Emotional Web design

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EMOTIONAL WEB DESIGN ? Marco Maiocchi Politecnico di Milano Dipart. Design Maggio 2013

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Lezione invitata del prof.M.Maiocchi al corso di "Strumenti e applicazioni del Web" - Università di Milano Bicocca - 14 maggio 2012 Sul corso vedi anche www.corsow.wordpress.com

Transcript of Emotional Web design

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EMOTIONAL WEB DESIGN ?

Marco MaiocchiPolitecnico di Milano

Dipart. Design Maggio 2013

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Design: solo rumore?

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1. Design èComunicazione

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COSA E’ DESIGN

Artigiano:• Esperienza• Competenza di prodotto• Apprendistato• Eccellenza “inconsapevole”• Un pezzo per volta• Personalizzazioni• Costi elevati

Produzione industriale:• Processo• Anticipazione problemi• Rilevanza del progetto• Eccellenza “consapevole”• Misure ed evoluzione• Produzione in serie• Modularità standardizzata• Costi bassi

PROGETTO INDUSTRIALE: in inglese INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

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DESIGN VS INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

LA CAPACITA’ INDUSTRIALE DI PRODURRE IN SERIE A BASSO COSTO PER UN NUMERO

ELEVATO DI POTENZIALI ACQUIRENTI E’ UN FATTO SCONTATO DELL’INDUSTRIAL DESIGN

oggi

IL DESIGN

DEVE DARE DI PIU’

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DI QUANDO E’ ?

Il designer deve sapere cogliere il senso di una società e di un periodo storico, per calarlo all’interno del prodotto,

rendendolo un artefatto anche comunicativo.

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CUCCIOLI ?Testa grandeCurveOcchi grandi…MorbidezzaTenerezza…

Testa piccolaMassa

Occhi piccoli…

FierezzaAggressività

Il designer deve comprendere i meccanismi percettivi,

inserirli nel prodotto, piegandoli al proprio obiettivo

di creare esperienze emozionali

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DESIGN E’ COMUNICAZIONE

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I MODELLI CLASSICI

SORGENTE RICEVITORECANALE

filtri filtrirumore

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Contesto

Ciò che è rilevante nella comunicazione: STRUTTURE E RELAZIONI

Sorgente Ricevitorecanale

Sorg. Ricev.

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2.Design: la Terna Funzione, Forma,

Significato

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DESIGN

Function (funzione): obiettivo per l’utente

Shape (forma ): disegno “geometrico” Meaning (senso ): significato che

travalica la funzione

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FUNCTION

Function (funzione): obiettivo per l’utente; funzioni + modalità d'uso; es. aspirapolvere: aspirare, compattare, potenza regolabile, ecc.

• efficacia sulla funzione primaria• funzioni accessorie• nuove funzioni rispetto al mercato• nuove funzioni coerenti col prodotto• uso semplice e intuitivo• uso più semplice rispetto al mercato• cambia il modo di uso

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SHAPE

Shape (forma ): disegno “geometrico”; in genere, archetipo, architettura tipologica; relazione con funzione come comunicazione d’uso; aspirapolvere archetipico = corpo con tubo e spazzole; aspirapolvere-robot = disco…

• scostamento dagli archetipi• riconoscibilità nella funzione• forma suggerisce uso• forma suggerisce interazione

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USABILITY

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MEANING Meaning (senso ): significato che travalica

la funzione (lusso, retrò, cultura specifica, evocazioni metaforiche,…); es.: aspirapolvere Terminator; Ghostbuster. comunica aspetti emozionali;

• consente datazione• consente attribuzione etnografica• comunicazioni metaforiche

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3.Design:

come opera

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Un Modello

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Design è Percezione

• Signals: qualunque informazione su qualunque canale: forma, colore, suono, sapore, testo, sorrisi, ...

• Meanings / emotions: risultato dell’elaborazione di informazioni raccolte;

• Proporzioni, occhi, curve = “cucciolaggine” • Scala pentatonica = oriente, esotismo• …

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Percezione

• Semplice: attivazione delle parti più antiche del ns cervello .)

