I Distretti Agroalimentari nel nuovo millennio Politiche Economiche Regionali Prof.ssa Cristina...

I Distretti Agroalimentari nel nuovo millennio

Politiche Economiche Regionali

Prof.ssa Cristina Brasili

Corso di laurea magistrale COSDI- A.A 2009-2010

Lezione 8 – 2 marzo 2010

Politiche Economiche Regionali

Prof.ssa Cristina Brasili

Corso di laurea magistrale COSDI- A.A 2009-2010

Lezione 8 – 2 marzo 2010

The Agrifood Districts in the New Millennium

Cristina Brasili* and Roberto Fanfani**Department of Statistics, University of Bologna, Via Belle Arti 41, 40126

Bologna

International European Forum on System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks

February 8-12, 2010 Igls/Innsbruck (Austria)

by

We are going to present an analysis of Agrifood Districts

The characteristics of ID approach and the main structural changes in the new Millennium

The figures of Agrifood Districts and their mosaic style of development

The Internationalisation of Agrifood Districts

The focus on the districts of the meat industry: the ham districts of Parma & Reggio Emilia and S. Daniele. Does still exists the “district effect”?

System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks, Igls/Innsbruck, February 8-12, 2010 – The Agrifood Districts in the New Millennium by Cristina Brasili and Roberto Fanfani

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The Development of the ID’s in the New Millennium According to an ISTAT analysis of 2001 Census data, the

new Italian industrial “triangle” had moved towards the North-East and it was now characterised by ID’s

In Italy there was a clear positive “district effect” for more than a decade (from the mid 80’s to the end of the 1990’s)

The real question is the specialisation of Italian industry Many important changes, the globalization effects and the new

competitive scenario call into question the rigidity of the Italian ID’s, but some of them have been able to react

Standardised production will have to be abandoned in favour of more flexible management aimed at producing typical and niche products System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks, Igls/Innsbruck, February 8-12, 2010 –

The Agrifood Districts in the New Millennium by Cristina Brasili and Roberto Fanfani4

The “New” Food Districts among the “New” ID’s In the new globalization scenario the Italian food industry has improved its

export performance and its importance in employment market (Foresti G. Micelli S., 2007)

In the Italian food districts exports grew from 14,3% in 1991 to 17,6% in 2004 (% of total food production), and from 0.6% to 0,9% (% of total exports)

In the non-ID areas the workforce fell by 11,2% (‘91-’96) and rose by 3,4% (’97-’01)

In the agrifood districts the workforce fell by 5,3% (‘91-’96) and rose by 9,2% (‘97-’01)

Important changes in the exports of ID’s: the percentage of total exports to non-EU countries increased from 16% in 1995 to 24% in 2005

Different trends have been evident in the agrifood districts: the exports increased most to USA and Canada

Non-standardised products and the Districts where they are produced are less vulnerable to competition


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Manifacturing Industry Capability of Check the Import Flow

The ID’s were also involved in the opening up of production chaines to the international market

Using the provincial data for exports and imports this process can be done a proxy measurement

The index utilised shows the capacity of the Italian firms to check the flow of import from emerging countries


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Italian District products • are of greater value than • manufacturing average

The products of the food• Districts were less able to check • the flow (‘95-’04)

A process of concentration• has taken place in the Italian ID’s

The Italian ID’s show a good • vitality and capability of reaction• to global changes in several

sectors of manufacturing industry


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IDs in Italy by kind of production (ISTAT 2001)

Inside the SLL the presence of the IDs is determined by:

•156 ID’s were identified using the 2001 census data

•Only 7 IDs belong to food industry, the agrifood districts are largely “understimated”: only 4,5% of the total numebr of ID; 1,8% of manufacturing firms; 1,7% of manufacturing industries workers The 7 Agrifood Districts are only in few Northern Italian regions

•The presence of many SMEs, in term of number of firms and employees 8

A different methodology

We propose an alternative methodology specifically considers the concentration and specialization of the food industry (and not that of manufacturing industry) at municipal level (and not the local labour system). It uses six indices8 main subsectors of the Italian food industry are identifiedIt attaches more importance to the presence of clusters of firms and agrifood districts, and in particular the meat industry than the ISTAT methodology does


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Exports of Italian firms by size and sector (2000 and 2004)

