T. ANTHA~P. INST. ~A€Ar Sil.if.A i/1.ELMI>, 'd), ilH

E. H. Yu.------& 1/w Uot of Na .-«Jtk,

~~:"'=i""n~~:;,!:~:;.::.tn ::·~:r,!i::1 ~i!t :.~;or:; fi:'jt.of,,J1,-..-;,,idandl""fit..bl1naodb1tl>omint.h..,wingOho

i= .... ~t;:1:;r;.zi!:di!!:~·.t!~1!'l1!":d Mc. L ,,.,. !bought lbe ot,r,i ogw h;ch had been ro .. id.....:I t.o

,..,_,,11h e l>eo.dolobo...,wu,onchmoffll;koth•Oot•o•lli. gator. Tbo""nlnphod ,~ o-1,bulnot,ooluNb e Nmemi--..d, •••oct,....mbl.., .. t.oO<he1'0whichbodb<ll,ub>o"g"hthofo,otbom.

~!i,!~i!'.-~~.:.\;::b;:""~:\o~ 'x:'iQ'::~t;::,!fd'"fn;:,; ~~~';;",!:'ui. wilh nopim t.o bo -rffl<I for rompor*>D ond

dio~~.~i:~~b."Z:.f:..!~"i:~~ .:'::O"r.:b~1!': iathottbo,-1<10D1 loolforde,idenoou t.o\h e onll'o•l wntenhan"~

,.~:~~ '";',b~t,,it,hi-:in:~r~. ~~~!";" nt. \:'=t;; IU!Clf""le<lb,-1ho,...,.tion,iolhot1pooofmocnpnooonomeou

~~;\~i~·~b~:g '!ff!;:i;zt=t~~J~ r~t,,,;;::[_:, I~ tlt~~r:.t'.i!'-:;;:~!:' :~~\:: v1lleyondooutherointorior vorycle&rl,-.Ju1othe _,em.,._kmodo aboultb o _,n..,..nC$oftbo•mo cha.roctororletLermtho,nocrip­lion•,i.twillbooboer,-edlhot.-.oni111.h e1 ho,to,n1'nuonoinocrip­t'?n_g,•en 1monpt U.o Lobradoo=, .. olokotchoo,th.,...,oone

~tt':.i=~l ~ .;;:::~:e::bi,,.f!: :i~~oit:°r.'!~7\!:; i<ia,ne•oribtl-,•nnn,ulotahblen,p,,t,1<0n .

~//w .... Q/NAROOTICB/,yJ.U N!OOB.Ull8U.'!DIR8,<>>td«rl<>i• DUQ EIUT IOll3 am-.ht/. th,n,l<'ilJ.. I\y K ll. MAll.

AT prc>io<UJ ineetiugsott.helnaM11te lh uehadthep l....,ure

~~ ~~·tt~~ :i~~Ze!:1:..d ?.:' t~~· .hor::~;:~°:t ~id~:= :.:'~h: !fZ ;"!1~~ti:;:i":e1 ;h~:!':'. u~o! narcotic.

AIIIOJlgthe_nnmeron 1Ta0011ofTran,gan~tieindiaandthe Malayan Archipelago who iot.entiond\y it.am th eir teet h by th~ 001111.Antuseol bewl·nut andpt.(CMnt<lliadj,ll'ithout aub· oequemlyelea .. ing. rnnst be iDCluded the native. of tb...,

~tient;~~~ i::.:!'!;::.i~~eiJ~:..~.:. ~~~,,.".9~~:t!r~: n,enlioned by.the l4te Sir HenryY.ule,' theyridicul~ penons

ti~~~k;;~:~:~~~i~F>:12~~:;Ji!i: ~u-: !~' !i~i~h:~~h ;:~~d 1r.~~1

litt11!':l..:i:::t ~~~~ ~n~n~~ .. ': ~~t 0i:tl:'."~i ;~!;:~~=="~~:~== who until theirtwentiethyearabst.l.ined lromtheprBCtice, bi\t ultimatelyfoundthemeelvNoompelledtooonronntoitinorder to6odfavourinth ee yeeoftheir aweethearte.Theywenibotb n•tnrallygood-looking and well-made apecimens of their race, but their white teeth eft'ootU&lly baned all their pl<lllpe,:1-of ronnubialb!iM.