• Complessa : processi attibvanti la corteccia (funzione logiche e cognitive) capaci di interagire con I livelli più antichi

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4. Il processo

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Giurassico

bere

PERICOLO!

CIBO

SEEKING (Jaak Panksepp)

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EMOZIONI

SEEKING PANIC/LOSS

FEAR

PLAYMATING

RAGECARE

SEEKING

(Jaak Panksepp)

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SEEKING

• impulso elementare che ci fa cercare, investigare, dare un senso a ciò che ci circonda

• non solo per individuare ciò che soddisfa esigenze fisiche (fame, sete, sesso, …) ma anche più astratte (rifugio, assenza di pericolo, …), o addirittura astratte (idee, modelli, previsioni, …)

• stato di piacere legato a circuiti della dopamina

• droghe

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Seeking e sensi

Pochi “segni” permettono di classificare i “segnali” durante il nostro SEEKING

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Chi vi fa paura?

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SEEKING e STEREOTIPI

• La capacità di percepire e isolare dettagli nel contesto ci aiuta a interpretare situazioni di utilità o di pericolo

• Ciò corrisponde a una classificazione dei segnali e alla conseguente stereotipazione

• Lo stereotipo ci aiuta, ma cela il rischio del pregiudizio

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Why Panksepp

•Is one of the well recognised authors•Reduces complexity giving just 7 basic emotions•Classify emotions according to weel defined brain circuits excited by well defined neurotransmitter

So, when we speak of “FEAR” we intend just what Panksepp intends, i,e, the status coming from the arousal of a specific brain area by a specific neurotransmitter

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SIMPLE and COMPLEX STEREOTYPES

Few perceptual signals suggesting possible attacks and

danger

A complex overstructured set of signals, building a scenario

suggesting a complete life model and a females

subordinated to males

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Percezione

FEAR

sensual

indepen-dent

modern

rich

beauty

elegant

alone

LUST

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CATENA DELLE EMOZIONIEXTERNAL SIGNALS

DIRECT PROCESSING BY

OLD MAMMALIAN B.

DIRECT PROCESSING BY

REPTILIAN B.

PROCESSING BYNEO CORTEX

SEEK

ACTIVATION OF REPTILIAN AND OLD

MAMMALIAN B.

FEAR LUSTRAGE PLAY CAREGRIEF

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Qualche considerazione sille emozioni e sul web design

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CARE

www.mamaeebebe.com.br Clarice Di Giovanni www.chicco.com/?gclid=COiGx-uDz7YCFYhf3godKwgAFA Clarice Di Giovanni

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PLAY

www.it.havaianas.com Clarice Di Giovanni

www.brigaderia.com.br Clarice Di Giovanni

www.durex.it

Clarice Di Giovanni

http://www.karimrashid.com Melissa Sobrado

www.softplace.it

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RAGEwww.rage-on.de www.adidas.it

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RAGE

Worldofredbull.dk Claudia Valverde

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LUST

www.robertapotrich.it http://www.rivieralust.com/massages/

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5. Strumenti concettuali per il

designer

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Percezione Semplice

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Percezione semplice ed emozioni(Vilayanur Ramachandran)

1. Peak shift

2. Perceptual Grouping

and Binding

3. Contrast

4. Isolation

5. Perceptual problem solving

6. Symmetry

7. Abhorrence of Coincidence /

Generic Viewpoint

8. Repetition, rhythm and orderliness

9. Balance

10. Metaphor

SEEKING

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1. Peak shift Esagerare alcuni aspetti contro ogni equilibrio reale:• enfasi sugli aspetti rilevanti• eliminazione di aspetti non rilevanti

I topi di laboratorio riconoscono la “rettangolarità” quanto più è esagerata

Scultura indianaIreosCaricatureMani nei fumetti

Acquerello di Anna Braggion Sempre 4 dita

Cinderella castle - OrlandoParvati

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Peak Shift

Venus of Willendorf30.000 ac. ca

Venus of Dolui Vestonice10.000 ac. ca

Mars vehicle: not a vehiclle on wheels, but a wheel - ESA (Politecnico Milano)

McDonald Home Page

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PEAK SHIFT

www.karimrashid.com

www.ponoko.com

www.big.dk

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2. Perceptual Grouping and Binding Il cervello umano tende a raggruppare a collegare insieme fenomeni, in modo da potre ricorrere a esperienze precedenti e situazioni note.

il Dalmata.

