“ Water Memory “

A Physico-Chemical Study

V. Elia, E. Napoli

Dipartimento di

Scienze Chimiche

Il ‘Paradigma’ segna il confine tra ‘scienza’ e ‘non scienza’

I paradigmi però nascono , si sviluppano e poi declinano e

devono essere sostituiti quando le nuove scoperte scientifiche

si rivelano incompatibili.

La società è riluttante ad abbandonare un paradigma

consolidato e quindi i portatori di nuove idee appaiono come

stravaganti , eretici , pericolosi.

Nella scienza non esistono gli eretici poiché non esistono

dogmi.

Methods

The perturbed water was obtained using the three

different protocols:

EDS (Extremely Diluted Solutions). Obtained

through an iterative process of successive

dilutions and agitations.

IFW (Iteratively Filtered Water). Obtained

through an iterative process of successive

filtrations through sintered glass filters.

INW (Iteratively Nafionized Water). Obtained

through an iterative process of successive drying

and wetting of the Nafion polymer.

Protocol for the Preparation

of a Homeopathic Solution Iteration of two processes: dilution and dynamization

Dynamization: violent shaking (succussion) of the solution in the vertical direction.

Example:

Active principle: NaCl Solvent: H2O

• NaCl 1 CH solution: 1 g of NaCl + 99 g of H2O. The resulting solution is then succussed;

• NaCl 2 CH solution: 1 g of NaCl 1 CH + 99 g of H2O. The resulting solution is then succussed;

• NaCl n CH solution: 1 g of NaCl (n-1) CH + 99 g of H2O. The resulting solution is then succussed.

The label “n CH” (centesimal hanhemannian) reports the dilution degree (for n=1 ... n).

Il principio attivo, dopo le diluizioni, non è più

presente.

Il solvente si è modificato e non possiede più i

parametri chimico-fisici dell’acqua bidistillata.

Risultano variati:

• Conducibilità specifica elettrica

• pH

• Calore di mescolamento con acidi e basi

• Densità etc……

0,0 2,0x10-5

4,0x10-5

6,0x10-5

8,0x10-5

1,0x10-4

5,6

5,8

6,0

6,2

6,4

6,6

6,8

7,0

7,2

pH

MT

pH of EDS vs Concentrration of the Chemical Contents

V. Elia, E. Napoli, R. Germano

Homeopathy, (2007) 96, 163-169

0,0 2,0x10-5

4,0x10-5

6,0x10-5

8,0x10-5

0

2

4

6

8

-Qm

ix /

J k

g-1

Mtot

Heat of Mixing of EDS vs

Concentration of the Chemical

Contents

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

S c

m-1)

MNa+

*105(mol L

-1)

Specific conductivity of EDS compared to

the concentration of the chemical content

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Proton_Zundel.gif

Sample χi Experim./mg Expected/mg Δmg

1 100,0 2,3 0,9 1,4

2 122,0 3,3 1,1 2,2

3 25,0 1,3 0,5 0,8

4 57,0 2,2 0,8 1,4

5 58,0 3,1 1,0 2,1

6 44,0 2,6 1,4 1,2

7 9,7 0,4 0,2 0,2

8 13,0 0.8 0,4 0,4

9 23,0 1,3 0,4 0.9

10 21,0 0.6 0,1 0.5

11 13,0 0,8 0.2 0,6

12 52,0 1,0 0.2 0,8

13 130,0 2,7 1,4 1.3

Glass Powder χi Experim./mg Expected/mg Δmg

1 68,0 3,1 3,1 0

2 8,5 0,3 0,2 0,1

3 18,0 1,2 1 0,2

International Journal of Design and Nature – V. Elia, E. Napoli

Dissipative Structures in Extremely Diluted Solution of Homeopathic Medicines. A Molecular Model based on Physico-Chemical and Gravimetric evidences, 2010, Vol 5,N°1,39-48

Solid in the vial (zoom)

It seems that there is a new component !

Volume Effect

and

Ageing Effect

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

0

10

20

30

40

50

E /

S c

m-1

V / mL

Excess Specific Electric Conductivity vs.

Volume

V. Elia, L. Elia, E. Napoli, M. Niccoli “International Journal of Ecodynamics, Vol.1 No.4 (2007)

0 200 400 600 800 1000

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

200 ml

3 ml

5 ml

10 ml

E (

AA

10D

H)

(S

cm-1)

t(days)

Combined effect of Volume

and Age

P.Belon,V.Elia L.Elia,M.Montanino, E.Napoli,M.Niccoli

J. Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry ,2007, Vol.93(2), 459-469

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

0

10

20

30

40

5K

200K

30K

12K

6KS c

m-1

t (days)

AM - 5,6,12,30,200K - 600

Excess Conductivity vs time of AM 5,6,12,30,200CK

V.Elia,L.Elia,N. Marchettini, E.Napoli, M.Niccoli, E. Tiezzi Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2008, Vol. 93 (3), 100

Far-From-Equilibrium Systems.