Mr. Bn8Cb, ~riling in 1845, nimarked tht the ex08Slri~e nM of bct.el·nut withp.t~ and qniek-lime ~can hardly fail to ,njuni

:!.t'.~};~~ •:: :~hl::!n':f ~on:o~:':! .~~~ ~::.t~ PN)lent ""l?"'rienoo, ho~ver, ~nda to t.he belief th&t, when ocunpanldwtth raoea aim1larlys1tnated,the Niool:ie.Neeaninot behind the "'"t of m.onkind in respect to longevity, while,

:'J!:: !';'C.,th;',-;'~i:.ofa:il~,.,': ~~~ i!u/~,f?.:!oi:::.ith.! proli6e.

The ~n•tom i1 .regarded with favour on vari<>no gronnda, nBmc\y,u improving thepenc>nal appearanoe,a.sheing agr;,e-

;~~~e:':e~u!~f!n~~h:!~fn.otj~ 8:3.~i~l{ ~~i!~~~"~~~~~:;:~i·~i:~ a,:r~:·Wo~~~~ againholdthatthetoneo£thedigeotiveorgan11i1~l!wimp~ved, and affinn that aw.eU offaver are thereby mit'$'-ted,,f not entirely prevenU!d. 'nie fact that the breath is rendered fragnmt.,pr,:widedthemouthio1ubee')nentlyrinil(l(]orele8ll800, doe,,. not api-, to enter i.nto their ~~deration, nor do they 1magmethatt~eprBCtloo11bene6eial!nanr<li"""""""oept fever. lt io eunou1 to note that the hab,twhmh hu!!01 troog a holdupout.hemhuliul e ornoeff ootonthekee,m ewo rtheit ten9eoft.aat.e,orouti,eirpowe rao fmastieation,ueitherdoee

'r;u •1.,.n. 4olh"'l', l •"'·"•eb.>UO '"• .... bi><}--....,_.,."'"';,_, - "'""«-1, ~~~~;:'~~~.~lih:""<1<:::!=.,:.\: ...d to <t.ortbo o p,.- ~h• boo .-li.ilO iooth.

K lJ _ M u.- --0,. tho U« of Nan,,J1U!/l

it impai r their gene ral heahh, nor prejudicially aJfeet their

ari;,;~ 1·.:tZ.~iir,~i.!i>&wi~ ill usually cmnmencE<I by 00th

:';~~' ~~to/!hi:~~ :r' t::1 \~~:•;;!u;~:r; :ho\\~; already bl/OOm& 11.ddicted to i~; J"""llt&, however, ordllllm ly di.&oouiage1uchinbn 1ileprecocit y.

"'~~J"~~ 1.::1~r :~: •• te d~:.~hi~ ;da~.0toms.~t~ t;; t quid, tt.king ·poriod" ronna one of ~heir oom1iutt.t.ion1 of time, an,! itnpli oi ~ b int.erval or eomo Art.oen minu i.e.' <.l"ratiob

latt;,c;r l~~~d ':~~~~~;,~~": ~,a~:;~ann ~~h

;:~ e.~~:~P:::: r f:::1t~t~::2~1:f~;1~ uppel" lipo arni the incieora, where i~ i, retaiDOO for suboequon t similoru i.e, a 11d in order to impo.11.aoertai n Aavourtoth~q"id. fromwh.i eh,h owere r, it io kept e11tirely apart; thi s i, callOO i:a'lpa>'H>k-ka1'>ip,anJ ia ncrl!l"awallowed; it ia changod porh~po twoorthreer.i11,e,;i11 t.hccou'*'ort.1teJ ay,, luringwhichpcr iQ<i

~~ 1;~ . te&ho~i~-.:ir~dsad::l: ~ ~'.~ 1.!~L: :::~ cmployOO in tl ,eoamomauner.

The native& of ClU" Nicobar g,;,uerally swallo w tl,e quiJ graduallyaltcritiat.bo,:oughl yc howed,bu t a t~eothe ri1lnnct.

