po -hn -X -sØ-°p-dn®v as‰-s¥√mw hnh-c -ß-fmWv \ap°v

Is≠Øm≥ km[n-°p∂Xv?

`£Ww thhn®n-cp-∂p.

{]mNo\inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ Iq´-am-bmWv Cc tXSn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Ahcnse Icp-Ø≥ Iq´sØ \bn-®p. Cc-tX-S-en¬ kv{Xo˛]pcpj

hyXym-k-w D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. th -bm-Sn-∏n-Sn® arK-ßfpsSbpw NØ

arK-ß-fp-sSbpw amwkw Ah¿ £n-®n-cp-∂p. th -bmSm≥ inembp-

[ßfmWv {]-[m-\-ambpw D]-tbm-Kn-

®n-cp-∂-Xv. Chbv°p ]pdsa arK-ß-

fpsS F√v, B\-s°m-ºv, XSn-°-j-

W-ßƒ -F-∂n-hbpw Ah¿ Bbp-[-

ß-fm°n. arK-tØmepw actØmepw

hkv{X-ß-fmbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. tXmep-

Iƒ Xp∂m\p≈ kqNn-I-fmbn arK-

ß-fpsS F√p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p.

{]mNo\ inem-bp-KsØ "th´-bm-S¬ bpKw' F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-

°mtam? F¥p-sIm≠v?

{]mNo\inem-bp-[-ßƒ

{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v Kpl-

I-fn¬\n∂v Fs¥-√mw hnh-c-ßfmWv e`n-°p-∂Xv?

NphsS X∂n- p≈ kqN-\-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ N¿®

sNøp-I:

� D]-I-c-W-ßƒ � Blmcw

� hmk-ÿew � D]-Po-h-\-am¿§w

� kwL-Po-hnXw � Bkq-{XWw

� Iem-ssh-ZKv≤yw � XobpsS D]-tbmKw

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1111111111



kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn¬ {]mNo\ a\pjy¿ {it≤-b-amb apt∂-‰-ßƒ

ssIh-cn-®-Xn\v \nc-h[n sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. D]-I-c-W-ß-

fpsS \n¿Ωm-Whpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øepw CØcw apt∂-‰-ßƒ°v

klm-bIam-bn. Ah-bn¬ NneXv Xmsg sImSp-Øncn°p-∂p:

F√p-sIm≠v \n¿an® hmtZym-]-I-c-Ww

{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn®

taJe-Iƒ NphsS \¬Ip-∂p. Ahbv°v DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

]mT- m-K-Øp-\n∂v Is≠ØpI:

taJe DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ

inev]-hnZy

Nn{X-Ie

Ic-Iu-i-e-hnZy

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C¥y-bnse {]mNo\ inem-bpK

tI{μ-ß-fn¬ {it≤-b-am -Wv

a[y{]tZ-inse `nwt_-UvI. I√p-

sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ

(Rockshelter) CXns‚ khn-ti-

jXbm-bn-cp-∂p.

`nwt_UvI IqSmsX {]mNo-\-in-em-

bpK a\p-jyPohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v

sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-°p∂ \nc--h[n

tI{μ-ßƒ C¥y-bn-ep-≠v.

\¿ΩZ Xmgvhc`nwt_UvI

l≥kvKn Ip¿\q¬ Kpl-Iƒ

\mKm¿÷p-\-sIm≠

I√p-sIm≠v \n¿Ωn® hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ nwt_UvI

{]mNo\ inem-bpK a\p-jy¿ hkn-

®n-cp∂Xn\p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n®

Nne tI{μ-ß-fmWv `q]-S-Øn¬

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. Cu

tI{μ-ßƒ C∂v GsXms° kwÿm-\-ß-

fn-em-sW∂v C‚¿s\-‰ns‚tbm a‰p t{kmX-

p-I-fp-sStbm klm-b-Øm¬ Is≠-Øn

Fgp-XpI.

{]mNo-\ -in-em-bp-K-tI-{μ-w

kwÿm\w

$ `nwt_UvI $ a[y-{]-tZiv

C¥y-bnse {]mNo\inem-bp-KtI{μ-ßƒ

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1111111111



a[y-in-em-bpKw (Mesolithic Age)

Nn{XØnse- D]IcWßƒ {i≤n-°q. -Chbv°v

{]mNo\ inem -bp -K -Ønse D]-I-cW-ß-

fn¬\n∂pw Fs¥√mw hyXym-k-ß-fm-Wp-≈Xv?

kq£va-hp-w ap\bp≈Xpamb inem-bp-[-ß-

fmWnh. {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-sØØp-S¿∂v

CØcw Bbp[-ßfmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Cu Ime-

L´w a[y-in-em-bpKw F∂dnb-s∏Sp-∂p.

Cu D]-I-c-W-ßƒ a\p-jy¿ F¥n-s\√mw D]-

tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠mhmw?

Iºn¬ sI´n arK-ßsf th -bm-Sm≥

a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ th -bm-S¬ hym]I-am-bn. XXv e-ambn ]e

Pohn-Iƒ°pw hwi-\miw kw -hn-®p. AØ-c-Øn¬ hwi-\miw

kw`-hn® Pohn-h¿§-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv ama-Øv (Mammoth).Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ `£-W-Øn\v ]pXnb Dd-hn-S-ßƒ

Is≠-Øn. `£y-tbm-Ky-amb ]p√p-Iƒ, tUmƒ^n≥, \o¿\mbv,

Xnanw-Kew, a’y-ßƒ XpS-ßnbh Ah¿ Blmc-am°n.

ama-Øp-Iƒ ho≠pw hcp∂p

]Xn-\m-bncw h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºv `qan-bn¬

Pohn-®n-cp∂ B\-I-fpsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬s∏´

ama-Øns\ imkv{X-temIw t¢mWnw-Kn-eqsS

]p\-cp-÷o-hn-∏n-°m-s\m-cp-ßp-∂p. ssk_o-cn-

b-bn¬ a™n-\-Sn-bn¬\n∂v 2013˛¬ e`n® ama-

Øns‚ Po¿Æn-°mØ PUw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv

imkv{X-⁄¿ Cu ZuXy-Øn-s\m-cp-ßp-∂-Xv.

PU-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n® {ZmhIw c‡-am-sW∂v

Dd-∏m-°n-bn- p-≠v. A[nIw sshImsX Xs∂

tZlw apgp-h≥ tcmahpw henb sImºp-I-fp-ap≈ ama-Øns\ ]p\x-kr-jvSn-°m≥ Ign-bp-

sa-∂mWv imkv{X-⁄¿ {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv. t^mkn¬ imkv{X-⁄-\mb tSmdn -sl-dnUvPv

BWv Cu ZuXy-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

a[y-in -em-bp-KsØ kq£va-in-em-bpKw

(Microlithic Age) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv F¥p-

sIm≠v ?a[y-in-em-bp-K-Ønse D]-I-c-W-ßƒ

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a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ a\p--jy-Po-

hnX-Ønep≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-Iƒ

X∂n-´p≈ Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw

Is≠Øq.

bqtdm -∏nsebpw ]Sn -™m-d≥

Gjy-bn-sebpw hnhn[ cmPy-ß-

fn¬ \n∂v a[y-in-embpK Ime-L -

Ønse P\PohnXØns‚ sXfn-hp-

Iƒ Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v. C¥y-bn¬

_msKm¿ (cmP-ÿm-≥), BZw-KUv

(a[y-{]-tZ-iv) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

\n∂pw a[yin-em-bp-KsØ kw_-

‘n® sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n- p≠v.

\ho-\-in-em-bpKw (Neolithic Age)

a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hn-XØn¬h∂ am‰-ßƒ \Ωƒ

N¿® sNbvX-t√m. a[y-in-em-bp-K-sØØp-S¿∂v a\p-jy¿ inem-

bp-[-ßƒ an\p-k-s∏-SpØn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. Cu Ime-

L´w \ho-\-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. Irjn Bcw- n-®-XmWv

GI-tZiw FÆmbncw h¿jw ap≥]p≈ Cu Ime-L-´-Ønse

{][m\ ]ptcm-K-Xn. `£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v `t£ym-Xv]m-Z-

\Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w a\pjyNcn-{X-Ønse hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p.

]cn-ÿn-Xn-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-ßƒ, `£-W-Øn-s‚ e`y-X-°p-dhv,

P\kwJymh¿≤-\hv XpS-ßn-b-h- CXn\v Imc-W-ß-fmbn

Nq≠n°mWn°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. \Zo-XSw tI{μo-I-cn®v a\p-jy¿ Irjn

Bcw- n-°p-Ibpw ÿnc-hmkw XpS-ßp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Irjn Cu

Ime-L- -Øn-ep-≠m-°nb am‰-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-

b-t√m. Cu am‰-ßsf Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv \ho\

inem-bpK hnπhw (Neolithic Revolution) F∂v hnti-jn-∏n-®p.

{]mNo\ inem-bp-KØnse a\pjyPohnXsØ a[y-in-

em-bp-K-Ønse am‰-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.

tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv

Bkvt{Senbbn¬ P\n®

]pcmhkvXp KthjI\pw

Ncn {XImc\pambncp∂p

hn.tKm¿U≥ ssN¬Uv.

Ncn{XmXoXImesØ (pre-historical period) °pdn®v

hnhcßƒ e`n°p∂Xn\v

At±lØns‚ KthjW

ßƒ klmbIambn. "a\p

jy≥ kzbw \n¿Ωn°p∂p,'

"Ncn{XØn¬ F¥p kw`

hn®p' F∂nh At±lØns‚

{it≤bamb {KŸßfmWv.

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1111111111



\ho-\-in-em-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jy¿ `£-Wm-h-iy-Øn\v arK-ßsf

hf¿Øn. Im¿jn-Im-h-iy-Øn-\mbpw arK-]-cn-]m-e\-Øn-\mbpw

\ho-\- in-em-bp-K-a-\p-jy¿ ÿnc-hm-k-am-cw- n-®p. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en,

NWw, hnhn-[-bn\w Ing-ßp-Iƒ, s\√v, hmg XpS-ßn-b-h-

bmbncp∂p A°m-esØ {][m\ hnf-Iƒ.

FS-°¬ Kpl-sb-°p-dn®v \nßƒ tI´n- nt√? Fhn-sS-bmWv AXv

ÿnXn sNøp-∂-Xv? tIc-f-Ønse {][m\ \ho-\-in-em-bpK tI{μ-

ambn-cp∂p FS-°¬. FS-°¬ Kpl-bnse Nn-{X-ßƒ {i≤n-°q.

Nn{X-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw ImWp-∂p-≠v?

N{I-ß-fp≈ h≠n

km[-\-ßƒ Hcp ÿe-Øp-\n∂pw as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v

sIm≠pt]mIp-∂-Xn\v A°m-eØv N{I-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. Irjn-

bpsS hnIm-kw, ÿnc-hm-kw XpS-ßn-bh Iq´mb Pohn-X-Øn\v

hgn-sX-fn-®p.

`£y-ti-J-c-W-Øn¬\n∂v t£ym-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn-te-°p≈

a\p-jys‚ am‰w hni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp vtfm Nm¿ v Xbm-

dm-°p-I.

FS-°¬ Kplm -Nn-{X-ßƒ

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Irjn-bpsS Bcw`w a\p-jy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS \mgn-I-°-√mbn IW-

°m-°p-∂-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

\ho\ inem-bp-K-Ønse kmt¶-XnIt\´-ßƒ Xmsg-

bp≈ Nn{X-Øn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øn GsX√mw taJ-e-

I-fn¬ A°m-esØ P\-ßƒ sshZKv≤yw t\Sn-bn-cp∂p

F∂v N¿®sNøq.

Nn{Xw 1.13

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1111111111



\ho-\-in-em-bpKØn¬ a\p-jy-Po-hnXw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[

`mK-ß-fn -te°v hym]n-®p. P\-kwJym h¿≤-\hv, Irjn-

tbmKyhpw hmk-tbm-Ky-hp-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Bh-iy-IX

F∂n-h-bmWv CXn\v Imc-W-am-b-Xv. Pe-K-Xm-K-X-amWv hnhn[

{]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\v klm-b-I-am-b-Xv.

\ho-\ -in-em-bpK a\p-jy¿ ssIh-cn®

kmt¶-XnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v as‰m-cpZm-

l-c-W-amWv kzn‰vk¿e-≠nep≠m-bn-

cp∂ XSm-I-{Km-a-ßƒ (Lake Villages).XSn -Iƒ Iqń -s°-ń arK-Øns‚

tXmepw Ifn-aÆpw D]-tbm-Kn®mWv

XSm -IØn¬ hmk-ÿ-e-ßƒ

\n¿Ωn®Xv. ]e-kvXo-\nse sPdo-t°m-

bn¬ \ho\inembpKØn¬ \n¿Ωn

°s∏ I√p-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ aXnepIfpw

ho-Sp-Ifpw Is≠Ønbn p≠v.XSm-I-{Kmaw kzn‰vk¿e-≠v (-Nn-{X-Im-cs‚ mh-\-bn¬)

a[y-in-em-bp-K-Øn-¬ Bcw`n® ]e am‰-ßfpw \ho-\-

in-em-bp-K-Øn¬ hnImkw {]m]n-®p. Ah-tb-sX√msa∂v

]mT- mKw ]cn-tim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Pm¿sam (Jarmo).

Pm¿sam {Kmaw

\ho\ inem-bp-K-Ønse a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-

sØ-°p-dn®v sXfnhv e`n-°p∂ {][m\

ÿe-ßfn-sem-∂mWv hS-°≥ Cdm-°nse

Pm¿sam (Jarmo). \nch[n aÏp-Sn-ep-I-

fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ ChnsS \n∂v Is≠-

Øn-bn- p-≠v. I√p-IƒsIm≠mWv Ch-bpsS

ASn-Ød \n¿Ωn-®n-cp-∂Xv. nØn-Iƒ shbn-

e-Øv- D-W-°nb sNfn-°-´-Iƒ sIm≠v

\n¿Ωn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. aÆv Ipg®v shbn-eØv

DW-°n \n¿Ωn-®-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS

ta¬°q-c-Iƒ. P\-ßƒ Irjn-bn-te¿s∏- n-

cp-∂p. Ah¿ Blm-c-km-[-\-ßƒ kw -cn®v

kq£n-°pIbpw ssIam‰w sNøpIbpw

sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

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_p¿kmtlmwkcm-bn-tJme

Inte-Kp¬sam-l-ΩZvKp^v{Imƒ

sal¿KUv

Nncm¥vtIm¬Znh

\mKm¿÷p-\-sIm≠

DXv-\q¿

X°-e-tIm´ amkvIn

lmeq¿ {_“-Kncn

]ø-º≈n

FS-°¬

C¥y≥ D]- q-J-fi-Ønse \ho-\-in-em-bpK tI{μ-ßƒ

`q]-Sw ]cn-tim-[n®v {][m\

\ho-\- in-em-bpKtI{μ-

ßƒ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I.

$ FS-°¬

$

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Ae-¶-cn® a¨]m-{Xhpw inem-bp-[-ßfpw

_p¿kmtlmw (Imivao¿)

{]mNo\inem-bp-KsØ At]-£n®v

Fs¥√mw am‰-ß-fmWv \ho-\- in-em-

bp-K-Øn¬ cq]-s∏- -sX∂v Is≠Øn

NphsS X∂n- p≈ ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-

°p-I:

{]mNo\ inem-bpKw \ho-\-in-em-bpKw

D]-I-c-W-ßƒ ]cp-°≥ I√p-Iƒ an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Ønb I√p-Iƒ

sXmgn¬

Blmckºm-Z\w

ÿnc-hmkw

arK-]-cn-]m-e\w

]m{X\n¿ΩmWw

kmt¶-XnIhnZy

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1111111111



Xm{ainem-bpKw (Chalcolithic Age)

inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v teml-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰-Øn-s‚- Ime-

am-bn-cp∂p Xm{ainem-bp-Kw. Cu Ime-L- -Øn¬ a\p-jy¿ I√p-

sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-tfm-sSm∏w sNºp(Xm{aw) sIm≠p≈

D]-I-c-W-ßfpw \n¿Ωn-®p. Xm{a-inembp-K-Ønse {][m\ tI{μ-

ß-tfsXm-s°-sb∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

\ho-\- in-em-bp-K-Ønsebpw Xm{a-in-em-bp-K-Øn-sebpw a\p-jy-

Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n- p≈ {][m\ tI{μ-

amWv Xp¿°n-bnse NmX¬slmbp-°v. \-K-c-Po-hnXØns‚ BZna-

cq]w \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ tI{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p- C-Xv. hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fpsS

Ah-in-jvS-ß-fmWv ChnsS\n∂v IqSp-X-embn e`n-®n- p-≈-Xv.

sNfn-°´-Iƒ sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p IpSn-ep-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-

cp∂Xv. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS Ah-in-jvS-

ßƒ ChnsS \n∂v e`n-®n- p-≠v. IpSn-ep-I-fpsS `nØn-I-

fn¬ Nn{X-ßƒ hc-®n-cp-∂p. Gsd ]pcm-X-\hpw hnkvXr-

X-hp-amb Cu tI{μ-Øn¬ Ct∏mgpw DXvJ-\\w \S°p-

∂p≠v.

sal¿KUv

Fdm≥

ImbX\hvZm-tXmen

ssZam-_mZvtPm¿sh

N-t¥mfn

Nncm¥v

C¥y≥ D]- q-J-fi-Ønse Xm{ain-em-bpK tI{μ-ßƒ

Knep≠v_me-X¬Alm¿

Xm{a-in-em-bp-KsØ kw_-‘n® Fs¥√mw

sXfn-hp-I-fmWv NmX¬slm-bq-°n¬\n∂v

e`n°p-∂-Xv. N¿®sNøq.

Xm{ainem-bp-K-Øns‚ khn-

ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Ønb \nc-

h[n {]tZ-i-ßƒ C¥y≥

D]- q-J-WvU-Ønep-≠v. q]-S-

Øn¬\n∂pw Ah Is≠Øn F-gp-XpI.

$ sal¿KUv

$

$

$

NmX¬slmbp-°nse DXvJ-\\w

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Xm{ainem-bpKØnse a\p-jy-Po-hnXw GsX√mw

taJ-e-I-fn-emWv ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®Xv ?

a\p-jy≥ intem]-I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®

Imew inem-bpKw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

intem]-I-c-W-ßfnep-≠mb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\-

Øn¬ inem-bp-KsØ {]mNo\inem-bpKw, a[yinem-

bpKw, \ho\inem-bpKw F∂n-ßs\ Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Hmtcm Ime-L-´-Øn-sebpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-coXn-I-fn¬

\nch[n hyXym-k-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

inem-bp-K- a\p-jy¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ hkvXp-°-fpsS

Ahin-jvS-ßfn¬ \n∂mWv B Ime-L- -sØ-°p-dn-®p≈

hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

inem-bp-K-Øns‚ A¥y-L- -Øn¬ temtlm]-I-c-W-ßƒ

D]-tbm-Kn-®p-Xp-S-ßnbImew Xm{a-in-em-bpKw F∂-dn-b-

s∏Sp-∂p.

a¨]m{Xw - sal¿KUv

C¥y≥ D]- q-J-WvU-Ønse {][m\ Xm{a-in-em-bpK tI{μ-

amWv _eq-Nn-ÿm-\nse sal¿K-Uv. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en

F∂nh AhnsS Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ASp-∏p-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb

hoSp -Iƒ sNfn -°-´ -sIm≠v \n¿Ωn -®n -cp -∂p. a¨]m-

{X\n¿ΩmW-Øn\v N{Iw (Potter's Wheel) D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-

∂Xn\pw AhnsS\n∂v sXfnhpIƒ e`n-®n- p-≠v.

I√p-sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-sf-bmWv BZy-Im-eØv a\p-jy¿

B{ibn-®-Xv. Bh-iy-ßƒ h¿≤n®t∏mƒ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ sa®-

s∏-Sp-Øn. sa®-s∏´ D]-I-c-W-ßƒ kmaq-lnI-Po-hn-X-Øns‚

]ptcmK-Xn°v klm-b-I-am-bn. CXv temtlm-]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS

\n¿Ωm-WØnte°v \bn-®p.

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1111111111



{]mNo\ inem-bp-K-Ønse Kplm- Nn-{X-ßƒ hni-I-e\w

sNøp∂p.

Ncn{Xt{kmX- p-Iƒ F∂ \ne-bn¬ Kplm -Nn-{X-ß-

ƒ°p≈ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

hnhn-[ -in-em-bpK Ime-L- -ß-fnse a\pjyPohn-X-Øns‚

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

hnhn-[- in-em-bpK Ime-L- -ßsf Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.

inem-bpK tI{μ-ßƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂pw teml-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ am‰w

Xncn®-dn-bp-∂p.

{]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw

(Palaeolithic Age)a[yin-em-bpKw(Mesolithic Age)

\ho-\-in-em-bpKw(Neolithic Age)

Xm{a-in-em-bpKw(Chalcolithic Age)

an\p-k-s∏-Sp-Ønbinem-bp-[-ßƒ

kq£va-in-em-bp-[-ßƒ

inem-bpKw

ine-Ifpw sNºpw]cp-°≥ inem-bp-[-ßƒ

`nwt_UvIAƒ´m-andtjmsh

emkvtIm

_msKm¿BZw-KUv

FS-°¬Pdot°m

sal¿KUvNmX¬

slm-bp°v

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Kpl-Isf {]mNo\ a\p-jys‚ BhmktI{μ-ß-fmbn Icp-

Xm≥ Ign-bptam? F¥p-sIm≠v?

a[y-in-em-bp-KsØ {]mNo\ inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂pw

\ho\ -in-em-bp-K-Øn-te-°p≈ ]cn-h¿Ø-\-Im-e-ambmWv

(Age of Transition) hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂Xv. F¥p-sIm≠v?

{]mNo-\-in-em-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂pw \ho-\- in-em-bp-K-Øn-

\p≈ hyXym-k-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?

"inem-bpKw a\pjyNcn-{X-Ønse kp{]-[m\ Ime-L-´-

am-bn-cp-∂p'. ka¿Yn-°pI.

NphsS ]´n-I-bn¬ \¬Inbn´p≈ ÿe-ßfpw Ime-L- -

ßfpw {Ia-s∏-Sp-ØpI.

\nß-fpsS {]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw Ign™ Ime-sØ-°p-dn®v

hnh-c-ßƒ Xcp∂ hkvXp-°ƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah-bpsS khn-

ti-j-X-Ifpw Ah-bn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßfpw

Dƒs°m-≈n®v Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I. hkvXp-°sf kvIqƒ

ayqkn-b-Øn¬ kq£n-°p-I. Nn{X-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈n®v

B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

F _n

Aƒ´m-and \ho-\ -in-em-bpKw

NmX¬slm-bp°v {]mNo-\-in-em-bpKw

FS-°¬ a[y-in-em-bpKw

_msKm¿ Xm{a-in-em-bpKw

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1111111111



]q¿W-ambn `mKn-I-ambn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v

D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsSbpw a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚

hnhn[ khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-

\-Øn¬ hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ßsf th¿Xn-cn-

®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

Kplm- Nn-{X-ßfpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ

Is≠Øm≥ Ignbpw.

hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hni-I-e\w sNøm≥ Ignbpw.

hnhn[ inem-bp-K-ßsf Xmc-Xayw

sNøm≥ Ignbpw.

inem-bp-K-tI-{μ-ßƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

Ignbpw.

inem-bp-K-Øn¬\n∂v teml-bp-K-Øn-te-

°p≈ am‰w Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

Hmtcm Ime-L- -Øn-ep-ap-≠mb a\p-jy-

]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ignbpw.

a\p-jy-N-cn{Xw Hcp XpS¿{]-

{InbbmsW∂pw hnhn[ LS-I-ßfpw

Ime-L- -ßfpw AXn¬ khn-tij ]¶p

hln-®n-´p-s≠∂pw t_m[y-am-bn.

h¿jw1856. apƒ´m-\n¬ \n∂v emtlm-dn-te°v Hcp dbn¬∏mX]Wn-bp-hm≥ {_nójpIm¿ Xocp-am-\n®p. ]mX-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-®p-aXe {_¨S≥ ktlm-Zc∑m¿°mbn-cp∂p. kn‘p \Zo-X-SØneq-sS-bmWv Cu ]mX \n¿Ωn-t°-≠nbn-cp-∂Xv. aÆn\v Dd∏vXosc-bn-√. F©n\o-b¿am-cmb B ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpw sXmgn-em-fn-Ifpw ITn-\m-[zm\w sNbvXn´pw dbn¬∏mfw Dd-∏n-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. ]mX-\n¿ΩmWw hgn -apń. B ka-b-ØmWv sXm´-Sp -ØpXs∂bp≈ Np´ CjvSn-I-Iƒ F©n-\o-b¿amcpsS {i≤-bn¬s∏- -Xv. \√ Dd-∏p-≈hbmbn-cp∂p Ah. dbn¬∏mfw Dd-∏n-°m≥ ]‰n-b-h. ]ns∂ Xma-kn-®n-√ Cu NpSp-I- -Iƒ \nc-Øn ]mX\n¿Ωn®p.

\q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°v apºv \ne-\n∂ al-Ømb Hcp kwkvIm-c-

Øns‚ tijn-∏p-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p B NpSp-I- -Iƒ F∂ Imcyw

sXmgn-em-fn-Itfm F©n-\o-b¿amtcm A∂v Adn-™n-√.

]n∂oSv 1921-˛¬ k¿ tPmäm¿j¬ B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬

k¿tΔ Hm v C¥ybpsS Ub-d-IvS-dm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv \S∂

D¬J\-\w Hcp al-Ømb kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-

ßfmWv B CjvSn-I-Isf∂v Is≠-Øn.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS

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1111111111

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS24


kn‘p \Zn-bp-sSbpw AXns‚ ssIh-gn-I-fp-sSbpw

XocsØ hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fnemWv Cu kwkvImcw \ne-

\n∂ncp∂Xv. AXp-sIm≠v Cu kwkvIm-cw kn‘p-\-

Zo-XS kwkvImcw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]mIn-kvXm-\nse

lc∏-bn-em-bn-cp∂p BZysØ D¬J-\-\-w \S-∂-Xv.

Zbmdmw kmlv\nbmbn-cp∂p CXn\v t\XrXzw \¬In-b-

Xv. kn‘p-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ BZy-sX-fn-hp-Iƒ

lc-∏-bn¬ \n∂v e`n-®-Xn-\m¬ Cu kwkvImcsØ lc-

∏≥ kwkvImcw F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. ]mIn-kvXm--\nse

Xs∂ taml≥sPm-Zm-tcm-hn¬ D¬J-\-\-ßƒ \S-Øn-bXv

B¿.-Un. _m\¿Pn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kwkvIm-csØ kw_-‘n®

]T-\-ßƒ Ct∏mgpw \S-∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

kn‘p\Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ D¬J-\-\sØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂

Xmsg sImSp-Øn´p≈ Ub{Kw ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

B¿.Un. _m\¿Pn .....................................