Esempio: i principi della Gestalt

Arcimboldo (1527?-1593)

Cadenza

1 Le vierge, le vivace et le bel aujourd'hui2 va-t-il nous déchirer avec un coup d'aile ivre3 ce lac dur oublié que hante sous le givre4 le transparent glacier des vols qui n'ont pas fui!

5 Un cygne d'autrefois se souvient que c'est lui6 magnifique mais qui sans espoir se délivre7 pour n'avoir pas chanté la région où vivre8 quand du stérile hiver a resplendi l'ennui

9 tout son col secouera cette blanche agoniel0 par l'espace infligée à l'oiseau qui le nie11 mais non l'horreur du sol où son plumage est pris.

12 Fantôme qu'à ce lieu son pur éclat assigne,13 il s'immobilise au songe froid de mépris14 que vêt parmi l'exil inutile le Cygne.

Anagrammi, rime, ritmi

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PERCEPTUAL GROUPING

www.supperclub.com www.big.dk

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3. Contrasto Gli occhi sono strutturati per esaltare la percezione dei contorni (riconoscere prede e predatori?)

Le aree di contrasto sono dal punto di vista informativo le più interessanti, fisiologicamente più percepibili, emozionalmente più significative.

Forse più “piacevoli”

P.Klee

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ContrastMarilyn

Andy Warhol

CONTRAST by TONE or COLOUR

Lamp

Anonymous

Done

Man Ray

CONTRAST by FUNCTION/SHAPE

CLASH

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Contrasto e attrazione sessuale

Russell, R. (2009) A sex difference in facial pigmentation and its exaggeration by cosmetics. Perception, (38)1211-1219. Pion Limited, London

Chi MASCGIO e che FEMMINA?

The same photo, with slight chages

in contrast on eyes and lips(mix on right)

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CONTRAST

web.tiscali.it/cesa/ www.robertapotrich.it

www.symbaloo.com/ www.planetofmicrobes.com

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4. Isolation Si tratta di isolare una singola modalità percettiva, prima che venga amplificato il segnale in quella modalità.

L’attenzione diretta all’origine del fenomeno ha mostrato amplificare l’attivazione limbica.

H. Matisse - Icarus

Juicy Salif Philip Starck

Pictures at an Exhibition di Modest MussorgskySulla Promenade si inseriscono i vari quadri, perfettamente isolati prima ancora di essere percepiti

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ISOLATION

katproxy.com Reem Kinani

www.karimrashid.com Melissa Sobrado

www.hstern.net/site/home/default.asp Clarice Di Giovanni

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5. Perceptual problem solving Scoprire un segnale nel rumore è sempre gratificante.

L’ambiguità richiede la soluzione di un problema, e il trovarla dà emozione.

Renè Magritte

Salvador Dalì

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Perceptual problem solving in architecture

Bramante: S. Maria presso S. Satiro, Milano, c. 1485

The abse does not exists, but it is a 3D trompe l’oeil

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Perceptual problem solving

Discrete Scale by Shepard

Continuous Scale by Risset

43’ 15” ca

0’35”ca

Bramante: S. Maria presso S. Satiro, Milano, c. 1485

Mario Vargas Llosa.

La tia Julia y el escribidor (reale e virtuale)

Pantaleòn y las visitadoras (violazione dell’unità di spazio)

Elogio de la madrastra and Los cuadernos de don Rigoberto (mescolamento di canali percettivi)

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PERCEPTUAL PROBLEM SOLVING

www.karimrashid.com www.ponoko.com

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PERCEPTUAL PROBLEM SOLVING

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6. Simmetria Scoprire simmetrie è gratificante: occhi e cervello sembrerebbero progettati ad hoc per percepire simmetrie, tipiche in prede e predatori

Le simmetrie sono anche un fatto di economia di conoscenza: per capire il tutto basta capire una parte.

