D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Risposta Sismica Locale

7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Risposta Sismica Locale

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www.mdila`rundgcrimma.nae

Ghy quistdah mah't bisdtgti ta nahtgnt ei! Ihoay rigmdhl!


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YHDSIP^D] MILJD ^]YMD

EIMD]IPPGHIGMD PILLDA NGJG@PDG

Cgnajt md Dhlilhirdg

Narsa md Jgurig dh Dhlilhirdg Ndvdji

Mdpgrtdeihta md Einnghdng i Egtirdgjd

PD^VA^]G ^D^EDNG JANGJI?

]IAPDG IM GVVJDNG_DAHD

Pijgtari?Dhl. Mghdijg Maedhdng VAPNDHA

]isd md jgurig md?Mdila @PYNDGCPIMMA

GHHA GNNGMIEDNA 0663/066


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Vgldhg >/> - Nurrdnujue vdtgi mdNalhaei/d Haei/d

Vir eglldard dhcaregzdahd su Iurapgss? bttp?//iurapgss.nimicap.iurapg.iu Yhdahi iurapig, 0660-0676 0=620676

Jdvijja iurapia (*) Gsnajta Jitturg Dhtirgzdahi argji Vramuzdahi argji

Dhljisi @0 Jdvijja dhtireimda N7 Jdvijja Gvghzgta @0 Jdvijja dhtireimda @0 Jdvijja dhtireimda N7 Jdvijja gvghzgta

Crghnisi G0 JdvijjaIjieihtgri

@7 Jdvijja Dhtireimda G0Jdvijja

IjieihtgriG0

Jdvijjaijieihtgri

G0 Jdvijja ijieihtgri

(*) Wugmra naeuhi iurapia md rdcirdeihta pir ji jdhlui

Ngpgndt i naepitihzi sandgjd - âha pgrtdnajgreihti primdspasta g jgvargri dh tige nirnghma siepri md naeprihmiri i md rdsajviri dpra`jied gj eiljda gj cdhi md attihiri d rdsujtgtd privdstd.- âha matgta md uh carti sihsa md vajaht i md ngpgndt md pra`jie sajvdhl ghnbi hijji sdtugzdahd pdmdhgednbi.-âha matgta md uh attdea spdrdta md gmgttgeihta ghnbi hijji sdtugzdahd pd naepjissi i saha pdihgeihtimdspahd`dji g trgscirti dh tutta dj eahma.-@uahg ngpgndt md naeuhdngzdahi i eatdvgzdahi attihutg lrgzdi g uhgepdg ispirdihzg md depgrtdzdahimd jizdahd prdvgti g uh ùah hueira md stumihtd uhdvirsdtgrd ( gm alld ndrng 36 )

Ngpgndt i naepitihziarlghdzzgtdvi

Listdahi md pralittd i lruppd md jgvara

Ngpgndt i naepitihzi tinhdnbi Dhlilhiri strutturdstg nah ngpgndt pralittgzdahi md strutturi hah trgmdzdahgjd i naepjissi.

Ngpgndt i naepitihzidhcaregtdnbi

^d ijihngha ji prdhndpgjd naepitihzi spindgjdstdnbi dh gllduhtg gjji naepitihzi `gsi md utdjdzza mijnaeputir?Attdeg nahasnihzg Ixnij+S@GAttdeg Nahasnihzg pralrgeeg pir Eamijjgzdahi CIE ^]PGY^6 ldulha 066>, h. 743"Namdni dh egtirdg md pratizdahi mid mgtd pirsahgjd". (cgnajtgtdva, v. dstruzdahd)

Cdreg


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Pdspastg sdsedng jangji?]iardg im Gppjdngzdahd

DDD

DHMDNI

DH]PAMY_DAHI...................... ................................................................................... Vgl. 7

7.NAEVAP]GEIH]A EINNGHDNA MID ]IPPIHD

HID NAHCPAH]D MIJJG_DAHI ^DÊDNG...................................................... Vgl. 9

7.7 Vrapglgzdahi md ahmi sdsednbi hij sattasuaja ................................................ Vgl. 9

7.0 Pdspastg einnghdng mid tirrihd sajjindtgtd mg tgljda ndnjdna ............................. Vgl. 4

7.>. Ngrgttirdzzgzdahi spirdeihtgji mid pgrgeitrd einnghdnd ................................ Vgl. 70

7.>.7 Vravi dh sdtu ........................................................................................ Vgl. 7=

7.>.0 Vravi md jgàrgtarda ............................................................................ Vgl. 06

7.=. Cgttard md dhcjuihzg suj naepartgeihta einnghdna mid tirrihd ....................... Vgl. 07

7.=.7 Micaregzdahi gjji pdnnajdssdei micaregzdahd ................................... Vgl. 07

7.=.0 Cgttari md searzgeihta gjji pdnnajdssdei micaregzdahd .................... Vgl. 0>

7.=.> Micareg`djdt i searzgeihta dh ngepa hah jdhigri ......................... Vgl. 0=

0.PD^VA^]G ^DÊDNG MIJ Â]]A^YAJA DMIGJI I PIGJI ...................... Vgl. 03

0.7. Ngrgttirdzzgzdahi mijjgzdahi sdsedng ............................................................. Vgl. 03

0.7.0. Ngrgttirdzzgzdahi hij maedhda mijji criquihzi .................................. Vgl. 03

0.7.0.7 ^pittra md Caurdir ................................................................ Vgl. 0=

0.0.> ^trgta aealihia vdsna-ijgstdna su su`strgta rdldma ........................... Vgl. >9

0.0.= ^trgta aealihia vdsna-ijgstdna su su`strgta micareg`dji ................. Vgl. =60.>. Pdspastg sdsedng md uh sattasuaja rigji ............................................................ Vgl. =7

0.>.7 Eizza nahtdhua nah rdldmizzg vgrdg`dji nah jg pracahmdt ................. Vgl. =>

0.>.0. Eizza strgtdcdngta ............................................................................... Vgl. =.0.7 âjuzdahi pir dj eamijja g strgtd nahtdhud ............................ Vgl. =.0.0 âjuzdahi pir dj eamijja g egssi nahnihtrgti .................... Vgl. 96

0.>.> Iccittd mijjg hah jdhigrdt .................................................................... Vgl. 90

0.>.= Iccittd md àrma md vgjjd gjjuvdahgjd ..................................................... Vgl. 9>

0.>.9 Iccittd mijjg tapalrgcdg ....................................................................... Vgl. 99

>.EAMIJJG_DAHI HYEIPDNG MIJJG PD^VA^]G DÊDNG JANGJI..... Vgl. 9.7. Ghgjdsd hueirdng md tdpa eahamdeihsdahgji ................................................... Vgl. 94>.7.7 Namdni md ngjnaja ^BGKI .................................................................. Vgl. 36

>.7.0. Namdni md ngjnaja IIPG .................................................................... Vgl. 3=

>.7.0.7 Ngrgttirdstdnbi prdhndpgjd i mdccirihzi

md `gsi nah ji prinimihtd virsdahd ......................................... Vgl. 3=

>.7.0.0 Misnrdzdahi mid naeghmd mij namdni md ngjnaja IIPG ........ Vgl. 33

>.7.>. Namdni md ngjnaja AHMG ................................................................... Vgl. .7.>.7 Eamijja md Pgeìrl-Aslaam (74=>) .................................. Vgl. .7.>.0 Dhput i Autpt dh Ahmg .......................................................... Vgl. .7.= Namdni md ngjnaja MI^PG ................................................................... Vgl.

>.7.9 MPIL]G ............................................................................................. Vgl. .0. Ghgjdsd hueirdng dmdeihsdahgji .................................................................... Vgl. .0.7 Dj WYGM-= ........................................................................................... Vgl.


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Pdspastg sdsedng jangji?]iardg im Gppjdngzdahd

DS

=.PD^VA^]G DÊDNG JANGJI I G^VI]]D MD HAPEG]DSG........................ Vgl.

9.=.7 Ngsa md mipasdta su su`strgta (ìmrank) rdldma ................................ Vgl. 4>

9.=.0 Ngsa md eamijja ijgstdna-jdhigri pir dj tirriha

su su`strgta (ìmrank) micareg`dji ................................................... Vgl. 4>

9.=.> Ngsa md eamijja vdsna-ijgstdna pir

dj tirriha su su`strgta (ìmrank) micareg`dji .................................. Vgl. 4. stumda mijjg rdspastg sdsedng jangji, cgsi nbi rdnbdimi jdhtirgzdahi trg Liajaldg i

Liatinhdng;

=.

ghgjdsd mij naepartgeihta mid eghucgttd, md naepitihzg mijjDhlilhirdg ^trutturgji pir quij

nbi nahnirhi jg vujhirg`djdt mijjapirg ghtrapdng.

9.

vgjutgzdahi mij pgrgeitra rijgtdva gjjg qughtdcdngzdahi mijji rigjt mghhilldgti,gppghhgllda miljd ispirtd md ur`ghdstdng i md Vdghdcdngzdahi tirrdtardgji;


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Pdspastg sdsedng jangji? ]iardg im gppjdngzdahd Dhtramuzdahi

0

3. Vralitta md dhtirvihtd md pratizdahi ndvdji, ahiri g ngrdna mijjg Vu``jdng Geedhdstrgzdahi

D mdccirihtd jdvijjd md ghgjdsd nah ji rijgtdvi naepitihzi nadhvajti i ljd ijieihtd md nahasnihzg

rdnbdistd saha `ih rdgssuhtd mgjja snbieg g `jannbd dh cdl.6.7

Cdlurg 6. 7? ^nbieg g `jannbd mid mdccirihtd md ghgjdsd mijjg

ednrazahgzdahi sdsedng


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>

Jg ednrazahgzdahi sdsedng puhtg qudhmd g edtdlgri ljd iccittd mid tirrieatd nbi passaha

virdcdngrsd dh uhg mgtg zahg dhmdvdmughma grii g naepartgeihta aealihia satta dj pracdja mijjg

rdspastg sdsedng nas mg patir pralittgri spindcdnd pdghd md dhtirvihta md pratizdahi ndvdji.

Dj pgrgeitra rijgtdva gjjg qughtdcdngzdahi mijji rigjt mghhilldgti md mdccdndji vgjutgzdahi

(naeprihmihma ajtri g imdcdnd a strutturi pramuttdvi ghnbi vdti ueghi i vgjard grtdstdnd a nujturgjd).Ja stgta md nahsirvgzdahi mij pgtrdeahda imdjdzda, i qudhmd dj cgttari vujhirg`djdt cartieihti

dhcjuihzgta mgjjg rdspastg sdsedng jangji avvira gjji vd`rgzdahd nbi dj sdseg pravanbir dh quij

juala.

Jivihta tijjurdna, dhcgttd, sd prapglg hij tirriha satta careg md ahmi, ahmi nbi su`ihma

rdcjissdahd i rdcrgzdahd ngusgti mgjjg itiralihidt mijjg nrastg tirristri dh nud sd euavaha

grrdnnbdsnaha dj silhgji rildstrgta mg uh dpatitdna sdsealrgca.

Vir qughta mitta jg strgtdlrgcdg jangji mij tirriha ldang uh ruaja eata departghti hijjg

micdhdzdahi mijjivihta sdsedna i padnb issg mdvirsg mg juala g juala hinissgrda nahmurri uh

ghgjdsd md tdpa jangji pir attihiri jivihta mg gssueiri naei rdcirdeihta. Vraprdgeihti sd pgrjg mddhcjuihzg mijji nahmdzdahd md sdtasujjgzdahi sdsedng.

Vd prindsgeihti dj eata sdsedna jangjeihti dhcjuihzgta saprgttutta mgjjg liajaldg, mgjjg

tapalrgcdg mijjg supircdndi, mgjjg strgtdlrgcdg mij sattasuaja i mgjji ngrgttirdstdnbi liatinhdnbi mid

prded 96 e md pracahmdt md uh mipasdta md tirriha. Dh lihirgji, ji ngrgttirdstdnbi mij eata sdsedna

gttisa su ranndg i rdngvgti mg ghgjdsd md pirdnajasdt saha gepjdcdngti mgjji nahmdzdahd jangjd. Jg

vgjutgzdahi miljd iccittd jangjd rdngvgtg gttrgvirsa ghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng mij tirriha, ji qugjd

sirvaha g mitiredhgri ljd spittrd md rdspastg md pralitta, vgjutgri jg primdspasdzdahi gjjg jdquicgzdahi

md uh nirta sdta i isiludri ghgjdsd md stg`djdt mid pihmdd (Krgeir 7443).