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Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm v B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn°¬ k¿tΔ Hm v C¥y

lc∏bn¬ D¬J-\\w\SØn

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw

]mIn-kvXm--s‚ ]Sn-™m-d≥ Xocw- ap-X¬ DØ¿{]-tZ-inse

AewKo¿]q¿ hscbpw hS°v PΩp-Im-ivao¿ apX¬ sX°v \¿ΩZm

Xocw-h-scbpw lc-∏≥ kwkvImcw hym]n-®n-cp-∂p. _n.kn.C. 2700

apX¬ _n.kn.C. 1700 hsc-bmWv Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

ImeL´ambn s]mXpsh IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

k¿ tPm¨ am¿j¬

Zbmdmw kmlv\n

B¿.Un. _m\¿Pn

B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬

k¿tΔ Hm v C¥y

C¥y-bn¬ ]pcm-hkvXp ]T\-

ßƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSp-°p-

∂Xv B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-°¬

k¿tΔ Hm^v C¥ybmWv.

{_n´ojv `cWIme-ØmWv

Cu ÿm]\w Bcw- n-®-Xv.

.....................................

JT 2

57-2

/Soc

Sci

-8 (M

) Vol

-1

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS ��

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ q]Sw \nco-£n®v kn‘p\Zo-XS kwkvIm-

c-Øns‚ {][m\ tI{μ-ßƒ Dƒs∏SpØn ]´n-I- ]q¿Ønbm°q.

Ah C∂v GsX√mw cmPy-ß-fn-em-sW∂v Is≠-Øq.

lc∏

taml≥-sPm-Zmscm

kpXvIm-P≥tZm¿

AewKn¿]q¿_\hmen

Imen-_w-K≥

temYm¬

t[mfm-hoc

dwKv]q¿

tjm¿´p-Kmbv

]mIn-kvXm≥

C¥y

A vKm-\n-ÿm≥

Xp¿°vsa-\n-kvXm≥

XmPn-°n-kvXm≥

ssN\

kn‘p-\-Zo-XS cmPyw kn‘p-\-Zo-XS cmPywkwkvIm-c-tI{μw kwkvIm-c-tI{μw

$ lc∏ $ ]mIn-kvXm≥ $ Imen-_w-K≥ $ C¥y

$ taml≥sPm-Zmscm $ $ temYm¬ $

$ kpXvImP≥tZm¿ $ $ t[mfm-hoc $

$ Aew-Kn¿]q¿ $ $ dwKv]q¿ $

$ _\-hmen $ $ tjm¿´p-Kmbv $

$

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\K-c-khntijXIƒ

sdbn¬th \n¿amWsØmgn -em-fn -Isf

A¤p-X-s∏-Sp -Øn-bXv Ah¿°v e`n®

CjvSn-I-IfpsS Dd-∏m-bn-cp-∂-t√m. Dd-∏p≈

Np´ CjvSn-I-I-fpsS D]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp∂p

lc-∏-bnse \K-c -ß-fpsS {][m\

{]tXyIX. sIń-S-ß-sf√mw \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-

∂Xv Np´ CjvSn-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-bn-

cp∂p. lc∏, taml≥sPm-Zmscm, temYm¬

F∂o \K-c-ß-ƒ°v c≠v `mK-ßƒ D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p.

`c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn® \K-c-{]-tZiw

Bkq-{Xn-X-amb sXcp-hp-I-fpsS Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-em-

bmWv hoSp-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂-Xv. hoSp-Iƒ hyXykvX

LS-\-bn-ep-≈-h-bmbncp∂p. NneXv H‰-apdn hoSp-I-

fm-sW-¶n¬ a‰p Nne-Xm-Is´ IqSp-X¬ apdn-Ifpw

hnim-e-amb ap‰hpw InW-dp-I-fp-ap-≈-h-bm-bncp∂p.

IqSmsX F√m hoSp-Iƒ°pw iuNm-e-b-ß-fp-ap-≠m-

bn-cp-∂p.

Agp-°p-Nm-ep-I-fmWv \K-c-ß-fpsS as‰mcp khn-ti-

j-X. hoSp-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ aen-\-Pew Nmep-I-fn-

te°v Hgp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Nmep-Isf \K-c-

Ønse {][m\ Agp-°p-Nm-ep-ambn _‘n-∏n-®n-

cp∂p. Ah Np´ CjvSn-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv -\n¿Ωn-

®n-cp∂Xv. …m_p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ah aqSn-bn-cp-

∂p. sNdnb ]´-W-ß-fnepw {Kma-ß-fn¬t∏mepw

sXcp-hv

Agp-°p-Nm¬ kwhn-[m\w

lc-∏-bnse \K-c-ßƒ

]Sn-™m-dp≈ Db¿∂ `mKw `c-Wm-[n-

Imcn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

Akwªn lmƒ F∂p Icp-Xp∂ Hcp

henb sIń-S-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßfpw

ChnsS\n∂v e`n-®n- p-≠v.

Xmgv∂ mKw km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS hmk-ÿe-

ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. hoSp-I-fm-sW∂v kqNn-∏n-°p∂

\nc-h[n sIń-S-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ

ChnsS\n∂pw e`n-®n- p-≠v.

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\Zo-X-S-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fn-eqsS 27

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

anI® Agp-°p-Nm¬ kwhn-[m\w D≠m-bn-

cp-∂p.

taml≥sPmZm-tcm-hn¬\n∂v Hcp henb

Ipf-Øns‚ Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

CXv A°m-esØ P\-ß-fpsS \n¿am-W-

ssh-`-h-Øn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. ]q¿Æ-ambpw

Np´ CjvSn-I-IƒsIm-≠mWv CXv \n¿an-®n-

cp∂-Xv.

lc-∏bnse \K-c-ß-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v `c-W-hy-h-ÿ,

kmaq-ln-I-ÿnXn F∂nh kw_-‘n®v Fs¥√mw kqN-\-I-fmWv

e`n-°p-∂-Xv ?

[m\y-∏p-c-Iƒ, Irjn

lc-∏-bn¬ Is≠-Ønb \K-cm-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏´

H∂mWv [m\y-∏p-c -Iƒ. [m\y-ßƒ DW-°m\pw kw`-cn -

°m\pap≈ kuIcyßƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂ henb sI´n-S-ß-fm-bn-

cp∂p Ah. tKmX-ºv, _m¿en, Xn\, F≈v, ]b-¿h¿K-ßƒ XpS-

ßnbhbpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ AhnsS \n∂v

e`n -®n´p≠v. KpP-dm -Ønse dwKv]q¿,

temYm¬ F∂n-hn-S -ß-fn¬\n∂v s\√v

Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xns‚ sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-

®n- p-≠v. IqSmsX ]cp-Ønbpw Irjn sNbvXn-

cp∂p. \K-cØnse P\-ßƒ `£-Wm-h-iy-

Øn\pw sXmgn-ep-Iƒ°p-ambn {Kma-ßsf

B{i-bn-®n-cp∂p. \K-c-ß-fnse Dev]m-Z-\-h-

kvXp-°-fpsS {][m\ hn]Wn {Kma-ß-fm-

bn-cp-∂p.

l-c-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ \ne-\n¬∏n\v Ahn-SsØ {Kma-ßƒ

hln® ]¶v ]cn-tim-[n-°pI.

henb Ipfw

kn‘q\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Im-esØ P\-ßƒ hy‡n-

ipNn-Xz-Øn\pw ]cn-k-c-ip-Nn-Xz-Øn\pw \¬Inb

{]m[m\yw N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

[m\y-∏pcbpsS Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ

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1111111111



Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw

{Kma-ß-fnse Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ ^e`q-bn-jvTam-bn-

cp∂p. kn‘q-\Zn Hgp-°n-s°m-≠p-h-cp∂ F°¬a-

Æm-bn-cp∂p Cu ^e- q-bn-jvT-Xbv°v ASn-ÿm-\w.

cmP-ÿm-\nse Imen-_w-Km-\n¬ \new DgpXpadn®v

Irjn \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Ifn-a-Æn¬ Xo¿Ø Ie-∏-

bpsS cq]-ßƒ e`n-®n- p-≠v. Pe-tk-N-\-Øn-

\p-th≠n I\m-ep-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p.

Im¿jn-I-hr-Øn-s°m∏w arK-]-cn-]m-e-\hpw

\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p. arK-ß-fpsS F√p-I-fpsS

Ah-in-jvS-ßƒ [mcmfw e`n-®n- p-≠v. Im≠m-

ar-K-Øn-s‚bpw B\-bp-sSbpw Ifn-a¨ cq]-

ßƒ e`n-®n- p≠v. Imf, BSv, ]∂n, sNΩcn-

bmSv F∂n-hsb hf¿Ø-nbn-cp∂p.

{Kma-ß-fn¬ an®wh∂ Im¿jn-tIm-Xv]-∂-

ß-fm-bn-cp∂p [m\y-∏p-c-I-fn¬ kq£n-®-Xv.

\nIp-Xn-bn-\-Øn¬ e`n-® [m\yhpw ChnsS

kq£n-®n-cp-∂p. [m\y-∏p-c-I-fn¬ kq£n®

CØcw [m\y-ßƒ \K-c-ß-fnse P\-ßƒ°v e`y-am-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

sa®-s∏´ Hcp `c-W-kw-hn-[m\w \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v

sXfnhmWv CØcw [m\y-kw- -c-W-im-e-Iƒ.

lc-∏-bnse [m\y-kw-`-c-W-im-e-Iƒ A°m-esØ `c-W-kw-hn-

[m\sØ kw_-‘n®v Fs¥√mw kqN-\-IfmWv \¬Ip-∂Xv?

I®-hSw

Im¿jnI ]ptcm-KXn ant®m-Xv]m-Z-\-Øn\pw [m\y-ß-fpsS

kw`-c-W-Øn\pw hgn-sX-fn-®p. kw`-cn-°-s∏´ DXv]-∂-ß-

fpsS ssIam-‰-Øn\mbn IrXy-amb Af-hp-Ifpw Xq°-ßfpw

D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Af-hp-Xq° D]-I-c-W-ß-ƒ ChnsS\n∂v

e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥ kwkvIm-csØ∏‰n ap≥ ¢mkn¬ N¿®

sNbvXn- p-≠-t√m. saskm-s∏m- m-an-b-bn¬\n∂v e`n® enJn-

Ifn-a¨ Ie∏

PohnIfpsS Ifn-a¨ cq]-ßƒ

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

X-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ I®-hSw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ saeql F∂ {]tZ-i-

sØ-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v. saeql lc-∏-bm-sW-∂mWv Ncn{X-

Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® saskm-

s∏m-´m-an-b≥ ap{Z-Ifpw Cu I®-hS _‘-Øn\v sXfn-hm-Wv.

IS¬h-gn-bp≈ hmWnPytI{μ-ß-fn¬ H∂v temYm¬ Bbn-cp-

∂p. Ifn-a-Æn¬ Xo¿Ø ]mbv-°-∏-ens‚

cq]-ßfpw IS¬h-gn-bp≈ I®-h-S-Øns‚

as‰mcp {][m\ sXfn-hm-Wv.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS tI{μ-ß-fn¬\n∂v hym]-I-

ambn e`n® ap{Z-Iƒ I®-h-S-Øn-\p-th≠n

D]-tbm-Kn-®Xmbn-cn°mw. F∂m¬ \mW-b-

ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xn\v sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`y-a√.

cmP-ÿm-\nse tJ{Xn J\n-I-fn¬\n∂v

sNºpw A vLm-\n-ÿm-\n¬\n∂pw at[y-

jy-bn¬\n∂pw shfp-Øo-bhpw tiJ-cn-®n-

cp-∂p. sNºpw shfp-Øo-bhpw tN¿Øv

sh¶ew \n¿an-®p. sh¶-e-ap-]-tbm-Kn-®v D]-

I-c-W-ßfpw Bbp-[-ßfpw \n¿an®p. sh¶-e-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw

lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øn\v sh¶-e-bpK kwkvImcw F∂ t]cv

t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.

lc-∏≥ P-\-X-bpsS -I®-hS _‘-ßƒ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-

Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

ap{Z-Iƒ

temYm¬

Ic-Iu-i-ehkvXp°fpw sXmgn¬°q- -ßfpw

lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® ap{Z-Iƒ, Ifn-a¨cq-]-ßƒ, ]m{X-ßƒ, B -

c-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Ah-cpsS Ic-hn-cp-Xn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

a¨]m{X \n¿am-W-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn® Nqf-I-fpsS Ah-in-jvS-

ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. a¨]m-{X-ß-fn¬ Ae-¶m-c-]Wn-

Iƒ \S-Øn. Ifn-a-Æn¬ arK-cq-]-ßƒ \n¿Ωn-®p. kv{Xo -]p-cp-j-

cq]-ßfpw h≠n-I-fpsS cq]-ßfpw e`n-®n- p-≠v. sNºv, sh¶-ew,

kz¿Ww F∂n-h- sIm≠p≈ B -c-W-ßƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. temYm-

en¬\n∂v apØv \n¿am -W-tI-{μØns‚ sXfn -hp -Iƒ

B -c-W-ßƒ

Ifn-a¨ h≠n-Iƒ

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1111111111



e`n-®n- p-≠v. Ifn-aÆv, sh¶-ew, Ba-tØmSv F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v

hf-Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. Ic-Iu-i-e-h-kvXp-°-fpsS \n¿am-W-Øn¬

sshZ-Kv[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw lc-∏≥ P\X Bbp[ \n¿am-

W-Øn\v A{X {]m[m\yw \¬In-bn-cp-∂n-√.

lc-∏≥ P\-X-bpsS anI® Iem-ssh-`hw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv ap{Z-

IfpsS \n¿an-Xn-bn-emWv. Ifn-a-Æp-sIm≠pw ine-IƒsIm≠pw ap{Z-

Iƒ \n¿an-®n-cp-∂p. taml≥sPm-Zm-scm-hn¬\n∂v e`n® \¿ØIn-

bpsS {]Xna CXn-\pZm-l-c-W-am-Wv. A°m-eØv hnhn[

sXmgn¬°q- -ßƒ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂Xn\v sXfn-hmWv hnhn[-

Xcw Ic-Iu-ie hkvXp-°ƒ.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS tI-{μ-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n® Nne ap{Z-I-fpsS Nn{X-

ß-fmWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn- p-≈-Xv. CØcw ap{Z-I-fn¬ Nne en]n-

Iƒ ImWp-∂nt√? Ahn-SsØ P\-Xbv°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Fgp-

Øp-ssien D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v CXn¬\n∂v a\-kn-em-°mw. Cu

en]n-Iƒ hmbn-°m-\p≈ {ia-ßƒ CXp-hsc hnP-bn-®n- n-√.

\¿ØInbpsS sh¶-e-{]-Xna

a¨]m{Xw

t[mfm-ho-c-bnse kqN\m t_m¿Uv

ap{ZIfpw en]nbpw

hnizm-k-co-Xn-Iƒ

lc-∏-bn¬\n∂v e`n® ap{Z-I-fn¬\n∂v A°m-esØ P\-ß-fpsS

hnizm-k-co-Xn-Iƒ kw_-‘n®v hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. Ifn-a-

Æn¬ \n¿an® [mcmfw kv{Xocq-]-ßƒ e`n-®n- p-≠v. CXv amXr

ssZhm-cm-[\ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂-Xn\v sXfn-hm-Wv. ^e-`q-bn-

jvTX-bp-ambn _‘-s∏- m-Wv amXr-ssZ-hm-cm-[\ \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-

Xv. ChnsS\n∂pw e`n® ]pcp-j-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ inev]-ßƒ BZna

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

inhs‚ (Proto Siva) inev]-ß-fm-sW∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ A`n-{]m-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. arK-ß-sfbpw hr£-ß-sfbpw Ah¿ Bcm-[n-®n-cp-

∂p. taml≥tPm-Zm-scm-hnse henb Ipfw aX-]-camb NS-ßp-

Iƒ°p-th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xm-hmsa∂v Icp-Xp-∂p.

lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c--Øns‚ XI¿®

GI-tZiw 1700 _n.kn.C tbmsS lc-∏≥ kwkvImcw £bn-®p-

Xp-S-ßn. CXns‚ XI¿®bv-°p≈ Imc-W-ßsf kw_-‘n®v

\nch[n A`n-{]m-b-ßƒ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ Nne-XmWv

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv:

sh≈-s∏m°w.

]pd-sa-\n-∂p≈ B{I-a-W-ßƒ.

h\-\-io-I-cWw.

Im¿jnI taJ-e-bn-ep-≠mb XI¿®.

]I¿®-hym[nIƒ.

lc-∏-bn¬ \n∂pw e`n® ap{Z

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-

ti-j-XIƒ F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿

t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°pI.

CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥,ssN\okv kwkvIm-c-ßƒ

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wt√m \Ωƒ CXp-

hsc N¿® sNbvX-Xv. Cu kwkvImcw \ne-\n∂ AtX-

ImeØv temI-Øns‚ a‰pNne mK-ß-fn¬ thsdbpw Nne

kwkvIm-c-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

saskm-s∏m -´m -an -b≥ kwkvIm -cw, CuPn -] vjy≥

kwkvImcw, ssN\okv kwkvImcw apX-em-b-h-bm-bn-cp∂p

Ah. Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw s]mXp-hmb {]tXy-

IX sh¶-e-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn® D]-I-c-W-ß-fpsS hym]-I-

amb D]-tbm-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-

sf√mw s]mXpsh sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-ßƒ F∂-dn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p.

F¥p-sIm≠v

\Zo-X-S-ßƒ

BZn-a-a-\p-jy≥ ImSp-sh´n

Irjn\ne-am-°m-\p≈ kmt¶-

Xn-I-hnZy t\Sn-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-

\m¬ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ sNØn

shfn-∏n-°m-hp∂ ]p¬ta-Sp-I-

fn-emWv Ah≥ BZy-ambn

Irjn-bm-cw-`n-®-Xv. ss\¬,

bq{ - o-kv, kn‘p XpS-ßnb

\Zo-X-S-ßƒ ]p¬ta-Sp-Iƒ

sIm≠p-\n-d™ ÿe-ß-fm-

bn-cp∂p. hf-°q-dp≈ aÆv,

[mcmfw Pew, I∂p-Im-en-

Iƒ°v tabm≥ ta®n¬∏p-d-

ßƒ F∂nh a\p-jy-hmkw

\Zo-X-S-ß-fn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-

°m≥ Imc-W-ambn. Cu \Zo-

X-S-ßƒ kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS

Cu‰n-√-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

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1111111111



CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvImcw

1922 \hw-_¿ amk-Øn¬ Rm≥ CuPn]vXn-seØn. 14˛mw

\q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn®p acn-®p-t]mb XqØ≥Jma≥ F∂

N{I-h¿Øn-bpsS aΩn- tX-Snbp≈ bm{X. aΩn-I-sfbpw ]ncan-

Up-I-sfbpw tXSn-bp≈ bm{X-bpsS ]pXnbL´w. CuPn-

]vXns‚ hS°p `mK-Øp≈ Xmgvhc-bn-eqsS. kpZo¿L-

amb At\z-jWw. ]t£ e-an-√. {]Xo£ \ncm-ibv°p

hgn-am-dn. Ah-km\w hen-sbmcp ]nc-an-Uns‚ Acn-Ip-

tN¿∂v J\\w \S-Øp-hm≥ Rm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.

BImw£ A¤p-X-Øn\p hgn-am-dn. `qan-°-Sn-bn-te°v

\ofp∂ ]S-hp-Iƒ. ]S-hp-Iƒ ]n∂n-s -Øn-bXv hen-sbmcp

hmXn-en-\-cnsI. H∂n-\p-]n-dsI as‰m∂v. aq∂m-asØ

hmXn¬ Xpd-∂-t∏m-tg°pw Rm≥ A‘mfn®p-t]m-bn.

Rm≥ At\z-jn-°p∂ N{I-h¿Øn CXm apºn¬

k¿Δm -cW hn`q-jn-X-\mbn A\-¥-amb \n{Z-bn¬.....

NphsS X∂n-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw \nco-£n®v Cu kwkvIm-c-ßƒ

hf¿∂p-h∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ Is≠-Øq:

CuPn]vjy≥kwkvImcw

saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥kwkvImcw

kn‘q-\-Zo-XSkwkvImcw

ssN\okvkwkvImcw

sh¶-e-bpK kwkvImc tI{μ-ßƒ

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

slmhm¿Uv Im¿´¿ F∂ ]pcm-hkvXp Kth-j-Is‚ Ub-dn-

°pdn∏v hmbn-®-t√m. Bcm-bn-cp∂p Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏n¬ ]cm-a¿in-

°p∂ XqØ≥Jma≥ F∂-dn-bmtam? ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXnse

cmP-mhm-bn-cp∂p XqØ≥Jm-a≥. A°m-eØv CuPn-]vXnse cmPm-

°-∑m¿ "^tdmh' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv. arX-i-cocw tISp-

Iq-SmsX kq£n-°p∂ coXn CuPn]vXn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cßs\

kq£n-°-s∏´ arX-i-cocw "aΩn' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. aΩn-

Iƒ kq£n-®n-cp∂ henb ih-Ip-So-c-ß-fmWv ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ. a\p-

jym-[zm-\hpw kºØpw h≥tXmXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xns‚

sXfn -hmWv ]nc -an -Up -Iƒ sh¶-e-bp -K -Øn¬ \ne-\n∂

CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ a‰v {][m\

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v

t\m°mw.

CuPn-]vXnse ss\¬ \-Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv Cu

kwkvImcw hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Irjn-bm-bn-

cp∂p CuPn-]vjy≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚

ASnØd. s\bvØv, kv SnI ]m{X \n¿Ωm-

Ww F∂n-h-bnepw Ah¿ G¿s∏- n-cp-∂p.

{]mNo\ CuPn -] vjy≥ P\X Hcp

FgpØphnZy cq]-s∏-Sp -Øn -bn -cp -∂p.

"ssltdm-•n^nIvkv' F∂mWv Ah-cpsS

FgpØp-hnZy Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ssltdm-

•n^nIvkv F∂m¬ "hnip-≤-amb FgpØv'

F∂mWv A¿∞w. ]m∏-ndkv sNSn-bpsS Ce-

I-fmWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

ssltdm-•n^nIvkv en]n

CuPn-]vXnse ]nc-an-Up-Iƒ

ssltdm-•n nIvkv

ssltdm•n nIvkv en]n BZyambn hmbn®Xv

{ ©p ]WvUnX\mbncp∂ jwt]mentbm

Bbncp∂p. (1790˛1832) {^m≥knse

`cWm[nImcnbmbncp∂ s\t∏mfnbs‚

CuPn]vXv B{IaWImeØv Ct±lhpw

s\t∏mfnbt\msSm∏w D≠mbncp∂p.

ss\¬\ZoapJØp Is≠Ønb hensbmcp

inebnemWv (tdmsk‰) Cu FgpØp≠m

bncp∂Xv. \nc¥camb ]cn{iaßƒs°m

Sphn¬ Cu en]n hmbns®Sp°m≥ At±l

Øn\p Ign™p.

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1111111111



imkv{X-cw-KØpw Ah¿ anI® ]ptcm-KXn ssIh-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

kqcys\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Hcp Ie-≠¿ Ah¿ Xøm-dm°n

Hcp h¿jsØ 365 Znh-k-ß-fm-°n IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. 30 Znhk-

ß-fp≈ 12 amk-ß-fmbn Hcp h¿jsØ hn -Pn-®p. _m°n h∂

A©p-Zn-h-k-ßƒ BtLm-j-ßƒ°mbn am‰n-h-®n-cp-∂p. KWn-

X-im-kv{X-cw-KØpw {]mNo-\-Cu-Pn-]vXns‚ t\´-ßƒ {it≤-b-

amWv. {XntIm-Ww, NXp-cw F∂n-h-bpsS hnkvXrXn IW-°m-

°m≥ Ah¿°-dn-b-mam-bn-cp-∂p. \ng-ens\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

kabw IW-°m-°p∂ kqcy-L-Sn-Imcw, Pe-{]-hm-l-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ kabw \n¿Æ-bn-°p∂ Pe-L-Sn-Im-cw XpS-ßn-bh

Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nbncp∂p.

{]Xn-am-\n¿am-W-Ønepw Ah¿ hnZ-Kv[-cmbncp∂p. a\p-jys‚

Xebpw knwl-Øns‚ DS-ep-ap≈ kv nwKvkv F∂ {]Xna Ah-

cpsS inev] sshZ-Kv[y-Øn\v DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

kv nwKvkv

saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥ kwkvImcw

C∂sØ CdmJv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ØmWv saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥

kwkvImcw hf¿∂ph∂-Xv. B¿ao-\n-b≥ ]¿Δ-X-Øn¬\n∂v DXv -

hn®v t]¿jy≥ IS-en¬ ]Xn-°p∂ bq{ - o-kv, ssS{Kokv \Zn-

Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tZ-i-amWv {]mNo\ saskm-s∏m- m-anb. c≠v

\Zn-Iƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ {]tZiw F∂mWv saskm-s∏m- m-anb F∂

hm°n-\¿∞w.

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

\mev hyXykvX kwkvIm-c-ßƒ saskm-s∏m- m-an-b-bn¬ DZbw

sNøp-Ibpw AkvX-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kpta-dn-b≥, _m_n-tem-

Wn-b≥, Ako-dn-b≥, Im¬Un-b≥ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah.

saskm-s∏m- m-an-b-bnse e- q-bn-jvTamb aÆv Im¿jnI ]ptcmK-

Xnsb klm-bn-®p. CXv I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw \K-c-ß-fpsSbpw

hf¿®bv°v CS-bm-°n. D¿, Ddp-°v, eKmjv F∂nh {]mNo\

saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b-bnse {][m\ \K-c-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

\K-c-ßƒ I®-h-S-tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-

Ønse P\-ß-fp-ambn Ah¿°v I®-h-S-_-‘-ßƒ D≠m-bn-

cp∂Imcyw \Ωƒ t\csØ N¿® sNbvX-t√m. I®-hSw hnImkw

{]m]n-®-tXmsS ssIam-dp∂ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS IW-°p-Iƒ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-tØ-≠Xv Bh-iy-ambn Xo¿∂p. CXv FgpØphnZy-bpsS

hnIm-k-Øn-te°v \bn-®p.

saskm-s∏m -´m -an -b -bnse Fgp -Øp -hnZy

"IyqWnt^mw' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Ah-

cpsS en]n-Iƒ°v B∏ns‚ BIr-Xn-bm--bn-cp∂p.

aÆv Ipg®p≠m°nb sNdp -^-e -I -ß-fpsS

an\pkap≈ {]XeØnemWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-

∂-Xv. Iq¿Ø-ap-\-bp≈ FgpØmWn D]-tbm-Kn®v

Fgp-Xn-b-Xn-\p-tijw DW-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p

sNbvX-Xv. CØcw Ifn -a¨ ^e-I-ß-fpsS

h≥tiJcw Xs∂ e`n-®n- p-≠v. enJn-X-ß-fn¬ qcn-

`m-Khpw I®-h-S-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- -Xm-Wv.

tPymXn-im-kv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂o taJ-e-

Ifnepw Ah¿ {it≤-b-amb t\ -ßƒ ssIh-cn®p.