Potenza dell’attrazione per le simmetrie: esempi del quadrato magico SATOR- Esempio in Qechua

La simmetria usata per creare problemi di

interpretazione percettiva

M.C.Escher

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Set up by Muratami for Naoki Takizawa. Tokyo

Symmetries

Consegna delle chiavi a San Pietro - Perugino 1482

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Un esempio rigorosamente palindromo, dovuto a Mozart.

6c. Simmetrie in musica

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SYMMETRY

www.supperclub.com Caroline Kinsella www.pinheironeto.com.br Clarice Di Giovanni

web.tiscali.it/cesa/

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7. Odio coincidenze/interpretazioni semplici

Il sistema umano di visione è una macchina Bayesiana (raccoglie informazioni dall’esperienza e le riusa per ottenere le migliori predizioni, con correzioni continue). Tra le possibili interpretazioni scegliamo la più credibile.

Coincidenze sospette appiattiscono la percezione: a causa di minor “compenso”, il nostro sistema visivo tende a considerarle “brutte”.

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Hogart

Fukuda – Piano-violin

Fukuda – Motorcycle with spoonsImpossible construction

Cocito – Anamorphosys by Kurt Wenner

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“ it seems fresh” is the first hypotesis, and not the truth: “it is just a lighting effect”

Simple Interpretation in Communication

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Faces

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SIMPLE INTERPRETATION

www.supperclub.com Caroline Kinsella

www.sanmaurizio.org/

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8. Ripetizione, ritmo, ordine Il Partenone

Cartier Tokyo

Marilyn

Andy Warhol

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RHYTHM

katproxy.com Reem Kinani www.niemeyer.org.br Clarice Di Giovanni

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9. Balance (equilibrio) Non sono fornite spiegazioni nei lavori di Ramachandran. Nella percezione visiva possiamo ritenere che si tratti di distribuzione di “pesi visuali”, che potrebbero avere a che fare con situazioni potenzialmente pericolose. (si vada anche V.Kandinskij – Punto, linea, superficie)

Cosa attrae nell’equilibrio? L’uniformità? Il dualismo? Lo squilibrio?

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9a. Balance (equilibrio) nel web design

Simmetria orizzontale Simmetr.orizz.approssimata Simmetr. Radiale Asimmetria

Pesi: gli elementi piccoli “recedono” a sfondo

DA:

Le indicazioni si riducono a qualche semplice citazione di principi della Gestalt (ma…)

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BALANCE

www.symbaloo.com/ www.supperclub.com Caroline Kinsella

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Percezione complessa

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10. Metaphor

SUN

COLD

PALEBRIGHT

ENERGY WARM

MOON

HUMANS

EASTRises from Is opposite to

Lights up

Appears Is

Is

Gives

WarmsAllows life for

Provides

Burns

STRENGHT

Is symbol of

CHASTITYIs symbol of

Is fertility for

Prevents generation of

JULIET

COLD

PALEBRIGHT

ENERGY WARM

MOON

ROMEO

EASTRises from Is opposite to

Lights up

Appears Is

Is

Gives

WarmsAllows life for

Provides

Burns

STRENGHT

Is symbol of

CHASTITYIs symbol of

Is fertility for

Prevents generation of

But, soft! what light through yonder window breaks? It is the east, and Juliet is the sun. Arise, fair sun, and kill the envious moon, Who is already sick and pale with grief, That thou her maid art far more fair than she: ...W. Shakespeare –Romeo and Juliet, Act III, Sc.II

METAFORA:

"figura retorica che consiste nel trasferire a un oggetto il termine proprio di un altro secondo un rapporto di analogia“

E’ necessario inserire il tutto in un contesto, in uno scenario (sovra)culturale, che fa esplodere le relazioni in due mappe concettuali.

Metafora è operazione di sovrapposizione parziale di strutture semantiche formalizzate.