Jdepartghzg mijjghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng mij tirriha jildttdegtg mg hueirasi haregtdvi

hgzdahgjd im dhtirhgzdahgjd, ji qugjd, hah saja micdhdsnaha d nrdtird mijjg pralittgzdahi ghtdsdsedng

eg prisnrdvaha spindcdnbi pranimuri md ngjnaja pir tihir nahta miljd iccittd jangjd.

Ji ghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng mij tirriha passaha issiri isiludti trgedti uhgepdg vgrdit md

tinhdnbi, ji qugjd passaha mdccirdri hijjgnnurgtizzg nah nud vdihi eamijjgtg jg liaeitrdg mij

pra`jieg a jg ndhiegtdng mijji ahmi sdsednbi, appuri hijji dpatisd mid jilged nastdtutdvd utdjdzzgtd

pir misnrdviri dj tirriha. ]gjd tinhdnbi passaha prisihtgri gjnuhi mdccirihzi ghnbi hid eitamd md

ghgjdsd nbi issi gmattgha pir rdsajviri ji iqugzdahd mij eata. Ji ghgjdsd md rdspastg mij tirriha `gsgti

su uhg liaeitrdg i uhg ndhiegtdng eahamdeihsdahgji saha quijji pd naeuhieihti usgti, hah

saja pir jg jara eglldari siepjdndt eg ghnbi pirnb spissa jdpatisd md suajd strgtdcdngtd

ardzzahtgjeihti eajta gmirihti gjjg rigjt.Vir qughta rdlugrmg dj eamijja nastdtutdva mij mipasdta supircdndgji md tirriha d mui eamijjd pd

criquihtieihti usgtd saha quijja vdsnaijgstdna-jdhigri i quijja vdsnaijgstdna-jdhigri-iqudvgjihti,

saprgttutta pir ji nahvihdihtd siepjdcdngzdahd nbi hi mirdvgha.

Naeuhqui, ghgjdsd jdhigrd - iqudvgjihtd hij maedhda md criquihzg prisihtgha naeuhqui mijji

jdedtgzdahd, crg nud jdhngpgndt md rdpramurri narrittgeihti dj naepartgeihta md uh sdstieg hah

jdhigri (Nahstghtapujas it gj. 74) im dhajtri ghnbi dj eghngta rdspitta mij prdhndpda md ngusgjdt

cdsdng (Nbdhl i Ljgsir 0667). Jghgjdsd hah jdhigri, pir dhtilrgzdahi mdrittg mijji iqugzdahd md eata,

supirg quisti jdedtgzdahd i si``ihi sdg pd depilhgtdvg g jdvijja naeputgzdahgji, nastdtudsni carsi j

gpprannda pd gccdmg`dji gjji ghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng mid tirrihd.


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=

G pgrtdri mgd prded ghhd


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Ngpdtaja 7

Naepartgeihta einnghdna mid tirrihd hid nahcrahtdmijjgzdahi sdsedng

]rgttgri uh pra`jieg md rdspastg sdsedng jangji naepartg jgccrahtgri uh pra`jieg md gepdg

mdccdnajt, pir vdg mijjijivgtg gjigtardit mijji ngusi sngtihghtd i dj nahsiluihti naepartgeihta,

eajta naepjissa, mid tirrihd sattapastd gm uha scarza mdhgedna. Vir pirsiludri ja`dittdva

dhlilhirdstdna hinissgrda vgjutgri qugji sdgha ljd gspittd pd departghtd md nud tihir nahta, sdg mgj

puhta md vdstg mijjg sajjindtgzdahi nbi mgj puhta md vdstg mijjg rdspastg mij egtirdgji, i sujjg `gsi md

nd iccittugri ji appartuhi siepjdcdngzdahd mij pra`jieg.

7.7 Vrapglgzdahi md ahmi sdsednbi hij sattasuaja

Jgzdahi sdsedng sd trgseitti hij sattasuaja sattacareg md ahmi ijgstdnbi md vajuei. D rdsujtgtd

mijja stumda mijjiqudjd`rda mdhgedna mij eizza ijgstdna dmigji eittaha dh ivdmihzg naei jg

prapglgzdahi mijji ahmi ijgstdnbi md vajuei gvvihlg sinahma mui eamgjdt mdstdhti (Cdl.7.7)?

ahmi V, gssandgti g stgtd micaregtdvd md nahtrgzdahi i mdjgtgzdahi mijjijieihta md

vajuei;

ahmi ^, gssandgti g stgtd micaregtdvd md tdpa mdstarsdahgji.

Ji prdei bghha vijandt md prapglgzdahi pgrd g?

[ 7.7U

i mdrizdahi pgrgjjijg gjji micaregzdahd nbi sd eghdcistgha hijjijieihta md vajuei dhvistdta

mgjjahmg.

Ji sinahmi bghha vijandt md prapglgzdahi pgrd g?

[7.0U


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Pdspastg sdedng jangji? ]iardg im Gppjdngzdahd Ngpdtaja 7

3

i mdrizdahi pirpihmdnajgri gjja spastgeihta mijjijieihta md vajuei dhvistdta mgjjahmg.

Hijji iqugzdahd saprg rdpartgti, E dj eamuja md rdldmizzg dh nahmdzdahd imaeitrdnbi, avvira

dh nahmdzdahd md micaregzdahi jgtirgji depimdtg, L dj eamuja md rdldmizzg g tgljda mij egtirdgji,

jg mihsdt mij eizza.

Vadnb jg vijandt mijjahmg, ^ a V, mdpihmi sastghzdgjeihti mgjjg rdldmizzg mij eizza

gttrgvirsgta, jitiralihidt mij tirriha ldang uh ruaja cahmgeihtgji hijjg prapglgzdahi mijjg stissg

mgjjg sarlihti gj sdta. Dhajtri hijjgttrgvirsgri jg supircdndi md dhtircgnndg trg mui egtirdgjd, sd

virdcdngha svgrdgtd cihaeihd, `ih pd naepjissd mijji siepjdnd vgrdgzdahd md vijandt dhtud`djd trgedti

ji iqugzdahd saprg prapasti. D prdhndpgjd saha quijjd md siludta ijihngtd, cgnihma rdcirdeihta gjjg

sdtugzdahi rdpartgtg dh cdlurg 7.0?

Lihirgzdahi md ahmi rdcjissi i md ahmi rdcrgtti

Ghnbi pir ji ahmi ijgstdnbi md vajuei vgji jg jilli md ^hijj. Murghti jg rdcrgzdahi i jg rdcjissdahi

passd`dji nbi sd lihirdha ahmi md hgturg mdvirsg mg quijjg dhndmihti. Dh cdl.7.0 rdpartgta dj ngsa md

uhahmg ^S, avvira uhahmg ^ pajgrdzzgtg hij pdgha virtdngji, dhndmihti i ji sunnissdvi ahmi V im

^S nbi sngturdsnaha mgjjg rdcjissdahi i rdcrgzdahi mijjahmg. Naei sd lihirgtg uh ahmg md hgturg

mdvirsg mg quijjg dhndmihti, pur nahtdhughma gm isdstiri ahmi md tdpa ^ (^S pir jisgttizzg), i ji

ahmi rdcjissi i rdcrgtti gssueaha mdrizdahd mdvirsi mg quijjg ardldhgrdg. Gppjdnghma jg jilli md hijj

gjjisiepda prapasta dh cdl.7.0, sd misuei nbi sd bg uh gvvdndhgeihta gjjg haregji gjjdhtircgnndg,dh praparzdahi gjjg mdedhuzdahi mijjg vijandt hij eizza md mistdhgzdahi rdspitta gj eizza md

pravihdihzg. ]rg ji ahmi rdcjissi i rdcrgtti mivi vgjiri dhcgttd nbi?

Cdlurg 7. 7 ^tgtd micaregtdvd pramattd mg ahmi V (g) i ahmi ^ (`).


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U

mavi?d ghlaja md dhndmihzg mijjahmgr ghlaja md rdcjissdahi mijjahmg ^Ss ghlaja md rdcjissdahi mijjahmg Vt ghlaja md trgsedssdahi mijjahmg ^Su ghlaja md trgsedssdahi mijjahmg VSsdi Spdvijandt md trgsedssdahi mijji ahmi hij eizza d-ea.

Naei sd pu assirvgri, mgd pimdnd utdjdzzgtd hijjg [7.>U jg vijandt md trgsedssdahi mijjahmg vgrdg

saja si vgrdg dj eizza dh nud sd prapglg.

Eamdcdng md gepdizzg md spastgeihtd

]gji vgrdgzdahi dhvirsgeihti praparzdahgji gj pramatta S, nbi prihmi dj haei md depimihzg

sdsedng _, mid eizzd g nahtgtta; hij ngsa md ahmi dhndmihtd juhla jg haregji gjjg supircdndi md

Cdlurg 7. 0? Iccittd pramattd mg uhahmg ^S dhndmihti gjjdhtircgnndg trg mui eizzd


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2

dhtircgnndg, mitti ud, ur,ut ji gepdizzi, rdspittdvgeihti, md ahmi dhndmihtd, rdcjissi i trgseissi, sd bg?

[7.=Umavi nah sd dhmdngta dj rgpparta trg ji depimihzi mid eizzd md pravihdihzg i mistdhgzdahi.

Lihirgzdahi md ahmi supircdndgjd

Wuista cihaeiha gssuei rdjivghti departghzg qughma dj eizza md mistdhgzdahi hah pu trgseittiri

ahmi md vajuei, avvira uhg supircdndi jdìrg. Dh tgj ngsa ji ahmi V i ^S sd nae`dhgha pir caregri

mijji ahmi supircdndgjd, nbi prihmaha dj haei md ahmi Pgyjidlb. Wuisti ahmi bghha vijandt SP, md

pana dhcirdari gjjg Ss, i pramunaha vd`rgzdahd dh pdghd virtdngjd ngrgttirdzzgti mg naepahihtd

pgrgjjiji i pirpihmdnajgrd gjjg mdrizdahi mijjahmg.

ûjjg `gsi mijji nahsdmirgzdahd gppihg cgtti sd pu travgri uhg ngrgttirdstdng nbi gnnaeuhg tuttiji ahmi md vajuei nbi sd prapglgha hij sattasuaja. Lihirgjeihti ghgjdzzghma dj sattasuaja, mgj

`gssa virsa jgjta, sd pu hatgri uhg nahtieparghig mdedhudzdahi mijjg mihsdt i mijjdhnjdhgzdahi

mijji supircdnd md dhtircgnndg mid vgrd strgtd. ^pirdeihtgjeihti sd hatg ghnbi uhg mdedhudzdahi mijjg

vijandt. Md nahsiluihzg jahmg, gvvdndhghmasd gjjg supircdndi, silui uh pirnarsa nurvdjdhia nbi vg

pralrissdvgeihti gnnastghmasd gjjg virtdngji eihtri ljd spastgeihtd gueihtgha md dhtihsdt, naei

vdihi ìh misnrdtta mgjji [7.>U i [7.=U. î d vgrd strgtd md tirriha mgj ìmrank gjjg supircdndi jdìrg

saha sipgrgtd mg supircdnd ardzzahtgjd, gjjarg dj cihaeiha sdsedna gssdedjg`dji gm uh triha mahmg

nbi sd prapglg virsa jgjta sihzg su`dri mivdgzdahd sdlhdcdngtdvi. Dh uh ngsa lihirdna jahmg siludr

uh pirnarsa mij tdpa rgpprisihtgta dh cdlurg 7.>.