!hd,f.:k~o~=:; t':~~:i:;,i,~t :l'J! ~~~T:;":~1~~;~: ~h:;t ~ !:.:!~;~ ~/~.,x~ ~~ ~:~~;;~~:d~e~i~';. ehewedquidia beld inW>llhand &nd repttlCOOa..ooonn s the

cn,1~'.'~f,Z~~.:.i~~~,j'~:hi::.n ;~:'~?r th e group tho bc:'"l-nut hall bii.horto beoln largely oonaumed ,u aa unripe oondiuo u,

r~:~\:;~ ~:~:~ w;~:vt =: a~do,!rn}~~Tub1: ; pickt heteeth . orn ll.9e the 1110uc.baft.er thedi 1p<)lll,lof ee.cl, quid -a.ooou ntaforth eutno rdi1111rya.u<.lunaigh tl1e ncr ua1AUou~ r,(JOOtntn011lyobecrvodonthotoolhoft.he1n1d dlo-~a uJ elderly metnben of th e n. rioua oommGuit;et in th- il l~ndi..

l 'he ahe!l-lim eilusua llyplaced.in a fold..dch avicale af' witl, apiooeo f bctc l-n11r.,.,,J th ew holo iacramm edintothomout h ;

thooe who ~ve !O<M u.e!.h or none ulllally ma.,,ticllle the quid

!i~~;,;i~7~ :~ E7i~;ovJ~r.:E:~tiE:i~ ~nhaoce1heJ!avouroltheo_ther(n~1 e11ts.•

... 1~"~~?.~~ ~n::~.r k1~~t;~~ ;:!~~'.\~=u~er;. tno:le,e from dift"erent oountrioe,butt..bat. wh1ch11m ootla~"lly ~!::::t;~=:~;i.~J::yr:r::;;~~~.rr~ C....Niooba.t; the date of t..be introductionol tobaoo<>RtTereua iaunknown,l>uttheprot..biliti o11areinl•vou ,ol ""meperioJ. witJ,inth e!M t hundredyelU"S,and the ,'Mietyisbeliev!'dwbe tlu.t oom,no,~ly cultivated in Burma, wh~ooa t.h.e -.I w11.11 cloubtleB1onsin aUyobtll ined.'

In thooe 1•land1-nntaM y in the ~ thern grou11- at. which trsd ei.,obcka ndo. llW<koft.ot.oc:o hab!e t.obeexhauated,whi le IM!h• upp!ieaarno1>0ert. i11,th e 11ative. areiothelo&bitofoking out their •lender !Jl.o<ea of the fragrant wood by "'"."JJping.• ll thoyposaessmll>el ~te..,· ... oft-h6 Al~ ola""1"\..., wh,ch, while well adapW<l for ~i • pu.,,.,.., by keo,pi\>g the tobaoct, freob,h..,alaothed eoir,,b]epropertyof aboorb1ngoo111eoft he aroma.on t·hat. whene mptied vf i.lu,ir nooteot., theyintun, can be , moked/ a..i.d4 .. ~

ia !~J!b\~ ~re;j ?! ~t:"':rm ':r~~= vi~~ ; u;~

it ,;"":!.'fi';'oe: i:t: . i~~~ ;~~"\t;::: ~~.::. a11h,·the Malay, and Unrtnll.lle. for mak111gc1g&roW1wrappe"'; at t"he northernmost iaJ•nd• th e 1kio or t.he p,....£,~,.. leaf {untultivatoov ariMy)isu.Nd.'whil e ioth e Centrnl a11dSouthe111 grouporetpec1ivel7 ,t he <lritdl1!aV'IIIOftwopla11t1admi .. bly