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MEANING

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Metafore

protection scene

guard privacydeference

welcomeluxury sex

whisper

atmospherewarmth

Half lightscent

senses

smoothness

shape

sweetness

made easy by

requires

sees

imposes

stimulateshears

suggests

smells touchestastes

behaves with

imposes

supports

tastes

loves

gives

supports

promotes

guarantees

Una scena dalla letteratura libertina del ‘700:

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Un caffè

quiteness

coffee

whisper

atmosphere

scent

senses

smoothness

shape

sweetness

sees

imposes

stimulateshears

suggests

smells touchestastes

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Un caffè

protection scene

guard privacydeference

welcomeluxury sex

whisper

atmospherewarmth

Half lightscent

senses

smoothness

shape

sweetness

made easy by

requires

sees

imposes

stimulateshears

suggests

smells touchestastes

behaves with

imposes

supports

tastes

loves

gives

supports

promotes

guarantees

quiteness

coffee

whisper

atmosphere

scent

senses

smoothness

shape

sweetness

sees

imposes

stimulateshears

suggests

smells touchestastes

SENSEO CREMA by Philips

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10. Metafora

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METAPHORS

WWW.SAMSUNG.COM/US Patricia Jara

1

2

www.gieffepaint.it

www.omermetalmeccanica.it/ www.planetofmicrobes.com

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6. Cultural Constraints

G. Hofstede, G. J. Hofstede, M. Minkov, Cultures and Organizations. Software of the Mind, McGraw-Hill, 2010

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Power distanceThe level to which a less powerful member accepts the unequal distribution of power in any kind of structure (family, school, community, organisation, …)

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Power Distance, family and schoolLow

• Unequality to be reduced

• Social relations to be managed

• Interdipendence

• Parents, elder and sons are equal

• Sons do not support parents

• Students and teachers are equal

• Teachers stimulate interaction

• Teachers transfer neutral know how

• Learning for interchange

• Policy based on secondary school

High• Unequality favoured

• Rituals in social relations

• Dependencies

• Obedients and respectful sons

• Sons support parents

• Teacher respected outside

• Only teachers can take initiatives

• Teachers transfer personal wisdom

• Learning depends on theachers

• Policy based on universities

Power Distance e organisations

Low• Hierarchy = advantage

• Decentralization

• Few supervisors

• Balanced salaries

• Manager use experience and collaborators

• Advice of subordinates is taken into account

• Ideal leader = democratic

• Rational relationships

• Obstructed privileges

• White and bluecollars equal

High• Hierarchy = unequality

• Centralization

• Many supervisors

• Different salaries

• Manager refers to seniors and rules

• Subordinates obey

• Ideal leader = good father

• Emotional relationships

• Spread privileges

• Whitecollars higher thanbluecollars

Power Distance and stateLow• Power legitimazed

• Powe separated by skill

• Large middle class

• Equal rights

• Power based on ability

• Changes by evolution

• Politics: dialogue, not violence

• Pluralism and vote

• Strong centre e weak wings

• Distribute income and leveled by taxes

• Low perceived corruption

High• Power ove right

• Power joined with skill

• Small middle class

• Powerful privileges

• Power based on tradition

• Changes by revolution

• Politics: violence, not dialogue

• Autocracy e cooptation

• Weak centre e strong wings

• Unequal income, emphasizedby taxes

• High perceived corruption

Behaviours

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Power Distance F

am

ily /

sc

ho

ol

Low• Unequality to be reduced

• Sons do not support parents

• Teachers stimulate interaction

• Policy based on secondary school

High• Unequality favoured

• Sons support parents

• Only teachers can take initiatives

• Policy based on universities

• Decentralization

• Few supervisors

• Balanced salaries

• White and bluecollars equal

• Centralization

• Many supervisors

• Different salaries

• Whitecollars higher than bluecollars

Org

an

isa

tio

ns

• Large middle class

• Equal rights

• Strong centre e weak wings

• Leveled income and by taxes

• Low perceived corruption

• Small middle class

• Powerful privileges

• Weak centre e strong wings

• Unequal income, and by taxes

• High perceived corruption

Sta

te

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• Individualist: everybody interested to himself / family

• Masculinity: gender distinction for emotional roles

• Uncertainty avoidance Threath level in uncertainty

• Long term orientation actions giving future results, perseverance and frugality

Long Term 2010

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

S K

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Jap

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Ch

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Bel

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Cross-relationships

Power distance vs

Individualismpro cap GDP (2000)

vs Individualism

Masculinity vs Power Distance

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L’INFLUENZA DELLA TECNOLOGIA

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Sta

ndar

dize

d st

ruct

ures

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Stan

dard

ized

str

uctu

res

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PROBLEMI APERTI

• L’emozione dinamica– Emozione nella navigazione– Emozione nel dialogo

• Es Call Centre• Metafore di ruoli

• Esiste già un Emotional Web Design?