Yhg prdeg, departghti, siepjdcdngzdahi pu issiri cgttg suljd iccittd mijjg prapglgzdahi

mijjivihta sdsedna. Ji ahmi V pravangha qudhmd hij tirriha uhg sirdi md naeprissdahd i mdjgtgzdahd

Cdlurg 7. >? Vrapglgzdahi md uh ivihta sdsedna mgjjg sarlihti gj sdta i pra`jied liatinhdnd


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4

vajueitrdnbi, si dj eizza sgtura ( naei sajdtgeihti gnngmi mgta nbi jg qugsd tatgjdt mid mipasdtd

hgturgjd sd travg sattacgjmg) gjji vgrdgzdahd md vajuei sd appahi dj tirriha dhtisa naei eizza `dcgsi,

avvira gjjg naeprissd`djdt mij tirriha, isprissg sdhtitdngeihti mgj eamuja imaeitrdna, pgrtindpg dh

eama sdlhdcdngtdva jg naeprissd`djdt mijjgnqug. Ji ahmi ^ pravangha hij eizza iccittd

mdstarsdahgjd nbi, mgtg jdepassd`djdt mijjgnqug md risdstiri g scarzd md tgljda, depilhghauhdngeihti jg cgsi sajdmg. Gppgri qudhmd ldustdcdngta rdnahmurri jg eamijjgzdahi einnghdng md uh

cihaeiha sdsedna gjjghgjdsd miljd iccittd pramattd mg uh dhsdiei md ahmi ^ nbi sd prapglgha virsa

jgjta, nah uh ngepa md spastgeihtd prgtdngeihti ardzzahtgji.

7.0 Pdspastg einnghdng mid tirrihd sajjindtgtd mg tgljda ndnjdna

^attapahihma uh ijieihta md vajuei gm uhg gzdahi tghlihzdgji (t), vgrdg`dji hij tiepa nah

jilli drrilajgri, g pgrtdri mgjji tihsdahd haregjd iccdngnd liastgtdnbi (bai va) sd assirvg naei dj

jilgei tihsdahi-micaregzdahi sdg hah jdhigri, hah rivirsd`dji i cartieihti mdpihmihti mgjjg stardg

mijja stgta tihsdahgji. Dh cdlurg 7.= vdihi snbiegtdzzgta dj pranissa md ngrdna im dj rdspittdva jilgei

scarzd-micaregzdahi nbi eitti dh juni ljd gspittd gppihg ivdmihzdgtd.

Yh sdhlaja pranissa md ngrdna-sngrdna-rdngrdna pu naeuhqui issiri rgpprisihtgta mg uhgnappdg md pgrgeitrd?

eamuja md rdldmizzg g tgljda ( L )

Cdlurg 7. =? Naepartgeihta md uh ijieihta md tirriha sattapasta gm uhg sajjindtgzdahi md tgljda siepjdni

vgrdg`dji hij tiepa nah jilli drrilajgri


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cgttari md searzgeihta ( M )

Hijjg cdlurg 7.9 vihlaha ivdmihzdgtd L, nbi dh tgj ngsa uh eamuja singhti, rgpparta trg

jisnursdahi egssdeg mijjg tihsdahi tghlihzdgji i jg narrdspahmihti isnursdahi mijjg micaregzdahi

ghlajgri, i La nbi dj vgjari mijjg rdldmizzg dhdzdgji. Dj cgttari M (nbi stg pir Mgepdhl Pgtda)rgpprisihtg dj rgpparta trg \M, ihirldg mdssdpgtg hij ndnja, i \s nbi jihirldg gnnueujgtg gj prdea

ndnja gepjdcdngtg md uh cgttari =.

Jdhtihzdahi qudhmd quijjg md travgri uh jilgei cuhzdahgji trg micaregzdahi ghlajgri md uh

mitiredhgta tirriha (ngrgttirdzzgta mgj vgjari dhdzdgji md L6 i sattapasta gm uhg mgtg tihsdahi

liastgtdng) i jivajuzdahi mid pgrgeitrd M i L.

Dj lrgcdna sunnissdva (Cdl.7.3) ivdmihzdg jivajuzdahi md tgjd pgrgeitrd dh narrdspahmihzg mid

vgjard md micaregzdahi ghlajgri deprissd. ^d vimi naei jg rdspastg einnghdng mij tirriha, dh tiredhd

md M i L, sdg mdpihmihti mgj jdvijja micaregtdva deprissa. ^d dhmdvdmugha tri ngepd md

naepartgeihta?

pdnnaji micaregzdahd

eimdi micaregzdahd

lrghmd micaregzdahd

Cdlurg 7. 9? Micdhdzdahi mid pgrgeitrd md rdldmizzg g tgljda, L, i cgttari md searzgeihta, M, dh uh ndnja tihsdahi-

micaregzdahi tghlihzdgji


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gjjdhtirha mid passd`dji rdnahasniri uh mdccirihti naepartgeihta mij tirriha satta jgzdahi md

ngrdnbd ndnjdnd?

Naepartgeihta g pdnnaji micaregzdahd

G pdnnaji micaregzdahd dj eamuja L gssuei gjjardldhi dj sua vgjari egssdea (L6) nbi sd eghtdihi

nah `uahg gpprassdegzdahi nastghti pir jdvijjd micaregtdvd dhcirdard g uh vgjari j nbi rgpprisihtg jg

saljdg md jdhigrdt. ]gji saljdg naeuhqui pdnnajg ( vgrdg`dji trg 6.6667% i ja 6.67%) ngrgttirdstdng

mij tdpa md tirriha. . Jihirldg mdssdpgtg rdspitta g quijjg deprissg eajta pdnnajg (M6). Dh tgji

sdtugzdahi dj tirriha pu issiri sammdscgnihtieihti snbiegtdzzgta naei uh eizza ijgstdna a gj pd

vdsna-ijgstdna.

Naepartgeihta g eimdi micaregzdahd

Cdlurg 7. 3 jdvijjd micaregtdvd im gspittd mij naepartgeihta einnghdna mij tirriha dh nahmdzdahd md tgljda

siepjdni


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^upirgtg jg saljdg md jdhigrdt dj tirriha eastrg uh naepartgeihta mdssdpgtdva i egrngtgeihti hah

jdhigri. ^d ivdmihzdg uh mingmdeihta mij eamuja L i uh gueihta mij eamuja M.

Jgspitta mid ndnjd - sd eamdcdng gj nrisniri mijjgepdizzg mijjg sajjindtgzdahi, eg dj egtirdgji

nahsirvg tuttgvdg uh naepartgeihta stg`dji im dhmdpihmihti mgj pranissa md ngrdna. Dhcgttd, mapa

uhg sajjindtgzdahi ndnjdng dj tirriha rdpirnarri ja stissa ndnja md tihsdahi micaregzdahi. Vadnb djhueira mid ndnjd md ngrdna hah eamdng jg careg mijjg nurvg nahsiluihtieihti L i M hah vgrdgha mg

uh ndnja gjjgjtra. ^d pu qudhmd micdhdri pir alhd vgjari md uhg nappdg (L(),M()) im

snbiegtdzzgri dj tirriha naei eizza ijgstdna-jdhigri iqudvgjihti.

Naepartgeihta g lrghmd micaregzdahd

Gjjgueihtgri mijjgepdizzg mijji sajjindtgzdahd ndnjdnbi, sd dhmdvdmug uh ujtirdari jdvijja md

micaregzdahi, nahvihzdahgjeihti micdhdta vsaljdg vajueitrdng, nbi supirg jmd uha mui armdhd md

lrghmizzg, gj md j mij qugji dj tirriha rdsihti mijjg stardg md ngrdna. ^dg L nbi M mdpihmaha qudhmd

mgj hueira md ndnjd md ngrdna, mdedhuihma gjjgueihtgri md issa ( milrgmgzdahi ndnjdng).

Vir iccitta md alhd sdhlaja ndnja - vgjard risdmud mijji micaregzdahd vajueitrdnbi (dh

nahmdzdahd mrihgti) a mijji savrgpprissdahd hiutri u (dh nahmdzdahd hah mrihgti) rdsujtgha hah

trgsnurg`djd. Yhg nahsiluihzg , istrieg, mij cihaeiha md mingmdeihta ndnjdna dh nahmdzdahi hah

mrihgti dj cihaeiha mijjg jdquicgzdahi, avvira jdepravvdsg pirmdtg md risdstihzg gj tgljda g

siludta md ghhujjgeihta mijji prissdahd iccittdvi. G quistd jdvijjd md micaregzdahi, dj jilgei

nastdtutdva hah pu nbi issiri md tdpa ijgsta-pjgstdna gm dhnrumdeihta.

G vgjji md quisti nahsdmirgzdahd appartuha nahcrahtgrsd nah d mgtd stgtdstdnd miljd iccittd

mdstarsdahgjd pramattd mgjjgzdahi sdsedng. ]gjd mgtd ivdmihzdgha naei, ghnbi tirrieatd md ijivgtg

eglhdtuma, partdha g jdvijjd md micaregzdahi ghlajgri mijjarmdhi mijj7%, avvira micaregzdahd

eimdi. Vir nud succdndihti, pir iccittugri uhg ednrazahgzdahi sdsedng, nahasniri dj

naepartgeihta mid tirrihd g eimdi micaregzdahd, avvira mitiredhgri spirdeihtgjeihti ji nurvi L-

i M-.

7.> Ngrgttirdzzgzdahi spirdeihtgji mid pgrgeitrd einnghdnd

Jg ngrgttirdzzgzdahi liatinhdng md uh mipasdta naeprihmi?

-jg micdhdzdahi mijjg strgtdlrgcdg md mittgljda i jdhmdvdmugzdahi mijji ngrgttirdstdnbi egnra i

eilgstrutturgjd;- jg mitiredhgzdahi mijjg nahmdzdahi md cgjmg;

- jdhmdvdmugzdahi mijjg stardg tihsdahi i mijja stgta tihsdahgji gttugji;

- jg mitiredhgzdahi mijji ngrgttirdstdnbi md pireig`djdt;

- jg mitiredhgzdahi mijji ngrgttirdstdnbi einnghdnbi;

Vir rgllduhliri tgji a`dittdva sd rdnarri mui tdpd md tinhdnbi spirdeihtgjd, qugjd?

pravi dh sdta

pravi md jg`argtarda


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Ji pravi, dh sdta im dh jgàrgtarda, hah mivaha issiri nahsdmirgti juhg gjtirhgtdvg gjjgjtrg,

padnb ihtrgeì prisihtgha vghtglld i jdedtd nbi hi ndrnasnrdvaha dj ngepa md gppjdngzdahi.

Ji pravi dh sdta accraha dj vghtgllda md misnrdviri nah nahtdhudt ji ngrgttirdstdnbi mid mipasdtd

dh sdta. Issi saha dhtirpritg`djd dh `gsi gjjg sajdmg tiardg mijjg trgsedssdahi md ahmi hij eizza

ijgstdna dmigji , gvvgjargtg mgd jdvijjd micaregtdvd dhmattd mgjji vd`rgzdahd, jdedtgtd gj ngepa jdhigri;gj nahtiepa pir jg `gsi dhtirpritgtdvg stissg prinjumi jg passd`djdt md istihmiri tgjd dhmgldhd gj

naepartgeihta mid tirrihd dh ngepa hah jdhigri.

Ji pravi md jgàrgtarda nahsihtaha jghgjdsd md uh ngepa md sajjindtgzdahd i micaregzdahd gssgd

pd gepda, eg prisihtgha pra`jied qugjd? mdsturà pramatta mgj ngepdahgeihta, mdccdnajt hij

rdpramurri ja stgta tihsdahgji dh sdta, pravdhd md mdeihsdahd eajta jdedtgti rdspitta gd vajued

nadhvajtd mgjjdhtirgzdahi nah apiri md dhlilhirdg.

Hijjg cdlurg 7.< vihlaha eissd g nahcrahta vghtglld i svghtglld nahhissd gjjgmazdahi md

pravi dh sdta pduttasta nbi pravi md jgàrgtarda.

Hijjg sunnissdvg tgìjjg dh cdlurg 7.2 vihlaha rdgssuhti ji patihzdgjdt i ngepd md edsurg mijji

tinhdnbi spirdeihtgjd usugjeihti gmattgti dh liatinhdng sdsedng.

Cdlurg 7. 2? nahcrahta mid prdhndpgjd vghtglld i svghtglld mijji pravi dh sdta im dh

jgàrgtarda

Cdlurg 7.


