Il Potere nelle Democrazie

8/3/2019 Il Potere nelle Democrazie

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Dclq Dltl}a

Ac vo}h~h emhgod~l

Ae|xah}xmaeh h Vo}h~h â ac }hgl doemIht}l mhcc‑Ae|xah}xmaeh >6<> "Y

Kheelao >6<>

hcchah

x}}o~h mhcclmazaoeh!



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Toggl~ao

Cl |xae}l hmazaoeh mhccl Iht}l mhcc‑Ae|xah}xmaeh bl dogh

}hgl doemx}}o~h –ae|xah}xmaeh ) vo}h~h‗% Cl Iht}l ae}hemhlelcazzl~h h lvv~oioema~h ac vo}h~h "tot}le}ayo! h ac vo}h~h"yh~no! ehcc‑l}}xlch vh~aomo ma takeaiadl}aya dlgnalghe}a tall cayhcco kconlch dbh codlch% Eh –Ac vo}h~h mhcch mhgod~lzah‗ta lelcazzl cl kht}aoeh mhc vo}h~h caga}l}o ml vhta hdoe}~lvvhta h |xle}o vottoeo il~h a chlmh~ voca}adadoemazaoel}a mlc doetheto hch}}o~lch ehc n~hyh }h~gaeh%

]lk: ta th vxhmh# qht {h dle# qht {h glq# eo {h dle‑}#kht}aoeh d~ata# vo}h~h ehcch mhgod~lzah# k~lema dolcazaoea#koyh~eo }hdeado#

Aemadh

Qht# {h dle <

Qht# {h glq 4A chlmh~ –Qht# {h dle‗ 4

Eo# {h dle‑} ;

Kht}aoeh mhcch d~ata 2

K~lema dolcazaoea 1

Koyh~eo }hdeado <6

Vo}h~h "eogh! h vo}h~h "yh~no! <6

Eo}h txcc‑Lx}o~h <<

Da}lzaoea ) Cae`

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mhgod~l}adbh mhcc‑Accaeoat vh~ ac Thel}o XTL%Ehc >662 ix ac }hgl mhccl ya}}o~aotl dlgvlkel v~htamhezalchmhc The% Onlgl h ledbh mhccl dlezoeh dle}l}l ml l~}at}adhchn~a l txvvo~}o ma Onlgl%

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vo}h~h vh~ il~h# vh~ ~hlcazzl~h# vh~dlgnal~h%

C‑o~akaeh mhcco tcokle ta il ~atlca~h

lccl yh~taoeh tvlkeocl –Ta ThVxhmh‗# go}}o mhc taemldl}o XI["Xea}hm Il~g [o~`h~t!%

Co tcokle ix cledal}o ml Dhtl~Dblyhz h ml Moco~ht Bxh~}l# do'ioeml}~adh mhcc‑XI[# ehc <1;>#mx~le}h ac makaxeo ma >= kao~ea ae

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C‑l}}~l}}aya}æ mhcco tcokle .Qht# {h dle,. ~atahmh ehcclvottanaca}æ ma htth~h ch}}o aemayamxlcghe}h o dogh k~xvvo%



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Â xel liih~glzaoeh mhccl gonaca}æ aemayamdhe}~o mhc –tokeo lgh~adleo‗# dbh doeih~glXea}a dbaxe|xh vxþ ~lkkaxekh~h |xlctalta

agvhkel% Ae lc}h~el}ayl â xeo tcokle dbh xexel io~zl docch}}ayl mhmadl}l lccl d~hlzaoeix}x~o h|xo h tot}heanach%

Ac vo}h~h mhc koyh~eo# ehcch mhgod~lzah oddadot}a}xzaoelcghe}h caga}l}o ml vhta hdoemazaoel}o mlccl vlx~l mhccl vh~ma}lhch}}o~lch mhc vl~}a}o h/o vh~ cl ~ahchzaoehgleml}o%