N{μs‚ Ne\sØ ASnÿm-\-am°n Hcp

Ie≠dpw Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp h¿jsØ 12 amk-ß-

fmbpw Hcp amksØ 4 BgvN-I-fmbpw hn -Pn-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp Znh-

ksØ 24 aWn-°q-dmbn IW-°m-°n-bn-cp-∂p. KWnX imkv{X-

Ønse lc-Ww, KpW-\w, h¿§-aqew F∂n-hbpw Ah¿°-dn-bm-

am-bn-cp-∂p.

saskm-s∏m-´m-an-b≥ P\-X-bpsS imkv{X-cw-KsØ

t\´ßƒ kw_-‘n®v Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°p-I.

IyqWnt^mw en]n

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1111111111



ssN\okv kwkvImcw

slmbmßvtlm \Zo-X-S-Øn-emWv ssN\okv

kwkvImcw hf¿∂p-h-∂-Xv. Irjn-bm-bn-cp∂p

Cu kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ ASn-Ø-d. s\bvØv,

a¨]m-{X-\n¿ΩmWw, ]´phkv{X \n¿ΩmWw

F∂n-h-bnepw Ah¿ hnZKv[cm-bn-cp-∂p.

]pcm-X\ ssN\bnepw FgpØphnZy \ne-

\n∂n-cp∂p. A£-c-ßƒ°v ]Icw Nn{X-ßƒ

D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv Ah¿ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

]n¬°m-eØv Nn{X-ßƒ°v ]Icw Nn”-ßƒ

\ne-hn¬h∂p. {]mNo\ saskm-s∏m- man-b-bn-

sebpw CuPn-]vXn-sebpwt]mse {]mNo\

ssN\-°mcpw Ie-≠¿ Xøm-dm-°n-bn-cp-∂p.

knKp-dm-Øv

ssN\okv en]n

{]mNo\ saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥ P\-X-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-ssh- -h-Øn\v

sXfn -hmWv knKp -dm -Øp-Iƒ (Ziggurats) F∂-dn -b-s∏-Sp∂

Bcm[\meb-ßƒ. \K-c-ß-fn-emWv Cu Bcm[\mebßƒ

\n¿Ωn-®n-cp -∂-Xv. a¨Iq\-Iƒ \n¿Ωn®v AXn-\p-ap -Ifn¬

CjvSn-I-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ ]Wn-X-Xv.

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Ah¿ Xøm-dm-°nb Ie-≠-dn¬ Hcp h¿j-Øn¬ 365½ Znh-kw

D≠m-bn-cp∂p.

\Zo-XS-ßƒ tI{μ-am°n {]mNo-\-tem-IØv hf¿∂p-h∂ Nne

kwkvIm-c-ß-sf-°p-dn-®mWv \Ωƒ N¿® sNbvXXv. sh¶-e-Øns‚

D]-tbm-Kw, Irjn-bpsS ]ptcm-K-Xn, I®-h-S-Øn-s‚bpw Ic-Iu-i-

e-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw hnIm-kw, Fgp-Øp-hnZy, imkv{X-cw-KsØ t\ -

ßƒ XpS-ßn-bh Cu kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-hp∂

s]mXpkhntijXIfmWv.

imkv{Xw, Ie, Fgp-Øph-nZy F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse CuPn-

]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥, ssN\okv kwkvIm-c-ß-

fpsS t\ -ßƒ ]cn-tim-[n®v Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

_n.kn.C 2700 apX¬ 1700 hsc-bp≈ ImeØv

kn‘p\ZnbpsSbpw ssIhgnIfpsSbpw XSßfnemWv lc-

∏≥ kwkvImcw \ne\n∂ncp∂Xv.

Np´ CjvSn-I-I-fpsS D]-tbmKw, sh¶e D]-I-c-W-ßƒ,

Agp°p-Nm-¬, sXcp-hp-Iƒ, [m\y-∏p-c-Iƒ, hen-b -Ipfw

F∂nh lc-∏≥ kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-

fm-Wv.

lc-∏≥ P\X hyXykvX hnfIƒ Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

Im¿jn-I-]p-tcm-KXn I®-h-S-Øns‚ hnIm-k-Øn-te°v

\bn®p.

Ic-Iu-ie cwKØv Ah¿ hnZ-Kv≤-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn\v ka-Im-enIamb kwkvIm-

c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m- m-an-b, ssN\okv

kwkvImcßƒ

imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw, hmkvXp-inev]w F∂o taJ-e-

I-fn¬ Cu kwkvIm -c -ßƒ KWy-amb ]ptcm -KXn

ssIhcn®p.

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1111111111



sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-ßƒ Bhn¿`-hn® {]tZ-i-ßƒ

Xncn-®-dn-bp∂p.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

Irjn, Ic-Iu-iew F∂o taJ-e-I-fnse lc-∏≥ P\-X-

bpsS t\ -ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒ

Is≠-Øp-∂p.

CuPn-]vjy≥, saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥, ssN\okv kwkvIm-

c-ß-fpsS {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fpw Ah-bpsS t\´-ß-

fpw hni-Ie\w sNøp-∂p.

\Zo-X-S-kw-kvImcßƒ

kn‘p-\-Zo-XSkwkvImcw

CuPn-]vjy≥kwkvImcw

sak-s∏m´m-an-b≥kwkvImcw

ssN\okvkwkvImcw

\K-cm-kq-{XWw

Irjn

Ic-Iu-i-ew, en]n

XI¿®-bpsS Imc-W-ßƒ

ss\¬ \Zo-XSw

ssltdm-•n- nIvkv

]nc-an-Up-Iƒ, kv nwKvkv

Ie-≠¿, kqcy-L-Sn-Imcw,Pe-L-Sn-Imcw

bq{ - o-kv, ssS{Kokv \Zo-XSw

IyqWnt^mw

knKp-dm-Øp-Iƒ

Ie-≠¿, KWn-X-im-kv{X-cw-KsØ t\ -ßƒ

slmbmMvtlm \Zo-XSw

Fgp-Øp-hnZy

]´p-XpWn \n¿ΩmWw

Ie-≠¿

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS {]tZ-i-ß-fnse BZy-Ime D¬J-\-\-ß-sf-

Ip-dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°pI.

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS \K-c-Po-hn-XØns‚ {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Fs¥√m-

am-bn-cp∂p hni-Z-am-°p-I.

saml≥sPm-Zmscmbnse henb Ipf-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ Fs¥√mw?

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øn¬ {]Nm-c-Øn-en-cp∂ {][m\

ssIsØm-gn-ep-Iƒ GsX√mw?

"kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvImcw sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-Øn\v

DZm-l-c-W-amWv'˛km[q-I-cn-°p-I.

lc∏≥ P\-X-bpsS anI® Iem-ssh- hw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv

Ah-cpsS ap{Z-I-fpsS \n¿Ωn-Xn-bn-emWv. DZm-l-cW klnXw

hy‡-am-°p-I.

saskm-s∏m- m-an-b≥ FgpØphnZy-sb-∏‰n Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-

dm-°p-I.

imkv{Xw, KWn-X-imkv{Xw F∂o taJ-e-I-fn¬ sh¶-e-bpK

kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS t\ -ßƒ hniIe\w sNøpI.

tImfw "F' bn¬ X∂n- p-≈-htbmSv tbmPn-°p-∂h tImfw

"_n' bn¬\n∂pw Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-XpI

F _n

tPm¨ am¿j¬ saskm-s∏m-´m-anb

Zbmdmw kmlv\n taml≥sPm-Zmtcm

B¿.Un. _m\¿Pn lc∏

ssltdm•n-^nIvkv Ub-d-IvS¿ Hm v

B¿°ntbm-f-Pn-°¬ k¿tΔ

Hm v C¥y

IyqWnt^mw en]n CuPn]vXv

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1111111111



]q¿W-ambn `mKn-I-ambn sa®s∏tS≠Xp≠v

kn‘q-\-Zo-XS kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ apJy

khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hni-I-e\w

sNøm≥ Ignbpw.

hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fp-ambpw kwkv°m-c

-ß-fp-ambpw \ne-\n∂ I®-hS

_‘-ßƒ hne-bn-cp-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

lc-∏-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ sXmgn¬

Iq -ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw.

FgpØphnZy-bpw koep-Ifpw

sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-cßfpsS

{]tXy-I-X-I-fm-sW∂v Is≠-Øm≥

Ignbpw.

temI-Ønse hnhn[ sh¶-e-bpK

kwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw.

sh¶-ebpK kwkvIm-c-ßƒ a\p-jy-

Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬

henb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-sb∂v

t_m[y-am-bn.

Bbnc°W°n\ph¿jßfpsS alØmbNcn{Xss]XrIw C¥ybv°ps≠∂v

t_m[yambn

lc-∏≥ \mK-cn-IX hym]n-®n-cp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fnse C∂sØ

{][m\ Im¿jnI hnf-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv? At\z-jn®v

Is≠-ØpI.

sh¶ebpK-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS s]mXp khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

sh¶-e-bpK kwkvIm-c-ß-fpambn _‘-s∏´ Nn{Xßƒ

tiJ-cn®v B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

Z£n-Wm-{^n-°-bn-se tPm-l-∂m-kv-_¿-Kn¬

\n-∂pw sX-°p]-Sn-™m-dm-bn ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂

]- -W-am-Wv sh-tÃm-Wm-dn-b. CXn-\-Sp-ØmWv

t]-\w-Kv kz¿-Æ-J-\n. aq-∂p Zn-h-k-am-bn Rm≥

Cu ]- -W-Øn-em-Wv J-\n k-μ¿-in-°p-∂-Xn-\p-

≈ A-\p-a-Xn-bpw Im-Øv. HSp-hn¬ J-\n-sb-

°p-dn-®p-≈ ^o-®¿ F-∂ B-{K-lw a-d-∂v Xn-cn-

®p ]-d-°m-sa-∂p I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ""s]-s -

∂p-X-s∂ H-cp Sm-Iv-kn F-Sp-Øv J-\n-bn¬ F-

Øn-t®-cq'' F-∂v J\n am-t\-P-cp-sS \n¿-t±-iw

t^m-Wn-se-Øn. D-S≥ X-s∂ J-\n-bp-sS A-¤p-

X-tem-I-Øn-te-°v Rm≥ ]m-s™-Øn. \q-‰n-

aq-∂v \n-e-I-fp-≈ ]-Øv Fw]-b¿ tÃ-‰v _n¬-

Unw-Kp-Iƒ H-∂n-\p-ta¬ H-∂m-bn k-¶-ev-]n-®m-

ep-≈{X Db-cw A-{X-bpw B-gap≠v. t]-\w-Kv

kz¿-W-J-\n-°v. `q-an-bpsS D-≈n¬\n-∂pw h-an-

°p-∂ hn-j-hm-X-I-ß-fn¬ \n-∂pw c-£t\-Sm≥

[-cn-°p-∂ Hm-Iv-kn-t_m-Iv-kv F∂ Po-h≥-c-£m

D-]-I-c-W-hpw tSm¿®p-≈ sl¬-a-‰pw Nq-Sn-s\

{]-Xn-tcm-[n-°p-hm≥ I- n-bp-≈ tIm- pw kp-c-

£m D-tZym-K-ÿ≥ [-cn-°phm≥ X∂p. A-tXm-

sSm-∏w A-h [-cn-t°-≠hn-[-hpw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-®p-

X-∂p. 100 t]-sc-h-sc Dƒ-s°m-≈m≥ ti-jn-

bp-≈ F-en-th-‰¿- Im¿ F-∂- hm-l-\-Øn-

embncp∂p Xm-tg-°p-≈ bm-{X. B-gw Iq-Sn-

b-t∏mƒ NqSv {I-ta-W h¿-≤n-°p-I-bpw a¿-±hy-

Xn-bm-\waqew sN-hn-Iƒ A-S-bp-Ibpw sN-bv-

Xp. F-en-th-‰-dn-\p ap-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-≈ {]-Im-i-

am-bn-cp-∂p H-tcsbm-cp {]-Im-i t{km-X- v. H-

cm-bn-cw Nn-¥-I-fpw AXn-te-sd Iu-Xp-I-ß-fp-

am-bn J-\n-bp-sS A-¤p-X-tem-IØn-te°v

Rm≥ Xm-gv-∂n-d-ßn.-.-.-"

Hcp ]-{X-{]-h¿-Ø-I≥ J-\n-bn-se Xs‚ A-\p- -h-ßsf kw-_-‘n-®v Fgp-Xnb

Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v hm-bn-®n-t√. `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬\n-∂pw D-≈n-te-°v I-S-°p-

tºmƒ F-s¥-√mw am-‰-ß-fm-Wv D-≠m-Ip-∂-sX-∂v I-≠-t√m. \mw h-kn-°p-∂

`q-an-bp-sS D-≈-d A-¤p-X-ß-fp-sS-sbm-cp I-e-h-d-bm-Wv.

`ua-c-l-ky-ßƒ tXSn

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1111111111

`ua-c-l-ky-ßƒ tXSn42


F-∂m¬ B D-≈-d c-l-ky-ß-sf-∏-‰n t\-cn- v hn-h-c-ti-

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F-s¥m-s°-bmWm]-cn-an-Xn-Iƒ?

`q-an-bn¬ B-gw Iq-Sp-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-®v Xm-]-hpw a¿-±-hpw

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Im-cWw.

`qan -bpsS tI{μ-`m -KØv A\p-` -h-s∏-Sp∂ Xm]w

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em-°p-∂-sX-∂v \-ap-°v t\m-°mw.

A-·n -]¿ -Δ -X kv -t^m-S -\ -ß-fn -eq -sS `u-tam -

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\n∂v.

J-\n-I-fn¬\n-∂p ti-J-cn-°p-∂ hn-h-c-ß-

fp-sS A-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬.

`qIº ka-b-Øp-≠m-Ip∂ Xcw-K-ß-fpsS

Ne\w hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-eqsS.

`qIºka-bØv krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp∂ X-cw-K-ßsf

hn-i-I-e-\w sNbvX-Xns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `q-

an-sb hyXykvX ]mfn-Ifmbn Xcw Xn-cn-®n-cn-

°p-∂p.

Nn-{Xw (3.1) \n-co-£n-®v Cu hyXykvX ]mfnIƒ

GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v Is≠-Øq.

Cu ]mfnItfmtcm∂ns‚bpw khntijXIƒ

NphsS tN¿°p∂ Nn{X (Nn{Xw 3.2)Øn¬

\n∂pw a\knem°q.

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Intem-ao-‰¿ A-I-se-bp-≈

sNm-Δ-bn¬h-sc a-\p-jy-\n¿-Ωn-

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epw A-h≥ h-kn-°p-∂ `q-an-

bp-sS D≈n-te-°v 12 In-tem-ao-

‰-dn-\-∏p-d-tØ°v t]m-Im≥

C-∂pw I-gn-™n- n-√.

`qh¬°w (Crust)am‚n¬ (Mantle)

]pd°mºv(Outer core)

AI-°mºv

AI-°mºv(Inner core)

Nn{Xw 3.1

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`q-an-bp-sS D-≈-d-bpsS B-\n-ta-j≥ ho-£n-®v `q-an-

bp-sS D-≈-d-sb-°p-dn-®v Ip-dn∏v X-bm-dm-°p-I.

inem-a-fi-ehpw AkvX-t\m-kv n-bdpw

`qhev°-sØbpw am‚n-ens‚ D]-cn- m-K-sØbpw tN¿Øv inem-

afiew (Lithosphere) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.

inem-a-fi-e-Øn\v Xmsg-bmbn inem-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ DcpIn

A¿≤{Zhm-h-ÿ-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ `mKw AkvX-t\m-

kv^nb¿ (Asthenosphere) F∂dnb-s∏Sp-∂p. A·n]¿Δ-X-

ß-fn-eqsS ]pd-sØ-Øp∂ inem-{ZhØns‚ (emh) t{kmX-

mWv AkvX-t\m-kv^n-b¿.

in-e-Iƒ (Rocks)ine-IƒsIm≠v \n¿an-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-emWv inem-a-

fie-Øn\v B t]cv e`n-®-Xv. Np‰p-]mSpw H∂v \nco-£n°q.

hyXykvX \nd-Ønepw ImTn-\y-Øn-ep-ap≈ ine-Iƒ ImWm≥

Ign-bpw. ine-I-fnse Cu sshhn-[y-Øn\v ImcWw Ah-bn-

e-S-ßn-bn- p≈ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv. ine-Iƒ \n¿Ωn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu

LS-I-ß-fmWv [mXp-°ƒ (Minerals). knen-°, A{`w,

tlass‰-‰v, t_mIvssk‰v F∂n-ßs\ c≠m-bn-c-Øn-e-[nIw

[mXp-°ƒ `qanbn¬ D≈-Xmbn Is≠-Øn-bn- p-≠v.

cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ {]{In-b-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ine-Isf

aq∂mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw:

Bt·bine-Iƒ Ah-km-Z-in-e-Iƒ Imbm-¥-cn-X-in-e-Iƒ

(Igneous Rocks) (Sedimentary Rocks) (Metamorphic Rocks)`q-h¬-°-Øn-se hn-S-hp-I-fn-eqsS

Db-cp∂ D-cp-In-b in-em-{Z-hw u-

tam-]-cnX-e-Øn¬ ht®m q-hev-°-

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™v cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂ in-e-I-fm-Wv B-

t·-b-in-e-Iƒ.

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DZm: aW¬°-√v, NpÆm-ºp-I√v

D-b¿-∂ a¿-±waq-e-tam Xm-]w aq-

e-tam in-e-Iƒ- ù-Xn-I-am-bpw

cm-k-]-c-am-bpw am-‰-ßƒ-°v

hnt[-b-am-bmWv Im-bm-¥-cn-X-

in-e-Iƒ cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

DZm: am¿_nƒ, t…‰v

as‰√m ineIfpw Bt·b ineIƒ°v

cq]am‰w kw`hn®v cq]w sIm≈p∂

Xn\m¬ Bt·bineIƒ {]mYanI

ineIƒ F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.

]m-fn-I-fm-bn cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v

A-h-km-Zin-e-I-ƒ A-Sp-°p-in-e-Iƒ

(Stratified rocks) F-∂pw A-dn -b-

s∏Sp∂p.

Imbm-¥-cn-X-in-e-I-fmWv tIc-f-

Øn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X-embn ImW-

s∏-Sp∂Xv.

ine-Iƒ

t^mkn-epI-ƒ

{]mNo-\-Im-eØv `qap-J-Øp-≠m-

bn -cp∂ Poh-Pm -e -ß-fpsS

Ahin-jvS-ßƒ Ah-km-Z-inem

]mfn-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sm-

dp-≠v. Chsb t^mkn-ep-Iƒ

(Fossils) F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. `qan-

bpsS ]q¿h-Im-e-sØ-°p-dn®v

a\-kn -em -°p -∂-Xn\pw ine-

IfpsS ]g°w \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-

Xn\pw \mw t^mkn-ep -Isf

{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v.

I¬°-cn, s]t{Sm-fn-bw, {]Ir-Xn-

hm-XIw XpS-ßnbh {]mNo-\-

Ime Poh-Pm-e-ß-fpsS Ah-

injvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v cq]-s∏-ń-´p-

≈-Xm-Wv. AXn-\m¬ Ahsb

t^mkn¬ C‘-\-ßƒ F∂pw

hnfn-°m-dp-≠v. t^mkn-ep-Isf

Ipdn®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ

tiJ-cn-°p-a-t√m.

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Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII


Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

ine-Iƒ H∂n¬\n∂v as‰m-∂n-te°v --inem-N{Iw (Rock cycle)

ASp-°pI-fmbn

s]mSn-bp∂p

s]mSn-bp∂

p (A]-£

-bw)

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DcpIn inem-{Z-h-am-Ip∂p

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s]mS

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XpS-c-W-sa-∂n-√. Ah Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ ]e-hn[ am‰-ßƒ°pw

hnt[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. Nn{Xw 3.3 hni-I-e\w sNbvXp

NphsS \¬In-bn- p≈ {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°q.

Bt·bine

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Imbm-¥cnXine

Ah-kmZine

Ah-kmZine

Bt·bine

{]{Inb

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Nn{Xw 3.3

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1111111111



A-]-£-bw (Weathering)

hn-hn-[-X-cw in-e-I-sf-∏-‰n \nßƒ a-\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. A-h Im-

em-¥-c-Øn¬ ]-e-hn-[-am-‰-ßƒ-°v hn-t[-b-am-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°pw.

CØcØ-n¬ ine-Iƒ s]mń-s∏m-Sn-bp-Itbm hnL-Sn-°p-Itbm

sNøp∂ {]{In-b-Isf A]-£bw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. A-]-£bw

aq-ew in-e-Iƒ-°v cm-k-]-c-am-bpw ù-Xn-I-am-bpw am-‰-ßƒ D-≠m-

Ip-∂p. Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ vtfm Nm¿ v ]cn-tim-[n®v hnhn[-

Xcw A]-£bßƒ ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sq.

ùXnI A]£bw

(Physical/Mechanical Weathering)cmknI A]£bw

(Chemical Weathering)ssPhnI A]£bw

(Biological Weathering)Xm]-Ønse G‰-°p-d-®n-ep-Iƒ ImcWwinem-[m-Xp-°ƒ°p-≠m-Ip∂ hnIm-khpw kt¶m-Nhpw A]-£-b-Øn\vImc-W-am-Ip-∂p. IqSmsX hn≈-ep-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ Pew XWp-Øp-d-bp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw ine-Iƒ s]mSn-bm-dp-≠v.

HmIvkn -P≥, Im¿_ÜtbmIvsskUv, Pew XpS-ßnbLS-I-ßƒ ine-I-fnse [mXp-°-fp-ambn cmk-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn-te¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw ine-I-fn¬ cmk-]-c-ambhnL-S-\-Øn\v Imc-W-am-hp-IbpwsNøp-∂p.

kky-ß-fpsS thcp-Iƒ ine-IfnsehnS-hp-I-fn -te°v Bgv∂n-d -ßp-∂Xpw sNdp-Po-hn-Iƒ amf-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂Xpw kky-P¥p Ah-in-jvS-ßfpsS Po¿Æ-\hpsams°A]£-b-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Im-dp-≠v.IqSmsX J\-\w, ]md -s]m-ń-°¬XpS-ßnb a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßfpwA]-£-b-Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p.

B-t·-b-in-eIƒ, A-h-km-Z-in-eIƒ, Im-bm-¥-cn-X-

ineIƒ F∂n-h-bpsS Nn-{X-ßƒ C‚¿-s\-‰n¬\n-∂pw

ti-J-cn-®v hn-hn-[-X-cw in-e-Iƒ F-∂ t]-cn¬ H-cp

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A]£bw

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Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII


Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

]m-d -s]m- n-°¬

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Nn{Xw 3.4

\n-ß-fp-sS Np-‰p-ap-≈ {]-tZ-i-ßƒ k-μ¿-in-®v A-]£-

b-Øn-\p Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂ a\pjy{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ

I-s≠-Øq.

Nn-{X-ßƒ {i-≤n-°p. (Nn{Xw 3.4). a-\p-jy-s‚ F-s¥-√mw

{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv in-e-I-fp-sS A-]-£-b-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-

∂-Xv?

A-]-£-b-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ a-\p-jy-s\ ]-e-X-c-Øn¬ k-lm-bn-°m-

dp-≠v.-

in-e-I-fnse [m-Xp-°ƒ th¿-Xn-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

J-\-\-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-sf k-lm-bn-°p-∂p.

A-]-£-bw aÆns‚ -cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip∂p.

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a-Æv P-\n-°p-∂p

\nßƒt°sd ]-cn-Nn-X-am-b {]-Ir-Xn-hn-`-ham-W-t√m a-Æv.

aÆv F-ß-s\bmWv cq-]-s∏-Sp-∂Xv? A-]-£-b {]-{In-b-bn-

eq -sS in -e -Iƒ s]m -Sn -™pw ssPhmh-in -jvS -ßƒ

Po¿Wn®ptN¿∂pw A-Xn-Zo¿-L-Im-e-sØ {]-{In-b-Iƒ

h-gn-bm-Wv C-∂v Im-Wp-∂ a-Æv cq]w-sIm-≠n´p≈Xv. Hcn-

©v-I-\-Øn¬ aÆv cq]-s∏-Sm≥ Bbn-c-Øne-[n-Iw h¿j-

ßƒ th≠n-hcpw.

aÆns‚ cq]o-I-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ GsX-√m-

sa∂v Np-h-sS \¬-In-bn-cn-°p-∂ ]-Z-kq-cy-\n¬\n-∂pw Is≠Øq.-

(Nn{Xw 3.5)

a-Æn-s\-°p-dn-®v ]Tn-°p-∂

imkv{XimJ-bm-Wv s]-tUm-

f-Pn (Pedology). Cu im-kv-{X-

im-J-bp-am-bn _-‘-s∏- im-

kv-{X-⁄≥ s]-tUm-f-Pn-Ãv

(Pedologist)F-∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Nn{Xw 3.5

]Z-kq-cy-\n¬\n∂pw Is≠-Ønb hnh-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn

NphsS \¬In-bn- p≈ ]ńI (]ńI 3.1) ]q¿Øn-bm-°q:

Imem-hÿ `q{]-IrXnkky-ßfpw

amXr-ine kabwP¥p-°fpw

$XWp-t∏-dnb kml-

N-cy-ß-fn¬ aÆns‚

cq]o-I-cWw kmh-

[ m\ -Ø n - e m - b n -

cn°pw.

$

$sN¶p-Ømb Ncn-hp-

I-fn¬ aÆn\v I\w

Ipd-hm-bn-cn°pw.

$

$kky-ßfpw P¥p-

°fpw Agp-Ip -∂-

Xns‚ e-ambp≠m-

Ip∂ Aæw ine-I-

fpsS A]-£-b-

Øn\v Imc-W-am -

Ip∂p.