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Ji tinhdnbi md dhmgldhi dh sdta i md jg`argtarda vghha qudhmd dhtilrgti rindprangeihti dh

rijgzdahi gjjg jara naepjieihtgrdt, i naeuhqui siepri gccdghngti gd trgmdzdahgjd eitamd md

dhmgldhi, dhmdspihsg`djd pir jg naepjitg ngrgttirdzzgzdahi mij sattasuaja.

7.>.7 Vravi dh sdtu

Ji pravi dh sdta pir jg ngrgttirdzzgzdahi liatinhdng mid mipasdtd hgturgjd dhnjumaha?

g) D pranimdeihtd spirdeihtgjd pir ljd gnnirtgeihtd strgtdlrgcdnd, nbi passaha issiri summdvdsd dh

eitamd mdrittdi eitamd dhmdrittd.

D prded naeprihmaha ji pircargzdahd md sahmgllda nah istrgzdahi nahtdhug md ngrati a md

ngepdahd rdeghilldgtd a dhmdstur`gtd, i ljd sngvd dspizdahg`djd, assdg quid pranimdeihtd nbi

nahsihtaha uh mdritta i mittgljdgta rdjdiva mij tirriha.

D eitamd dhmdrittd rdlugrmgha dhvini tutti quijji pranimuri, qugjd ji pravi liacdsdnbi,

pihitraeitrdnbi, mdjgtaeitrdnbi, nbi edsurgha jg vgrdgzdahi md mitiredhgti ngrgttirdstdnbi i

pireittaha md rdsgjdri sunnissdvgeihti gjjg micdhdzdahi mij pracdja strgtdlrgcdna.

`)

Ji pravi pihitraeitrdnbi saha pravi hij narsa mijji qugjd sd edsurg jg risdstihzg gjjgpihitrgzdahi md uh utihsdji stghmgrmdzzgta.

G sinahmg mid mdspasdtdvd utdjdzzgtd passaha issiri mdhgednbi a stgtdnbi.

Cdlurg 7. 4? Vatihzdgjdt i ngepd md edsurg mijji tinhdnbi spirdeihtgjd gmapirgti dh liatinhdng sdsedng


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Hijji prdei (cdl.7.4) jutihsdji dhcdssa g pirnussdahi i dj mgta mg rdjivgri dj hueira md

najpd rdnbdista pir uh gvghzgeihta pricdssgta.

Jutihsdji pu issiri ngva (ngepdahgtari g pgritd lrassi, pravg ^V] avvira ^tghmgrm

Vihitrgtdah ]ist, cdl.7.2) a g puhtg nahdng nbdusg (^NV] avvira ^tghmgrm Nahi Vihitrgtdah

]ist, cdl.7.76).

Ji pravi stgtdnbi saha dhvini nahmatti g vijandt md gvghzgeihta nastghti (Nahi

Vihitrgtdah ]ist, NV]) i vdihi edsurgtg jg prissdahi isirndtgtg sujji gsti md eghavrg

(pihitraeitrd einnghdnd, cdl.7.77) a sujjutihsdji (pihitraeitrd ijittrdnd, cdl.7.70).

Cdlurg 7. 76? pravi pihitraeitrdnbi mdhgednbi V]

Cdlurg 7. 77? puhtg nahdng pir ji pravi ^NV]


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Dh lihirgji ji pravi pihitraeitrdnbi nahsihtaha md rdsgjdri eimdghti pranimdeihtd iepdrdnd

gj pracdja strgtdlrgcdna, gjji ngrgttirdstdnbi md risdstihzg gj tgljda i md micareg`djdt.

Cdlurg 7. 70? puhtg pir ji pravi stgtdnbi NV]

Cdlurg 7. 7>? puhtg mij pihitraeitra ijittrdna stghmgrm; (g) ^ihzg eghdnatta md gttrdta, (`) Nah

eghdnatta md gttrdta


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7), nbi

nahsdsti dh uhg eamdcdng mijjg puhtg mij pihitraeitra stgtdna, trgedti jdhsirdeihta md uhg

pditrg parasg najjilgtg gm uh trgsmuttari, nbi pireitti md edsurgri jg prissdahi hiutrg

murghti jgvghzgeihta.

Vadnb tgji prissdahi jilgtg gj tdpa md tirriha im gjjg sug nahsdstihzg, dj vgjari edsurgtapireitti md attihiri uhg misnrdzdahi mittgljdgtg mij pracdja strgtdlrgcdna i, si nae`dhgta nah

jg risdstihzg gjjg pihitrgzdahi edsurgtg gjjg puhtg, ghnbi uh dhmdni mijjg stardg tihsdahgji mij

mipasdta.

Vatihmasd iccittugri nah tgji gppgrinnbdgturg pravi md mdssdpgzdahi mijjg prissdahi hiutrg,

passd`dji attihiri dhajtri dhcaregzdahd sujji ngrgttirdstdnbi md nahsajdmgzdahi mij tirriha i

sujji nahmdzdahd md cgjmg.

m) Jipravi sndssaeitrdnbi(dhmdngti hijjg jittirgturg naei Cdijm Sghi ]ist), saha utdjdzzgti hid

tirrihd naisdvd md `gssg i eimdg nahsdstihzg pir jg mitiredhgzdahi mijjg risdstihzg gj tgljda

hah mrihgtg nu.

Issi nahsdstaha sastghzdgjeihti hijjg edsurg mij eaeihta tarnihti, nbi , gppjdngta gm uh

utihsdji nastdtudta mg qugttra gjitti virtdngjd i artalahgjd crg jara, pravang jg ratturg mij

tirriha (cdl.7.79).

Cdlurg 7. 7=? eamijjd md pdizanaha? (g) pdizanaha \dssg; (`) pdizanaha ]arstihssah


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i) Jipravi mdjgtaeitrdnbisaha pravi md mdjgtgzdahi md uhg eie`rghg pdghg md careg ndrnajgri

sdtugtg sujjg cgnndg md uhg jgeg, nbi vdihi dhcdssg hij tirriha nah uhg pranimurg dmihtdng g

quijjg mijji pravi pihitraeitrdnbi stgtdnbi (cdl. 7.73). D mgtd rdjivgtd hij narsa mijjg pravg

saha d vgjard mijjg prissdahi narrdspahmihtd gjjdhdzda mij eata mijjg eie`rghg im g uha

spastgeihta pricdssgta, i pireittaha, eimdghti narrijgzdahd iepdrdnbi md rdsgjdri gjjg

Cdlurg 7. 73? gppgrinnbdgturg pir ji pravi sndssaeitrdnbi

Cdlurg 7. 79? gppgrinnbdgturi pir ji pravi mdjgtaeitrdnbi? mdjgtaeitra md egrnbittd


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strgtdlrgcdg mij tirriha, gjjg sug stardg tihsdahgji, gjji ngrgttirdstdnbi md micareg`djdt i g

quijji md risdstihzg.

c) Ji pravi prissdaeitrdnbisaha mijji pravi md ngrdna rigjdzzgti eimdghti jispghsdahi md uhg

sahmg ndjdhmrdng. G sinahmg mij eitama md dhstgjjgzdahi ji gttrizzgturi saha summdvdsi dh

trgmdzdahgjd (prissdaeitra Eihgrm) i gutapircarghtd. Ji prdei hinissdtgha md uh cara mdsahmgllda prijdedhgri gjjdhtirha mij qugji vdihi pasdzdahgtg jg sahmg pir jisinuzdahi mijjg

pravg. Issi prisihtgha pirtghta ja svghtgllda md issiri isiludti su uh tirriha mdstur`gta

mgjjisinuzdahi mij cara, eg jg vgstg lgeeg md narrijgzdahd iepdrdnbi rgnnajti hiljd ujtded

ghhd hi cghha naeuhqui uh vgjdma eizza md dhmgldhi.

Jg tinhdng mijjgutapircargzdahi, nbi nahsdsti hij rdeuaviri uh vajuei md tirriha pgrd g

quijja mijjg sahmg nbi vdihi dhtramattg dh issa, accri dj lrghmi vghtgllda md edhdedzzgri

mindsgeihti alhd iccitta md mdstur`a i md rdsgjdri pirnd pd gttihmd`djeihti gd pgrgeitrd nbi

ngrgttirdzzgha ja stgta tihsdahgji i dj naepartgeihta scarzd-micaregzdahd mij egtirdgji .

l) Ji pravi md ngrdna su pdgstrg saha usgti pir jg mitiredhgzdahi mijji ngrgttirdstdnbi md

micareg`djdt mij tirriha, suppasta pir nbi ji mdeihsdahd mijjg pdgstrg stissg passgha

issiri rgpprisihtgtdvi pir dj pra`jieg dh isgei. Jg zahg dhcjuihzgtg mgj ngrdna rdsujtg dhcgttd

naeprisg ihtra uhg pracahmdt pgrd g ndrng mui vajti jg mdeihsdahi edhari mijjg pdgstrg, im

issihma quistg ( pir eatdvd inahaednd) mindsgeihti jdedtgtg hi rdsujtg nbi lrghmd mdccirihzi

passaha sussdstiri trg d rdsujtgtd mijjg pravg i dj naepartgeihta mijji strutturi rigjd.

]ihihma nahta md quisti jdedtgzdahd jg pravg naeuhqui md hativaji dhtirissi hij ngsa, gm

isiepda, md egtirdgjd sg``dasa-lbdgdasd, pir d qugjd hah sd bghha eajti gjtri gjtirhgtdvi, i

hij ngsa md tirrihd naisdvd nahsdstihtd cissurgtd, dj nud naepartgeihta, pir jg prahuhndgtg

egnrastrutturg, cartieihti dhcjuihzgta mgj vajuei md tirriha dhtirissgta mgjjg pravg ( ji

pravi md jg`argtarda i ji gjtri pravi dh sdta, cgttg innizdahi pir ji pravi prissdaeitrdnbi,

dhtirissgha uh vajuei md tirriha edhari).

b)

Ji pravi nrass-bajinahsdstaha dh uhg sirdi md edsuri mijjg vijandt mijjg prapglgzdahi mijji

ahmi md tgljda trg mui pircargzdahd (cdl.7.7


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Hij ngsa mijji pravi mihaedhgti mawh-baji(cdl.7.72), ji ahmi ijgstdnbi saha lihirgti

dh supircdndi deprdeihma uh najpa gm uhg tgvajg cdssgtg sgjmgeihti gj tirriha. G mdccirihzg

mijjg tinhdng nrass-baji , nbi pir jg edsurg mijjg vijandt mijji ahmi utdjdzzg pirnarsd

ardzzahtgjd, jg mdrizdahi md prapglgzdahi quistg vajtg su` virtdngji i jg mdstghzg trglihirgtari i rdnivdtari vgrdg dh cuhzdahi mijjg pracahmdt gjjg qugji pasdzdahgta dj liacaha.

d) Ji pravi md pireig`djdt dh tirrihd lrghujgrd saha iccittugti naeuhieihti dh card md

sahmgllda, i, g sinahmg mid ngsd, jisinuzdahi pu gvvihdri g ngrdna dmrgujdna nastghti a

vgrdg`dji. Jgttihmd`djdt mij naiccdndihti md pireig`djdt attihuta su`armdhgtg gjjg

nahasnihzg mijji nahmdzdahd md cgjmg isdstihtd prdeg mijjg pravg i mijji nahmdzdahd

strgtdlrgcdnbi. Vir ghgjdsd pd gnnurgti passd`dji rdnarriri g pravi md paepgllda.

7.>.0 Vravi md jg`argtarda

Dj naepartgeihta einnghdna mid tirrihd pu issiri misnrdtta cgnihma rdcirdeihta gm uh eizza

ijgsta-pjgstdna ghdsatrapa. Hi silui nbi jg rdspastg md uh ngepdahi g uh mgta sdstieg md

Cdlurg 7. 7


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sajjindtgzdahi mdpihmi mgjjg sug stardg tihsdahgji i mgj pirnarsa mijjg md sajjindtgzdahi gttrgvirsa dj

qugji sd rgllduhli jg sdtugzdahi cdhgji.