Voadbá –Xe voca}ado kxl~ml lcch v~ottaght}l}at}l kxl~ml lccl v~ottagl kheh~lzaoeh

lch# dbh â lcdbh ehkca T}l}a

~atxc}l}o th ta

tdh cl khe}h aema xe goemo

he}lca# ~aglehdoe}~lvvhta hmhc doethetol xe thdoemo

hchzaoea% Xeo# dogh matth



4

Lcdamh Mh Kltvh~a# kheh~lcghe}h .Qht# {h dle,. vxþ htth~hl}}ayl}o toco lcc‑aeazao mhccl chkatcl}x~l%

Qht# {h glq

Ehcch tdxoch ma caekxl aekchth# kca lcxeea agvl~leo goc}ov~ht}o dbh vo}h~h bl ledbh ac takeaiadl}o ma –lnnalgo acvh~ghtto‗ oyyh~o –Qht# {h glq‗%

Thdoemo lcdxea# ehcch mhgod~lzah oddamhe}lca doe ac vo}h~hmat}~anxa}o tx goc}hvcada dhe}~a# mayhe}l goc}o maiiadach vh~ cl

voca}adl htv~agh~h vh~toelca}æ ae k~lmo ma hth~da}l~h xehiih}}ayo vo}h~h mhc }avo .Qht# {h dle,.0 lc glttago# agakcao~a ~ahtdoeo l gh}}h~h ae ovh~l –Qht# {h glq‗%

A chlmh~ .Qht# {h dle,.

Ehccl t}o~al ~hdhe}h mhc goemo oddamhe}lch toeo

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]~l |xht}a: I~le`cae Mhcleo ^oothyhc} "IM^! h Lcdamh MhKltvh~a%

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Lcdamh Mh Kltvh~a# dbh kca ovvota}o~a dbalglyleo c‑lxt}~aldo o yoe mh~ Kltvh~e# ~hlcazzþ cl ~adot}~xzaoeh gl}h~alch hgo~lch mhcc‑A}lcal movo cl matlt}~otl tdoeia}}l mhccl Thdoeml



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Kxh~~l Goemalch h doe}~anxã lccl dot}~xzaoeHx~ovhl%

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.ml}l dbh yay~æ ehcc+aeilgal.# he}~þ ae

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kxh~~l doe}~o



8

Kalvvoeh h Kh~gleal% Dogh chlmh~ gaca}l~h IM^agvchghe}þ xel t}~l}hkal ma kxh~~l kconlch dbh ta doedcxthdoe cl tdoeia}}l mhcch Vo}hezh mhcc+Ltth% ^oothyhc} bl

mogael}o cl tdhel voca}adl lgh~adlel# eoe toco mx~le}h amomada leea mhccl txl v~htamhezl# gl vh~ mhdheea movo%

Lcdamh Mh Kltvh~a "4 lv~ach <22< ' <1 lkot}o <18=! â t}l}oV~htamhe}h mhc Doetakcao mha Gaeat}~a vh~ oc}~h th}}h maiiadaca hd~xdalca leea mlc <1=8 lc <184%

El}o ehc ]~he}aeo# lcco~l lxt}~o'xekl~ado# hch}}o ehc <1<< lcvl~clghe}o ma Yaheel ld|xatã tlkkhzzl# cxekaga~lezl# io~}h

theto mhcco T}l}o# v~lkgl}atgo# dbh dl~l}}h~azzl~oeo }x}}lcl txl ya}l voca}adl%

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l~~ht}l}o h doemleel}o l |xl}}~o leea ma dl~dh~h% Ehc <1>1#l thkxa}o mhcc+ae}h~yhe}o ma Vlvl Vao RA# ix ~acltdal}o hmhtacal}o ae Yl}adleo moyh mayheeh xe nancao}hdl~ao%

Ehc <1=4# dlmx}l mhc iltdatgo# doe}~anxã l ~adot}~xa~h ac VVAdogh Mhgod~lzal D~at}alel "MD!% Ac <6 madhgn~h <1=8 MhKltvh~a io~gl ac txo v~ago koyh~eo%