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SPARE SLIDES

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7. A different point of view

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Dynamics of Emotions

PerceivableEmotional

Status

commands

reactions depending on the perceived emoptions

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When useful

• In Interaction design: any interaction dialogue could be driven by the emotional status of the user (e.g. cash dispensers, …)

• In control and safety procedures, the interactions should be designed to react to the operator emotional status (e.g. nuclear reactors turning off procedures)

• In any kind of environment, the environmental parameters can adapt themselves to the emotional status of the user(s) (e.g. sounds, colours, pressure, …)

• …

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A simple example

Fuelhmeter

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How to measure emotionsfMRI Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MIT. Q Sensor measures skin conductance,

temperature, and motion to record a wearer’s reactions

to events

Facial Action Coding System (FACS): taxonomize human facial movements by their appearance on the face (P.Ekman) Body Posture

Emotional Mapping (M. Radeta) Mapping of the posture of limbs, trunk and neck on Panksepp’s Emotions

per

vasi

ven

ess

precision

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Our approach (on progress) (M.Radeta)

Theatre coding

XMLcoding

ON PROGRESS

Mapping on Panksepp

Calibration on real cases

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Toward…

EMOTIONALINTERACTION

DESIGN

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8. Experiences

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EXAMPLES: Children hospitals - Monterrey

SEEKING

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A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

Actions• Info on service• Access• Waiting room• Go• Do• Out• Wait for result

CARE

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A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

Actions• Info on service• Access• Waiting room• Go• Do• Out• Wait for result

SEEKING

CARE

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A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

Actions• Info on service• Access• Waiting room• Go• Do• Out• Wait for result

SEEKING

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A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

Actions• Info on service• Access• Waiting room• Go• Do• Out• Wait for result

After

Before

SEEKING

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A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

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Before

After

Ospedale Oncologico Infantile Pausilipon - Napoli

SOME MEASURES :REDUCTION OF CHILDREN SEDATION

DURING NMR FROM ABOUT 40% TO 2%!

SEEKING

Page 110: Emotional Web design

A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

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Dismission folder

Control Certainty

CARE

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MEASURES

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UNDERGROUND MUSIC

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WALLS/FLOOR INTERACTION

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PEOPLE INTERACTION

CARE

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SOUND AND NOISE

SEEKING

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EXERCISE

SottsassFuksassAulentiCini BoeriGregottiRossi

MongiardinoAradKrierKono

THE MEANING OF HANDLES 1. Find a certain number of handles

(use the ones presented here plus other from Internet)

2. Examine them from the point of view of the “meaning” and try to describe their owners:

a. Genderb. Agec. Professiond. Personal stylee. Social valuesf. …

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… and…The twelve night (W.Shakespeare)

If music be the food of love, play on;Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting,The appetite may sicken, and so die.That strain again! it had a dying fall:O, it came o'er my ear like the sweet sound,That breathes upon a bank of violets,Stealing and giving odour! Enough; no more:'Tis not so sweet now as it was before.O spirit of love! how quick and fresh art thou,That, notwithstanding thy capacityReceiveth as the sea, nought enters there,Of what validity and pitch soe'er,But falls into abatement and low price,Even in a minute: so full of shapes is fancyThat it alone is high fantastical.

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… and…

“Macbeth does murder sleep', the innocent sleep”

(William Shakespeare)

“Mais où sont les neiges d'antan!”

(François Villon )

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CONTRASTS

CIELO D'ALCAMOContrasto."Rosa fresca aulentissima ch' apari inver' la statele donne ti disiano pulzell' e maritate:tràgemi d'este focora, se t'este a bolontate;per te non ajo abento notte e dia,penzando pur di voi, madonna mia.""Se di meve trabàgliti follia lo ti fa fare.Lo mar potresti arompere, a venti asemenarel'abére d'esto secolo tutto quanto asembrare:…….