Jg mitiredhgzdahi mid pgrgeitrd hinissgrd gjjg misnrdzdahi md tgji naepartgeihta pirtghta

suàrmdhgtg gjjg passd`djdt md mdsparri md gppgrinnbdgturi md jgàrgtarda nbi pireittgha md

rdpramurri ji nahmdzdahd dhdzdgjd , ji nahmdzdahd md sajjindtgzdahi i micaregzdahi i ji nahmdzdahd mdmrihgllda, tdpdnbi mij pra`jieg rigji dh isgei.

Md siludta vdihi prapastg uhg `rivi misnrdzdahi mijji pravi md jgàrgtarda pd rdnarrihtd.

g)

jg pravg trdgssdgji uhg pravg md jgàrgtarda nbi pireitti dj nahtrajja mijjg tihsdahi rgmdgji

i virtdngji, dj pravdha vdihi qudhmd sattapasta gm uha stgta tihsdahgji gssdgj sdeeitrdna. Dj

pravdha gvvajta dh uhg eie`rghg dh jgttdni, gjja snapa md dsajgri jgnqug prisihti gjjdhtirha

md issa, vdihi pasta dh uhg nijjg dh pjixdljgs nahtihti gnqug dj nud vgjari md prissdahi pu

issiri appartuhgeihti eamdcdngta eimdghti uh sdstieg md prissurdzzgzdahi istirha. ûjjg

saeedt mij pravdha pasta uh pdstahi nbi pireitti jgppjdngzdahi md ngrdnd virtdngjd.

Eimdghti tgji pravi passd`dji rdngvgri d pgrgeitrd md micareg`djdt i md risdstihzg.

`)

Hijjg pravg md tgljda mdritta dj pravdha pasta gjjdhtirha md mui tijgd ardzzahtgjd nbi

passaha snarriri juha rdspitta gjjgjtra partghma g ratturg dj pravdha juhla uh pdgha md

ratturg pristg`djdta.

7.= Cgttard md dhcjuihzg suj naepartgeihta einnghdna mid tirrihd

Md siludta vihlaha carhdti gjnuhi dhmdngzdahd su vgjard i ghmgeihtd tdpdnd md rdldmizzg (L) i

searzgeihta (M) pir d vgrd tdpd md tirriha.

Jg mdccirihzdgzdahi trg tirrihd mdvirsd vg lihirgjeihti rdcirdtg gd prdhndpgjd cgttard nastdtutdvd

(lrghujaeitrdg, pjgstdndt, tissdturg, nieihtgzdahi), eihtri jg vgrdg`djdt dh uhg caregzdahi

jdtajaldngeihti aealihig vg gssandgtg g quijji vgrdg`djd md stgta cahmgeihtgjd (stgta tihsdahgji i

stardg mijja stgta tihsdahgji, dhmdni mid vuatd, it liajaldng).

Ji dhmdngzdahd md siludta rdpartgti mivaha issiri nahsdmirgti naei?

g) strueihtd md stdeg gpprassdegtg mid pgrgeitrd, dh eghnghzg md edsurg mdrittg miljd stissd.

`) nrdtird md virdcdng mijjgttihmd`djdt md edsuri, dh gssihzg mijjg succdndihti ispirdihzg a

nahcdmihzg dhlilhirdstdng sud vgjard rdsnahtrg`djd hijjg prgtdng, eg hah vghha pir quista

rdtihuti sastdtutdvi mijjg mitiredhgzdahi spirdeihtgji mdrittg mijji lrghmizzi.

7.=.7 Micareg`djdt gjji pdnnajdssdei micaregzdahd

Jg mdpihmihzg mij eamuja L6mgjji vgrdg`djd md stgta (tihsdahi eimdg iccdngni (p), dhmdni mid

vuatd (i), lrgma md savrgnahsajdmgzdahi (ANP) pu issiri isprissg gttrgvirsa careuji

siediepdrdnbi sinahma jisprissdahi (Bgrmdh,74


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00

-Vg jg prissdahi gteascirdng;

Dj eamuja md ijgstdndt tghlihzdgji dhdzdgji L6pu pirgjtra isprdeirsd ghnbi dh cuhzdahi md vgjard

tdpdnd md i Ssutdjdzzghma jg [iq. 7.0U.

Jispirdihzg bg eastrgta nbi, hijjge`dta md pracahmdt hah pgrtdnajgreihti ijivgti, g

mdvirsi njgssd md tirriha saha gssandg`djd ljd dhtirvgjjd tdpdnd md vgjard md S srdpartgtd hijjg tg`ijjg dh

cdlurg 7.06, gnnghta gd vgjard ngrgttirdstdnd md mihsdt mij tirriha.

Cdlurg 7.74? Sgrdgzdahi mid pgrgeitrd md rdldmizzg ^,h,e nah jdhmdni md

pjgstdndt DV (mg Sdhgji it gj., 7443)


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0>

EG]IPDGJD (t/e>) S^(e/s)

]irrihd arlghdnd, tar`i

grldjji eajta eajjd

7.6 7.>

7.= 7. Micareg`djdt i searzgeihta dh ngepa hah jdhigri

Vir misnrdviri jg mdpihmihzg mij naepartgeihta hah jdhigri mgd cgttard nastdtutdvd, hueirasi

narrijgzdahd iepdrdnbi saha stgti prapasti mg vgrd gutard? hijjg eglldarghzg mid ngsd, jg pasdzdahi i

jg careg mijji nurvi L() i M() vihlaha gssandgti gd vgjard md Dp, naei eastrg jg cdl.7.00. Naei sd

vimi mgjjg cdlurg, jistihsdahi mij ngepa psiuma-jdhigri (dh nud LL6, MM6 ) sd gepjdg nah

jdhmdni md pjgstdndt.

Vir tirrihd pd cdhd i edhirgjaldngeihti pd gttdvd sd gssdsti qudhmd gm uh gueihta mijjg saljdg md

jdhigrdt j i md quijjg md gnnappdgeihta vajueitrdna mdstarsdahgji v(gm issg supirdari, naei sd

mitta, pir uha a mui armdhd md lrghmizzg) dh praparzdahi g Dp.

Cdlurg 7. 07? Mdpihmihzg mij cgttari md searzgeihta dhdzdgji M6mgj tdpa md tirriha i mgjjg tihsdahi

iccittdvg (Sdhgji it gj., 7443).


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09

Cdlurg 7. 72? Mdpihmihzg mij naepartgeihta hah jdhigri mgjjdhmdni md pjgstdndt dh

tiredhd md rdldmizzg haregjdzzgtg i cgttari md searzgeihta (mg Sunitdn i Ma`ry, 7447)


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Ngpdtaja 0

Pdspastg sdsedng mij sattasuaja dmigji i rigji

Dj rdsujtgta md uhg ghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng jangji, naei ld mitta hij ngpdtaja

dhtramuttdva, quijja md qughtdcdngri naei jgzdahi sdsedng sd eamdcdng hij prapglgrsdmgjjipdnihtra cdha gjjg zahg md stumda g ngusg mijjitiralihidt mij tirriha nbi gttrgvirsg. Vir

eamdcdnbi sd dhtihmi jdhsdiei mijji vgrdgzdahd dh tiredhd md gepdizzg, murgtg i nahtihuta dh

criquihzg.

Vassaha issiri utdjdzzgtd mui gpprannd pir vgjutgri jg rdspastg sdsedng jangji? quijjg md

rdcirdri dj tirrieata gjjg caregzdahi ranndasg md `gsi avvira quijjg md rdcirdri dj eata sdsedna

gm uh dpatitdna (a rigji) gccdargeihta mijjg ranndg md `gsi, nbi tinhdngeihti prihmi dj haei md

@imrank Autnrap. Jg vgjutgzdahi qughtdtgtdvg mijjg rdspastg sdsedng jangji pu qudhmd

iccittugrsd sujjg `gsi mij nahcrahta trg ji mdvirsi lrghmizzi rgpprisihtgtdvi mij eata sdsedna

gjjg supircdndi mij tirriha i quijja md rdcirdeihta (`imrank md `gsi a `imrank autnrap).

0.7 Ngrgttirdzzgzdahi ghgjdtdng mijjgzdahi sdsedng

Jg rgpprisihtgzdahi mijjg gzdahi sdsedng, sdg dh tiredhd md gzdahi nbi md rdspastg, pu

issiri cgttg sdg hij maedhda mj tiepa nbi hij maedhda mijji criquihzi.

Hij Maedhda mij tiepa, d pgrgeitrd utdjdzzgtd pir misnrdviri sdhtitdngeihti ji

ngrgttirdstdnbi md uh tirrieata saha dj vgjari mijjgnnijirgzdahi md pdnna (gp) i jg murgtg; hij

maedhda mijji criquihzi sd utdjdzzgha jaspittra md Caurdiri jaspittra md rdspastg.

0.7.0 Ngrgttirdzzgzdahi hij maedhda mijji criquihzi

Jghgjdsd hij maedhda mijji criquihzi, pd praprdgeihti mittg ghgjdsd md Caurdir, naei

prdeg ivdmihzdgta vdihi svajtg eimdghti ja spittra md Caurdir i ja spittra md rdspastg.

Hid mui pgrglrgcd sunnissdvd sd djjustrir sdhtitdngeihti quistg tinhdng md ghgjdsd,

rdeghmghma g trgttgtd spindgjdstdnd pir jgppracahmdeihta mij pra`jieg. Ghgjdzzghma ji

eamdcdnbi md nahtihuta dh criquihzg sd pu vgjutgri jiccitta md cdjtrgllda mavuta gj tirriha,

nbi dhnrieihtg jgepdizzg mij eata dh narrdspahmihzg md gjnuhi criquihzi i jg rdmuni pir ji

gjtri; nd sd attdihi gttrgvirsa jg nasdmmittg cuhzdahi md trgscirdeihtaB(c), nbi narrdspahmi gj

rgpparta trg ja spittra md Caurdir mij eata gjjg supircdndi mij tirriha i quijja mijjghgjalgnaepahihti dh narrdspahmihzg mij `gsgeihta ranndasa. I passd`dji, pirgjtra, micdhdri uhg


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Pdspastg sdsedng jangji?]iardg im Gppjdngzdahd Ngpdtaja 0

0UHijjg prgtdng jg rdsajuzdahi miljd dhtilrgjd [0.0U i [0.>U iccittugtg utdjdzzghma tinhdnbi md

dhtilrgzdahi hueirdng nbi apirgha su dhtirvgjjd ngepdahgtd gm dhtirvgjjd md t nastghtd,eimdghti ljd gjlardted mijjg CC] (Cgst Caurdir ]rgscare) pir jg trgscaregtg mdrittg i DCC]


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02

(Dhvirsi Cgst Caurdir ]rgscare) pir jg trgscaregtg dhvirsg. Mittd gjlardted saha spissa

depjieihtgtd hid eitamd md ghgjdsd hueirdng mijjg rdspastg sdsedng.

0.7.0.0 ^pittra md Pdspastg

Ja spittra md Caurdir jg pd deeimdgtg rgpprisihtgzdahi mid eatd sdsednd pir

vdsugjdzzgri jg mdstrd`uzdahi dh criquihzi i apirgrhi svgrdgti trgscaregzdahd ghgjdtdnbi, eg gd

cdhd dhlilhirdstdnd sihzgjtra pd sdlhdcdngtdvg uhgjtrg rgpprisihtgzdahi hueirdng mid

silhgjd, nda jaspittra md rdspastgmijjasndjjgtari siepjdni. Wuista sd micdhdsni naei jg jilli

md vgrdgzdahi mijjg egssdeg gepdizzg (dh gnnijirgzdahi,vijandt a spastgeihta) mij eata

pramatta mg uh silhgji sdsedna gppjdngta gjjg `gsi md uh asndjjgtari siepjdni md cdssgta

searzgeihta gj vgrdgri mij sua pirdama hgturgji?

0 [0.=Unah avvda sdlhdcdngta mid sde`ajd. Vgrtihma mgjjiqugzdahi md iqudjd`rda mdhgedna

mijjasndjjgtari greahdna searzgta?