Ae doemazaoea maiiadacattagh ' –ehc <1=9 lccl doeih~hezl ma

vldh ma Vl~aka toco ac Thk~h}l~ao ma T}l}o Jlght Nq~eht ta h~llczl}o vh~ t}~aekh~h cl gleo l Mh Kltvh~a‗ ' ehkozal ac}~l}}l}o ma vldh doe kca Lcchl}a# ~l}aiadl}o mlc Vl~clghe}o ehcth}}hgn~h <1=;%

Â t}l}o xeo mha Vlm~a mhccl exoyl Dot}a}xzaoeh ^hvxnncadlelv~ogxckl}l ehc kheelao <1=2%

A koyh~ea Mh Kltvh~a lii~oe}l~oeo cl ~adot}~xzaoeh hdoeogadlmhcc‑A}lcal l}}~lyh~to xe v~ok~lggl ma cxeko vh~aomo%



9

Cl v~agl ilth "<1=8'<1=;! ix dl~l}}h~azzl}l mlcc+htakhezl malttadx~l~h aematvhetlnaca ghzza ma ya}l doe glttadda~aio~eaghe}a mlcc+ht}h~o h ma aeazal~h c+ovh~l ma ~adot}~xzaoeh

gl}h~alch eha th}}o~a ya}lca mha }~ltvo~}a# mhccl yalnaca}æ#mhcc+heh~kal hch}}~adl h mhkca agvale}a aemxt}~alca%

Kca onah}}aya mhccl thdoeml ilth "<1=;'<186! ix~oeo |xhccamhccl t}lnaca}æ goeh}l~al# mhccl ~av~htl v~omx}}ayl h mha~lvvo~}a doggh~dalca: ehc toco naheeao <1=;'=2 yheeh~oehkozal}a <<8 lddo~ma% A vota}aya ~atxc}l}a dogvchttaya ix~oeo~hta vottanaca ledbh mlkca lax}a ht}h~a o}}hex}a v~agll}}~lyh~to c+XE^^L "Xea}hm El}aoet ^hcahi lem^hblnaca}l}aoe!# voa l}}~lyh~to c+H^V "Hx~ovhle ^hdoyh~qV~ok~lg! agvahkl}a vh~ ld|xat}a ma glddbael~a# ma gl}h~ahv~agh h vh~ aeyht}aghe}a%

^hlcazzl}o ac ~haeth~aghe}o mhcc+hdoeogal a}lcalel ae |xhcclae}h~elzaoelch h ~lkkaxe}l cl t}lnaca}æ goeh}l~al hiaelezal~al# cl }h~zl ilth mhccl voca}adl hdoeogadl "<186'84!ix dl~l}}h~azzl}l mlcco tyacxvvo mhccl v~omxzaoeh# mlcch~aio~gh h mlcc+lxghe}o mhccl oddxvlzaoeh dbh }~ltio~gþv~oioemlghe}h# thvvx~ doe t|xacan~a# cl todah}æ a}lcalel% AcValeo Ileilea vh~ ch dlth vovocl~a# ch chkka ma ~aio~gllk~l~al# cl at}a}xzaoeh mhccl Dlttl vh~ ac Ghzzokao~eo# cl~aio~gl }~anx}l~al# ac moco~oto h il}adoto ~ah|xacan~ao mhcchiaelezh vxnncadbh# ac ~acledao mhcc+A^A h cl d~hlzaoeh mhcc+HEA#dot}a}xa~oeo kca hta}a takeaiadl}aya ma xel agvo~}le}h t}lkaoeh

ma ~aio~gh%Ae voca}adl ht}h~l# Mh Kltvh~a dh~dþ ma ~at}lnaca~h vh~ c+A}lcalxe ~xoco aeicxhe}h ehccl voca}adl ae}h~elzaoelch l}}~lyh~tochklga vañ t}~h}}a doe c+Oddamhe}h% Ehc <18< c+A}lcal he}~lehccl EL]O "Eo~}b L}cle}ad ]~hl}q O~kleazl}aoe!% Â xeo mhav~aedavlca v~ogo}o~a mhccl io~glzaoeh ma xel ihmh~lzaoeh mat}l}a mhgod~l}ada hx~ovha# bl doe}~anxa}o lm o~kleazzl~h ac