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Metaphors and literatureKenningar Snorri Sturluson (1178 –1241) Edda : kenningars

See also G.de Santillana, H.von Dechend Il mulino di Amleto. Saggio sul mito e sulla struttura del tempo, 2003 ,Adelphi.

Some example:

Revolving sky Amloð ‘s millSword bloods wormEyes brown stars Wind trees destroyerTo kill the enemies to feed eaglesWarrior raven feederDeath flame-farewelledPoetry flow from Grímnir lips (Grímnir = Odin)Wolf Gunn horse (Gunn = a valkyrie)Sea whales road

(seven centuries brforeMetaphor, we live by, G.Lakoff, M.Johnson)

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Metaphors and communication

Doctor

Patient

Family

Wellbeing Illness

accepts

fightsSearches for

treats treats

governaattackgives life to

The secret history of war to cancerTo defeat cancerFight against cancerMolecular target therapies 

“Tao”

man otherconflict

harmony

rules rules

finds finds

feeds feeds

doctor

patient cancerconflict

modus

rules rules

finds finds

accepts accepts

Make it up with cancerA good life with cancerLong life with cancer 

God

Man

Family

Good Evil

creates

fightsdoes

rewards punishes

rulestemptshelps

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Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, Michael Minkov

Cultures and Organizations.

Software of the MindMcGraw-Hill, 2010

on 107 countries

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Power Distance

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Power Distance, family and schoolLow

• Unequality to be reduced• Social relations to be managed• Interdipendence• Parents, elder and sons are equal• Sons do not support parents• Students and teachers are equal• Teachers stimulate interaction• Teachers transfer neutral know

how• Learning for interchange• Policy based on secondary school

High• Unequality favoured• Rituals in social relations• Dependencies • Obedients and respectful sons• Sons support parents• Teacher respected outside• Only teachers can take initiatives• Teachers transfer personal

wisdom• Learning depends on theachers• Policy based on universities

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Power Distance e organisations

Low• Hierarchy = advantage• Decentralization• Few supervisors• Balanced salaries• Manager use experience and

collaborators• Advice of subordinates is taken

into account • Ideal leader = democratic• Rational relationships• Obstructed privileges• White and bluecollars equal

High• Hierarchy = unequality• Centralization• Many supervisors• Different salaries• Manager refers to seniors and

rules• Subordinates obey• Ideal leader = good father• Emotional relationships• Spread privileges• Whitecollars higher than

bluecollars

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Power Distance and stateLow• Power legitimazed• Powe separated by skill • Large middle class• Equal rights• Power based on ability• Changes by evolution• Politics: dialogue, not violence• Pluralism and vote• Strong centre e weak wings• Distribute income and leveled by

taxes• Low perceived corruption

High• Power ove right• Power joined with skill• Small middle class• Powerful privileges• Power based on tradition• Changes by revolution• Politics: violence, not dialogue • Autocracy e cooptation• Weak centre e strong wings• Unequal income, emphasized by

taxes• High perceived corruption

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A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

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Efficiency

Effectiveness

WelcomeOptimismFriendliness

LinesColoursLanguage… (Ramachandran, Lakoff, …)

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WelcomeCognitive Surprise

ColoursArt

Ramachandran, Lakoff, Rizzolatti, … Smile

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WelcomeCognitive Surprise

ColoursArt

After

Before

Ramachandran, Lakoff, Rizzolatti, …

Smile

Page 131: Emotional Web design

A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

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Before

After

Ospedale Oncologico Infantile Pausilipon - Napoli

SOME MEASURES :REDUCTION OF CHILDREN SEDATION

DURING NMR FROM ABOUT 40% TO 2%!

WelcomeCognitive Surprise

ColoursArt

Smile

Ramachandran, Lakoff, Rizzolatti, …

Page 132: Emotional Web design

A case study: Breast Radiology Dept. at Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori - Milano

Actions• Info on service• Access• Waiting room• Go• Do• Out• Wait for result Colours

Language

Dismission folder

Control Certainty

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MEASURES

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UNDERGROUND MUSIC

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WALLS/FLOOR INTERACTION

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PEOPLE INTERACTION

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SOUND AND NOISE