E. H. M.t.lf.-.0.. tM Ua aj N"Mllin

~~~~1~e.p~ =r.t~~:~1:r:L.t:ele~~ No0Uler 111bl1ance. UU.n!.boeeabove..rnentionedarechewed

or emoted and there •re nocere1110Die1oo nnec!OO wit!, either

~~u~'!1::1i't1x li:.'.':i!h, ~1.~! : ith'0:1i:.et?t1 j' c~

lc.i,veaa nd tome betel-nuta,areplac<!d inllspa the bo• or other reooptllele : rnaay pertoltl now+da p ix-a thetnMlvn of the ordmary\acq uerboJr.witb tn1.y1whicbare oommoolyrnad e t.r1d ufludin Burma lort hillp11ri-.

.Tiie bete)-nu~ (.A.--Cc,,«.I•) ill now.no longer cult ivated,

~.:g}~'!~~h":n '!~ ~~.:.~reqi::: :n\:: ~e.£: 0£ a fRir quan_t.i~ybeL11gexpo,tod. Three~et.ie11oftl! e betel-

~hlcrf,~~,i~~ ~:d~~~ ~ ~":;.~i~,;~i.r::i:;j i11tothegroup,i.acal]edH""'1 ,:..h,li119H(lit.thefon::ignbetel ­l~;_..,ndly,fJNH7ia,- <Wlr,cal led"<lku.:.-ka,"~indi­genou.av1rietywhichilll"""eote1:med aud i,reaervedch.ieftyto r WM! during period& of mourning or for children when ~u 1ring

fi'e}~:.;i ~.~;.,1~~({i.02~t~~:~~~ !tl~d~:::; '"'· lletel-ehewing,it,houlJ be..Jded ,i salto in vogue among the S.,.,,,.P<n,bu1whetherit_h a.sbee11...top ted-a11eeema.mo11t pro~b l-i!'i'eoe nty"""8AinN1t.he)'h •~ e11Ulredintoamu,,.ble

r!~:b\t'~h ;!::.~ft~e1:.'!i b:;~!~~:te!f~t.~:n;r theedible .A~-nut,or~hetherth u practicedate,,lromm .o"'

~::;t.!~"':'ao'i~r:'~:C.k~ t.i:i rr.:: !~ ~o~ti::::;;~~ , upp1ie<lwltbalittletobaooo.tettoworknan ufa<:turing cigar­ette1Corthe-lve,..

IDcl oeeoo nnectioowi!btb e practic<lwehavebee n oonti der-

:!o~:1.e\ ii:!'~~1.~=~ou.re111l ting from it, ud which

In Dr.Riok',i ntere1tlug.1ketcho fh llvillitto theYioo l.oart

~~i8!~ ~~: ;!~!h!0~:';f-~ ';,et;,6 b~ 0:C\/teth~

!~j b~w,:~,\~t:::ru.b !..~tf:d ' otJ;:~:i!. u;:e~0a;"~ duoe , uch1 ncfr oetthattheieeth 8WCUtoa epongymu• , •nd

~~--t.!~':J.,.,u..v..~ ....!..~ .. ~:.!-;;: • .r:=

thef'ro ntteethoom binewir.h eachothe r. ln .orne individne.Js tbiadoea . not succood,.bnt inotheni tbe inciaonan,act ua.lly chll.ngedrn1<>one oontlnu0115m181"'hicbpm~fromt.he 1oouth becauoetbelip1canoo t cloeeonaocount ofi 1.t large siie.." Allnothingoan attbepreeent da.ybeaec;,nainedevo n

~~ein!!~:!~ 1t r ;:r,.~b°.; ~. 'ru:t. "~~ ~io:~!1

~~~~"j~~~rn tro':~:~t::!J r ':=-.!t t~r,!~ to the oxtr&01'dinary dontal encnu1t1.t!on, which ie t he reault, ~,oughnottheob jecl, of t.he habit whicb oonduoeo toil.tforma. t>on. To quote anoth er authority on the Nicoba.,.._Pi!,re

:l;:!:9 .:.,; '{',!:;,:;~~== '~';' .!,:t" :n:i:"~tkotu ~.-:j ~·::a ~=..:!:1~~i:ia:1~~a:u,~::ro} the tortoiee.~ Thiecll8tom, which ie oon6ned almoeteot iroly1<> ~ oomm~nitiell of the Centnil and Sou.I.hem ie!"nda, may be, l

jlllJ:~ at;:~':etonsit'v:":;n:~~tb::':~bbi:i0: ~i:O~:~u;e1:00witill~1::;~!!'~ J,/\~u-;~ A=-.n nt in prefcnn11,e 1<> ~ ripe,' ao.ing a~ the 1ame time exOOM1ve quanUtieeo! quicl<-liruewil be very qn,d. lt would. """m,however,iliatincn.,as,,dinteroou.rl8wilhalie11siaattbe pmoent .da,yleadingrot.b egraduala.t.nd onmentof the custom, 111aovidencedbyt he decnia,einth e numbcrofpen,ons who

maf::i't;; t~ :~ ni;!; t.be manner above deeeribed&rG atyl ll<i"yl/1.kandp/,wda~ of 1 few ~boufti~ top,o.. duceth ed eformation ,pt0V1dedth ac;theind1vidnaJde,uringthis di1llguremcnttakeetbebctcl-qnidf""lucn t1y,(:IIUI Uphilfood

Et~f1,:;i=~~!!;1:-Z?!t2t~:f womon,one on tho '1l.lt, and t.he ot.htr on th<1 west, ooaat of OrcatN ioobar.

unl::i:~~ : I; n ;!l',!:,'f~1°f!:7':~~~!uinal~I! place c~rt.ain cranial .... d facial dd <>nnauone which ue practiiedemongth e KLOObveee ,but not universally or tor.he Mme nlent in e""b community .