[0.9Umavi gj prdea eie`ra vd jg carzg nbi iqudjd`rg jgzdahi istirhg, gj sinahma eie`ra ja

searzgeihta praparzdahgji gjjg vijandt i jgzdahi mijjg eajjg isprissg mgjjg njgssdng jilli mdBaak. G siludta mijjgppjdngzdahi mijjg carzghti C(t)5-e g(t) i pahihma?

, [0.3Ujiqugzdahi [0.9U mdvdihi?

0 [0.


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04

[0.4Ui dh careg gpprassdegtg nadhndmi nah jg vijandt spittrgji ^v?

0 [0.76Ui jgnnijirgzdahi spittrgji^g?

0 [0.77UJa spittra md rdspastg dh tiredhd md spastgeihta vijandt i gnnijirgzdahi dj mdglrgeeg md

^m, ^va ^ggj vgrdgri mij ], nah uh vgjari md gssilhgta. Jarmdhgtg pir ]56 nadhndmi nah dj

vgjari md pdnna mij eata sdsedna dh supircdndi.

Mg qughta mitta sd ivdhni nbi uhghgjdsd naepjitg mijjg rdspastg sdsedng jangji mivi

prihmiri dh nahta ji eamdcdnbi mijji ngrgttirdstdnbi mij eata sdsedna dh tiredhd md gepdizzg i

md nahtihuta dh criquihzg (iccitta md cdjtrgllda).

0.0 Pdspastg md uh sattasuaja dmigji

Dh quista pgrglrgca virr trgttgta dj ngsa mij sattasuaja dmigji pranimihma pir lrgma md

naepjissdt. Ja snbieg md rdcirdeihta uha strgta md tirriha aealihia md spissari B,

palldghti su uh `gsgeihta ranndasa ardzzahtgji, im inndtgta mg uhg asndjjgzdahi greahdng

nastdtudtg mg uh ahmg md tgljda ^ md criquihzg c, dhndmihti gj `gsgeihta nah mdrizdahi mdprapglgzdahi virtdngji.

0.0.7 ^trgta aealihia ijgstdna jdhigri su su`strgta rdldma

Dh quista prdea ngsa sd cg jgssuhzdahi nbi dj tirriha sdg ngrgttirdzzgta mg jilgei

nastdtutdva ijgstdna jdhigri i su`strgta ranndasa sdg rdldma. Ja snbieg md rdcirdeihta quijja

rdpartgta dh cdlurg 0.7, avi sd dhmdngta nah si Ss, rdspittdvgeihti, jg mihsdt i jg vijandt

mijji ahmi md tgljda hij tirriha.Dj cihaeiha mijjg prapglgzdahi eahamdeihsdahgji mijji ahmi gjjdhtirha mijja strgta

ijgstdna ?

[0.70Umavi jdhnalhdtg u(z,t) jg naepahihti ardzzahtgji mijja spastgeihta. Vir sajjindtgzdahi

greahdng md criquihzg 50c, jg sajuzdahi mijjg [0.70U mij tdpa?

, [0.7>U


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>6

mavi p(z) jg nasdmmittg cuhzdahi md careg nbi misnrdvi jg mdstrd`uzdahi nah jg pracahmdt

mijji gepdizzi md spastgeihta nbi vgrdgha puhtugjeihti nah criquihzg pgrd g quijjg md

sajjindtgzdahi. ^astdtuihma jg [0.7>U hijjg [0.77U sd attdihi jg siluihti?

6 [0.7=Unbi uhg iqugzdahi mdccirihzdgji jdhigri mij sinahma armdhi g naiccdndihtd nastghtd. Nirnghma

uhg sajuzdahi mij tdpa izsd attdihi jg siluihti iqugzdahi gssandgtg gjjg [0.7=U?

6 [0.79U

ji nud sajuzdahd saha / , avvira naepjissi i nahdulgti. Pdnarmghma d eitamdmd rdsajuzdahi praprd mijjghgjdsd egtiegtdng, jg p(z) sd pu attihiri naei nae`dhgzdahi

jdhigri mijji sajuzdahd mij tdpa izngjnajgti. Wudhmd ji sajuzdahd mijjg [0.79U, rdnarmghma nbi

Ss5(L/)7/0, saha tutti ji nurvi mijjg cgedljdg?

[0.73Ughnarg mgjjghgjdsd egtiegtdng, jg [0.79U pu issiri snrdttg naei?

nas sdh [0.7


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>7

mavi sd pasta k5/Ss . ^astdtuihma jg [0.7U attihdgea jisprissdahi lihirgji

mijja spastgeihta lihirgji u(z,t)?

, nas sdh [0.72UJg sajuzdahi caregtg mg mui ahmi stgzdahgrdi nbi sd prapglgha juhg virsa jgjta i jgjtrgvirsa dj `gssa, jg sinahmg pgrti mijjiqugzdahi mg sngrtgri pirnb jahmg sd prapglg virsa

jgjta. Mgj puhta md vdstg ghgjdtdna jg nahmdzdahi gj nahtarha mg deparri nbi sujjg supircdndi

jd`irg hah vd sdg scarza md tgljda, avvira?

6,

6,

, 6[0.74U

dhsirihma jg mirdvgtg pgrzdgji rdspitta gjjg vgrdg`dji z mijjg [0.7UGhgjdzzghma jg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi attihdgea nbi issg pirdamdng im gssuei

vgjard siepri eglldard a gj pd ulugjd gjjuhdt, naei ivdmihzdgta mgj lrgcdna dh cdl.0.0,

dhajtri pir gjnuhd vgjard md C issg bg vgjari dhcdhdta. Hi nahsilui nbi hij ngsa trgttgtajgepdizzg mijja spastgeihta, a pgrdeihtd dj vgjari mijjgnnijirgzdahi, siepri gjeiha pgrd


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>0

g quijja mijjg caregzdahi ranndasg, hah sd virdcdngha nda cihaeihd md gttihugzdahi. G``dgea

vdsta nbi isdstaha pgrtdnajgrd vgjard md C pir d qugjd jg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi gssuei

vgjard dhcdhdta, avvira dh jdhig md prdhndpda jgnnijirgzdahi dh supircdndi dhcdhdtgeihti pd

lrghmi mijjgnnijirgzdahi rildstrgtg hijja strgta md caregzdahi ranndasg. ]gjd vgjard sd bghha

pir C5(0h-7) /0, nda dh narrdspahmihzg mid siluihtd vgjard mijji criquihzi i mid pirdamd?

0 7 7,0,> [0.0>U

0/

0 7 7,0,>[0.0=U

7/ 7,0,> [0.09Utgjd vgjard prihmaha dj haei md criquihzi (a pirdamd) hgturgjd md vd`rgzdahi mijja strgtai

sd dmihtdcdng uhg armdhgjdt hid eamd md vd`rgri mij tirriha gssandgtg gd vgjard nbi gssuei h

hijji prinimihtd iqugzdahd.

Ji criquihzi hgturgjd md vd`rgzdahi (i pgrdeihtd d pirdamd) saha mdrittgeihti praparzdahgjd

gjja spissari mijja strgta im dhvirsgeihti praparzdahgjd gjjg vijandt mijji ahmi md tgljda hij

Cdlurg 0. 0? Cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi rijgtdvg gm uha strgta aealihia ijgstdna jdhigri su su`strgta

rdldma


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>>

tirriha. Wudhmd qughta pd ja strgta micareg`dji dh mdrizdahi trgsvirsgji issi saha lrghmd.

Jg micdhdzdahi gppihg mgtg sullirdsni uh huava eama md dhmdngri jg mdstrd`uzdahi miljd

spastgeihtd nah jg pracahmdt, avvira gttrgvirsa jg cuhzdahi eamgji.Jg cuhzdahi eamgji

micdhdtg naei dj rgpparta trg jgepdizzg mijja spastgeihta dh supircdndi jgepdizzg mijja

spastgeihta gjji vgrdi pracahmdt dh rijgzdahi gm uh mitiredhgta eama md vd`rgri mij tirriha.Wudhmd jg careg eamgji micdhdtg mgjjiqugzdahi?

nas 0 7 7,0,> [0.03UJi carei eamgjd Yhsaha mdglrgeegti dh cdlurg 0.> pir d prded qugttra eamd vd`rgzdahi

dh cuhzdahi mijjg pracahmdt gmdeihsdahgjdzzgtg z/B. ^d hatd nbi si dj tirriha vd`rg hij prdea

eama ljd spastgeihtd saha mijja stissa silha (avvira dh cgsi) dh alhd puhta mijja strgta;

vdnivirsg, gd eamd supirdard, ljd spastgeihtd mij tirriha gvvihlaha pgrti dh uhg mdrizdahi i

pgrti hijjg mdrizdahi appastg.

Dj ngsa ghgjdzzgta, sippur md istrieg siepjdndt, bg eissa dh juni naei jg rdspastg md uh

mipasdta md tirriha gm uhg inndtgzdahi greahdng cartieihti dhcjuihzgtg mgjjg criquihzg md

inndtgzdahi? ji criquihzi dh narrdspahmihzg mijji qugjd sd virdcdngha ijivgti gepjdcdngzdahdmdpihmaha mgjjg liaeitrdg i mgjji ngrgttirdstdnbi cdsdna-einnghdnbi mij mipasdta md tirriha

nahsdmirgta.

Cdlurg 0. >? Carei md asndjjgzdahi mid prded qugttra eamd md vd`rgri md uha

strgta aealihia ijgstdna jdhigri su `gsi rdldmg


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>=

Jg sdtugzdahi pd pirdnajasg dh tiredhd md cihaeihd md gepjdcdngzdahi sd virdcdng qughma

jg criquihzg mijjinndtgzdahi greahdng () ilugji gm uhg mijji criquihzi cahmgeihtgjd mijja

strgta (h). Wughma sd virdcdng tgji nahmdzdahi sd bg dj cihaeiha mijjg rdsahghzgmijja strgta,

im dj cgttari md gepjdcdngzdahi tiardngeihti dhcdhdta.

0.0.0 ^trgta aealihia ijgstdna jdhigri su su`strgta micareg`dji

^i gjji dpatisd prinimihtd, dhmdngti hij pgrglrgca 0.0.7, sd gllduhli jg nahmdzdahi nbi dj

su`strgta sdg micareg`dji, nd depjdng nbi hij pgssgllda mijjahmg sdsedng trg imrank i strgta

md tirriha, quistg stissg sd eamdcdng sinahma qughta assirvgta gjjdhtirha mij ngpdtaja 7. ^d

dhmdnbirghha nah r i Sr rdspittdvgeihti jg mihsdt i jg vijandt mijji ahmi md tgljda mijjg

ranndg md `gsi hijja snbieg md rdcirdeihta gmattgta hij prinimihti pgrglrgca, rdpartgta dhcdlurg 0.7.

Issihmand, qudhmd, dhtirgzdahi trg d mui eizzd, ranndg i strgta, ma``dgea ngjnajgri dj

rgpparta trg ji depimihzi sdsednbi sinahma jg [7.=U, dh quistg trgttgzdahi nahsdmiririea dj sua

dhvirsa i ja dhmdnbdgea nah D?

[0.0


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>9

[0.>6Unbi hah bg sajuzdahi rigji pir gjnuh vgjari md D. Ghnarg ghgjdzzghma mihaedhgtari mijjg

[0.04U sd pu rdnirngri dj vgjari egssdea mijjg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi, nbi sd attdihi

qughma nas0C56 i sdh0C57 avvira C5(0h-7)/0 naei hij ngsa prinimihti. Dj rdsujtgta attihuta

eastrg naei nbi jg cuhzdahi, nbi bg siepri vgjari cdhdta, gssuei vgjari egssdea dh

narrdspahmihzg mijji criquihzi md vd`rgzdahi hgturgjd. ]gji vgjari egssdea pgrd praprda g

D, avvira d cihaeihd md gepjdcdngzdahi mij eata sdsedna saha mdrittgeihti praparzdahgjd gjjg

mdccirihzg md depimihzg trg ranndg md `gsi i strgta supirdari.