$

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aÆns‚ LS-\bpw

Ah GXv ine-I-

fn¬\n∂pw cq]w-

sIm-≈p∂p F∂-

Xns\ B{i-bn-®n-

cn°pw.

$

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LS-\bpw AXv

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B{i-bn-®n-cn°pw.

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Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII


Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

a-Æn-s‚ cq-]o-I-c-W-sØ kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂ LS-I-ß-fmb q-{]-IrXn,

Im-em-h-ÿ Xp-S-ßn-b-h-bn-ep-≈ A-¥-c-ßƒaq-ew hy-Xy-kv-X-ß-

fm-b a-Æn\ßƒ cq]s-∏-Sp∂p. C-¥y-bnsebpw tIc-f-Øn-sebpw

hn-hn-[- a-Æn-\-ßsf°p-dn®v \n-ßƒ ap≥-¢m- p-I-fn¬\n∂pw

[mcW t\Sn-bn- p-≠v. B [mc-W-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ NphsS

tN¿°p∂ ]ńI (]ńI 3.2) ]q¿Øn-bm°q.

Nn{Xw 3.6

Nn{Xw 3.7

Nn{Xw 3.8

a-Æv Po-h-s‚ \n-e-\n¬-∏n\v

a-Æn-s√-¶n¬ k-ky-ß-fn-√ A-h-sb B-{i-bn-°p-∂

P-¥p-°-fpw. A-t∏m-ƒ a-\p-jy-s‚ I-Y ]-d-bm-\p-t≠m?

`q-an-bn¬ Po-h-s\ km-[y-am-°p-∂ {][m\ LS-Iß-

fn¬ H-∂m-W-t√m a-Æv. k-ky-ßƒ a-Æn-se t]m-j-

I-L-S-I-ß-ƒ hen-s®-SpØv kq-cy-{]-Im-i-Øns‚ k-

lm-b-tØm-sS B-lm-cw D-ev-]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p F-∂v

\nßƒ°-dn-bmw. Cu kky-ßsf a\p-jy\pw a‰p

P¥p-Pm-e-ßfpw Blm-c-am-°p-∂p. k-ky-P¥p-Pm-e-

ßƒ-°v \m-iw kw-`-hn-°p-tºm-ƒ A-h a-Æn¬ X-

s∂ e-bn-°p-∂p. H-cp -£y-irw-J-e-bp-sS {]-h¿-Ø-

\w A-[ym-]n-I-bp-sS k-lm-b-tØm-sS \n-co-£n®v

A-Xn¬ a-Æn-s‚ {]m-[m-\y-sØ-°p-dn-®v a-\- n-em°q.

Np-‰p-]m-Sp-sam-∂v \n-co-£n-°q. F-s¥m-s° B-h-iy-

ßƒ-°m-Wv \mw a-Æv D-]--tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv?

H-cp]mSv Im¿-jn-I {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ \n-ß-fp-sS {i-≤-

bn¬-s∏- n-t√? Ir-jn-°p-th-≠n am-{X-am-tWm \mw aÆv

{]-tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv? a-Æn-s‚ D-]-tbm-K-ßƒ

F-s¥-√mw?

\n¿-Ωm-W{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ°v

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a-Æv a-cn-°p-∂p?

h\-\-io-I-c-Ww, Ip∂n-Sn-°¬, Aim-kv{Xob

Im¿jn -I - {] -h¿Ø-\-ßƒ XpS -ßnb

a\pjy{]h¿-Ø-\-ßƒaq-ew a-Æn-\v tim-j-Ww

kw-`-hn-°p-∂p. a-c-ß-fp-sS th-cp-Iƒ a-Æn-s\

Hcp h-e-sIm-s≠-∂t]m-se XS™p\n¿-Øp-∂p-

sh∂v \n-ßƒ-°-dn-bm-a-t√m. Cu a-c-ß-ƒ sh- n-

\-in-∏n-®v ]-cn-ÿn-Xn k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ I-W-°n-

se-Sp-°m-sX D-gp-Xp-a-dn-®v I-Spw-Ir-jn \-S-Øn-

a-\p-jy≥ a-Æn-s\ C-©n-©m-bn sIm-√p-∂p. \n-

ß-fp-sS Np-‰p-]m-Spw \n-co-£n-®v Xm-sg X-∂n-cn-

°p-∂ hn-h-c-ßƒ Iq-Sn-bpƒ-s∏-Sp-Øn "a-Æpw

a-\p-jy-\pw' F∂ X-e-s°- n¬ H-cp Ip-dn-∏v X-

øm-dm-°q.

{]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ ssP-h-]-c-am-b Po¿-W-\ {]-

{In-b-bv-°v hn-t[-b-am-Im-Ø πm-ÃnIv t]m-

ep-≈-h a-Æn-s‚ a-en-\o-I-c-W-Øn-\v Im-c-

W-am-Ip-∂p.-

a-Æn-s‚ L-S-\-sb-Ø-s∂ am-‰na-dn-bv-°p-∂

AanX cm-k-h-f-{]-tbm-K-ßƒ.

A-im-kv-{Xo-b-am-b \n¿-Ωm-Ww, J-\-\

{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ.

Ir-jn-`q-an- Im¿-jn-tI-X-c B-h-iy-ßƒ-

°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

h≥tXm-Xn¬ aÆn -te°v aen -\ -Pew

Hgp-°p-∂Xv.

A-an-X-am-b I-∂p-Im-en ta-®n¬.

{]IrXnkwc-£-W-Øn-\p-X-Ipw-hn[w \ap°v

kzoI-cn-°m-hp∂ _Z¬\n¿t±-i-ßƒ ¢mkn¬

N¿® sNøq.

aÆv kwc-£n°mw

Nn{Xw 3.9

Nn{Xw 3.10

Nn{Xw 3.11

Nn{Xw 3.12

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Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII


Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

ta¬aÆv \jvS-am-bm¬ Ah-tijn-°p-∂Xv Duj-c- q-antbm ]md-

\n-ct∏m Bbn-cn-°pw. ta¬-a-Æv

]p-\x-kr-jv-Sn-°-s∏-Sm≥ B-bn-c-

°-W-°n-\v h¿-j-ßƒ th≠n-h-

cpw. {]-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Po-h-s‚ \m-ºp-

Iƒ Xp-S¿-∂pw ap -f -s]m-´m≥

ta¬a-ÆpX-s∂ thWw. A-Xn-\v

kw-c-£-W-a-√msX a-‰p am¿-K-ß-

fn-√. G-sXm-s° am¿-K-ß-fn-eqsS

\-ap-°v a-Æn-s\ kw-c-£n-°mw?

N¿-®-bn-eq-sS I-s≠Øq.

h-\-\-io-I-c-Ww X-S-b¬

hnf]cnhrØn

a-es©-cn-hp-I-fn-se X- p-Ir-jn

X-S-b-W \n¿-Ωm-Ww

a-Æv C√mXmbm¬ `q-an \n¿-Po-h-am-Ipw. A-ß-s\-sbm-cp Z-b-\o-b

ÿn-Xn qan°v h-cm-Xncn-°m\p≈ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ \ap°v ]¶m-

fn-I-fm-Imw.

Nn{Xw 3.13

X´p-Irjn (Terrace farming)

Nn{Xw 3.14

XS-b-W-Iƒ (Check dams)

\n -ß-fp -sS Np -‰p -]m -Sp -ap -≈ G-sX-¶n -ep -sam -cp {] -tZ -iw k-μ¿-in -® v

a-Æpw a\p-jyCS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw F-∂ hn-j-b-Øn¬ H-cp t{]m-P-Iv-Sv X-øm-dm-°pI.

hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\mbn ]-cn-K-Wn-t°-≠h.

1.- {]-[m-\ `q-hn-\n-tbm-K-ßƒ.-

2.- a-Æptim-j-Ww kw- -hn-°p-∂p-t≠m? Fßs\?

3.- a-Æpkw-c-£-W am¿-K-ßƒ kzo-I-cn-®n- p-t≠m?

4.- Im-en-I-am-bn Im¿-jn-I ta-J-e-bv-°p h-∂n- p-≈ am-‰-ßƒ.-

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aÆn-s\mcp Zn\w

aÆv kwc-£-W--Øns‚ {]m[m\yw P\-ß-fn¬ FØn°p-∂-Xn-\mbn sFIy-

cm-jv{S-kw-L-S\ F√m- h¿jhpw Unkw-_¿ 15˛mw XobXn temI aÆvZn\-

ambpw BN-cn-°p-∂p.

Unkw-_¿ 15

`qanbpsS D≈-dbv°v ]mfn-I-fm-bp≈ LS-\-bm-Wp-≈-Xv.

Hmtcm `ua-]m-fn°pw X\-Xmb khn-ti-j-X-I-fp-≠v.

ine-Isf Ah cq]wsIm≈p∂ {]{In-b-bpsS ASnÿm-\-

Øn¬ Bt·-b-in-e, Ah-km-Z-in-e, Imbm-¥-cn-X-ine

F∂n-ßs\ h¿Ko-I-cn-°mw. -

Cu h¿jsØ temI -aÆvZn\w \nß-fpsS kvIqfnse ]cn-ÿnXn

¢∫ns‚ B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ Fß-s\-bmWv BN-cn-°p-∂Xv? Iq´mbn

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

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inem-a-fiew

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1111111111



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-Sp-Øp∂p.

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cn-°p-∂p.

inem-N{Iw hni-I-e\w sNøp∂p.

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sNøp-∂p.

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kzm[o-\n-°p∂ LS-I-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

aÆv kwc-£n-t°-≠-Xns‚ {]m[m\yw a\- n-em°n

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km[q-Icn-°p-I.

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∂n\pw H∂p-hoXw DZm-l-cWw Fgp-Xp-I.

(i) Xmgv∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \nt£-]n-°-s∏-Sp∂ inem-

]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ Iń-]nSn®v cq]-s∏-Sp∂p.

(ii) inem-{Zhw XWp-Øp-d™v cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.

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Ãmt‚¿Uv VIII


Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

ag-sh-≈-Øn¬ ebn®v `qan-bn-se-Øp∂ Im¿_¨U-tbm-

IvsskUv t]mep≈ hmX-I-ßƒ A]-£-b-Øn\v ImcW-

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Ime {]{In-b-bn-eq-sS-bmWv aÆmbn amdp-∂-Xv. {]{Inb

hni-Z-am-°p-I.

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{]kvXmh\ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-

SpØp-I.

`qan-bpsS D≈-d-bpsS Hcp amXrI \n¿an-°q.

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hm≥ {i-an-°mw. h-en-b ]-¥v c≠p Xpey`mKßfmbn tO-

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ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v At±-l-tØmSv tNmZn-®-dn-bq.

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1111111111



]q¿Æ-ambn `mKn-I-ambn sa®s∏tS

≠Xp≠v

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Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂v

Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

`qh¬°-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-XIƒ

hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

am‚n-ens‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hy‡-am°m≥ Ign-bpw.

Imºns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ


A]-£b {]h¿Ø\w

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aÆv cq]o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]h¿Ø\w

Nn{Xo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

aÆns‚ timjWw


aÆv kwc-£WØns‚ Bh-iy-IX

F\n°v t_m[y-ambn.

apI-fn¬ X∂n´p≈ aq∂v Nn{X-ßfpw GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v

]dbm≥ Ign-bptam? H∂m-asØ Nn{Xw C¥y-bpsS \nb-a-\n¿amW-

k` ktΩ-fn-°p∂ ]m¿e-sa‚ v aμn-chpw c≠m-asØ Nn{Xw Imcy-

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hk-Xnbpw aq∂m-a-tØXv \oXn-\ymb hyh-ÿ-bpsS ]c-tam-∂X

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Nn{Xw 1 Nn{Xw 2

Nn{Xw 3

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v58


Kh¨sa‚ v

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n¿hW

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p∂p

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C¥y-bnse Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LS-I-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂

Nm¿´ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS hni-I-e\w sNømw.

X∂n-cn -°p∂ Nn{XØns‚ klm-b-tØmsS

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Lp-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-

dm-°p-I.

ÿm]-\-amb kp{]ow -tIm-SXn kap-®-b-hp-am-Wv. Ch aq∂pw

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂p LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ÿm]-\-ß-

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\n¿am-W-hn`mKw, Imcy-\n¿hl-W-hn-`m-Kw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw

F∂o aq∂v LS-I-ß-fp-≠v.

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59\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Zzna-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k` \ne-hn-ep≈ IqSp-X¬

cmPy-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-I.

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn`mKw C¥y-bn¬(Legislature in India)

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b-s∏-Sp-∂p. cmjv-{S-]-Xnbpw temI-k- , cmPy-k` F∂o c≠v-k- -

Ifpw Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv C¥y-bnse ]m¿e-sa‚ v. cmPy-k`

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c≠v k`-Iƒ D≈-Xn-\m¬ CXns\ Zzna-fi-e- \n-ba\n¿amW-

k` F∂v hnfn-°p-∂p.

C¥y-bnse Kh¨sa‚ v

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Imcy-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw

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Kh¨sa‚ns‚ GXp LS-I-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p

F∂v Ipdn-°p-I.

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v60


cmjv{S-]Xn ]m¿e-sa‚w-K-a-√. F∂m¬ At±lw ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚

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emWv cmjv{S-]Xn C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ `mK-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

cmPy-k`m lmƒ

temI-k`m lmƒ

apI-fn¬ sImSpØ Nm¿´ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS cmPy-

k-`-bp-sSbpw temI-k-`-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

hniI-e\w sNbvXv Hcp Xmc-X-ay-Ip-dn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

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61\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Hcp _n¬ \nb-a-am -Ip -∂-Xns‚ hnhn[ L´-ßƒ \ap°v

]cn-tim[n°mw.

$ H∂mw hmb\

_n¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

$ c≠mw hmb\

_n√n¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p≈ Hmtcm hIp∏pw {]tXyIw

N¿® sNbvXv ]m m-°pItbm am‰w hcp-Øp-Itbm \ncmI-

cn-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂p.

$ aq∂mw hmb\

_n¬ samØ-ambn ]m m-°p-Itbm \ncm-I-cn-°p-Itbm

sNøp-∂p.

]m¿e-sa‚ ns‚ NpaXeIƒ(Functions of Parliament)

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-amWv ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ {][m\ Npa-X-e. \nb-a-

\n¿amW-Øn\v ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ c≠v k -I-fp-sSbpw AwKo-Imcw

Bh-iy-am-Wv. temI-k- bpw cmPy-k- bpw shtΔsd ktΩ-fn-®mWv

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-Øn¬ ]s¶Sp°p-∂-Xv.

\nb-a-Øns‚ Ic-Sp-cq-]-amWv _n¬. Hcp km[m-cW_n¬ ]m¿e-

sa‚ns‚ GXp k -bnepw BZyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°mw. _n¬ BZyw

]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ k`sb H∂mw k -sb∂pw c≠m-aXp ]cn-K-Wn-

°p∂ k`sb c≠mw- k- -sb∂pw hnfn-°mw. c≠v k -I-fnepw

_n¬ hnhn[ L´-ß-fn-eqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂p.

��

��_n¬c≠mw hmb\ aq∂mw hmb\H∂mw hmb\

H∂mw hmb\c≠mw hmb\aq∂mw hmb\{]kn-U‚ns‚AwKo-Im-cw

H∂mwk`

c≠mw-k`

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v62


_n¬ \nb-a-am-Ip-∂-Xns‚ hnhn[

L -ßsf°p-dn®v ¢mkn¬ N¿®

kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.

H∂mw k` ]mkm-°n-°-gn-™m¬ k`m-

≤y-£s‚ km£y-]-{X-tØmsS _n¬

c≠mw k`bpsS ]cn-K-W-\bv°v Abbv-

°p-∂p. c≠mw k -bnepw apI-fn¬ ]d™

aq∂v L -ßƒ D≠v.

_n¬ c≠v kÌfpw ]mkm-°n-°-gn -

™m¬ cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS AwKo-Im-c-Øn-

\mbn ka¿∏n -°p -∂p. cmjv{S -]Xn

H∏phbv°p-∂-tXmsS _n¬v \nb-a-ambn

amdp∂p.

]m¿e-sa‚ v ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ c≠v ktΩ-f-\-ßƒ°n-S-

bn¬ Bdp-am-kØn¬ IqSp-X¬ CS-thf

D≠m-h-cp-sX∂v `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-kn-

°p-∂p. F√m h¿jhpw C¥y≥ ]m¿e-

sa‚ v aq∂v XhW ktΩ-fn-°p-∂p. h¿j-

Ime ktΩ-f-\w, ioX-Ime ktΩ-f-\w,

th\¬°me ktΩ-f\w F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬

Ah Adn-b-s∏-Sp -∂p. cmPy-k` Nne

kmlN-cy-ß-fn¬ \mev ktΩ-f\ßƒ

tNcm-dp-≠v.

tNmtZym-Ø-c-thf

]m¿e-sa‚nse Hcp ZnhksØ \S]Sn

{Iaßƒ Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv tNmtZym-Ø-c-th-

f-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. F√m Znhkhpw 11 aWn°v

ktΩ-f\w Bcw- n-°pw. XpS¿∂p≈ Hcp

aWn-°q¿ c-W-]-c-amb GXv hnj-b-Ønepw

AwK-ßƒ°v tNmZyw D∂-bn-°mw. tNmZy-

ßƒ°v AXmXv hIp-∏p-Iƒ ssIImcyw

sNøp∂ a{¥n-am¿ adp-]Sn \¬Ipw.

kwÿm\ \nb-a-kÌƒ ktΩ-fn-°p∂

ka-b-{Iaw CXn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.

iq\y-thf

]{¥≠v aWn°v tNmtZym-Øcthf Ah-

km-\n-°pw. tNmtZym-Øcthfbv°ptijw

ap≥Iqń \n›-bn-®n- p≈ AP-≠-bn-te°v

{]thin°p-∂-Xn\papºp≈ sNdnb kabw

iq\y-thf F∂-dn -b-s∏-Sp -∂p. kabw

]{¥≠v aWn-bm-Ip-∂-Xn-\m-emWv Cu

t]cn¬ Adn -b-s∏-Sp -∂-Xv. ASn -b-¥c

{]tabw, {i≤- £-Wn-°¬ {]tabw XpS-

ßn-bh ]cn-K-W-\bv°v hcp-∂Xv Cu ka-

b-Øm-bn-cn-°pw. iq\y-thf A©p-ap-X¬

]Xn-\©v an\n-‰phsc ssZ¿Ly-ap-≠mIpw

c≠v k -Iƒ°pan-S-bn¬ _n√ns\ kw_-

‘n®v A`n-{]m-b-hy-Xymkw D≠mbm¬ Hcp

kwbp -‡ ktΩ-f\w hnfn -°p -Ibpw

Xocpam\w FSp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]m¿e-

sa‚ns‚ kwbp‡ ktΩ-f\w hnfn®p

tN¿°p∂-Xv cmjv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv. temI-k`m

kv]o°-dpsS A≤y-£-X-bn-em-bn-cn°pw

kwbp‡ ktΩ-f\w tNcpI.

[\-_n¬ (Money Bill)

km-[m-cW \nb-a-\n¿am-W-Øn\v kzoI-cn-

®n- p≈ \S-]-Sn-{Iaw A√ [\-_n-√n-\p-≈Xv.

F¥mWv Hcp [\-_n¬? s]mXp-J-P-\m-hn-

te-°p≈ [\-k-am-l-cWw, ]W-Øns‚

hn\n-tbmKw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´

_n√p-I-fmWv [\-_n-¬. Hcp [\-_n¬

temI-k- -bn¬ am{Xta BZyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°m≥ ]mSp-≈q-sh∂v `c-W-L-S\ A\p-im-

-kn°p -∂p. temI-k` ]m m-°n

Ign™m¬ [\-_n-√m-sW∂ kv]o°-dpsS

km£y-]-{X-tØmsS cmPy-k-`-bn-te-°-b-

bv°p -∂p. e`n®p ]Xn -\mev Znh -k-

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63\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

ßƒ°Iw cmPy-k` \n¿t±-i-ßƒ klnXw temI-k- -bn-te°v

Xncn®v Ab-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. temI-k- °v cmPy-k- -bpsS \n¿t±-i-

ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-Itbm X≈n-°-f-bp-Itbm sNømw.

\nb-a-\n¿ΩmWw am{X-amtWm ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ Npa-X-e? \nb-a-

\n¿ΩmWw IqSmsX a‰p]e Npa-X-e-Ifpw ]m¿e-sa‚n-\p≠v.

]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ a‰p Npa-X-e-Iƒ

Imcy-\n¿hl-W-hn- m-KsØ

\nb-{¥n-°¬

$tNmZy-ßƒ D∂-bn-°¬

$_n√p-I-fpw {]ta-b-ßfpw

N¿®-sNø¬

$Ahn-izm-k-{]-tabw AwKo-I-

cn-°p-Itbm \nc-kn-°p-Itbm

sNø¬

sXc-s™-Sp∏v

Npa-Xe

$cmjv{S-]Xn, D]-cm-jv{S-

]Xn F∂n-h-cpsS sXc-

s™-Sp-∏v

`c-W-L-S\m t`Z-KXn

`c-W-L-S\m hIp-∏p-I-fn¬

Imem-\p -kr -X -amb am‰w

hcp-Ø¬

kwÿm\ \nba\n¿am-W-k`(State Legislature)

C¥y-bn¬ F√m kwÿm-\-ß-fnepw \nb-

a -\n¿amW k`-Iƒ D≠v. kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬hcp∂ hnj-b-

ß-fn¬ \nba\n¿amWw \S-Øp-∂Xv Ch-

bmWv. C¥y-bn¬ `qcn-`mKw kwÿm-\-

ßfnepw \nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn-`m-K-Øn\v Hcp

k` am{Xtabp≈q. Hcp k` am{X-ap≈

\nb-a-\n¿amW k`sb GI-a-fie \nb-a-

\n¿amWk -sb∂v hnfn-°p-∂p. Npcp°w Nne

kwÿm-\-ß-ƒ°v Zzna-WvUe \nb-a-\n¿am-W-

k- -I-ƒ D≠v. Ah GsX∂v Is≠-Øq.

Zzna-WvUe \nb-a-\n¿am-W

-k- -I-fp≈ kwÿm-\-ßƒ

_nlm¿, DØ¿{]-tZ-iv, alm-cm-jv{S,

I¿Æm-S-I, B{‘m{]tZiv, sXep¶m\

PΩp-&I-ivao¿ F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬

c≠v k`-I-fp-≠v. At[m-k`sb \nb-a-

k` (Legislative Assembly) F∂pw D]-cn-

k`sb \nb-a-k-anXn (Legislative Council)F∂pw hnfn-°p∂p.

GI-a-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k`

bpw Zzna-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k-

`bpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw

]cntim-[n®v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

tIcf \nb-a-k`maμncw

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v64


{]hm-kn-thm-´n\vtI{μm-\p-aXn

]mN-I-hm-XI k_vkn-Un°v

B[m¿ \n¿_‘-am-°m≥

tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Xocp-am\n-®p.

`£y-kp-c-£m- _n¬ \S-∏m-°p-∂Xv sshIpw

Cu h¿jw apX¬ BZ¿i-{Kmaw ]≤Xn \S-∏n-em°pw

Imcy-\n¿hl-W-hn- mKw (Executive)

apI-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ hm¿Ø-Iƒ hmbn-®t√m. Ch-sbms°

ssZ\w-Zn-\ -`-c-W-\n¿hl-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. CØ-

c-Øn-ep≈ Xocp-am-\-ß-sf-Sp-°p-Ibpw \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂Xv Bcm-Wv? \nb-a-ßƒ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibpw `c-W-\n¿hlWw

\S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂ hn`m-KsØ Imcy-\n¿hlW hn`mKw

F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn- mKw C¥y-bn¬(Executive in India)

C¥y-bn¬ c≠p-X-e-ß-fn-ep≈ Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-K-amWv

D≈Xv. tI{μ-Im-cy-\n¿h-l-W-hn- m-Khpw kwÿm\ Imcy-\n¿h-

l-W-hn-`m-K-hpw. cmjv{S-]Xnbpw,tI{μa{¥n-amcpw,DtZym-K-

ÿhrμhpw AS-ßn-b-XmWv tI{μImcy-\n¿hlW hn`m-Kw.

cmjv{S-]-Xnbpw tI{μa{¥n-amcpw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-´-hcmWv.

Chsc cmjv{SobImcy-\n¿h-lW hn`mKw (Political Executive)F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ DtZym-K-ÿ¿ tbmKyXsb ASn-ÿm\-

am°n \nb-an-°-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cm-Wv. Ch¿ ÿnc-Im-cy-\n¿h-lW

hn`mKw (Permanent Executive)F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. hnc-an-°p-∂-Xp-

hsc Ch¿ k¿ho-kn¬ XpScpw.

cmjv{S-]Xn (President)

Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂Xv C¥y-bpsS BZy -cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bm-Wv.

Ct∏mgsØ cmjv{S-]Xn BcmWv? C¥y≥ dn∏ªn-°ns‚ Xe-h-

\mWv cmjv{S-]-Xn. A©ph¿j°me-b-f-hn-te°mWv cmjv{S-]-

Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. Hcp Ce-IvSd¬ tImtf-PmWv cmjv{S-]-

Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv.

tUm. cm-tP-{μ-{]-kmZvBZysØ cmjv{S-]Xn

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65\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

Ce--IvS-d¬ tImtf-Pnse AwK-ßƒ

temI-k-` -bnse sXc-s™-Sp -°-s∏´

AwKßƒ

cmPy -k-` -bnse sXc-s™-Sp -°-s∏´

AwKßƒ

kwÿm-\- \n-b-a-k- -I-fnse sXc-s™-Sp-°-

s∏´ AwK-ßƒ

tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ F√m Imcy-\n¿hlW A[nIm-c-ßfpw

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-Wv. a{¥n-k-`-bpsS D]-tZia-\p-k-

cn-®mWv Cu Npa-X-e-Iƒ At±lw \n¿hln°p-∂-Xv.

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ

{][m\a{¥n-sbbpw a{¥n-am-scbpw \nb-an-°¬.

kp{]ow- tIm-S-Xn-bn-sebpw sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fn-sebpw

No^vPÃn-kn-s\bpw a‰p PUvPn-amscbpw \nb-an-°¬.

k¿hssk-\ym-[n-]-\mbn{]h¿Øn-°¬.

cmPyk`bnte°v 12 AwKßsfbpw temIk`bnte°v 2

AwKßsfbpw \ma\n¿t±iw sNøp∂p.