RII.M J.N.-Oiotk u .. cJ Nattelia

rr!1'i:rn~~~i~~:~~~~~f i:::Jt.:~1ifO:~~i~~ Mr. W. M. Croker drew att .. m.ion to the fact I.hat, althoui;h the numerou.,trihe,a.longU..,north-"'·est""":'tof Ll1atlarge 1sland arolrnowntobelongtoon e gr,,atb.m,Jy,•mgnlard1fforonctl'!&re foundtoe:ri ,t inoortainof their mannersandcuswmo,and , in , uppor1.ofhi.,at..temen t, he_mentionedthatlhepractiooor flat.wningthelorelmad , olch1\droni.sconfin.,dtoonconlyo f thooe tribos. Among tho Nicobllros8 a , imilar diversity of cn,tom prevails; the nativ.., of the Central and 8ouUiern itJo.nda(ex_ooptinglhe~Pri>_orinl.andtribe)iu,i..;ngu1:'r among thou oom~t.riot,. m thou orlherenc,, tot.lie P""''""' ?fcmnia l dcfonnat,ons;andinthcaboonc _eofnnyrooogniood, mton tiona l,ordi,tmctivetribalmarb, thil!cn , tom,producing ""it d""" in the majority ol """""awarled ~erync~ in theo!'ape of the protile from its natura l_fonn,' 1" m ,t.,elf ouffic,ont to onable an obocrveT, after studying membera of the

:~~~:;,n u"t"~ ... ~:~~~~cn~n':: ~h';:.e o~'"r':I:t:::. ·=rn~:~ otbcrori , tinj!:fOOTiliariti,..inthe"6VCl'lllt:ribe • arenoted,he i, able w d,.tlnKUIBh with the like oortamty the individuo.l lllfilll.hen,ofthedilli,rentoomrnnnitia

Aathe flatwnin g of the occiput and forehea<l (Mi,ta-pitaM) i,oo n, ido?'0dol the highest importanoobyth e rornmunitieoof theCentnl.andSouthern islands,itwillbewel.l to de!lCribethe P'°""""indetail.Scntcdo,......_leggedo11thefloorofthe hut noorthohoo.rth,themother layst heinfant-bei tOOyor/(irl ­oniU!b&clacroosherl.nee,with a •rual.l pillow(<l<W""';-.i:O>)or mlioo)>ad a~ ntIOi~ .,.Jo ngnndcri tohead;w,um mg her hand, from tlmetotune nt tho tiro, orovcr the flnmeofthe rudo l&mp,if night have ""t in ,s he gently P""'""" the brow 'lliththepalmandout.-spreadfingenofbothhaudaforanhou,, ormore at.a time,tak ing .raretJ,e whilenes·i,rtoe.xert•ueh fo=a.s,mgh tca u~ tho httl e oneevcn ?'omen ~1ryd1!IOOmf011;;

:~;r~;!~?i1:11:rr.;:;2F:~= a.odthohabit1•...,,ldomabllndonednntil thoeh,ldiso ldenongh torunaOOut,andacoordinglyresenwt,heenforoodhouraof inaction and oonfinement to ~ne ro-itio.o; the alul l alw i., by thattime(tluJ l!OOOndorthmlyoor)hrdly ooften oughto be

/,yt M NM.'tK>MIIU!lllhr&.