0.0.> ^trgta aealihia vdsna-ijgstdna su su`strgta rdldma

Yh eamijja nastdtutdva pd gmirihti gj naepartgeihta einnghdna mid tirrihd quijja nbi

nahsdmirg dj egtirdgji naei eizza vdsna-ijgstdna, avvira naei uh eamijja md tirriha nbi

rdspitta gjjihirldg carhdtgljd dh lrgma md mdspirmiri uhg nahsdmirivaji pgrti pir gttrdtd

dhtirhd. ^dhtitdngeihti sd pu tihiri nahta mijja searzgeihta dhtirha dhtramunihma dj

pgrgeitra M (muepdhl rgtda).

]rg d eamijjd vdsna-ijgstdnd utdjdzzgtd uha mid pd siepjdnd dj eamijja gjjg Kijvdh-Sadlt nbi

nahsdmirg dj tirriha naei eizza vdsna-ijgstdna jdhigri (ncr. cdl.0.=), avvira nah uh pgrgjjija

eajjg, md nastghti L, i md uh pdstahi md vdsnasdt .

Cdlurg 0. =? Pgpprisihtgzdahi snbiegtdng mij eamijja gjjg Kijvdh-Sadlt


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>3

Jg siepjdndt md quista sdstieg issihzdgjeihti mavutg gjjg cgndji (eg hah pir quista

pana iccdngni) snbiegtdzzgzdahi mij tirriha i jg narrdspahmihti rijgtdvg cgndjdt md trgttgri dj

pra`jieg dh tiredhd ghgjdtdnd.

Jg careg lihirgji mijjiqugzdahi lihirgji md iqudjd`rda mdhgedna mij tirriha ?

[0.>7Unah rdcirdeihta gj eamijja dh cdl. 0.=?

[0.>0U

, [0.>>U

^astdtuihma hijjg [0.>7U sd attdihi jiqugzdahi mdccirihzdgji nbi rilajg dj pra`jieg?

[0.>=UJg sajuzdahi mijjg [0.>=U sd pu rdnirngri, nahsdmirghma uhg sajjindtgzdahi greahdng,

hijjg careg?

, [0.>9Unbi dmihtdng gjjg [ 0.7>U. ^astdtuihmajg hijjg [0.>=U sd attdihi? 6 [0.>3U

Dhtramunihma dj eamuja md tgljda naepjissa L*, dj hueira mahmg naepjissa k* i jg

vijandt mijji ahmi md tgljda naepjissg S^*, micdhdtd sinahma ji siluihtd isprissdahd?

[0.>2U [0.>4U

sd rdtravg uh iqugzdahi caregjeihti ghgjalg g quijjg isgedhgtg hij 0.0.0 pir nud jg sajuzdahi

lihirgji ?

, nas [0.=6U


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>0U attihla?

sdh [0.=7U

sdh [0.=0UJihirldg mdssdpgtg \mmurghti uh ndnja naepjita md ngrdna-sngrdna ilugji gjjgrig nbi

ristg rgnnbdusg gjjdhtirha mijjg nurvg scarzg-micaregzdahd ?

[0.=>Umavi vihlaha nahsdmirgti ji saji pgrtd rigjd gmirihma gjjg tiardg md Eidravdtnb (743U sd attdihi?

70 sdh sdh 0 7nas0 sdh [0.=3UJihirldg gnnueujgtg mapa uh ndnja md ngrdna sngrdna pu issiri ngjnajgtg gttrgvirsa

jisprissdahi?

sdh

[0.=3U pu gjjarg issiri rdsnrdttg naei?

7 0 [0.=4UDh `gsi g nahsdmirgzdahi ghgjalbi g quijji svajti hij pgr. 0.0.0 sd grrdvg g micdhdri jg

cuhzdahi md trgscirdeihta naepjissg B*r(), vgjutgtg naei rgpparta trg jgepdizzg mijja


43/121


>2

spastgeihta dh narrdspahmihzg mijjg supircdndi mijja strgta i quijjg dh narrdspahmihzg mijjg

ranndg md `gsi (a mijjgccdargeihta ranndasa, stghti jdpatisd md su`strgta rdldma)?

[0.96U

gvihma pasta C*5k*B. Vir pdnnajd vgjard mijja searzgeihta M jg vijandt naepjissg mijji

ahmi md tgljda pu snrdvirsd?

7 7 [0.97Ui md nahsiluihzg dj hueira mahmg naepjissa?

7 [0.90UJg cuhzdahi md trgscirdeihta bg qudhmd iqugzdahi?

[0.9>Ui jg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi sd attdihi ghnarg uhg vajtg naei eamuja mijjg B *r()?

[0.9=UVadnb pir vgjard pdnnajd sd pu parri sdhb(x)x jg [0.9=U sd pu snrdviri hijjg careg?

[0.99UJghmgeihta md tgji cuhzdahi rdpartgta dh cdl.0.9 pir vgrd vgjard mij cgttari md searzgeihta

M. Jg cuhzdahi pirmi jg sug pirdamdndt, i prisihtg vgjard egssded cdhdtd.

Iccittughma dj ngjnaja ghgjdtdna mij vgjari egssdea md Gr*(), sd pu eastrgri naei jicriquihzi hgturgjd, dh narrdspahmihzg mijji qugjd jg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi gttdhli d vgjard

egssded, rdsujtgha prgtdngeihti dmihtdnd g quijjd ngjnajgtd hijjdpatisd md eizza ijgstdna-

jdhigri. D egssded rijgtdvd mijjg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi saha dhvini minrisnihtd gj nrisniri

mijjdhmdni h(armdhi mij eama md vd`rgri mij `ghna) sinahma jg careujg gpprassdegtg?

, M [0.93UD pdnnbd md rdsahghzg sd rdmunaha pirtghta gjjgueihtgri mij cgttari md criquihzg C, dh

eghdirg dhvirsgeihti praparzdahgji g M. Jiccitta `ih djjustrgta ghnbi mgjji cuhzdahd


44/121


>4

eamgjd dh cdl.0.3. Dh narrdspahmihzg mijjg prdeg criquihzg hgturgji, mihaedhgtg criquihzg

cahmgeihtgji mij `ghnardsujtg, pahihma h57 hijjg iq.0.99?

, M[0.9


45/121


=6

0.0.= ^trgta aealihia vdsna-ijgstdna su su`strgta micareg`dji

Naei vdsta pir dj tirriha nah naepartgeihta ijgstdna jdhigri, jg cuhzdahi mdtrgscirdeihta, ngjnajgtg naei rgpparta trg ji gepdizzi md spastgeihta dh narrdspahmihzg mijjg

supircdndi mij tirriha i mijjgccdargeihta, isprded`dji g pgrtdri mg quijjg ngjnajgtg

hijjdpatisd md su`strgta ranndasa eimdghti jiqugzdahi prapastg mg Paissit(74


46/121


=7

, [0.30Unbi caregjeihti iqudvgji gjjg [0.9 Pdspastg sdsedng md uh sattasuaja rigji

Jg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi md uh sdta carhdsni, naei ivdmihzdgta hid ngsd cdharg trgttgtd,

uhg nbdgrg im iccdngni rgpprisihtgzdahi mijjiccitta cdjtrghti md uh mipasdta md tirriha suji

ahmi sdsednbi. Issg eitti dh ivdmihzg dh qugji ngepa md criquihzi, jg prisihzg mij tirriha

eamdcdng, sastghzdgjeihti, dj silhgji sdsedna ardldhgrda.

Jg nahasnihzg mijjg sajg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi hah naeuhqui succdndihti pirmitiredhgri ji ngrgttirdstdnbi mij eata sdsedna gjjg supircdndi md uh mipasdta. Dh tiredhd

gppjdngtdvd, snapa cdhgji md uh ghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng jangji dhcgttd quijja md mdsparri md

Cdlurg 0.


47/121


=0

uha spittra md rdspastg mijjgnnijirgzdahi, nbi sdhtitdzzd rigjdstdngeihti jiccitta ngusgta mg uh

dpatitdna tirrieata gssandgta gjjiccitta cdjtrghti mijjitiralihidt mid mipasdtd gttrgvirsgtd.

Jg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi , gm alhd eama, rgpprisihtg uh dhmdspihsg`dji ijieihta

pir mitiredhgri dj eata dh supircdndi.

Gm isiepda hijjg cdl.0.2 vdihi rgpprisihtgta ja snbieg nbi partg gjjg mitiredhgzdahi mij

eata sdsedna dh supircdndi md uh mipasdta su `gsgeihta ranndasa, g nud gppjdngtg

jinndtgzdahi sdsedng rgpprisihtgtg, ghzdnb mg uhahmg stgzdahgrdg, mg uh eata drrilajgrinaei hij ngsa md uh sdseg rigji.

Hij maedhda mijji criquihzi, passd`dji isprdeiri dj cihaeiha md gepjdcdngzdahi

eimdghti japirgzdahi nasdmmittg md nahvajuzdahi( pramatta criquihzg pir criquihzg)?

[0.3>Utrg ja spittra md Caurdir mij eata gj `imrank , C r(c), i jg cuhzdahi md trgscirdeihta B(c) mij

mipasdta, attihihma nasd ja spittra md Caurdir mij eata dh supircdndi, Cs(c).

Dj eata sdsedna gjjg supircdndi md uh mipasdta qudhmd nahmdzdahgta mg ngrgttird mij eatagttisa gj `gsgeihta ranndasa, avvira dj tirrieata md rdcirdeihta. Wuista ngrgttirdzzgta mg

nahtihutd dh criquihzi, eglhdtuma i pirnarsa md prapglgzdahi (i nbi qudhmd saja uhg ghgjdsd md

Cdlurg 0. 2? ^nbieg md ngjnaja mijjg rdspastg md uh `ghna aealihia inndtgta mg uh

silhgji sdsedna


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=>

rdspastg sdsedng jangji pu naljdiri). Lihirgjeihti sd virdcdng nbi d pirdamd cahmgeihtgjd (i ji

murgti) md uh eata sdsedna gueihtgha nah dj nahtihuta ihirlitdna i jg mdstghzg ipdnihtrgji;

jgepdizzg egssdeg dhvini mdedhudsni gjjahtghghmasd mgjjg sarlihti pir iccitta

mijjgttihugzdahi liaeitrdng (ispghsdahi mij crahti mahmg) i md quijjg ghijgstdng (ihirldg

mdspirsg pir searzgeihta dhtirha).Hiljd snbied tiardnd dmigjd trgttgtd prinimihtieihti sd cgtta rdcirdeihta gj eamijja md

sattasuaja aealihia im uhdcarei, ngrgttirdzzgta mg vgjard md mihsdt, searzgeihta i

rdldmizzg nastghtd. Wuistg gssuhzdahi pu pir rdsujtgri pana gttihmd`dji pir rgpprisihtgri

jiccittdvg naepjissdt cdsdna-liaeitrdng md uh sattasuaja rigji.

Vir lgrghtdri jg egssdeg gccdmg`djdt md uhghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng jangji hinissgrda

tihiri nahta mijji dhivdtg`djd mdsaealihidt mij tirriha i, qudhmd, mijjg vgrdgzdahi trg strgta i

strgta mid pgrgeitrd md rdldmizzg i searzgeihta, d qugjd ajtri nbi mgj tdpa md tirriha mdpihmaha

mgjja stgta tihsdahgji i qudhmd saha vgrdg`djd nah jg pracahmdt.

Hij Ngpdtaja 7 sd irg ld ghgjdzzgta naei dj naepartgeihta mij tirriha, innizzdahi cgttgpir quijja sattapasta g pdnnajdssdei micaregzdahd, hah sdg snbiegtdzzg`dji naei md uh eizza

ijgstdna-jdhigri a vdsnaijgstdna-jdhigri. Issa eghdcistg uh naepartgeihta cartieihti hah

jdhigri i mdssdpgtdva. Yhghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng jangji mivi dhajtri issiri dh lrgma md patir

carhdri sajuzdahd ghnbi pir d tirrihd nbi hah prisihtgha uhg strgtdlrgcdg ardzzahtgji (gm

isiepda dh narrdspahmihzg mid egrldhd md vgjjd gjjuvdahgjd, a pir iccitta md drrilajgrdt

earcajaldnbi mij `gsgeihta ranndasa a mij mipasdta dh gccdargeihta).