]m¿e-sa‚ v ]mkm-°nb _n√p-Iƒ°v AwKo-Imcw

\¬I¬.

Bh-iy-am -bn -h -∂m¬ cmPyØv ASn -b-¥-ncm -hÿ

{]Jym]n-°¬.

Zbm-l¿Pn-bn¬ Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-°¬.

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS

tbmKy-X-Iƒ

$ C¥y≥ ]uc≥ Bbn-cn-°Ww

$ 35 hbkv ]q¿Øn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww

$ temI-k-`mw -K-am -Ip -∂-Xn -\p -

th≠ F√m tbmKy -Xbpw

D≠m-IWw

tUm. Fkv.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW≥BZysØ D]cmjv{S-]Xn

D]cmjv{S-]Xn (Vice President)

C¥y-bn¬ cmjv{S-]-Xnsb IqSmsX D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnbpw D≠v.

D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xpw Hcp CevIv-Sd¬ tImtf-

Pm-Wv. cmPy-k-`-bn-sebpw temI-k-`-bn-sebpw Aw-K-ßƒ Cu

Ce-IvS-d¬ tImtf-Pn¬ AwK-ß-fm-bn-cn-°pw. A©p-h¿j-°m-e-

tØ°mWv D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂Xv.

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp∏v, Npa-X-e-Iƒ F∂nh

hni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp Ipdn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v66


tI{μa{¥n-k` (Union Counicl of Ministers)

{][m-\-a-{¥nbpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv tI{μa{¥n-k` {]h¿Øn-

°p-∂Xv. cmjv{S-]-Xn-bn¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn- p≈ F√m Npa-X-e-Ifpw

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv a{¥n-k-`-bm-Wv.

Ub{Kw {i≤n-°q. {][m-\-a-{¥nbpw Iym_n-\‰v a{¥n-amcpw

kla{¥n-amcpw D]-a-{¥n-amcpw AS-ßp-∂-XmWv tI{μa{¥n-k- .

D]cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS A`m-h-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Npa-Xe

\n¿h-ln-°pI

cmPy-k`m ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ B≤y£w hln-°p-I.

{][m\ a{¥n

Iym_n-\‰v a{¥n-am¿

hIp-∏p-I-fpsS

kl

a{¥n-am¿ I

ym_

n-\‰v

a{¥

n-ams

ck

lm-b

n-°p∂

p

D]a{¥

n-am¿h

Ip-∏

ns‚

{]

h¿Ø

-\-ß

-fn¬

a‰p

a{¥

n-ams

c k

lm-b

n-°p∂

p

kzX{¥ Npa-Xe

cmjv{S-]-Xn-sbbpw D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-sbbpw sXc-s™-Sp-

°p∂ CevI-S-d¬ tImtf-Pp-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw

Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

tI{μ-a-{¥n-k-`-bnse Iym_n-\‰v a{¥n-am-cpsS t]cpw

AhcpsS hIp∏pw Is≠-ØpI.

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67\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kp{]ow tImSXn(cmPysØ ]c-tam-∂X tImSXn, C¥y apgp-h≥

A[n-Imc ]cn[n)

sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ(kwÿm-\-ß-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ tIkp-Iƒ

]cn-tim-[n-°p-∂p)

Pn√mtIm-S-Xn-Iƒ(Pn√I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ tIkp-Iƒ

]cn-tim-[n-°p∂p)

k_vtImS-Xn-Iƒ, ap≥kn v tImS-Xn-Iƒ,aPnkvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-Iƒ (Xmeq°vXe-Øn-ep≈

tIkp-Iƒ ]cn--tim-[n-°p-∂p)

{][m\a{¥n-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ

(Functions of Prime Minister)

temI-k-`-bn¬ `qcn -]-£-ap≈ cmjv{Sob I£n-bpsStbm

ap∂WnbpsStbm t\Xm-hn-s\-bm-bn-cn°pw {][m-\-a-{¥n-bmbn \nb-

an-°p-I. {][m-\-a-{¥n°v AXn-hn-]p-e-amb A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Npa-

X-e-Ifpw D≠v. tI{μ-Kh¨sa‚ns‚ F√m Xocp-a-m\-ß-fnepw

\n¿Æm-b-I-amb kzm[o\w At±-l-Øn\v D≠m-Ipw. {][m-\-a-{¥n-

bpsS apJyNpa-X-e-Iƒ Xmsg kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p:

temI-k- -bpsS t\Xm-hmbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

Iym_n-\‰v ao‰n-wKp-I-fn¬ B≤y£w hln-°p-∂p.

a{¥n-k-`-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-∂p.

a{¥n-k`m Xocp-am-\-ßƒ cmjv{S-]-Xnsb Adn-bn-°p-∂p.

Ph-l¿em¬s\lvdpBZysØ {][m-\-a{¥n

kwÿm\ Imcy-\n¿h-lW hn`mKw(State Executive)

kwÿm-\-Xe Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-KØns‚ Xe-h≥ Kh¿Æ-

dm-Wv. apJy-a{¥n Xe-h-\mb a{¥n-k` kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬

bYm¿∞ Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-K-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

\oXn-\ymb hn`mKw (Judiciary)

cmPyØv hy‡n-Iƒ XΩnepw hy‡nbpw

Kh¨sa‚pw XΩnepw, tI{μ˛kwÿm\

Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩnepw, kwÿm-\-ßƒ

XΩnepw hnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fn¬ X¿°-ßƒ

D≠m-Im-dp-≠v. X¿°-ßƒ°v Xo¿∏p-I¬∏n-

°p∂ hn`m-K-amWv \oXn-\ymb hn`m-Kw.

Ip‰hm-fn-Iƒ°v in£ \¬Inbpw \nc-]-cm-[n-

Isf kwc-£n-®pw tImS-Xn-Iƒ \oXn \S-∏n-

em-°p∂p. \nb-a-\n¿Ωm-Whn`mKw ]m m-

°p∂ \nb-a-ßƒ hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xv \oXn-

\ymb hn`m-K-am-Wv. C¥y-bnse \oXn-\ymb

hn`m-K-Øns‚ LS\ Ub-{K-Øn¬\n∂pw ]cn-

N-b-s∏Sq.

{][m-\-a-{¥n-bp-sSbpw {]kn-U‚n-s‚bpw ÿm\hpw

NpaX-e -Ifpw hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Ipdn∏v

Xbm-dm-°p-I.

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v68


F®v.- sP. -I-\nbBZysØ No v PÃnkv

sslt°m-SXn (High Court)

C¥y-bnse \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw(Judiciary in India)

kp{]ow tImSXn (Supreme Court)

cmPysØ ]c-tam-∂X tImS-Xn-bmWv kp{]ow tImS-Xn. No^v

PÃnkpw a‰p PUvPn-amcpw AS-ßp∂-XmWv kp{]ow tImS-Xn.

\nehn¬ No^v PÃnkpw ap∏Xv PUvPn-amcp-amWv kp{]ow

-tIm-S-Xn-bn¬ D≈Xv. cmjv{S-]-Xn-bmWv PUvPn-amsc \nb-an-°p-

∂Xv.

kp{]ow-tIm-SXn ]cn-K-Wn-°p∂ tIkp-Iƒ

auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´

tIkpI-ƒ.

tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚pw kwÿm-\- K-h¨sa‚pw XΩn-ep-≠m-

Ip∂ X¿°-ßƒ.

kwÿm\ Kh¨sa‚p-Iƒ XΩn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ X¿°-ßƒ.

`c-W-L-S\m hIp-∏p-I-fpsS hymJym\w Bh-iy-amb

tIkp-Iƒ

kwÿm\ sslt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬\n∂p-≈ A∏o¬ tIkp-

Iƒ.

kp{]ow -tIm-SXn hn[n-Isf kw_-‘n® hm¿Ø-Iƒ

tiJ-cn®v apI-fn¬ X∂n-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ tIkp-I-fpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p-I.

tIcf sslt°m--SXn

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69\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

C¥y-bn¬ {]tXyIw sslt°m-SXn

\nehn -en -√mØ kwÿm-\-ßƒ

Is≠-ØpI.

temIv AZm-eØvkm[m-c -W-°m¿°pw ]mh-s∏-´ -

h¿°pw A[nIw ]W-s®-e-hn-√msX

\oXn e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Nne

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ Kh-s◊‚ v kzoI-cn-®n- p-

≠v. Ah-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-XmWv

temIv AZm-e-Øv. temIv AZm-eØv

F∂m¬ P\-ß-fpsS tImSXn

F∂m-W¿∞w. k∂≤ kz`m-h-

ap≈ Hcp \oXn-\ymb kwhn-[m-\-

amWv CXv. I£n-Iƒ°v Xm¬]-cy-

sa-¶n¬ tIkv Xo¿∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v

temIv AZm-e-Øns\ kao-]n-°mw.

IqSn-bm-tem-N\Ifn-eq-sSbpw HØp

Xo¿∏n-ep-sSbpw tIkv Xo¿∏m-°p-

hm≥ AZm-eØv I£n-Isf t{]cn-

∏n-°p-∂p. tIkp-Iƒ Ign-bp-∂-{X-

thKw Xo¿∏m-°pI, Ime-Xm-akw

Hgn-hm-°pI F∂n-h-bmWv temIv

AZm-e-Øns‚ e£yw

kwÿm-\-ß-fnse G‰hpw Db¿∂ tImS-Xn-bmWv sslt°m-SXn.

cmjv{S-]Xn \nb-an-°p∂ No^v PÃnkpw a‰p PUvPn-amcpw

sslt°m-S-Xn-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. Pn√m- tIm-S-Xn-I-fpsSbpw,

Iogvt°m-SXn-I-fp-sSbpw ta¬t\m´w sslt°m-S-Xn-°m-Wv.

sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ

auen-Im-h-Im-i-ß-fpsS ewL-\-hp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ tIkp-I-fn¬ DØ-c-hp -Iƒ

]pds∏-Sp-hn-°¬.

knhnepw {Inan -\-ep-amb tIkp-I-fn¬

Iogvt°m-S-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ A∏o¬

]cn-K-Wn-°¬.

kwÿm\ \nb-a-k` ]m m-°p∂ \nb-a-

ßƒ hymJym-\n-°¬.

Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ

Pn√m- tIm-S-Xn-I-ƒ, k_vtIm-S-Xn-Iƒ, ap≥kn^v

tImS-Xn-Iƒ, aPn-kvt{S‰v tImS-Xn-Iƒ F∂nh

Dƒs°m-≈p-∂XmWv Iogvt°m-S-XnIƒ. knhn¬

tIkp-I-fnepw {Inan-\¬ tIkp-I-fnepw Xo¿∏p-

I¬∏n-°m-\p≈ A[n-Imcw Iogv-t°m-S-Xn-Iƒ°p≠v.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ aq∂v LS-I-ßs-f°pdn®v \nßƒ a\-kn-em-°n-

bt√m. Cu aq∂v LS-I-ßfpw tbmPn®pw kl-I-cn®pw ]c-kv]c

_lp-am-\-tØm-sSbpw `c-W-L-S-\m-\p-kr-X-ambpw {]h¿Øn-

°p∂psh¶n¬ am{Xta Kh¨sa‚ns‚ {]h¿Ø\w ^e-{]-Z-am-

hp-I-bp-≈p.

C¥y-bnse Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-ß-sf-°p-dn®v skan-

\m¿ dnt∏m¿ v Xbm-dm-°p-I.

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v70


Kh¨sa‚n\v aq∂v LS-I-ßƒ D≠v. Ah \nb-a-\n¿am-

W-hn`mKw, Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn- m-Kw, \oXn-\ymb hn`mKw

F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn`mKw \nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-Ibpw Imcy-

\n¿h-l-W-hn-`mKw AXv \S-∏m-°p-Ibpw \oXn-\ymb

hn`mKw \nb-a-ßƒ hymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

C¥-y -bpsS tI{μ-\n -b-a -\n¿amW k` ]m¿e-sa‚ v

F∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p.

cmjv{S-]-Xn, temIk- , cmPy-k` F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-

XmWv C¥y-bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v.

\nb-a-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-I-bmWv ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ {][m-\-

Np-aXe

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-tØm-sSm∏w a‰pNne Npa-X-e-Ifpw ]m¿e-

sa‚ v \n¿h-ln-°p-∂p.

cmjv{S-]-Xn, D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn, {][m-\-a{¥n, a{¥n-k`

F∂nh¿ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv tI{μImcy-\n¿hl-W-hn-

`mKw.

Kh¿Ædpw apJy-a-{¥nbpw a{¥n-k-`bpw kwÿm\

Imcy-\n¿Δ-l-W-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv.

kp{]ow- tImS-Xn, sslt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ , Iogvt°m-S-Xn-Iƒ

F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv C¥y-bpsS \oXn-\ymb

hn`mKw.

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71\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

\nb-a-\n¿am-W-hn`mKw, Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-Kw, \oXn-

\ymb-hn- mKw F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv Kh¨sa‚ v

F∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

temI-k-`-bp-sSbpw cmPy-k-`-bp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂p.

\nba\n¿amWhn`mKw

Imcy-\n¿hl-W-hn-`mKw

\oXn-\ym-b-hn-`mKw

Kh¨sa‚ v

tI{μ-\n-b-a-\n¿am-W-hn`mKw

kwÿm-\-\n-ba\n¿am-W-

hn`mKw

tI{μ Imc-y-\n¿hlWhn`mKw

kwÿm\ Imc-y-\n¿h-lWhn`mKw

kp{]ow- tIm-SXnsslt°m-SXn

Iogvt°mS-Xn-Iƒ

cmjv{S-]XnD]-cm-jv{S-]Xn{][m-\-a-{¥n

-a{¥nk`DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿

Kh¿W¿apJ-y-a{¥na{¥nk`

DtZ-ym-K-ÿ¿

cmjv{S-]XntemI-k`cmPy-k`

Kh¿Æ¿\nb-a-k`

\nb-a-k-anXn

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v72


C¥y-bnse \nb-a-\n¿amW \S-]-Sn-{Iaw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

tI{μ Imcy-\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øn-s‚bpw -kw-ÿm\ Imcy-

\n¿h-lW hn`m-K-Øns‚bpw LS\ Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂p.

cmjv{S-]-Xn, D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn, {][m-\-a{¥n XpS-ßn-b-h-cpsS

Npa-X-e-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂p.

kp{]ow -tIm-S -Xn -bpsSbpw sslt°m-S -Xn -bp -sSbpw

Iogvt°mS-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Npa-X-e-Iƒ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p.

Kh¨sa‚ v F∂m¬ aq∂v LS-I-ßƒ tN¿∂-XmWv. Ah

GsX√-mw?

Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ {]kvXm-h-\-Ifn¬ icn-tbsX∂v

Is≠-Øp-I:

(F.) temI-k- bpw cmPy-k- bpw tN¿∂-XmWv C¥y≥

]m¿e-sa‚ v

(_n.) temI-k- bpw cmPy-k- bpw {][m-\-a-{¥nbpw D]-

cm-jv{S-]-Xnbpw tN¿∂-XmWv C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ v.

(kn.) cmjv{S-]-Xnbpw temIk- bpw cmPy-k- bpw tN¿∂-

XmWv C¥y-bpsS ]m¿e-sa‚ v

temI-k- -bp-sSbpw cmPy-k- -bp-sSbpw LS\ hni-Z-am-°p∂

Hcp Xmc-X-ay-Ip-dn∏v Xøm-dm-°p-I.

Hcp _n¬ \nb-a-am-°p-∂-Xn\pap≥]v hnhn[ L -ß-fn-eqsS

IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p. C¥y-bnse \nb-a-\n¿amW \S-]-Sn-{Iaw

hni-Z-am-°p-I.

cmjv{S-]Xn sXc-s™-Sp-∏p-ambn _‘-s∏´ {]kvXm-h-\-

Iƒ Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p-∂p. G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Py-am-bXv

Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I:

(F.) C¥y-bpsS cmjv{S-]-Xnsb P\-ßƒ t\cn v sXcs-

™-Sp-°p∂p.

(_n.) temI-k-`mw-K-ßfpw cmPy-k-`mw-K-ßfpw tN¿∂v

cmjv{S]-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

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73\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

(kn.) temI-k- -bn-sebpw cmPy-k- -bn-sebpw sXc-s™-

Sp°-s∏´ AwK-ß-fpw kwÿm\ \nb-a-k-`-I-fnse

sXcs™-Sp-°-s∏´ AwK-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Ce-IvS-

d¬ tImtfPv cmjv{S-]-Xnsb sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂p.

Hcp [\-_n¬ BZyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv GXv k`-bn-

emWv?

(F.) cmPy-k`bn¬

(_n.) temI-k-`-bn¬

(kn.) kwbp‡ ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬

"a{¥n-k- -bn¬ {][m-\-a-{¥n°v hfsc Db¿∂ ÿm\-amWv

D≈-Xv'˛ Cu {]kvXm-h-\-bpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

{][m\a-{¥n-bpsS ÿm\hpw Npa-X-e-Ifpw hy‡-am-°pI.

C¥y-bnse ]c-tam-∂-X -tIm-S-Xn-bmWv kp{]ow- tIm-SXn.

kp{]ow - tIm -S -Xn -bpsS {][m\ A[n -Im -c -ßƒ

hy‡-am°pI. -

C¥y-bnse cmjv{S-]-Xn-am¿, D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-am¿, {][m-\-

a{¥n-am¿ F∂n-h-cpsS Nn{Xw tiJ-cn®v Ipdn-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Sn

B¬_w Xøm-dm-°p-I.

\nb-a-\n¿amW \S-]-Sn-{Iaw hni-Z-am-°p-∂-Xn\v kvIqfn¬

Hcp amXrIm ]m¿e-sa‚ v kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ tNmZ-ym-hen

Xbm-dm°n tNmtZym-Øc ]b‰v ¢mkn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n°p-I.

\nb-a-\n¿am-Ww, Imcy-\n¿h-l-W-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Xocp-am-

\-ßƒ, kp{]ow- tIm-SXnbpsSbpw sslt°m-S-Xn-bp-sSbpw

hn[n-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hm¿Ø-Iƒ kam-l-cn®v

sImfmjv Xbm-dm-°p-I.

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1111111111

\ΩpsS Kh¨sa‚v74



≠Xp≠v

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ LS-I-ßƒ GsXm-s°-

sb∂v hni-Z-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

Kh¨sa‚ns‚ Hmtcm LS-Ihpw \n¿h-

ln-°p∂ Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-

hm≥ Ign-bpw.

C¥y≥ ]m¿e-sa‚ns‚ LS\ hy‡-am-

°m≥ Ign-bpw.

Zzna-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k-`sb

\n¿hNn-°p-hm\pw DZm-l-cWw tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Øp-hm\pw Ign-bpw.

GI-a-fie \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k- sb DZm-l-

c-W-k-lnXw \n¿hNn°p-hm≥

Ign-bpw.

C¥y-bnse \nb-a-\n¿am-W-\-S-]-Sn-{Iaw

hni-Zo-Icn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

kwÿm\ \nb-a-\n¿am-W-k-`bpsS

{]h¿Ø\ßƒ hniZoIcn°m≥ Ign-bpw.

C¥y-bnse tI{μ kwÿm\ Imcy-\n¿h-

l-W-hn-`m-K-Øns‚ LS\ hni-Z-am°m≥

Ign-bpw.

cmjv{S-]-Xn-bpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-

Øm≥ Ign-bpw.

D]-cm-jv{S-]-Xn-bpsS ÿm\hpw Npa-X-e-

Ifpw hnhcn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

{][m-\-a-{¥n-bpsS ÿm\hpw Npa-X-e-

Ifpw hni-Z-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

C¥y-bnse \oXn-\ymb hn`m-K-Øns‚

LS\ hni-Z-am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

C¥y-bnse kp{]ow -tIm-S-Xn-bpsS

ÿm\w hni-Z-am-°p-hm\pw Npa-X-e-Iƒ

]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm\pw Ign-bpw.

sslt°m-S-Xn-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ßƒ hni-Z-

am-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw.

" "Ie-ap-≠m-°p∂htc, h≠n-®-{I-Øn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cn -°p∂ ]√n AtXm-sSm∏wId-ßn-°-dßn hfsc Zqsc sN√p-∂-Xp-t]mse Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-Zpx-J-ß-fn-se√mwAt±l-tØm-sSm-∂n®p ]¶p-sIm-≠-h-fmWp Rm≥. At±lw CXm acn®p-I-gn™p.At±-lsØ AS°w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n D≠m-°p∂ Cu Iew Ft∂-°qSnDƒs°m-≈m-\p≈ hen∏w D≈-Xm-bn-cn-°-s´.''

]g-¥-angv ]m´p-I-fn¬ H∂mWv apI-fn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu ]mń¬

acn® `¿Ømhns\ AS°w sNøm≥ hen-sbmcp aÏew D≠m-°m-\mWv

`mcy Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ XangIsØ ih-a-S°v coXn-bn¬ henb

aÏ-e-Øn-\p≈ {]m[m\y-amWv Cu ]mń¬ hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

Iew sNbvtImshIew sNbvtImsh

A®p-ssS®m Im´mcw s]mcp-¥nbNn‰p-sh¨]-√n-t]m-e-Ø-s∂mSp

Npcw ]e-h¥hsa-°p-a-cpfnhnb≥a-e-c-I≥ s]mgn-en-a-Ømgn

AI-enXm Ih-ss\tam\\-¥sse apcq¿I-e-s©-bvtImsh

(]pd-\m-\q-dv)

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw

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1111111111

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw76


ap\n-bd

IpS-°√v

I¬sXm n

acn-®-bm-fpsS uXn-Im-h-in-jvS-ßƒ henb Ie-Øn-

\-I-Øm°n AS-°w sNøp∂ coXn {]mNo\ Xan-

g-IØv {]Nmc-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. CØcw Ießƒ

\∂-ßm-SnIƒ- F∂-dn-b-s∏Sp∂p. Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬

CØcw \∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ°p aosX henb ineIƒ

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch \n¿Ωn-°m≥ AXXv {]tZ-

iØv e`y-amb ine-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-

Xv.I¬h-f-bw (Stone circle), It∑i (Dolmen), I√-

d-Iƒ (Cist), ap\n-bd (Rock chamber), sXm∏n-°-√v,

IpS-°-√v, I¬sXm´n (Sarcophagus), \m´p-I√v

(Menhir) F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ kvam-c-Icq]-ßƒ.

Cu kvamc-I-ßƒ alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ßƒ F∂pw

Ch \n¿an-°-s∏´ Imew alm-inem Ime-L´w

(Megalithic Age) F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CØcw

alm-in-em-kvamc-I-ßfpw ]g-¥-an-gv]m-´p-Ifpw

\mW-b-ßfpw k©m-c-°p-dn-∏p-Ifpw Nne Xangv

enJn-X-ß-fp-amWv {]mNo\ XangIØns‚ Ncn{Xw

a\- n-em°m-\p≈ {][m\ t{kmX pIƒ.

Nn{X-ßƒ \nco-£n®v hnhn[ alm-

inem kvamc-I-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ N¿® sNøp-I.It∑i-Iƒ

\m´p-I√v

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77{]mNo\ Xan-gIw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ßfnse Ah-in-jvS-ß-

fn¬\n∂v {]mNo-\-X-an-g-IsØ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-

sØ-°p-dn®v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ß-fmWv e`n°p-

∂Xv ?

BZn-®-s\-√q-cnse DXvJ-\\ {]tZ-i-ßƒ

hyXykvXXcw Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-W-ßƒ alm-in-em-kvam-c-

I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ hmƒ, Ip¥w,

IØn, Nq≠-s°m-fpØv, hnf-°v, BWn-Iƒ, hnf-°p-

Im¬ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Cu ImeL´w

Z£n-tW-¥y≥ Ncn{XØn¬ Ccp-ºp-bpKambmWv (IronAge)IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-Wßƒ°p ]pdsa a¨]m-{X-ßƒ, apØp-

Iƒ F∂n-hbpw Cu kvamc-I-ß-fn¬\n∂v Is≠-Sp-Øn-

´p-≠v. Nne kvamc-I-ß-fn¬\n∂v tdma≥ kz¿W\mW-

b-ßƒ e`n-®n- p-≠v.

Cu ImeL- -Øn¬ AIw Idp-ØXpw ]pdw Nph-∂Xp-

amb -a¨]m{XßfmWv (Black & Red Ware) D]-tbm-Kn-

®n-cp∂Xv.

sXt° C¥y-bpsS hnhn[{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw

alm-inemkvamc-I-ßƒ Is≠-Sp-Øn- p-≠v. sImSp-a-W¬,

Af-K-ssc, Xncp-°m-º-en-bq¿, ]g-\n, BZn-®-s\-√q¿,

sNda\-ßm-Sv, ad-bq¿, Dan-®n-s]m-bn¬ XpS-ßnbh

Ahbn¬ {][m\s∏´hbmWv.

alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n®

Ccp-ºp-]-I-c-W-ßƒ

Icn- Np-h∏v ]m{X-ßƒ

sImSp-a-W-en¬ \n∂v

Is≠-Ønb I√d

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1111111111

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw78


kwLw-IrXn-Iƒ

]g-¥-angv ]m´p-Iƒ cNn°s∏´Xpw alm-in-em-kvamc-I-ßƒ

\n¿Ωn°s∏´Xpw GXm≠v Htc Ime-L- -ØnemWv. B{‘m-{]-

tZ-inse Xncp-∏-Xn apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn hsc-bp≈ tIcfhp

apƒs∏Sp∂ {]tZ-isØbmWv {]mNo-\I-m-eØv Xan-gIw F∂v-

hnf-n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ XangIsØ a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v

IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ß-f-dn-bm≥ ]g¥angv∏m´p-Iƒ klm-bn-°p-∂p.