«Dissipative Structures»

Tutto spinge ad ipotizzare, in

assenza di soluto chimico, la

presenza di aggregati di molecole

di acqua!

Strutture Dissipative

Per sistema dissipativo si intende

un sistema termodinamicamente

aperto che lavora in uno stato

lontano dall’equilibrio

di cui le celle di Benard sono un

esempio

Le celle di Benard descrivono

il moto di un fluido per effetto

convettivo quando gli viene

fornito calore dal basso.

E’ l’esempio dell’instaurarsi

spontaneo di un ordine in un

sistema caotico.

Celle di Benard

Fase Liquida

UV - Vis Spectra

200 250 300 350 400 450

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

AM 200 CH 1 ml, = 65 S cm-1

AM 200 CH 0.5 ml, = 69 S cm-1

Aspirna 9 CH, = 130 S cm-1

A

nm

V.Elia,G.Ausanio, F.Gentile, R.Germano, E.Napoli, M.Niccoli- Homeopathy 2014, 103,44-50

200 250 300 350 400 450 500

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

Ab

s

wavelength / nm

--- IFW

----- INW

Elia V , Ausanio G , De NinnoA, Gentile F,Germano R, Napoli E, Niccoli M-Water 5, 2013 15-26

Elia V , Ausanio G , De NinnoA,Germano R, Napoli E, Niccoli M-Water 5, 2014, 121-130

The Effect of Filtration

Procedures on the

Sovramolecular Structure

of Water

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

S c

m-1

n° Filtrazioni(10mL)

R1 90-150 m

R5 2-5 m

R4 5-15 m

R3 15-40 m

R2 40-90 m

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

/S

cm

-1

n° Filtrazioni(25mL)

R1

R5

R4

R3

R2

V.Elia, E.Napoli – IC-MAST 2012,Vol. 495

0 50 100 150 200

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

S c

m.1

n° Filtrazioni

10mL

1,2mL

2,5mL

5mL

R5

V.Elia, E.Napoli – IC-MAST 2012, Vol. 495

The Effect of Nafion on the

Sovramolecular Structure of Water

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

2

3

4

5

6

7

pH

Log(

pH

Linear Fit

Equation y = a + b*x

Weight No Weighting

Residual Sum of Squares

1,45731

Pearson's r -0,9787

Adj. R-Square 0,9575

Value Standard Error

pH Intercept 6,09557 0,04303

pH Slope -1,19934 0,02316

y = -1,19934x+6,09557

R2 = 0,9575

V.Elia, E.Napoli,M.Niccoli-JTAC (2013), Vol.112, N 2

IR Solid State Spectroscopy

V.Elia,G.Ausanio,A.De Ninno,F.Gentile,R.Germano,E.Napoli,M.Niccoli, 2013, Water 5, 16-26

IR spectra for solid residues of

INW, IFW and water

4500 4000 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

-0,5

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

Mix 0.25; N305

F273

Abs

Wavenumber (cm-1)

V.Elia,G.Ausanio,A.De Ninno,F.Gentile,R.Germano,E.Napoli,M.Niccoli, 2013, Water Online

IR spectra for solid residues for

EDS, INW and IFW

Atomic Force Microscopy

(AFM)

INW Iteratively Nafionized Water

χ = 321 µS/cm Five Drops Control Pure Water

Five Drops

40003000200010000

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

X[nm]

Y[n

m]

29.69 nm

0.00 nm

GP 84

IFW Iteratively Filtered Water

Five Drops

Control Glass Powder

Five Drops

Arnica Montana 200CH χ = 273 µS/cm

Three Drops

Control Glass Powder GP 84

Three Drops

40003000200010000

4000

3500

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

X[nm]

Y[n

m]

29.69 nm

0.00 nm

Physics Letters A – Shui Yin Lo,Xu Geng,David Gann

Evidence for the exsistence of stable-water-clusters at room temperature and

normal pressure,2009

Hundreds Drops

Fluorescence Microscopy

INW Iteratively Nafionated Water χ = 200 µS/cm

Molecular Aggregates

in the liquid phase can be seen !

Aspirine EDS

Aspirine 12 CH χ = 94 µS/cm

V.Elia.G.Ausanio,A.DeNinno,F.Gentile,R.Germano,E.Napoli,M.Niccoli,2013 Homeopathy Online

IFW

Iteratively Filtred Water χ = 270 µS/cm

Thermogravimetry

Thermogravimetry is a method of analysis in which the product is continuous

record of changes in the mass of a sample, in a controlled atmosphere and as

a function of temperature or time. The result of the analysis is usually

expressed with a thermogravimetric curve that shows on the abscissa the

temperature or the time and on the ordinate the variation of mass as an

absolute value or percentage; this chart is also defined curve of thermal

decomposition.

Is the abundant element with 18 amu

deriving from the thermal decomposition

responsible of the total mass loss of the solid?

The abundant substance

from the thermal decomposition

with 18 atomic mass units

accounts for the total mass loss

of the solid.

Is it a new state of water ?

Conclusions

Thank you

for your attention