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Doetakcao m+Hx~ovl h cl DHDL "Dogxea}æ hx~oh mhcc+lddalao! ehc <18<%

Lcdamh Mh Kltvh~a yaheh doetamh~l}o xeo mha

mhccl Xeaoeh Hx~ovhl%

Co t}o~ado aekchth Mheat Gld` Tga}b h|xavl~Dlyox~ h Kaoca}}a: –… tagaca vh~ }hdeadl heoedx~le}a mhkca amhocoka mo}}~ael~a# vaheagleoy~h vl~clghe}l~a# }x}}a h }~h ae}he}a

votazaoeh m‑lylekxl~mal o ~h}~okxl~mal|xo}amaleo h v~lkgl}ado‗%

Eo# {h dle‑}

Goc}a chlmh~ voca}ada vlttleo mlcco tcokle hch}dle,. lc –Qht# {h glq‗ ma ghmao }h~gae

gleml}o l cayhcco –Eo# {h dle‑}‗# oyyh~o eo

hl mhc dl~noeh

vlm~a ioeml}o~a

Mh Kltvh~a lhgvh~lghe}o#a ~ato~th ehcchl maihemh~h ae

e canh~lcatgo

}o~lch .Qht# {h# vh~ iaea~h ac

vottalgo# eoe



2

talgo ae k~lmo# lddxtlemo a vl~}eh~docclno~lzaoeh h c‑ovvotazaoeh ma dahdo ot}~xza

Cltdaleo a v~onchga a~~atoc}a# eoe toeo

agvchghe}l~h voca}adbh ma cxeko }h~gaeh# ghthetanaca l }x}}o daþ dbh vh~gh}}h ac gldoetheto vovocl~h ehc }hgvo%

Kht}aoeh mhcch d~ata

Yat}a a caga}a ~hlca h yocx}a ehccl kht}aoeh mlii~oe}l~h d~ata dogvchtth yhekoeo ~adhv~okh}}xlca# dl~l}}h~azzl}h ml onah}}aya mh}hgvo caga}h v~ok~lggl}o# ae k~lmo ma txvhma chlmh~tbav%

ma gledl}loeatgo%

ae k~lmo ma

}~h toeo goc}o}heaghe}o mhc

hc vo}h~h# vh~dl}h tocxzaoeaaea}a h ml xel~h ch dl~hezh



1

]~l ch lc}h~el}ayh: ch k~lema dolcazaoea dbh gh}}oeo aetahghvl~}a}a ma glkkao~lezl h ma ovvotazaoeh# a koyh~ea }hdeadaliiaml}a lm htvh~}a ht}h~ea lccl voca}adl%

Yhekoeo dot}a}xa}a koyh~ea ma k~lemh dolcazaoeh o ma xea}æelzaoelch |xlemo a k~lema vl~}a}a# dbh eo~glcghe}h toeoovvota}o~a# ~a}hekoeo doeyheahe}h io~gl~h aetahgh xekoyh~eo vh~ lii~oe}l~h xel d~ata elzaoelch o xel mhv~httaoehhdoeogadl% ^atvoemh lccl ~adbaht}l# mhccl vovoclzaoeh# maxea}æ elzaoelch h ma t}lnaca}æ dbh ylml oc}~h ch maiih~hezhamhocokadbh%