Sectors 2000 2004< 50

employees50-249

employees> 250

employees

Total < 50 employ

ees

50-249employee

s

> 250 employ

ees

Total

Manufacturing 24.2 29.4 46.4 212.356 22.1 30.1 47.9 237.277

Food products and beverages

33.6 34.5 31.9 10.885 28.9 34.6 36.5 12.916

Total 31.4 27.0 41.5 250.639 28.8 27.5 43.6 278.625

Source: ICE processing ISTAT data


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Gross foreign direct investments in the Agrifood Gross foreign direct investments in the Agrifood system from Italysystem from Italy

Gross foreign direct investments (FDI) towards Italy in Gross foreign direct investments (FDI) towards Italy in the agrifood system and the total economythe agrifood system and the total economy

Source: Ismea processing of Ice and Uic data

Source: Ismea processing of Ice and Uic data11

Foreign companies with Italian participation in the agrifood system

Source: Ismea processing of Ice and Uic data


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Cooperation, aggregation and collaboration of firms in Emilia-Romagna

271 food enterprises from Emilia-Romagna participated in foreign enterprises in 2005

Most collaboration is with other EU countries (119 firms) Firms that have important investments in foreign countries

are capital companies or cooperatives (Unioncamere 2006) these enterprises had previously developed several forms

of collaboration with other firms in the region or from other regions, aimed at investing or collaborating with foreign enterprises

The most common forms of network are consortium, association, or participation in the capital of the companies (Brasili, Fanfani, 2007)


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• Analysis of the ham districts of Parma & Reggio Emilia and S. Daniele

• Does still exists the “district effect”?


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The Data•The analysis has focused on those firms of the meat sector from 1999 to 2008:•110 firms from the ham districts of Parma&Reggio Emilia•14 other meat firms from the provinces of Parma&Reggio Emilia•30 firms from the ham district of San Daniele

The Parma and San Daniele ham-producing districts have different structural and economic features


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The Parma ham district•In the Parma ham district the pigs are raised in the area and the meat processed here.•Some figures for ham production in Parma in 2008:•about 9.8 million sides of ham produced•2.9% more than 2007•164 firms•4,987 pig farms•turnover about € 1700 million, of which € 1,300 million was in Italy and € 400 million exported •a 2.7% decline in sides sold abroad with respect to 2007•an increase of 6.5% in sales of slices with respect to 2007, with increases of 8.4% and 5.7% abroad


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The San Daniele ham district• By contrast, The local “San Daniele” system uses all

the raw materials coming from outside the municipality

• Some figures for San Daniele ham production in 2008:• 2,8 million sides of ham produced • 2.9% more than 2007; • 30 firms • 4,818 pigs farms • turnover more than € 330 million • sales 2% higher than in 2007 • ham production has increased since 1995


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Source: our processing of AIDA-Bureau Van Dijk data

ROS

ROE

The Dynamics of the Main Economic and Financial Indicators in the ham District of Parma, San Daniele and the Other Meat Firms in Parma and Reggio Emilia Provinces


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VERTICAL INTEGRATION

cCURRENT RATIO



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LEVERAGE

QUICK RATIO




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LABOUR COST PER EMPLOYEE (.000 Euros per employee)

LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY

(.000 Euros per employee)




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Some questions...........

Have the “externalities”, namely those economical factors which are to be understood as external to the enterprises but internal to the district, run out?

Has the positive district effect shown in many previous papers, that highlights the higher performance of SME’s than isolated firms disappeared?


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......some answers Important transformation in the economic scenario at

national and international level have had different impact on the IDs.

Some of the IDs have shown that they are capable of reacting, have no employment difficulties and are also changing the geographical specialization of the export. These are due also because an important number of agrifood districts have characteristics of quality and typicality.

In the new global scenario of the new Millennium the Italian food industry is increasing its export performance and it importance in the labour market.


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The previous findings are improved by the main economic and financial results of firms in the Parma and San Daniele ham districts, showing a sort of convergence between the district

enterprises and the other meat firms in Parma & Reggio Emilia provinces, even though the results of the economic and financial

indicators were still good.

......moreoverThe SMEs (with less than 250 employees) in the food industry are still responsible for 65% of exports, against an average of 52% in manufacturing industry. The different kinds of internationalisation have been characterised by a lower level of FDI in the food industry than in other “made in Italy” sectors of the Italian manufacturing industry The de-localization of food enterprises has become less important and it have not regarded the production processes. 24

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