aJl'ected by ouch genlle ml'&5llJ'1'Jll. n... 90Je objoot of the

f;"~~n df:;~/0~~ e ;:r;;:,m:.;!e1t t :'l:~:r: ;,! :'.J.~=m.thcl'!!; i: 1ca': ~!,, ";re!;'~':'"ina~ :u:S::: po,11ibleoni tabac k,whethcr in ,ta mot.lM.,r'• la.poron a clot.h 011thelloor,tli eriek or uniluerald eforu>.ilieohe mgpn.><luoedl$ minimiied

~~~~;~;:~~·1;·~:~~L!~~·r~h!,f~; ~f:~'!°~v~co~t!: ~i:'J.1~~!1,-~ ~?;.~~~~~':~l ~:t'~~ ';;,! \~=~~=.:~~t~:'{r~.!,~ !~!! !'.! eanbe~rtained,lhcroaroo o,n pcnti tioMtobefoundto 11000u11tfortheirnon-ob,,crnn oeol thehabiton auyother ground.

In a paper oontrilrol.ed to th e ~ Asiat.ic lteoeerchoo- {voL iii, Art. vii). Mr. N. Footaua, who vi2il.ed tlu, ililamla upwardo of"' oonturyago,mcntio n.s the e1i!teooooftheabo...,..na.medpractioo,

;:~ha~~='tt1:~':"~d~ i:~e<M~i:.~:ii~~ it,a.ndt.heuppe , fore-teethveryp romincntoutor the month~;

~.!:;~~E¥r~f~g~~~~£E~1:{t; m Uie manner •bo ve deflCnbed, the na.tiveo concur in ':'-1'"-.

'"'n,a. ,U a wide montbandpromin e,,tnoee arell;Ot eeteemed

:1,~~~~~~~tY~e°!o!:'1: dt;: ~the'\ ~;·;1 ~::~ whil e uun,ing thci!inf anlll.

wJi~ ~~tni'[/ ~=g'° !:..~i!"!~!~'!c!~~·::~ obec .... ed in elder!ywembe nof I.hi. race,,na ybe lel:plaioed,l think,bythc .rimplo fact- O>at,uthey adYl.noe in yean and

~; !~if~~~:.~:r'l~~~t~~r J.!:'~ ;~1ra~:~~~;4~;:t

,2

wit.ha little quick-lime,applying t.he latter to the back or the upperandlowerincieonwit.hthethurnb,and "' iti en""""""'Y, inonlertorernove alltraceaofthe lirnerrom the thumb,tb.o.t thepn><ltllllehouldberepeatedtwoortbre,etirneeinoucc-ion, and with & certain amount of pre1!8ure on "3Ch oooaaion,the n.o.turaleffeciiatheg,&dual&dvancementorthefore-teethin

~~ It:• !:c~~~~~n~~nj.!:e ':'tt =~· b~8 tl';tt'i.ft.t formanirnpedimenttotheclooingof the lips.

Dcformatiousorthet.ruokorlimbe, .. g.,al~inthe formol,orhindranoooto,t.hedeveloprnentofthebreaata, elongationofthemamm.,eoroftheteata ,filingof.theteeth ,',un -

ri'~~or~ '=r:t~:.:~t:f.::::r:::;::..~k~~~:: unknown among the inatitutious of th e Nieob&.....,, 111 are &l.ao cireumcieion,~ adoptionofdiatinctive tribal-marb,and the almoot world -w,de custom of t.ttooing the per"'m; though cic!ltri00$arefl'equentlyprodnoodthroughth.eeu~ remedial proc,>J80focarifymg. the practice of mtentionally

t:;1:~~:;:" :.;;r.,~~ ~. ~J~~1!!' :n1:'~~ i11tbeeeiell.nd11.

The cum.omaocommoninthe adjacent penin,ula-and indeed fromth e borde,.of .Aa.,amtotheOOAStllofllomeo--ddefonn-

~{~ili:!'fhi~:'!'t\/:1"etoa.=~~.:"':;;rd'itb:~r:e:. 88 well as by other, native,, 111 an improvement on n.o.tum; thoughtherfuteneionoltheear-lobeinthiam.o.nnerieesteemOO ~o£;::Ff,:~7:~;:l~i1;;yf!it1ol ~~~ i:t;:,orti::"?f.O:~inandy th°e"ioioni ~~!_~h,,: ::ii~~ \h~ ~;:r tb~ =.c:.n~hadanc~ i!~l~e!l! wit.hbymeonaprevioueOOCQ!oo .•

• .1.. ............... 1o<1...._,.,,..,,.. ....... .,u..o...tn1 p":

-·"