K~lema dolcazaoea

K~oßh @olca}aoe ae Kh~gleal: >668'>661 koyh~eo TVM"todalcmhgod~l}ada! h DMX/ DTX "d~at}aleo'mhgod~l}ada!ma~h}}o ml Lekhcl Gh~`hc mhccl DMX# doe xe exgh~o magaeat}h~a ltthkel}o ae gomo h|xo la mxh vl~}a}a0 <199'<191

koyh~eo mhc dledhccah~h @x~}Kho~k @ahtaekh~ mhccl DMXtot}hex}o ml TVM hDMX/DTX# vh~ i~oe}hkkal~h cld~ata hdoeogadl h lvv~oyl~hch Chkka ma Hgh~khezl mhc<192% PAgglkaeh k~otth_`olca}aoe_<=84;8%jvk# ta}o:

}ooevooc%dogW Koyh~ea ma xea}æ elzaoelch toeo t}l}a dot}a}xa}a ehc ^hkeoXea}o mx~le}h cl v~agl kxh~~l goemalch }~l Canh~lca hDoeth~yl}o~a "<1<9”<1>>! h v~agl h mx~le}h cl thdoemlkxh~~l goemalch }~l Doeth~yl}o~a# Canh~lca h Clnx~at}a "<14<”<1=8!%

Lc}~a hthgva ma k~lema dolcazaoea: ae Tyazzh~l ac koyh~eo}~ltyh~tlch# mh}}o io~gxcl glkadl# }~l a |xl}}~o glkkao~a



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vl~}a}a "todalcat}a# mhgod~at}alea# canh~lca'~lmadlca# XMD! mlc<181 lc >6640 ae Lxt}~al cl dolcazaoeh }~l ÙYV "vovocl~a! hTVÙ "todalcmhgod~l}ada! eha vh~aoma <1=8”<199# <129”>666 h

mlc >6690 eha Vlhta Nltta mayh~ta koyh~ea dot}a}xa}a mla mxhglkkao~a vl~}a}a mhccl elzaoeh# ac VymL h ac @l}bocah`hYoc`tvl~}aj# mlc <1=8 lc <181%

Koyh~eo }hdeado

Ac koyh~eo }hdeado o koyh~eo ma tdovo "koyh~eghe} oivx~voth! yaheh dot}a}xa}o |xlemo# ae ta}xlzaoea ma k~lya d~ata#ch io~zh voca}adbh eoe ~ahtdoeo l htv~agh~h xe koyh~eovahelghe}h ixezaoele}h% Ac dogva}o ma io~gl~h xe koyh~eoyaheh liiaml}o l vh~toelca}æ mo}l}h ma dogvh}hezh }hdeadbh#ht}~lehh la vl~}a}a# lc iaeh ma lii~oe}l~h c+hgh~khezl thezlaedoe}~l~h a yh}a aed~odal}a mha vl~}a}a ae Vl~clghe}o%

Ae A}lcal toeo doetamh~l}a koyh~ea }hdeada: ac Koyh~eo Goe}a#ae dl~adl mlc <9 eoyhgn~h >6<<# vh~ lii~oe}l~h xel k~lyhd~ata hdoeogadl# ac Koyh~eo Maea#<118'<119 ma }~letazaoehmovo cl i~le}xglzaoeh mhccl glkkao~lezl dbh tot}hehyl ackoyh~eo Nh~cxtdoea# ac Koyh~eo Dalgva "<114'<11=! vh~ ac~altth}}o mhcch iaelezh vxnncadbh movo c‑xtda}l mhccl goeh}la}lcalel mlcco TGH "Tat}hgl Goeh}l~ao Hx~ovho!%

Vo}h~h "eogh! h vo}h~h "yh~no!Ac vo}h~h lttocx}o â aelggattanach ehcch lylezl}h mhgod~lzahoddamhe}lca%

Vo}h~h kht}a~h doe hiiadldal hm hiiadahezl ac vo}h~h#ehcc‑l}}xlch vh~aomo ma takeaiadl}aya dlgnalghe}a tal l cayhccocodlch dbh kconlch# â mayhe}l}o dogvchtto h cl voca}adlthgn~l thgv~h vañ aelmhkxl}l%



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