]g-¥-angv∏m´p-IfpsS kam-lm-c-ßƒ kwL-km-lnXyw F∂v Adn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. e`y-am-b-Xn¬ G‰hpw ]g-°-ap≈ Xangvkm-ln-Xy-amWv

kwL-km-ln-Xyw. _n.kn.C 300˛\pw kn.C 300˛\pw CS-bn-emWv

Ch kam-l-cn-°-s∏-´sX∂v IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

\mSm- sIm≥tdm ImSm -sIm≥tdm

Ah-em- sIm≥tdm anssNbm sIm≥tdm

FΔ-gn, \√-h-cm-S-h¿

AΔgn \ss√ hmgn-b-\n-et\

(Hussh-bm¿)

A√tbm `qan, \o H∂p-In¬ \mSp Xs∂-bm-hp-I,

As√-¶n¬ ImSp-X-s∂-bm-hp-I, H∂pIn¬ Ipgn-bm-hpI

As√-¶n¬ Ip∂m-hp-I, Fß-s\-bm-bmepw FhnsS

\√h¿ hkn-°p∂p AhnsS \obpw \√-XmWv

\n\-°m-bn´pam{Xw Hcp \∑-bp-an-√.

kwL-Im-e-kmln-Xy-Ønse {][m\ Ih-bn{Xnbmb Hussh-bm-

dns‚ hcn-I-fmWv apI-fn¬ tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Hussh-bm-dn-s\-

t]mse a‰p \nc-h[n kv{XoIƒ A°m-eØv kmln-Xy-ta-J-e-bn-

ep≠mbn-cp-∂p. I]n-e¿, ]c-W¿, aXp-ssc-\-°o-c≥, ]msse-Ku-

X-a-\m¿ F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p A°m-esØ {][m\ Ihn-Iƒ. Ch-

cp-sSbpw a‰p Ihn-I-fp-sSbpw cN-\-Iƒ hnhn[ IrXn-I-fn-embn

kam-l-cn-®n-´p≠v. Chsb IrXn-I-fpsS cN-\m-Im-e-Øn-s‚bpw

hnj-b-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnhn[ hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-

®n-cn°p∂p. NphsS X∂n-´p≈ ]´n-I-bn¬\n∂v CXv a\-kn-em-

°m-hp-∂-XmWv:

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79{]mNo\ Xan-gIw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

kwLw-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

hn`mKw {][m-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

]Øp-∏m´v Xncp-ap-cp-Im-‰p-∏ssS

aXp-ssc-°m©n

F´p-sØmssI AI-\m-\qdv

]pd-\m-\qdv

]Xn-‰p-]Øv

]Xn-s\¨Io-gvI-W°v Xncp°p-dƒ

apXp-sam-gn-Im©n

hymI-c-W{KŸw sXm¬°m-∏nbw

alm-Im-hy-ßƒ Nne∏-Xn-Imcw

aWn-ta-Je

Xncp°p-dƒ

I¿I IN - S d I¿]ssh I‰ - ] n≥

\ n¿I AX¿°p ØI

]Tn-bvt°-≠p-∂-hsb {i≤n®v

kwi-bm-Xo-X-ambn ]Tn-°pI

]Tn-®-Xn-\p-tijw B ]Tn-

∏n\pX°-hn-[-Øn¬ \S-°pI.

B ]Tn-∏pƒs°m≠v AXn-

s\mØ XXz -Zo -£-tbmsS

Pohn-bv°p-I.

]g-¥-an-gv∏m- p-Isf AIw-]m- p-Iƒ F∂pw ]pdw-]m- p-Iƒ F∂pw

Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-´p-≠v. AIw]m´p-Iƒ hy‡n-]-chpw IpSpw-_-]-c-hp-

amb Imcy-ßƒ {]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. ]pdw]m´p-Iƒ bp≤w, I®-hSw

XpS-ßnb Imcy-ß-fmWv ]d-bp-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ Xan-g-I-Ønse

`q{]Ir-Xn, hn -h-k-ar-≤n, Blm-c-co-Xn, BS-bm- -c-W-ßƒ, hnt\m-

Z-ßƒ, BNm-c-ßƒ, {][m\ sXmgn-epI-ƒ, hnizm-k-ßƒ F∂n-

h-sb√mw kwL-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn°p∂p.

Ncn-{X-t{km-X v F∂ \ne-bn¬ kwLw -Ir-Xn-I-fpsS

{]m[m\yw N¿®sNøp-I.

kmaq-ln-I-Po-hnXw

]g-¥-angv∏m´p-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in°p∂ XnW-I-sf-°p-dn®v ap≥¢m-

kn¬ N¿® sNbvXn´p-≠-t√m. {]mNo-\-X-an-g-IsØ kmaq-ln-I-

Po-hnXw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ XnW-Iƒ°v {][m\ ]¶p-≠m-bn-

cp-∂p.

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1111111111

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw80


XnW-I-fnse kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-Xw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn¬

`q{]-IrXn hln® ]¶v hnh-cn-°pI.

ImSpw aebpw \nd™ Ipdn-©n-bnse P\-ßƒ h\-

hn- -h-ßƒ tiJ-cn®pw th -bm-Sn-bp-amWv Pohn-®n-

cp-∂-Xv. Nne ]m´p-I-fn¬ Ah¿ ]p\wIrjn-bn¬

G¿s∏- -Xns‚ kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. ChnsS Ipcp-ap-fIpw

a‰p kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-ßfpw Irjn sNbvXn-cp-∂p.

]p¬ta-Sp-Ifmbn-cp∂ apss√bnse P\-ß-fpsS

apJy-sXm-gn¬ I∂p-Im-en hf¿Ø-em-bn-cp∂p. Imen-

k-ºØv h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v I∂p-Im-en-Isf ]nSn-

s®-Sp-°p∂ k{º-Zmbw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. CXv

shSv®n F∂dn-b-s∏- p. hc≠ {]tZ-i-amb ]msse-

\n-e-Øp-Im-cm-bn-cp∂p I∂p-Imen Ih¿®-bn¬

{][m-\-ambpw G¿s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv.

s\√v, Icnºv XpS-ßn-bh Irjn sNbvXn-cp∂

hb¬{]-tZi-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p acp-Xw. A°m-esØ

I¿j-I¿ Ccpºp sIm≠p-≈ sImgp-\m°v LSn-

∏n® Ie∏ D]-tbm-Kn®Xn\v sXfnhv e`n-®n- p≠v.

Xoc-tZ-i-amb s\bvX¬ \ne-Ønse P\-ß-fpsS

apJy-sXm-gnepIƒ ao≥]nSn-°epw D∏p-≠m-°epam-

bn-cp-∂p. ]S-∂ (D∏-fw)-I-fn¬ sIń-\n¿Øp∂

IS¬sh≈w h‰n-®mWv D∏p-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

Idn-∏-Sss∏

Ipcp-apfIv Im´p-hn-f-bm-sW-∂mWv

πn\n Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hntZi k©m-

cn-Iƒ ]d-™n- p-≈Xv. F∂m¬ Ipdn-

©n-bn¬ \´p-≠m-°p∂ Idn-sb-∏-

‰nbpw (Idn˛Ipcp-ap-f-Iv) Ipcp-ap-fIv

tXm -ß-sf (]S-ss∏) ∏‰nbpw ]g¥-

angv∏m- p-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿i-ap-≠v.

]p\w Irjn

]pd-\m\qdn¬ sIm√n-a-e-bnse

ImSv shń-®p v Irjn (]p\w-

Ir -jn) sNbvX-Xmbn

]dbp∂p≠v. A´-∏m-Sn-bnse

Nne tKm{X-k-aq-l-ßƒ°n-S-

bn¬ C∂pw Cu Im¿jnI

coXn \ne-hn-ep≠v.

D∏fw

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81{]mNo\ Xan-gIw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

tX≥ s\sømSp Ing¶p amdn-tbm¿

ao≥s\s√mSp Xd-hp-a-dp-Ihpw

(s]mcp-\m-cm-‰p-∏-ssS)

tX\qdpw N°-Iƒ

]g-¥-angv ]m´p-I-fn¬ ]cm-

a¿in-°p∂ {][m\ Im¿jnI

hn -h-ß-fn-sem∂v N°-bm-Wv.

Ipdn-©n-\n-e-Øv ImbvI-\n-I-

fpsS Iq -Øn¬ kar-≤n-bmbn

D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv N°-b-t{X.

\m´p -h-gn -I -fn¬ e`y -amb

a[pcw In\n-bp∂ N°-®p-f-I-

sf-∏‰n ]g-¥-angv ]m´p-I-fn¬

\nc -h[n ]cma¿i-ßƒ

ImWmw.

D∏-f-ß-fn¬ hnf™ D∏p-]-c-ep-I-ƒ

D®-Øn¬ hne- ]-d™p sIm≠p-t]mIpw I®-h-S-°m¿

h≠n-°m-f-Isf \pI-a-gn®p tabm≥hn´v

I√-Sp-∏p-Iq´n ]mIw sNøp-am-lmcw

tX\pw s\øpw Ingßpw ssIam‰w sNbvX-h¿Ahbv°p]Icw ao\pw s\√pw a‰pw hmßns°m≠p-t]m-Ip-∂p.

apI-fn¬ sImSpØ ]m´n¬\n∂v Fs¥√mw hnh-c-ß-

fmWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv?

km[-\-ßƒ°p]Icw km[-\-ßƒ ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-

Sp∂ k{º-Zm-bsØ°pdn®v kwLw ]m´p-I-fn¬ ]d-™n-

´p≠v. Cu k{ºZmbw s\mSpØ¬ F∂dnbs∏´p.

{]mNo\ Xan-g-IsØ Aßm-Sn-I-fm-bn-cp∂p A√emh-

Whpw (A¥n-®-¥), \mf-ßm-Snbpw (cmhn-e-sØ- N-¥).

hnhn[ XnW-I-fnse ssZ\w-Zn\ Bh-iy-ßƒ°p≈

km[-\-ßƒ ChnsS e`n-®n-cp-∂p.

hn\n-ab hyhÿ

AI-\m-\q-dnse Nne ]cma¿ißfmWnh. CXn¬ \n∂v F¥vv

hnh-c-amWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv? A°m-eØv D∏v Hcp {][m\ ssIam‰

hn -h-am-bn-cp-∂p. Da-W¿ F∂ I®-h-S-kw-L-am-bn-cp∂p Cu hn\n-

abw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.

{]mNo\ Xan-g-IsØ {][m-\-s∏´ Ib-‰p-aXn hn -h-ß-fm-bn-cp∂

kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-ß-fpsS hn\n-a-bhpw Da-W¿ hgn-bm-Wv \S-∂n-

cp-∂Xv. Da-W¿ s\bvX¬ {]tZiØp\n∂v D∏pw DW-°-ao\pw

tiJ-cn®v a‰p XnW-I-fn¬ hnX-cWw sNbvXp. Ahbv°p]-Icw

Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ßƒ, h-\-hn- -h-ßƒ XpS-ßnbh tiJ-

cn-®p. Cu hn\n-abw IqSp-X-embn \S-∂n-cp-∂-Xv th\¬°m-e-Øm-

bn-cp∂p.

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1111111111

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw82


{]mNo-\-X-an-g-IsØ hmWn-Py-Øn¬ DaW¿ hln® ]s¶¥mbn-

cp∂p?

th\¬°mew CXn\v A\p-tbm-Py-am-hm≥ F¥m-bn-cn°pw

ImcWw?

Im¿jnI hn`-h-ß-fpsS hnf-sh-Sp-∏p-Imew ag Ign™

ka-b-am-Wv.

D∏p-≠m-°p-∂Xpw DW°ao\p-≠m-°p-∂Xpw th\¬°me-

Øm-Wv.

Da-W¿ tiJ-cn-®n-cp∂ kpK-‘-hy-RvP\ßƒ IS¬Øoc ]´W-

ß-fnse hmWn-Py-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ hn‰n-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂mWv hntZ-

i-cm-Py-ß-fn-te°v Ah Ib‰n Ab-®n-cp-∂Xv. alm-inem kvamc-

Im-h-in-jvS-ß-fn¬\n∂v e`n® \mW-b-ß-sf-Ip-dn®v t\csØ

kqNn-∏n-®t√m. Ah GXv cmPy-Øn-

t‚-Xm-bn-cp-∂p?

tdma-°m¿ {]mNo\ Xan-g-IØp\n∂v

{][m-\-ambpw sIm≠p-t]m-bn-cp-∂Xv

Ipcp-ap-fIpw a‰p kpK-‘-hy-RvP-\-ß-

fp-am-bn-cp∂p.

aqth-¥-∑m¿

IS¬ hgnbpw Ic-h-gnbpw {]mNo\ Xan-g-IØv I®-h-S-ßƒ \S∂n-

cp-∂-Xmbn \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. CØcw {]h¿Ø-\-

ßƒ°v hyh-ÿ-bp-≠m-°m\pw Ah \nb-{¥n-°m\pw Nne A[n-

Im-c- tI-{μ-ßƒ Bh-iy-ant√? hmWn-PysØ \nb-{¥n-®n-cp-∂Xv

aq∂v {][m\ A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p. tNc¿, ]mfiy¿,

tNmf¿ F∂n-hcm-bn-cp-∂p Cu A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-ßƒ \nb-{¥n-®n-

cp-∂-Xv. Chsc aqth-¥∑m¿ F∂p hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. tNc-∑m-cpsS

Xe-ÿm\w apNn-cnbpw ]mfiy-∑m-cp-tSXv a[p-sscbpw tNmf-∑m-

cpt-SXv Dssd-bq-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. apNn-cn, sXm≠n, hmssI, amss¥,

Imthcn] -Ww apX-em-bh A°m-esØ {][m\ Xpd-ap-J- ]´W-

ß-fmbncp∂p.

tdma≥kz¿W-\m-W-b-ßƒ

{]mNo-\- X-an-g-IsØ I®-h-S-tI-{μ-ßfpw aqth-¥-∑m-cpsS

Bÿm-\-ßfpw `q]-S-Øn¬\n∂v Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-

Sp-Øp-I.

]´Ww DXvJ\\w

FdWmIpfw

Pn√bnse ]dhqcn

\SpØp≈ ]´Ww

F∂ ÿeØv

\S°p∂ DXvJ\\

ßƒ {]mNo\

XangIØn\ v

tdmapambpw

]›ntajy≥

cmPyßfpambpw

D≠mbncp∂ I®hS

_‘w kw_‘n®v

\nch[n ]pXnb

sXfnhpIƒ

\¬Ip∂p. Bwt^md

`cWnIfpsS

AhinjvSßƒ

tdma≥ •mkpIƒ

F∂nh ChnsS\n∂v

[mcmfambn

e n®n p≠v.

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83{]mNo\ Xan-gIw

Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

apNncn

a[pssc

Dssd-bq¿

Imth-cn-]-´Ww

{]mNo-\-X-an-gIw

{]mNo-\- X-an-g-IsØ kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI Pohn-X-

sØ-°p-dn®v alm-in-em-kvam-c-I-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]g-¥-angv

]m´p-I-fn¬\n∂pw e`n-°p∂ hnh-c-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm-°p-I.

{]mNo\ Xan-g-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ß-fpsS {][m\

t{kmX v alm-inemkvamc-I-ßfpw ]g-¥-angv∏m´p-

IfpamWv.

alm-in-em-kvamc-I-ßƒ \n¿an-°s∏´ Imew alm-in-em-

Im-e-L´w F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

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1111111111

{]mNo\ Xan-gIw84


]g¥angv∏m´p-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-ßƒ kwLw IrXn-Iƒ

F∂--dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

{]mNo-\-X-an-g-IsØ kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-XsØ cq]-s∏-Sp-

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv VIII

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bn-cpØp∂p.

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hni-Z-am-°p-I.

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Ah-bn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv NphsS \¬In-bn- p-≈-Xv:

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tIcfwaÆn-\-ßƒ

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∂Xv?

`q]Sw F˛bn¬ tIc-f-Øns‚ aÆn-\-ßfpw `q]Sw _n˛bn¬

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`q]-Sßsf Xcw-Xn-cn°mw

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`q]-S-ßƒ.

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XcwXncn-°mw:

� ùXnI `q]-S-ßƒ (Physical Maps)

� kmwkvIm-cnI `q]-S-ßƒ (Cultural Maps)

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$ Im¿jnI `q]Sw $ ssk\n-I-`q-]Sw

$ aÆv `q]Sw $ Zn\m-h-ÿm - q-]Sw

$ hymh-km-bnI `q]Sw $ `qhn-\n--tbm-K- `q-]Sw

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$ ss\k¿KnI kky-Pm-e - q-]-Sw $ Ncn-{X-`q-]Sw

`q-]-S-ßƒ

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tPymXn-im-kv{X-`q-]Sw

ssk\nI`q-]Sw

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`q]-S-h¿§o-I-cWw tXmXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

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t\m°q.

`q]-S-ßƒ

sNdn-b-tXmXv q]-S-ßƒ(Small Scale Maps)

hen-b-tXmXv q]-S-ßƒ(Large Scale Maps)

DZm-l-cWw : A‰vekv `q]Sw (Atlas Map),Npa¿`q-]-S-ßƒ (Wall Maps)

vtfmNm¿ń¬ \nßƒ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø hnhn[ ùXn-I-

`q-]-S-ß-fp-sSbpw kmwkvIm-cnI `q]-S-ß-fp-sSbpw

D]tbm-K-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠Øn ]ń-I-s∏-

SpØq.

DZm-l-cWw : IU-kv{S¬ `q]Sw

(Cadastral Map),[cm-Xeob `q]Sw

(Topographical Map)

temIw, h≥I-c-Iƒ, cmPy-ßƒ, kwÿm-\-ßƒ XpS-ßnb

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CØ-c-Øn¬ Xmc-X-tay\ sNdnb {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS hni-Z-amb

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tbmK-ßƒ

$ hnhn -[ -Xcw `q]-S -ßfpsS

Bhiy-IX

$ sNdn-b-tXmXv `q]-S-ßfpw hen-

b-tXmXv `q]-S-ßfpw

IU-kv{S¬ q]-S-ßƒ

(Cadastral Maps )"{]mtZ-inI `qkz-Øns‚ ]pkvXIw'

(Register of territorial property) F∂¿∞-

ap≈ "IU-Ã¿' F∂ {^©v ]Z-Øn¬

\n∂p-amWv "IU-kv{S¬' F∂ ]Zw cq]-

s∏-´n -´p -≈-Xv. ]mS-ßƒ, sI´n -S -ßƒ

XpSßnbh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ `qkz-Øp-°-fpsS

AXn-cp-Iƒ, DS-a-ÿm-h-Imiw F∂nh

tcJs∏-SpØn kq£n-°p-∂-Xn -\mWv

CØcw `q]-S -ßƒ \n¿an -°p -∂Xv.

`q\nIpXn IW°m°p∂-Xn\pw DS-a-ÿm-

h-Imiw kqNn∏n°p-∂-Xn\pw Ch D]-tbm-

Kn-°p-∂p. {Kma- q-]-S-ßƒ (Village Maps)CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

[cm-X-eob q]-S-ßƒ

(Topographical Maps)ka-{K-amb `qk¿th-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xøm-

dm-°p-∂h-bmWv [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ßƒ. {]Ir-Xn--

ZØhpw a\p-jy-\n¿Ωn-X-hp-amb F√m khn-ti-j-X-

I-sfbpw hfsc hni-Z-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ `q]-S-

ß-fm-Wn-h. `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Db-cw, `q{]-Ir-Xn,

\ZnIƒ, h\-ßƒ, Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ, ]´-W-ßƒ,

KXm-K-Xhm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab am¿K-ßƒ, P\-hm-k-tI-

{μ-ßƒ XpS-ßnbhsb-°p-dn-®p≈ kq£va-amb

hnh-c-ßƒ Cu `q]-S-ß-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂-p.

hnh-c-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈n-®p-sIm≠v Nn{Xo-

I-cn-°p∂ q]-S-ß-fmWv henb tXmXv q]-

S-ßƒ. A‰vekv ]cn--tim-[n®v AXnse q]-

S-ßƒ sNdn-b-tXmXv `q]-S-ß-fmtWm hen-

tXmXv `q]-S-ß-fmtWm F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bpI.

`q]-S-hm-b\

`q]-S -ß-fnse tXmXv , Zni,

AXnse \nd-ßƒ, Nn”-ßƒ

F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hy‡-amb

[mcWbps≠-¶n¬ am{Xta

`q]-S -hm -b\ km[y -am -Ip -I -

bp≈q.

`q]-S-ß-fnse tXmXv (Map Scale)

`q]-S-ßsf√mw hy‡-amb tXmXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-emWv Xøm-

dm-°p-∂-sX∂pw tXmXns\ {]kvXm-h-\-co-Xn, `n∂-I-co-Xn, tcJm-

coXn F∂n-ßs\ aq∂v coXn-I-fn¬ `q]-S-ß-f-n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-

Ømdps≠∂pw ap≥¢m- n¬ \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-≠t√m?

90909090909090909090

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DZ-b-Kncn

hen-b-]md

I√p-]mew

aptØm-e-]pcwap°-Shv

km km1 : 500000

0 5 105

acn-bm-]pcw

1 sk‚oao-‰-dn\v 5 In.ao.

NphsS \¬In-bn- p≈ `q]Sw Nn{Xw (6.2) ]cn-tim-[n-°q:

Cu q]-S-Øn¬ tXmXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv {i≤n-°q. F¥n\m-

bn-cn°mw Cu aq∂v coXn-Iƒ? \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

{]kvXm-h-\m-coXn (Statement of Scales)

`q]-S-Øn¬ \¬Inbn-´p≈Xn¬ GXp coXn-bn-ep≈ tXmXmWv

\ap°v A\m-bmkw a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-I? Hcp sk‚o--ao-‰-

dn\v 5 Intem-ao-‰¿ F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb tXmXv At√? CØ-c-

Øn¬ tXmXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv {]kvXm-h-\m-co-Xn. `q]-S-

Ønse Hmtcm sk‚o-ao-‰dpw `qan-bnse 5 Intem-ao-‰dmWv F∂v

CXn-eqsS s]s´∂v a\- n-em-Ipw. km[m-c-W-°m¿°p-t]mepw

Ffp∏-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°m-sa-∂-XmWv Cu coXn-bpsS sa®w.

Nn{Xw 6.2

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1111111111



F¶n¬]ns∂ a‰p coXn-I-fn¬ tXmXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xns‚

Bhiy-sa¥v? \ap°v t\m°mw.

`n∂-I-co-Xn- (Representative Fraction)

hońse Gsd {]mbwsN∂ Bfp-Iƒ ÿe-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈

Zqcw ]d-bp-∂Xv \nßƒ {i≤n-®n- p-≠m-Ipw. ¿temMv, ssa¬

XpSßnb bqWn-‰p -I-fmWv Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn -°p-∂-Xv.

F∂m¬ \nßƒ°v ]cn-Nn-X-amb bqWn-‰p-Iƒ GsX-√m-

amWv?

hnhn[ cmPy-ßƒ Zqcw Af-°m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ bqWn-‰p-

Iƒ hyXy-kvX-amWv. C¥y-bn¬ sk‚o-ao-‰¿, ao‰¿,

Intemao‰¿ XpS-ßnb bqWn-‰p-I-fm-sW-¶n¬ bqtdm-∏y≥

cmPy-ß-fn¬ C©v, ssa¬, ^¿temMv XpS-ßnb bqWn-‰p-I-

fmWv {]Nm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. C¥y-bnse bqWn-‰p-Iƒ ASn-ÿm-

\-am°n Xbm-dm-°nb tXmXv a‰v cmPy-°m¿°v hni-I-e\w

sNøm≥ Ign-bptam? Cu _p≤n-ap v Hgn-hm-°m-\mWv `n∂I-

co-Xn-bn¬ tXmXv Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xv. `q]SØnse Zqchpw

`qan-bnse Zqchpw XΩn-ep≈ B\p-]m-XnI AI-esØ

kqNn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bmWv `n∂-I-co-Xn. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v

1 sk‚o-ao-‰¿ 5 Intem-ao-‰-dns\ ImWn-°p∂p F∂

{]kvXmh-\m-co-Xn°v ]Icw 1:500000 F∂v `n∂-I-co-Xn-bn¬ tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ømw.

Hmtcm cmPyØpw \ne-hn-ep≈ bqWn-‰p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

Cu B\p-]m-XnI AI-esØ hmbn-s®-Sp-°mw. \Ωƒ CXns\

1 sk‚o-ao-‰¿ 5 e£w sk‚o-ao-‰-dns\ ImWn-°p∂p F∂v hmbn-

°p-tºmƒ bqtdm-∏p-Im¿ CXns\ 1 C©v 5 e£w C©ns\ ImWn-

°p∂p F∂v hmbn-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ `n∂-I-co-Xn-bpsS D]-tbmKw

a\- n-em-bt√m.

tcJm-co-Xn- (Linear Scale)

`q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 6.2) Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n- p≈ aptØm-e-]pcw ] -W-

Øns‚ hnI-k-\-{]-h¿Ø\w \S-°p∂p F∂n-cn-°-s´. B {]tZi-

Øns‚ Iptd-°qSn hnim-e-amb `q]Sw Bh-iy-am-b-Xn-\m¬ `q]S

Øns‚ ap°Shv Dƒs∏-Sp∂ mKw hep-Xm°n ]I¿s∏-Sp-Ø-XmWv

NphsS ImWp∂ `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.3).

{_nó-jp-Im¿ Zqcw Af-°m≥

D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ bqWn-‰mWv

C©v (inch), ^¿temMv (fur-long), ssa¬ (mile) F∂nh.

{_nójv knÃw (Britishsystem) F∂m-Wn-X-dn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂-Xv. kzmX{¥yw In´p-∂-Xp-

hsc C¥y-bnepw Cu bqWn-

‰mWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

A°m-eØv hnZym -`ymkw

t\Snb Xe-ap-dbpw Cu bqWn-

‰mWv ]Tn-®-Xv. {_nó-jp-Im¿

Chn-Sw-hn-´-tXmsS \ΩpsS

cmPyØv sa{Sn-Iv knÃw (met-ric system)bqWn-‰p-Iƒ {]Nm-

c -Øn -embn CXp - {] -Imcw

sk‚o-ao-‰¿, ao‰¿, Intem-ao-

‰¿ F∂n-ß-s\-bmbn Zqcw

Af-°p∂ bqWn-‰p-Iƒ.

90909090909090909090

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ap°-Shv

km km0 5 105

1 sk‚oao-‰-dn\v 5 In.ao.

1 : 500000

Ct∏mƒ `q]-S-Øns‚ tXmXnepw am‰-ap-≠m-bn-°m-Wnt√? BZy

c≠v coXn-I-fn¬ ({]kvXm-h-\m-co-Xn-bpw `n∂-I-co-Xn-bpw) tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Ønb tXmXv `q]-S-Ønse am‰-Øn-s\mØv amdn-bn- pt≠m?

F∂m¬ tcJm-co-Xn-bnse tXmXv ]cn-tim-[n-°q. q]-S-Øn-ep-≠mb

am‰-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn tcJm-co-Xn-bnse tXmXpw amdn-bn- p-

≠t√m. `q]-S -ßƒ hep-Xm-°p-Itbm sNdp -Xm-°p-Itbm

sNøp-tºmƒ AXn¬ tcJm-co-Xn-bn¬ ImWn-®n-´p≈ tXmXpw

B\p-]mXn-I-ambn amdp-∂p. CXp-X-s∂-bmWv Cu coXn-bpsS

khn-tijX.

Zqcw Af°mw

`q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.2) \nco-£n°q tKm]p-hns‚ {Kmaw Dƒs∏-Sp∂

{]tZ-i-Øns‚ `q]-S-amWn-Xv. Cu `q]-S-Øn¬ {]kvXm-h-m\-co-

Xn, `n∂-I-co-Xn, tcJm-coXn F∂o aq∂v Xc-Øn¬ tXmXv tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°p-a-t√m.

Nn{Xw 6.3

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1111111111



C\n NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v `q]Sw \nco-£n®v

DØcw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°q:

I√p-]mew F∂ ÿeØv Xma-kn-°p∂

tKm]p-hn\v AΩm-hs‚ hoSv ÿnXn sNøp∂

DZ-b-Kn -cn -bnseØnt®-cm -\p≈ Ffp∏hgn

GXmWv?

DZ-b-Kn-cn-bn¬\n∂pw tKm]p-hn\v hen-b-

]md hgn aptØm-e-]p-csØ am¿°-‰n¬ FØn-

t®-cm≥ F{X-Zqcw k©-cn-°Ww?

F{XZqcw k©-cn-®m-emWv aptØm-e-

]pcØp\n∂pw ap°-Shphgn I√p-]m-esØ

ho´n¬ tKm]p-hn\v Xncn-s®-Øm≥ Ign-bpI?

`q]-S-ß-fnse ÿe-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ AIew

Is≠-Øm≥ {]bmkw t\cn-Sp-∂p-ht√? CsX-

ßs\ km[y-am-Ip-sa∂v \ap°v t\m°mw.

`q]-S-Øn¬ Zqcw Fßs\ Af°mw?

Af-t°≠ Zqcw t\¿tc-J-bn-em-sW-¶n¬ Hcp

kvsIbn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. hf™ ]mX-bp-

sStbm \Zn-I-fp-sStbm Zqc-am-sW-¶n¬ Hcp \q¬

D]-tbm-Kn®v Af-∂-tijw AXv kvsIbn-en-

t\mSv tN¿Øp-h®v IrXy-amb Zqcw Is≠-Ømw.

taev]-d™ c≠v coXn-bnepw Is≠-Øn-bXv

`q]-S-Øn-\p-≈nse Zqc-am-Wv. bYm¿∞ Zqcw

Is≠-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬ F¥mWv sNtø-≠Xv?

AXn\v `q]-S-Øn¬ Is≠-Ønb ZqcsØ

tXmXnse B\p-]m-XnI Zqc-wsIm≠v KpWn-

°pI-bmWv th≠-Xv.

DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v,

`q]-S-Ønse tXmXv = 1 sk.ao‰dn\v 5 In.ao.

`q]-S-Øn¬ F apX¬ _n hsc-bp≈ AIew

4 sk.ao. BsW-∂n-cn-°-s´.

F¶n¬ F apX¬ _n hsc-bp≈

bYm¿∞ Zqcw = 4 x 5 In.ao. = 20 In.ao.

C¥ysb Af∂

k¿tΔ-b¿am¿

]gb ImesØ

Hmtcm `q]-S -

\n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw

\nc-h-[n-bmb a\p-

jy-cpsS A[zm--\-

Ø n - s ‚ b p w

XymK-Øn-s‚bpw

IY ]d-bm-\p-≠v.

hneyw- emw-S¨

F.Un. 1800˛¬

`q]-S--\n¿Ωm-W-Øn-\mbn C¥y-bpsS

sXt° A‰-Øp-\n-∂m-cw-`n® k¿th

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ At±-l-Øns‚

]n≥Km-an-bmb tPm¿Pv Fh-dÃv ]q¿Øn-

bm-°p-tºmƒ GI-tZiw 50 h¿j-ßƒ

Ign-™n-cp-∂p! 500 Intem-{Km-an-e-[nIw

`mc-ap≈ Xntbm-U-sse‰v XpS-ßnb

D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-ambn 1600 ssa¬ Zqc-

Øn¬ AWp-In-S-sX-‰msX IrXy-X-

tbmsS \S-Ønb B k¿tΔ-bn-eq-sS-

bmWv Fh-dÃv sImSp-ap-Sn-bpsS Dbcw

\n¿W-bn-®-Xv. {]Xn-Iq-e-amb kml-Ncy-

ß-fn-emWv A∂sØ k¿tΔ kwLw

At\Iw h¿jw tPmen sNbvX-Xv. Ah-

cn¬ `qcn -`mKw t]cpw ae-º\n

_m[n®pw sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬s∏-´p-

sams° ac-WaS™p. Cu `q]-S -

\ n ¿ Ω m W

ZuXyw temI-

Ønse F°m-e-

sØbpw henb

`q]-S-\n¿ΩmW

{]h¿Ø-\-ambn

C∂pw IW-°m-

°p-∂p.

hneyw- emw-S¨

tPm¿Pv Fh-dÃv

90909090909090909090

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$ {io\-K¿

$ Pbv]q¿

$ eIv\u

$ sIm¬°Ø

$ ]\mPn

$ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

$ hnim-J-]- Ww

Nn{Xw 6.4

`q]-S-ß-fnse Zqcw Af∂v bYm¿∞ Zqcw IW-°m-°p∂ coXn

a\- n-em-bn-t√. C\n tKm]p-hns‚ bm{X-I-fn¬ Ah≥ ]n∂n´

Zqcw Is≠-Øm≥ {]bm-k-an-√t√m?

`q]-S-ß-fnse tXmXpt]mseXs∂ {][m-\-amWv AXnse

ZniIfpw. ZniIƒ Fßs\ Xncn-®-dn-bm-sa∂v t\m°mw.

`q]-S-ß-fnse Zni (Direction)

`q]-S-ß-fnse {][m\ LS-I-ß-fn-sem-∂mb Zni-I-sf-

°p-dn®v ap≥¢m- p-I-fn¬ \n∂pw \nßƒ a\- n-em-

°n-bn-´p-≠-t√m. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw

\nco£n-°q:

k¿tΔ Hm v C¥y

\ΩpsS cmPyØv `q]-S-ßƒ

\n¿Ωn-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]cn-tim-[n-

°p-∂-Xn\pw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-

°p∂-Xn -\pw Npa-X-e-s∏´

tI{μ-k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-

bmWv k¿tΔ Hm v C¥y.

Zni a\- n-em-°m-s\-fp-∏-Øn-

\mbn `q]-S-ß-f-n¬ NphsS

\¬In-bn-´p≈ Nn”-ßfpw

tN¿°m-dp-≠v:

kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-em-_nse C¥y˛cmjv{Sob `q]Sw

D]-tbm-Kn®v tIc-f-Øns‚ Xe-ÿm-\Øp \n∂pw

C¥y-bnse {][m\ \K-c-ß-fmb apwss_, U¬ln,

sNss∂, sIm¬°Ø F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te°v tdmUv

am¿K-ap≈ bYm¿Y Zqcw Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°q.

C¥y-bnse Nne \K-c-ßsfbmWv `q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 6.4)

kqNn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Cu \K-c-ß-fpsS ÿm\w Zn°p-I-fpsS

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1111111111



ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Is≠-Øm≥ {ian-°q. \nß-fpsS \nco-£-W-

ßƒ Xmsg \¬In-bn- p≈ ]ń-I-bn¬ (]ńI 6.1) tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

Zni \Kcw

hS°v $

sX°v $

Ing°v $

]Sn-™mdv $

hS°v˛Ing°v $

sX°v˛Ing°v $

hS°v˛]Sn-™mdv $

sX°v˛]Sn-™mdv $

]ńI 6.1

$ {io\-K¿

$ Pbv]q¿

$ eIv\u

$ sIm¬°Ø

$ ]\mPn

$ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw

$ hnim-J-]- Ww

Nn{Xw 6.5

Cu {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Zn°v Is≠-Øp-hm≥ _p≤n-ap-´-\p-`-h-s∏-

Sp-∂p--s≠-¶n¬ NphsS \¬In-bn´p≈Xpt]mse (Nn{Xw 6.5) q]S-

Øn¬ Znim-kq-N-I-ßƒ \¬In {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.

`q]-S-ß-fnse \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw

Hcp {]tZ-i-sØ-°p-dn®p≈ hnh-c-W-ßƒ {i≤n°q.

1500 ao‰¿ \ofhpw 1000 ao‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ {]tZ-i-w

90909090909090909090

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Cu {]tZ-i-Øns‚ hS-°n\pw hS°v ]Sn-™m-dn\pw CS-

bn¬ \n∂pw sX°v˛sX°vIng°v `mK-tØ°v Hcp ]pg

Hgp-Ip-∂p-≠v.

]pgbv°v IpdpsI ]Sn-™mdv \n∂pw Ing-t°m´v Hcp

tdmUpw tdmUn\v sXm´v hS°v CtXZni-bn¬ Hcp

sdbn¬∏mXbpw IS∂pt]mIp-∂p.

hS°v˛Ing°v `mKw s\¬∏m-S-ßƒ \nd-™-Xm-Wv. CXv

hS°v˛Ing°v aqe-bn¬\n∂v ]Sn-™mtdm´v 500 ao‰dpw

sXt°m v 400 ao‰dpw hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. s\¬∏m-S-Øn\pw

]pgbv°pw CS-bn¬ s\¬∏m-S-ß-tfmSpt®¿∂v hS°v

\n∂pw 200 ao‰¿ sX°pamdn Hcp Aº-ehpw Aº-e-Øn\v

sXm v sX°mbn Hcp Ipf-hp-ap-≠v.

sX°p]Sn-™mdv `mKw h\-{]-tZ-i-amWv. CXv sX°p]Sn-

™mdv aqe-bn¬\n∂pw 450 ao‰¿ Ing-t°m´pw 400 ao‰¿

hS-t°m´pw hym]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. {]tZ-i-Øns‚ sX°v

\n∂pw hS-t°m v 150 ao‰¿ amdn h\-{]-tZ-i-tØmSv tN¿∂v

Hcp tIm´ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

Ing°n\pw sX°pIng-°n\pw CS-bn¬ ]pg-tbmSv tN¿∂v

]m¿∏n-S-ßfpw tdmUn-t\mSv tN¿∂v t]meokv tÃj≥,

t]mÃv Hm^okv F∂nhbpw ÿnXn sNøp-∂p.

Cu hnh-c-W-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n aq∂v hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ Xøm-

dm-°nb Nn{X-ß-fmWv NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv (Nn{Xw 6.6).

Nn{Xw 6.6

Nn{Xw kn

Nn{Xw F Nn{Xw _n

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1111111111



hnh-c-W-ß-fnse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn®t∏mƒ aq∂v t]cpw

hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb \nd-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ß-fp-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. CXp-t]mse Htc khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°v Hmtcm cmPy-ßfpw

hyXykvX \nd-ß-fpw Nn”ßfpamWv `q]-S-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-

°p-∂sX¶n¬ `q]S-hmb\ km[y-am-hp-I-bn-√t√m? `q]-S-ßƒ

\n¿Ωn-°p-tºmƒ BtKm-f-X-e-Øn¬ AwKo-I-cn® \nd-ßfpw

Nn”-ß-fpw D]-tbmKn-°p-∂-Xv C°m-c-W-Øm-emWv.

NphsS \¬In -bn -cn -°p∂ ]ń -I - (]ń -I 6.2)

hni-Ie\w sNbvXv `q]-S-ß-fnse Nne AwKo-IrX \nd-

ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sq:

\nd-ß-fpw Nn”ßfpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

]® ss\k¿KnI kky-Pm-e-ßƒ

a™ Irjn-bn-S-ßƒ

Nph∏v ]m¿∏n-S-ßƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ

Idp∏v Xoh-≠n-∏mX, A£mw-i-tc-J-Iƒ,

tcJmw-i-tc-J-Iƒ, sSe-nt^m¨ sse≥

\oe Pem-i-b-ßƒ

Xhn´v ]md-°q- -ßƒ, aW¬Iq-\-Iƒ, Ip∂p-Iƒ

Smdn- -tdmUv

Xoh-≠n-∏mX

Acphn

\Zn

{InkvXy≥ ]≈n

t£{Xw

ap…nw -]≈n

]m¿∏n-S-ßƒ

PO t]mtÃm-ôkv

InW¿

PS t]meokv tÃj≥

tIm´

]mew

Ipfw

Ipg¬°n-W¿

ih-∏-dºv

]ńI 6.2

90909090909090909090

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ap≥]v kqNn-∏n® hnh-c-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n C\n

\nßƒ Hcp Nn{Xo-I-cWw \SØn t\m°q. CXn-\mbn

AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-a-t√m.

NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.7) {i≤n-°q. hnh-c-W-

ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n `q]-S-ß-fnse AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw

Nn”-ßfpw Dƒs∏-SpØn Xbm-dm-°n-bXm-Wn-Xv. hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ

Xbm-dm-°nb Nn{X-ß-fp-ambn (Nn{X-ßƒ F,-_n,-kn) CXns\ Xmc-

Xayw sNøq. Fs¥√mw hyXy-mkß-fmWv \nßƒ°v ImWm≥

Ign-bp∂Xv?

CXp-t]mse tXmXv, Zni, AwKo-IrX \nd-

ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw F∂nh Dƒs∏-SpØn

\nß-fpsS kvIqƒ tImºu-≠ns‚ Hcp

`q]Sw Xbm-dm-°mw. tImºu-≠ns‚

\ofw, hoXn, AXn -\p -≈n -se

`uXnI˛kmwkvIm-cnI khn-ti-j-X-

IfpsS ÿm\w F∂nh Is≠-Øp-∂-

Xn\v ao‰¿ tS∏v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. hS-°p-

t\m-°n-b{¥w (Magnetic Compass) D]-

tbm-Kn®v Zni-Ifpw Is≠-Øp-at√m?

tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ß-ƒ Dƒs∏-SpØn

`q]-Sw Xøm-dm°n ¢m n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.

NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 6.8) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v DØcw Is≠-Øq. DØ-c-ßƒ

t{ImUo-I-cn®v `q]-S-hm-b\m dnt∏m¿ v Xbm-dm-°q.

`q]-S-Øns‚ tXmXv F¥v?

{]tZ-i-Øns‚ GsX√mw ZniI-fn-

emWv Bcm-[ -\m -e -b -ßƒ

(tamkvIv, t£{Xw, {InkvXy≥]-

≈n) ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv?

Bcy -bpsS ho´n¬\n∂pw

t£{XØntebv°v F{X Zqc-am-

Wp-≈-Xv?

{InkvXy≥ ]≈n-bn¬\n∂pw ih-

∏-d-ºn-te°v FØn-t®-cm≥ F{X

Zqcw k©-cn-°Ww?

Bcy-bpsS

hoSv

tXmXv ˛ 1 sk‚o-ao-‰-dn\v 1 In.ao. Nn{Xw 6.8

tXmXv ˛ 1 sk‚o-ao-‰-dn\v 1 In.ao. Nn{Xw 6.7

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1111111111



AºeØns‚ GXv Zni-bn-em-Wv Ipfw ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv?

hSt° A‰w apX¬ ]mew-hsc I\m-en\v F{X Zqc-am-Wp-

≈Xv?

h\-{]-tZ-ihpw Irjn-bn-Shpw GsX√mw ZniI-fn-embn

hym]n-®n-cn-°p∂p?

Irjn-bn-S-Øns‚ ]Sn-™mdv `mK-Øp-IqsS Hgp-Ip∂

Acphn-bpsS \of-sa-{X-bmWv?

CXp-t]mse \nßƒ°v e`n-°p∂ hnhn[ `q]-S-ßƒ hmbn®v

hkvXp-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-at√m

hyXykvX Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn hnhn-[-ß-fmb `q]-S-ß-

fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

D]-tbm-K-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ `q]-S-ßsf `uXnI

`q]-S-ß-sf∂pw kmwkvIm-cnI `q]-S-ß-sf∂pw Xcw-Xn-

cn°mw.

sNdn-b-tXmXv `q]-S-ßƒ, hen-b-tXmXv `q]-S-ßƒ

F∂nßs\ tXmXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-¬ `q]-S-ßsf

h¿§oI-cn-°mw.

{]kvXm-h-\-co-Xn, n∂-I-co-Xn, tcJm-coXn F∂o aq∂v coXn-

I-fn¬ `q]-S-ß-fn¬ tXmXp-Iƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

`q]-S-ß-fnse tXmXv D]-tbm-Kn®v bYm¿∞ ÿe-ßƒ

XΩn-ep≈ AIew Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw.

Znim-kq-N-I-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v `q]-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw bYm¿Y

Zni-Iƒ Is≠-Ømw.

`q]-S-ß-fn¬ AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”ßfpamWv D]-

tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

tXmXv , Zni, AwKo -IrX \nd -ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw

F∂nhsb°p-dn®v a\- n-em-°n-bm¬ `q]-S-hmb\

km[yamIpw.

90909090909090909090

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`q]-S-ßsf D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn®v

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

tXmXv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn q]-S-Zq-c-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb

bYm¿Y Zqcw IW-°m-°p-∂p.

Znim-kq-NIßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-ß-fnse icn-

bmb ZniIƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn®v q]-S-ßƒ

Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

`q]-S -ß-fnse Ah-iy-L-S -I-ß-fmb tXmXv, Zni,

AwKoIrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-ßfpw F∂nh D]-tbm-Kn®v

`q]-Shmb\ \SØn p]-S-hm-b-\m-dn-t∏m¿ v Xbm-dm-°p-∂p.

C‚¿s\-‰n¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb `q]-S-ß-fpsS Nn{X-

ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Ahsb D]-tbm-K-Øn-s‚bpw tXmXn-

s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ th¿Xn-cn®v ^vtfmNm¿´v

Xbmdm°n ¢m n¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.

h¿Ko-I-cWw`q]-S-hm-b\˛A\n-hm-cy-L-S-I-ßƒ

`q]-S-ßƒ

{]kvXmh\mcoXn

tcJm-coXn

tXmXns‚ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

D≈-S-°-Øns‚ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

tXmXv ZniAwKo-IrX\nd-ßfpwNn”-ßfpw

`n∂-I-coXn

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1111111111



kvIqƒ

_m_phns‚hoSv

Zo]phns‚ hoSv

cmPphns‚ hoSv

tXmXv ˛ 1 sk‚o-ao-‰-dn\v 2 In.ao.

\¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ q]-SsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ tNmZy-

ßƒ°v DØcw Is≠-Øp-I.

$ cmPp-hns‚ hoń¬\n∂pw GXv Zni-bn¬ k©-cn-®m-

emWv t]mÃv Hmô-kn¬ FØp-∂-Xv?

$ GsX√mw Zni-IfneqsS k©-cn-®m-emWv Zo]p-hns‚

hoń¬\n∂pw _m_p-hns‚ hoń¬ FØn-t®-cp-I?

$ t]mÃv-Hm- okv apX¬ t]meokv tÃj≥ hsc-bp≈

Zqc-sa{X?

$ kvIqfns‚ GXv Zni-bn-emWv t]meokv tÃj≥

ÿnXn sNøp-∂Xv?

NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ `q]-S-ßsf A\p-tbm-Py-amb

coXn-bn¬ Xcw-Xn-cn®v ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°pI:

$ Zn\m-h-ÿm-`q-]Sw $ IU-kv{S¬ `q]Sw

$ Ncn-{X-`q-]Sw $ Npa¿`q-]Sw

$ [cm-X-eob `q]Sw $ aÆv `q]Sw

$ Im¿jn-I-`q-]Sw $ A‰vekv `q]Sw

90909090909090909090

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Hcp `p]-S-Ønse c≠v ÿe-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Zqcw Af∂

t∏mƒ 2.5 sk.ao. e`n-®p. B q]-S-Øns‚ tXmXv 1 sk‚o-

ao-‰-dn\v 50 In.ao. BsW-¶n¬ bYm¿Y ÿe-ßƒ XΩn¬

F{X Zqc-am-bn-cn°pw?

NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ AwKo-Ir-X-Nn-”-ßƒ GsX√mw

`qk-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-bmWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNøp-∂p-sh∂v

Is≠Øn Fgp-Xp-I:

`uXn-I- kmwkvIm-cnI hen-b-tXmXv sNdn-b-tXmXv`q-]-S-ßƒ `q]-S-ßƒ `q]-S-ßƒ `q]-S-ßƒ

AwKoIrXNn”-ßƒ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

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1111111111




≠Xp≠v

`q]-S-ßsf D≈-S-°-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ h¿Ko-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-w.

tXmXv D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-Ønse

Zqc-Øn\v B\p-]m-Xn-I-amb bYm¿Y

Zqcw Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-w.

hen-b-tXmXv `q]-S-ßfpw sNdn-b-tXmXv

`q]-S-ßfpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

Znim-kq-N-I-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn

`q]S-ß-fnse bYm¿Y ZniIƒ IW-°m-

°m≥ Ign-bpw.

AwKo-IrX \nd-ß-fpw Nn”-ßfpw

D]tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-ßƒ Xbm-dm-

°m≥ Ign-bpw.

tXmXv, Zni, AwKo-IrX \nd-ßfpw Nn”-

ßfpw F∂nh D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-

hm-b\ Imcy-£-a-ambn \n¿h-ln-°m≥

Ign-bpw.

`q]-S-]-T\w, `qhn-h-c-ßƒ a\-kn-em-°p-∂-

Xn\pw Ah-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-

≠psIm≠v {]Ir-Xn-bn¬ CS-s]-Sp-∂-Xn\v

A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂pw t_m[y-am-bn.

Nn{Xw t\m°q.... GsX√mw -{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-emWv Bfp-Iƒ G¿s∏-

´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv?

Irjn {Sm^nIv t]meo-kns‚ tkh\w

........................ ........................................................

km

\ΩpsS Bh-iy-ß-sf-°p-dn®v \nßƒ Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? Bh-iy-

ßƒ Hmtcm∂pw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-tºm-tg°pw ASpØ Bhiyw

IS∂p-h-cpw. a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈

km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw e`y-am-°p∂ {]{In-b-bmWv D¬∏m-Z-

\-sa∂v ap≥ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®n- p-≠-t√m.

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

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1111111111

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ108


ChnsS Irjn, ^mIvSdn sXmgn¬ F∂nh km[-\-ßƒ D¬∏m-Zn-

∏n-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw {Sm^nIv t]meokv, tUmIvS¿ F∂n-

h-cp-tSXv tkh-\-ß-fp-am-Wv. Ch-sb√mw D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚

`mKambn IW-°m-°p∂p.

D¬∏m-Z-\-{]-{In-b°v Bh-iy-amb `qan, sXmgn¬, aqe-[-\w,

kwLmS\w F∂o LS-I-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Ahbv°v e`n-°p∂ {]Xn-

-e-sØ-∏-‰nbpw \nßƒ ap≥¢m- p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-®Xv Hm¿°p-at√m.

Dev]m-Z-\-L-S-I-ßƒ°v Ah-bpsS ]¶n\v A\p-k-cn-®mWv

{]Xn^ew hnX-cWw (Distribution) sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v

hnX-cWw kº-Zvhy-h-ÿ-bn¬ {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂ H∂m-Wv.

\oXn-]q¿Δ-amb hnX-cWw kmº-ØnIhnI-k-\sØ Xzcn-X-

s∏SpØpw.

a\p-jy≥ Xs‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv km[-\-ß-fp-

sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-t`m-K- (Consumption) Øn-eq-sS-bmWv.

D¬∏m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂-Xp-aqew e`n-°p∂ {]Xn- e-

amWv D]-t`m-K-Øn\pth≠n sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ D¬∏m-

Z\w, hnX-cWw, D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-t`mKw

F∂nh ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p.

hnhn[ kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D¬∏m-Z\w, hnX-c-Ww,

D]t`mKw F∂nhbpw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°p∂ imkv{X-im-J-bmWv

kmº-Øn-I-imkv{Xw. cmPysØ kmº-ØnI Xocp-am-\ßƒ cq]-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ kºZvLS\bnse ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-ßƒ hni-

I-e\w sNøp-∂Xv klm-b-I-c-am-Wv. Cu ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-ßƒ

GsX-√m-am-sW∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

kºZvLS\bnse ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-ßƒ

hcp-Wns‚ kvIqƒ hf-∏nse Htc-°¿ `qan-bn¬ F¥v sNøWw

F∂p≈ N¿®-bm-bn-cp∂p kvIqfn¬. hnhn[ Bh-i-y-ßƒ

Db¿∂phs∂-¶nepw B ÿ-eØv Irjn sNøpI F∂ Bi-b-

Øn-\mWv IqSp-X¬ kzo-Im-c-yX e`n-®-Xv. hmg-°rjn, s\¬°rjn

F∂o \n¿t±-i-ßƒ N¿® sNø-s∏-s´-¶nepw ]®-°-dn-°rjn

\SØm-\mWv Ah-km\w Xocp-am-\n-®-Xv.

]®-°-dn-bpsS h¿≤n®phcp∂ hnesbbpw a‰n-S-ß-fn¬\n∂p

hcp∂ hnj-abamb ]®-°-dnsbbpw Ipdn®v Btem-Nn-®-t∏mƒ

B {Kma-Øn-\m-h-i-y-amb ]®-°-dn-bpsS sNdnb Hcp mK-sa-¶nepw

D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ Ah-kcw e`n® kt¥m-j-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p

hcpWpw Iq´p-Imcpw.

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kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ 109


F{X-ÿ-eØv ]®-°-dn-°rjn

\S-ØWw? GsX√mw ]®-°-dn-

Iƒ Irjn-sNømw? GXv coXn-bn-

ep≈ Irjn-bmWv \S-tØ-≠-Xv?

Fß-s\-bmWv Ah ]cn-]m-en-

t°-≠Xv? B¿s°√mw

{]tbmP\-s∏Spw? F∂n-h -

bpƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hni-Z-amb

]≤Xn Xbm-dm-°m-\p≈ Npa-Xe

hcp¨ Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ N¿®-Iƒ \nß-fpsS ho´nepw/hnZ-ym-

ebØnepw \S-°m-dn-t√?

kmº-Øn-I- im-kv{X-Ønse ASn-ÿm-\ -{]-iv\-ßƒ Xs∂-bmWv

apI-fn¬ \¬Inb DZm-l-c-W-Øn-eqsS N¿® sNøs∏- -Xv. kaqlw

GsXmcp kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø\w \S-Øp-tºmgpw kzm-`m-hn-I-

ambn Db-tc≠ aq∂v {][m-\-s∏´ tNmZy-ß-fmWv:

F¥mWv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xv? F{X Af-hn¬?

Fßs\ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°mw?

B¿°pth≠n? F∂nh

Cu tNmZ-y-ßƒ°p≈ DØ-c-amWv kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚

{]k‡n \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.

F¥mWv Dev∏m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠Xv? F{X Af-hn¬?

hn -h-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-am-bXn\m¬ e -y-amb hn -h-ßƒ D]tbmKn®v

kaql-Øn\v KpW-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ F¥v D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°Ww

F∂Xv G‰hpw {]-[m\-am-Wv. apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® N¿®-bn¬

Ht´sd Bh-i-y-ßƒ Db¿∂phs∂-¶nepw ap≥K-W-\m-Sn-ÿm-\-

Øn¬ G‰hpw Ah-i-y-ambn tXm∂n-bXv ]®-°dn°rjn-bm-bXp-

sIm-≠mWv Ah¿ AØ-c-Øn-semcp Xocp-am-\-Øn-se-Øn-b-Xv.

F¥v D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°Ww F∂v Xocp-am-\n-®m¬ AsX{Xam{Xw Af-

hn¬ thWw F∂Xpw {]k‡-am-Wv. CXp-t]mse ]pXnb hy-h-

kmbnI DXv∏-∂-ßƒ \n¿an-°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®m¬, GsX√mw hy-

h-km-b-ß-fmWv XpS-tß-≠Xv, F{X bqWn-‰p-Iƒ Bcw- n-°Ww

F∂Xpw Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wt√m.

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1111111111



`£-Ww, ]m¿∏n-Sw, hkv{Xw, Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ, kvIqfp-Iƒ F∂nh

D≠m-tI-≠Xv kaq-lØns‚ Bh-iy-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®m-Wv. kaql-

Øns‚ Bh-i-yhpw Dev]∂-Øns‚ Afhpw XΩn¬ Hcp k¥p-

en-Xm-hÿ ]men-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.

Fßs\ Dev]m-Zn-∏n°mw?

F¥mWv Dev]m-Zn-∏n-t°-≠Xv, AsX-{X-am{Xw F∂Xv Xocp-am-\n°-

s∏-´m¬ AsX-ßs\ F∂ c≠m-asØ {]k‡-amb tNmZyw

Db¿∂p-h-cpw. CXv Dev]m-Z-\-co-Xnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

kaq-l-Øn¬ e`-y-amb

hn`h-ßsfbpw kmt¶-

X n - I - h n - Z y - s b b p w

ASnÿm-\-s∏-Sp -Øn-

bmWv Fßs\ Dev]m-

Zn-∏n°mw F∂v Xocp-am-

\n-t°-≠-Xv. DZm-l-c-W-

Øn\v \ne-sam-cp-°¬,

hnØphn-X-bv°¬, If-

] -dn -°¬, hf-an -S¬,

sImbvØv, saXn-°¬

XpS -ßnb Im¿jnI

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sXmgn-

em -fn -Isf D]-tbm -

Knt®m B[p-\nI

Im¿jnI D]-I-c-W-ßƒ D]-tbm-Knt®m \S-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

CXn¬ GXp am¿K-amWv kzoI-cn-t°-≠Xv F∂v B {]tZ-i-

Ønse e`y-amb hn`-hßsf ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp -Øn-bmWv

Xocp-am\n-°p-∂-Xv.

hn`-h-ß-fpsS e`y-X-bv°-\p-k-cn®v Devv]m-Z-\-Øns‚ coXn-bn¬

hyXy--kvXX D≠m-Im-dp-≠v.

\nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØv tkh-\-ta-Je-bntem (ServiceSector) hyh-kmb taJ-e-bntem (Industrial Sector) \S°p∂

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ {]tZ-iØv e`y-amb hn -h-ßsf ASn-ÿm-

\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°q.

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kmº-ØnIimkv{X-]-T\w tIhew kº-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w

am{X-a-√, a\p-jy-s\-°p-dn®pw kaq-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ ]T\w

IqSn-bm-Wv. hnhn[ Ime-L- -ß-fn¬ kmº-ØnI Nn¥-I-∑m-cpsS

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ Cu imkv{XimJ-bpsS hf¿®bv°v klm-b-I-c-

am-bn-´p-≠v.

B[p-\nI kmº-ØnIimkv{X-Øns‚ ]nXmhv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂

BUw -kvanØv (1723 ˛ 1790) Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Ht´sd {]apJ

]m›mXy kmº-ØnI Nn¥-I-∑m¿ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øn\v

hyXykvX Bi-b-ßƒ kw`m-h\ \¬Inbn-´p-≠v. Ch-cn¬

{]apJcpsS Bi-b-ßƒ \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.-

B¿°p-th≠n Dev]m-Zn-∏n°mw?

kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂-Xn\pth≠n-bm-IWw

D¬]m-Z\w \S-tØ-≠-Xv.

a\p-j-ys‚ Bh-i-y-ßƒ ]cn-an-X-a-√. Hmtcm Bh-i-yhpw \nd-thdp-

tºm-tg°pw ]pXnb Bh-i-y-ßƒ IS-∂p-h-cpw. F∂m¬ F√m

Bh-i-y-ßfpw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ hn -h-ßƒ \ap-°v D≠m-bn-

s°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. -AXn-\m¬ Cu Bh-i-y-ß-fpsS ap≥KW\

\n›-bn-t°≠Xv A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

kaq-l-Øn¬ ]c-am-h[nt]¿°v KpWw e`n-°p∂ Xc-Øn-emhWw

D¬v]mZ\ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bkq-{XWw sNtø-≠-Xv.

D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hcp-am\w Fßs\ hnX-cWw sNø-

s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xpw {][m\-am-Wv.

apX¬ap-S-°ns‚ ]eni, kwLm-S-Is‚ em`w, sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS

thX\w, `qan-bpsS hmS-I (-]m-´w) F∂n-h-bv°mbn hcp-am\w

hnXcWw sNøp-∂p.

D¬]m-Z-\w, hnX-c-Ww, D]-t`mKw F∂n-ßs\ hnhn[

kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Fßs\ ASn-ÿm\

kmºØnI {]iv\-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p-sa∂v

N¿® sNbvXv Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

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1111111111



hyh-kmbhnπ-h-Øns‚ ^e-ambn ]pXnb hy-h-km-b-im-e-Ifpw

sXmgnemfn-I-fp-sS Iq´m-bva-Ifpw D≠mbn. kmt¶XnI hnZ-ybnepw

D¬∏m-Z\ {]{In-b-bnepw am‰-ß-fp-≠mbn. CXmWv Imƒam¿Ivkv

F∂ kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-⁄s‚ Bi-b-ßƒ cq]-s∏-Sp-hm\p-

≠mb kml-Ncyw.

D¬∏m-Z-\-{]-{In-b-bn¬ sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS ]¶m-fn-Ø-Øn\mWv

am¿Ivkv {]m[m-\yw \¬InbXv. Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w

sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS A[zm-\-am-Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS A[zm-\-

Øns‚ {]Xn- -e-amWv Dev]-∂-Øns‚ hne. F∂m¬ CXns‚

Hcp `mKw am{Xw sXmgn-em-fn°p {]Xn-^-e-ambn \¬Ip-Ibpw

_m°n knwl- m-Khpw apX-emfn em -am°n am‰p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

CXns\ an®aqeyw (Surplus value) F∂v Imƒ am¿Ivkv hnti-jn-

∏n-®p. D≈-h\pw C√m-Ø-h-\pw XΩn-ep≈ hy-X-ym-k-ß-fn-√mØ

kaqlw Bbn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ kz]v\w. aqe-[\w F∂ IrXn-

bn-eq-sS-bmWv am¿Ivkv Xs‚ Bi-b-ßƒ {]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv.

Imƒ am¿Ivkn-s\-Øp-S¿∂v kmº-ØnIimkv{X taJ-e-bn¬

\qX\-amb \nc-h[n kn≤m-¥-ßƒ B¬{^-Uv am¿j¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. kºØv BX-y-¥n-I-ambn a\p-j-ys‚ t£a-Øn\p

hy-‡n-I-fpsS kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Kh¨sa‚ v

CS-s]-tS-≠-Xpt≠m?

¢m n¬ N¿®sNøq. N¿®-bneq-sS cq]-s∏-Sp∂ Bi-b-

ßƒ \nß-fpsS t\m´p-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Imƒ am¿Ivkv

(1818˛1883)

BUw- kvanØv

(1723˛1790)

kmº-Øn-I-imkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øn\v hy‡-amb ASn-Ø-d \¬Inb kmº-

Øn-I-im-kv{X-⁄-\mWv BUw- kvan-Øv. "t\®¿ B≥Uv

tImkkv Hm v Z sh¬Øv Hm v t\j≥kv' (Nature and Causesof the Wealth of Nations) F∂ {]ikvX {KŸ-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv

At±lw Xs‚ kmº-Øn-Im-i-b-ßƒ ]¶p-h-®Xv. kº-Øn-s\-

°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-amWv kmº-Øn-I-imkv{Xw F∂v At±lw

]d™p. kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Kh¨sa‚ns‚ CS-s]-

S¬ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa∂pw hy-‡n-k-zm-X-{¥-y-Øn\v IqSp-X¬

{]m[m-\yw \¬I-W-sa-∂pap≈ Bi-b-amWv BUw- kvanØv

apt∂m´ph®-Xv. CXv setks -b¿ (Laissez faire theory) kn≤m¥w

F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

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th≠n-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw a\p-

j-y-t£-a-Øn\p {]m[m-\yw \¬Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cn -°-W-sa∂pw

At±lØns‚ "kmº-Øn-I-imkv{X XXz-ßƒ' (Principles ofEconomics) F∂ ]pkvX-I-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ XpS-°-Øn¬ temIP\-kw-Jy 160 tImSn-

bm-bn-cp∂p. P\-kwJy A\p-Zn\w h¿[n®ph∂p.

$ C{Xbpw P\-ßƒ°m-h-i-y-amb hn`-h-ßƒ Dev]m-Zn-∏n-

°m≥ \ap°p Ign-bp-∂pt≠m?

$ ]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-ßƒ Fß-s\-bmWv ê-{]-Z-ambn

D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv?

CØcw tNmZy-ß-fmWv eb-W¬ tdm_n≥kv F∂ {_nójv

kmº-ØnIimkv{X-⁄s\ h¿≤n® Bh-iy-ßfpw ]cn-an-X-amb

hn`hßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-w F∂ hnjbØn-te°p \bn®Xv.

]cn-an-X-amb hn`-h-ßƒ ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn°-m≥ \ΩpsS

Bh-iy-ßƒ°v ap≥K-W\ \n›-bn-t°-≠-Xm-sW∂v eb-W¬

tdm_n≥kv hy-‡-am°n.

Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn-emWv Ata-cn-°≥ kmº ØnI

imkv{X-⁄-\mb t]mƒ F. kmap-h¬k¨ kmº-ØnI

imkv{XtaJ-e-bn¬ ]pXnb Bi-b-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv. Hcp

cmP-y-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI `{ZX, anI® kmº-ØnImkq-{X-W-Øn-

s‚bpw icn-bmb hn`-h-hn-\n-tbmK-Øns‚bpw ê-am-sW∂v

kmap-h¬k¨ ]d-™p.

{]ikvX ]m›m-X-y- Nn-¥-I-∑msc ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-t√m. C\n Cu

]ńI ]qcn-∏n-°m≥ {ian-°p:

eb-W¬ tdm_n≥kv

(1898˛1984)

t]mƒ F. kmap-h¬k¨

(1915˛2009)

Nn¥-I-∑m¿ ASn-ÿm-\ -B-ibw

BUw- kvanØv kº-Øn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w

sXmgn-em-fn-Iƒ°v {]m[m-\yw

B¬{Ûv am¿j¬

AXn-cn-√mØ Bh-i-y-ßfpw

]cn-an-X-amb hn -h-ßfpw

t]mƒ F.kmap-h¬k¨

B¬{Ûv am¿j¬

(1842˛1924)

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1111111111



kmº-ØnIimkv{X-cw-KØv C¥y Ht´sd kw`m-h-\Iƒ \¬IpI-

bp-≠m-bn.

C¥-y-bpsS kmº-ØnI imkv{XBibßƒ°v auc-y-km-{amPy-

tØmfw ]g-°-ap-≠v. N{μ-Kp]vX auc-ys‚ apJy D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-

bn-cp∂ NmW-I-ys‚ A¿∞-im-kv{X-w F∂ {KŸw C¥-y-bpsS

kmº-ØnIimkv{X kn≤m-¥-ßfn¬ {][m-\-amWv. ê-{]-Z-amb

kmº-ØnI {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS A`mhw Hcp cmPysØ \mi-

Øn-te°v \bn-°p-∂p. cmPy-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI ]ptcm-K-Xn°v

icn-bmb \b-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw NmWI-y≥ FSpØp ]d-™p.

CØcw \b-ß-fn-eqsS k¿°m-cn\v hcp-am-\-\jvSw XS-bm≥ Ignbp-

∂-Xm-Wv. aK-[sb∂ cmPysØ Hcp kmº-ØnI i‡n-bm°n

am‰nb-Xn¬ NmW-Iys‚ ]¶v hfsc hep-Xm-bncp-∂p.

{_nójv C¥-y-bnse Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kmºØnI imkv{X hnZKv[-

\m-bn-cp∂p ZmZm- mbv \h-tdm-Pn. C¥-y-bpsS kºØv tNm¿Øn-

sbSp-°p∂XmWv {_nójv `c-W-sa∂pw, CXv C¥-ysb Zmcn-{Z-y-

Øn-te°pw kmº-ØnI XI¿®-bn-te°pw \bn®psh∂pw

At±lw Nq≠n-°m- n. CXv "tNm¿®m kn≤m-¥w' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂p. kº-Øns‚ tNm¿®°p≈ {][m\ Imc-W-ßƒ Ch-bm-bn-

cp-∂p:

$ C¥y-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXn-cp∂ {_nójv DtZym-K-ÿ¿°v

Db¿∂ iºfw \¬I¬.

$ C¥ybnse Akw-kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°ƒ Xp—-amb hne

\¬In tiJ-cn®v AXp-sIm-≠p-≠m-°nb D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

IqSnb hnebv°v C¥y≥ Itºm-f-Øn¬ Xs∂ hn‰-gn-°¬.

$ {_n´s‚ km{am-PyXzhnI-k-\-Øn-\p-th≠n C¥y≥

kºØv sIm≈-b-Sn-°¬.

$ C¥y≥ sXmgn-em-fn-Isf ASn-a-I-sf-t∏mse ]Wn-sb-Sp-

∏n-°p-Ibpw Im¿jn-I, hymh-km-bnI D¬∏-∂-ßƒ

{_n´\n-te°v Ib-‰n-b-bv-°pIbpw sNø¬.

{_oójv Nqj-WsØ kw_-‘n®v ctaiv N{μ-Z-Øv F∂

kmºØn-I-im-kv{X-Im-cs‚ ]T-\hpw kmº-ØnI imkv{X

Nn¥-Iƒ°v -Icp-tØ-In. {_nójv Nqj-Whpw ]Sn-™m-d≥

NmW-Iy≥

(_n.kn. 370 ˛ 283)

ZmZm- mbv \h-tdmPn

(1825˛1917)

kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ Bibß-fn¬ Hmtcm Ime-L- -Ønepw

h∂-am‰w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-I.

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C¥y-°m-hiyw aqe-[\w GXm\pw t]cn¬ tI{μo-I-cn-°-

e-√, 1900 ssa¬ \ofhpw 1500 ssa¬ hoXn-bp-ap≈ Cu

`qJ-fi-Ønse Gg-c-e£w {Kma-ßƒ°v Ffp-∏-Øn¬

e`n-°m-\m-hp∂ hn[-Øn¬ hnX-cWw sNø-em-Wv.

˛ alm-fl-m Km‘n

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ {i≤n-®t√m

CXn-t\m-Sp≈ \nß-fpsS {]Xn-I-c-W-sa-¥mWv?

t\m´v-_p-°n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.

ZmZm -`mbv \h-tdm -Pn -b v°ptijw

C¥ybpsS kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øn\v

X\-Xmb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬In-bXv

\ΩpsS cmjv{S-]n-Xm-hmb alm-flm-

Km‘n-bm-bn-cp -∂p. Km‘n-Pn -bpsS

BZy ]pkvX-I-amb lnμv kz-cm-Pn¬

(1909) Xs∂-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚

kmº-ØnI imkv{Xm-i-b-ß-fpsS XpS-

°-hpw. Km‘n-Pn-bpsS Bi-b-ßƒ

{Kma o -W -k -ºZ vhy -h -ÿb v°pw

[m¿ΩnI aqe-y-ßƒ°pw {]m[m-\yw

\¬Ip-∂-h-bm-bn -cp -∂p. alm-flm-

Km-‘n-bpsS "{SÃo-jn∏v' F∂ al-

Ømb Bibw kº-Zvim-kv{X-cw-KØv

]pXnb Nn¥-Iƒ°v hgn-sX-fn -®p.

kXy-Ønepw Alnw-k-bnepw A[n-

jvTn-X-amb Hcp kºZv hyh-ÿ-bmWv

{SÃo-jn∏v F∂-Xn-eqsS Km‘nPn

e£y-an- -Xv.

{SÃo-jn∏v (Trusteeship)alm-flm-Km-‘n-bpsS {SÃo-jn∏v F∂ Bi-b-

Øns‚ {][m\ D≈-S°w Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]Im-c-

amWv.

$ apX-emfn X\n-°p-am-{X-am-bp≈ DS-a-ÿm-h-

Imiw ]cn-Xy-Pn-°p-Ibpw kºØv ssIhiw

h®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂Xv P\-ß-fpsS Hcp {SÃn

F∂ \ne-bn-em-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-°p-Ibpw

sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.

$ Hcp {SÃn°v s]mXp-P-\-ß-f-√msX thsd

A\¥-cm-h-Im-in-Ifn√.

$ Dev]m-Z-\-Øns‚ kz`mhw \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv

hy‡n-I-fpsS lnXtam AXym{Kltam A\pk-

cn-®√, kaq-l-Øns‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ A\p-k-

cn®m-Wv.

$ am\y-ambn Pohn-°m≥ DX-Ip∂ Ipd™

thX\w \n›-bn-°p-hm≥ \n¿tZ-in-®n- p-≈-Xp-

t]mse kaq-l-Ønse GsX-¶n -ep -samcp

hy‡n°v A\p-h-Zn-°m-hp∂ G‰hpw IqSnb

thX-\-Øn\pw ]cn[n I¬∏n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

\mK-cn-I-Xbpw Fßs\ C¥-ysb XI¿Øp-sh∂v kmº-Øn-I-

im-kv{X-]-T-\-ß-fn-eqsS ZØv hy-‡-am-°p∂p.

Km‘nPnbpw kmº-ØnIimkv{Xhpw

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1111111111



At±-l-Øns‚ kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Nn -¥-Isf Cßs\

t{ImUoI-cn-°mw.

$ Im¿jn-I- {KmaoW hyh-ÿbv°v {]m[m-\yw.

$ IpSn¬˛sNdp-InS hy-h-kmbßƒ°v ]cn-K-W\.

$ ka-X-z-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d® kºZvhy-h-ÿ-bpsS cq]o-IcWw

$ kzbw]c-ym-]vXhpw kzm-{i-b-hp-amb {]mtZinI kºZv hy-

h-ÿ.

Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kmº-ØnImi-b-ßfm¬ kzm-[o\n-°s∏´ {]apJ

kmº-ØnI imkv-{X-⁄-≥amcmWv sP. kn. Ipa-c∏, {ioa≥

\mcm-b¨, [cw-]m¬ XpS-ßn-bh¿. Im¿jnI taJ-ebv°pw

sNdpInS hy-h-km-b-ßƒ°pw ap≥K-W- -\¬Ip∂ hnI-k-\-amWv

kz-X{¥ C¥y kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-sX∂ Bi-b-amWvv Ch¿ apt∂m´p

h®-Xv.

1998˛¬ t\m_¬ kΩm\w e`n® C¥y≥ kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-

⁄-\mWv Aa¿Xym-sk≥. a\p-jy-t£-aw, kmº-ØnI Ak-

aXzw, hnIk\w F∂o hnj-b-ß-sf-°p-dn®v At±lw cNn-® {KŸ-

ßƒ temI-km-º-Øn-I-imkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ°v apX¬°q- m-bn.

Zmcn{ZytcJ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xnse A]m-IX Aa¿Xymsk≥

Nq≠n-°m- n. Zmcn-{Zyw, Ak-a-Xzw, £maw XpS-ßn-b-h-bv°mWv Xs‚

]T\ßfn¬ At±lw {]m[m\yw \¬In-b-Xv.

kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ hf¿®-bnse hnhn-[- L- -ßfn¬ {][m\

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb {]ap-J C¥y≥ kmºØnI

Nn¥Isc°pdn®mWv \Ωƒ a\kn-em-°n-b-Xv. CØcw kmaq-ly-Nn-

¥-Iƒ cmPysØ kmº-ØnI \b-cq-]o-I-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-

∂p-≠v.

Aa¿Xym-sk≥

(1933˛)

C¥y-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-cw-KØv hy‡n-ap{Z

]Xn∏n® {]ikvX hy‡n-Isf ]cn-N-b-s∏- -t√m. Ch-

sc-t∏mse kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øn\v kw`m-h-\-Iƒ

\¬Inb a‰p hy‡n-Isf Is≠Øn ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.

C‚¿s\‰v klmbw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-a-t√m.

B[p\nI temIØv Km‘n-Pn-bpsS kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Nn-¥-Iƒ°v

F{X-tØmfw {]k-‡n-bp≠v?

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C¥y≥ kmº-Øn-I-

imkv{X Nn¥-I¿

t£akm-º-Øn-I-

imkv{Xw

^e-{]-Z-amb kmº-Øn-I-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw hcp-am-\-\jvSw

X-S-bepw

{SÃo-jn∏v....................................

.........................ZmZm- mbv \h-tdmPn

NmW-Iy≥ .........................

kmº-Øn-I-imkv{Xw \nc-¥cw hf¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp

]T\-ta-J-e-bmWv. temI-km-º-ØnI kml-N-cy-ßsf ]T-\-hn-

t[-b-am-°m\pw kmaq-lnI˛kmº-ØnI {]iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw

Is≠-Øm\pw kmº-Øn-I-imkv{X ]T\w D]-tbm-K-{]-Z-amWv.

kmºZvLS\bnse ASn-ÿm-\- {]iv\ßfmWv F¥v,

Fßs\, B¿°p-th≠n Dev]m-Zn-∏n-°Ww F∂Xv.

kmº-Øn-I-imkv{Xw kº-Øns‚ Dev]m-Z\w, hnX-cWw,

D]-t`mKw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w am{-X-a√, AXv

a\p-j-y-hn -h-ti-jnsb-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T\w IqSn-bm-Wv. AXp-

sIm≠pXs∂ AXns‚ ]T\w hf-sc-tbsd {]m[m-\-y-

a¿ln-°p-∂p.

Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Ub{Kw ]q¿Øn-bm-°q:

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1111111111



hnhn[ Ime-ß-fn¬ hy-X-ykvX coXn-bn-emWv kmº-ØnI

imkv{XsØ \n¿h-Nn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

C¥-y-bpw kmº-ØnI imkv{XcwKØv Ht´sd kw`m-h-\-

Iƒ \¬Ip-I-bp-≠m-bn.

ASn-ÿm-\-km-º-ØnI {]iv\-ßƒ hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw {]m[m-\yhpw

hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

hnhn[kmº-ØnI

Nn¥I¿

kº-Zvimkv{X Nn¥-Iƒ

]m›mXykmº-Øn-I-Nn-¥-I¿

C¥y≥kmº-Øn-I-Nn-¥-I¿

ASn-ÿm-\-{]-iv\-ßƒ

Dev]m-Z-\whnX-cWwD]-t`mKw

F¥v? Fßs\? B¿°p-th≠n

BUw-kvanØvImƒ am¿Ivkv

B¬{^Uv am¿j¬eb-W¬ tdm_n≥kv

kmap-h¬k¨

NmW-Iy≥ZmZm- mbv \h-tdmPn

ctaiv N{μ-ZØvKm‘nPn

Aa¿Xy-sk≥

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kmºØn-I-imkv{Xw˛]m›mXy Nn¥-I-scbpw Ah-cpsS

kao-]-\-ß-sfbpw hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂p.

kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm ImeL-

-Ønepw h∂ am‰w A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂p.

Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnI Bi-b-ß-fpsS B\p-Im-enI

{]k‡nsb°p-dn®v \nK-a\w cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

D¬∏m-Z-\-Øns‚ `mK-ambnhcp∂ GsX-¶nepw A©v

{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

Dev]m-Z\{]{In-b-bv°m-h-iy-amb {][m-\-s∏´ \mev LS-

Ißƒ Gh?

ssetk-s^-b¿ kn≤m¥w˛F∂ Bibw B[p-\nI-Im-

eØv F{X-am{Xw {]kIvX-amWv? hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-ß-fn¬ hnhn[ Ime-

ß-fn¬h∂ am‰w B Ime-L-´ -Ønse kmaqly

kmºØnIm-h-ÿ-sbbmWv {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu

{]kvXm-h-\ hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

kzbw]cym -] vX -amb C¥y≥ {Kma -ß-fmWv Fs‚

kz]v\w˛ka-Im-enI C¥y-bn¬ Km‘nb≥ kmº-Øn-Im-

i-b-ß-fpsS {]k‡n hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.

kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Ønse ASn-ÿm\ {]iv\-ßƒ N¿®

sNøp-I.

kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-]-T-\-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°p-I.

]m›m-Xy-km-º-Øn-I-Nn-¥-Iscbpw `mc-Xob kmº-ØnI

Nn¥-I-scbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp B¬_w Xbm-dm-°p-I.

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1111111111




≠Xp≠v

ASn-ÿm\ kmº-ØnI {]iv\-ßƒ

hniZo-I-cn-°m≥ Ignbpw.

kmºØn-I-imkv{Xw˛]m›mXy Nn¥-I-

scbpw Ah-cpsS kao-]-\-ß-sfbpw

Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Ignbpw.

kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-Øns‚ \n¿Δ-N-\-ß-

fn¬ Hmtcm Ime-L- -Ønepw h∂ am‰w

hy‡-am-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

kmº-Øn-I-im-kv{X-cw-KsØ C¥y-bpsS

kw`m-h-\-Ifpw Nn¥-Ifpw Is≠Øn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Ignbpw.

Km‘n-b≥ kmº-ØnI Bi-b-ß-fpsS

B\p-Im-enI {]k‡n hni-I-e\w

sNøm≥ Ign-bpw.

ASn-ÿm-\-km-º-ØnI {]iv\-ßƒ

hy‡-am°m≥ Ign-bpw.

kmº-ØnI imkv{X-Øns‚ hym]vXnbpw

{]m[m-\yhpw A]-{K-Yn-°m≥ Ign-bpw.

kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw · 2019-06-02 ·...

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