Jghgjdsd md uh sattasuaja rigji rdnbdimi nbi vihlgha tihuti mi`dtgeihti dh

nahsdmirgzdahi ji nahsdmirgzdahd gppihg cgtti. Hid sunnissdvd pgrglrgcd, pir vajtg, sd

gccrahtirghha quisti pra`jiegtdnbi nirnghma md edljdargri ji isprissdahd prdeg travgti hij

ngsa md sattasuaja dmigji, gjji qugjd vg dj eirdta naeuhqui md eittir dh juni nah rijgtdvg

siepjdndt ljd gspittd pd departghtd mij cihaeiha stumdgta.

0.>.7 ]rgttgzdahi mij eizza nahtdhua nah rdldmizzg vgrdg`dji nah jg pracahmdt

Vur eghtihihma jdpatisd md tirriha aealihia mgj puhta md vdstg mijjg mihsdt sd pu

attihiri uhg snbiegtdzzgzdahi mij naepartgeihta rigji mij tirriha tihihma nahta mijjg

vgrdg`djdt mijjg rdldmizzg trgsvirsgji nah ja stgta tihsdahgji, i nahsiluihtieihti mijjg

vgrdgzdahi mijjg vijandt md prapglgzdahi mijji ahmi md tgljda. Yh gpprannda passd`dji quijja

md rdnarriri gm uh pracdja L(z) attihuta nah ji pravi ndtgti hij ngpdtaja prinimihti

mdsnritdzzgri dj tirriha dh tghtd strgtd gvihtd eamuja md rdldmizzg nastghti? dj pra`jieg nas

attihuta i quijja mij eizza strgtdcdngta, nbi sd gccrahtir dh siludta.

Dh uh mipasdta jdtajaldngeihti aealihia jg qughtdt md mgtd rgnnajtd hiljd ghhd sujjg `gsi

md pravi spirdeihtgjd, bg pireissa md mirdvgri mijji iqugzdahd ghgjdtdnbi gtti g sdeujgri

jivajuzdahi mij eamuja L nah jg pracahmdt (i qudhmd nah ja stgta tihsdahgji).


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==

Sajihma dh quistg simi praparri uha stumda qugjdtgtdva mij pra`jieg, g tdtaja

rgpprisihtgtdva, utdjdzziriea jg cuhzdahi L(z) prapastg mg Lgzitgs (7420) i Sdhgji, ^deahijjd

(742>)?

7 [0.3=Unbi stgtg attihutg hijjdpatisd (succdndihtieihti rigjdstdng) md tirriha nah mihsdt nastghti i

eamuja trgsvirsgji vgrdg`dji. ^d suppahi ghnarg vgjdmg jg iq.7.0 pir nud?

7 [0.39Uavvira jg vijandt mijji ahmi md tgljda nrisni nah jg pracahmdt z.

Mgjji mui iqugzdahd sd assirvg naei dj lrgma md itiralihidt mij mipasdta isprissa mgjji

vgrdg`djd im e. Sajihma stumdgri uh ngsa siepjdni sd pahi hijjg [0.3=U e57, nbi iqudvgji gm

uhg vgrdgzdahi jdhigri mijjg vijandt mijji ahmi md tgljda nah jg pracahmdt.

Dh tgj ngsa jg sajuzdahi ghgjdtdng mijji iqugzdahd mij eata nahsihti md mimurri ji carei md

asndjjgzdahi Yhi d pirdamd hgturgjd ]hpir ndgsnuh eama, uhg vajtg rdngvgti, pir vdg hueirdng,

ji rgmdnd ^hmijjiqugzdahi?

jh 7 gtgh0 7 , 0 , . [0.33U^d bg dhcgttd nbi?

[0.3


50/121


=9

Dh cdl.0.4 saha rdpartgtd gjnuhd rdsujtgtd mijja stumda dh tiredhd md carei md asndjjgzdahi Yh

mid prded qugttra eamd md vd`rgzdahi, isprissd pir mdccirihtd vgjard md SB/S657+nbi prihmi dj

haei md rgpparta md itiralihidt. Jg cdlurg eastrg naei jiccitta mijjitiralihidt sd trgmuni

dh uhg sastghzdgji eamdcdng mijji carei md asndjjgzdahi rdspitta gj ngsa md sattasuaja

aealihia, nbi narrdspahmi g rgpparta md aealihidt pgrd g 7, avvira 56. Gjjgueihtgri mijrgpparta md itiralihidt, jgepdizzg miljd spastgeihtd mijji carei eamgjd sd rdmuni siepri

pd egrngtgeihti nah jg pracahmdt im d vgjard egssded sd nahnihtrgha hijjg zahg pdsupircdndgji mij mipasdta.

Pgppartghma d vgjard md ]h isprissd mgjjg [0.32U gd narrdspahmihtd pirdamd mijja strgta

aealihia nah vijandt pgrd g quijjg eimdg mij `ghna itiralihia (cdl.0.76) sd ivdhni nbi pir

dj prdea eama md vd`rgri sd bg uhg rdmuzdahi md ]h eihtri pir d eamd supirdard sd hatg uh

gnnrisndeihta vdg vdg eglldari i nrisnihti nah dj rgpparta md itiralihidt.

Gnnappdghma jg sajuzdahi lihirgji mijjiqugzdahi mij eata hij maedhda mijji criquihzi,

u(z,), nah ji nahmdzdahd gj nahtarha passd`dji attihiri ja spastgeihta u(6,) sujjg

supircdndi jd`irg. Dh ghgjaldg g qughta cdharg cgtta, rgppartghma quistg cuhzdahi gjja

spastgeihta gjjg `gsi sd attdihi jg cuhzdahi md trgscirdeihta B(). Jg sajuzdahi carhdtg mgLgzitgs (7420) gj pra`jieg, ispasta g lrghmd jdhii dh quistg trgttgzdahi, isprdei jg cuhzdahi

md strgcirdeihta hijjdpatisd md searzgeihta M nastghti nah jg pracahmdt?

Cdlurg 0. 4? Cuhzdahd md careg pir e57 (mg Sdhgji i ^deahijjd, 742>)


51/121


=3

.... [0.34Udh nud q uh pgrgeitra gmdeihsdahgji naepjissa? [0. pir uh mipasdta nah 56.9 (SB57.9S6), pir mui vgjard md

searzgeihta (M59%, M576%).

Gjja snapa md eastrgri jdhcjuihzg mij lrgma m itiralihidt (rgpprisihtgta mgj pgrgeitra

), dh cdlurg saha ghnbi rdpartgtd d prded pdnnbd mijji cuhzdahd md gepjdcdngzdahi pir mdvirsdvgjard md , dhnjusa dj vgjari md mipasdta aealihia 56.

Gj nrisniri mij lrgma md itiralihidt , d mdglrgeed ivdmihzdgha sdg uh gueihta mijjg

prdeg criquihzg cahmgeihtgji (nda jg ld mdsnussg mdedhuzdahi mij pirdama ]7) nbi uh

dhnrieihta mij cgttari md gepjdcdngzdahi.

Jiccitta mijjitiralihidt mij `ghna sujjg cuhzdahi md gepjdcdngzdahi sd trgmuni, qudhmd,

dh uh gvvdndhgeihta mijji criquihzi cahmgeihtgjd mij mipasdta i dh uh gueihta mid pdnnbd md

gepjdcdngzdahi, rdspitta gj ngsa md sattasuaja aealihia. Naepjissdvgeihti, ihtrge`d d cgttard

depjdngha nbi hah nahsdmirgri jg vgrdgzdahi mijjg rdldmizzg nah jg pracahmdt pu sdlhdcdngri

sattastdegri ghnbi hativajeihti d patihzdgjd iccittd md gepjdcdngzdahi mij eata sdsedna.

Cdlurg 0. 76? Pgpparta md itiralhidt SB/S6 (mg Sdhgji i ^deahijjd, 742>)


52/121


=.0 ]rgttgzdahi mij eizza strgtdcdngta

Dh prisihzg md itiralihidt egrngti, sdg mgj puhta md vdstg jdtajaldna, nbi mgj puhta md

vdstg md rdldmizzg i qudhmd vijandt md prapglgzdahi mijji ahmi md tgljda, sd pu sniljdiri md

gmapirgri dh mui eamd mdccirihtd nud narrdspahmaha mui snbied mdccirihtd eissd g nahcrahta dh

cdl.0.70, nbi naeuhqui sd rdcirdsnaha g strgtdcdngzdahd ardzzahtgjd?

eamijjgzdahi g strgtd nahtdhud

eamijjgzdahi g egssi nahnihtrgti

Wuistd saha gnnaeuhgtd mgj cgtta nbi dh ihtrge`d d eamijjd jg rdspastg jangji vdihi iccittugtg

rdsajvihma ji iqugzdahd mij eata, hatg jinndtgzdahi sdsedng gj `imrank. Jinndtgzdahi sdsedng

dh ihtrge`d d ngsd rgpprisihtgtg satta careg md stardg tiepargji mijjgnnijirgzdahi g(t),

eihtri ji iqugzdahd mij eata nbi misnrdvaha dj eata saha careujgtd dh eghdirg mdvirsg

sinahma d mui gpprannd.

0.>.0.7 ^ajuzdahi pir dj eamijja g strgtd nahtdhud

Hid eamijjd g strgtd nahtdhud, dj tirriha snbiegtdzzgta naei uh eizza nahtdhua

eujtdstrgta, h nud alhd strgta gssuhta aealihia im g naepartgeihta vdsna-ijgstdna jdhigri

(cdl. 0.7=g ).

Cdlurg 0. 77? Cuhzdahd md gepjdcdngzdahi pir 56, 6.9, 0, 76 i M59%,76%

(mg Lgzitgs, 7420)


53/121


=2

^atta quistg dpatisd jd-isdea strgta i ngrgttirdzzgta mg uhg gjtizzg b d, uhg mihsdt d, uh

eamuja md tgljda Ld im uh cgttari md searzgeihta M

d, jilgta gj naiccdndihti md vdsnasdt

trgedti jg rijgzdahi [0.=2U.

Dh ndgsnuha strgta sd pu pgrtdnajgrdzzgri jg [0.>=U, naei silui?

[0.=U, dhsirihma dj pimdni d gm alhd pgssgllda, attihdgea

jg sajuzdahi mijjg [0.


54/121


=4

Mgjjg sajuzdahi rdpartgtg hijjg [0.


55/121


96

7. Hijjg [0.


56/121


97

rdcirdti gjjijieihta md vajuei, rdspittdvgeihti egssg mgjjg mihsdt mijja strgta, rdldmizzg mgj

eamuja md tgljda i naiccdndihtd md searzgeihta vdsnasa mgd naiccdndihtd md vdsnasdt. Ji

rijgzdahd saha ji siluihtd?

, 7 , [0.46U [0.47U , [0.40U

Jiqudjd`rda mdhgedna mij sdstieg sd isprdei gttrgvirsa ji h iqugzdahd?

6 6[0.4>Umavi ud ja spastgeihta ardzzahtgji gssajuta mijjd-isdeg egssg.

^uppahihma dj su`strgta micareg`dji , gjji h iqugzdahd [0.4>U mivi gllduhlirsd jg

nahmdzdahi md iqudjd`rda mijjg egssg h+7 gnnappdgtg gjjg nahlruihzg nah dj eata mij `imrank?

[0.4=U

Dh micdhdtdvg, sd attdihi uh sdstieg md iqugzdahd mdccirihzdgjd jdhigrd hijji udsdhtitdngeihti

isprded`dji hijjg careg?

[0.49Udh nud?

[0.43U

[0.4


57/121


90

[0.42U

Dj sinahma eie`ra mijjg [0.49U dj vittari mijji sajjindtgzdahd istirhi gppjdngti g ndgsnuhg

egssg. Virtghta dj vittari {O} bg tuttd d tiredhd hujjd trghhi jujtdea nbi vgji 7, eihtri?

[0.44Udj nbi narrdspahmi gm gssueiri jgssar`deihta md ihirldg pir rgmdgzdahi hij siedspgzda

micareg`dji iqudvgjihti g quijja lihirgta mg uha searzgtari vdsnasa nah naiccdndihti h+7

pgrd gjjdepimihzg mij @imrank.

Hij ngsa md `imrank rdldma sd ijdedhg j(h+7)-isdeg im c(t) vgji?

[0.766UHid eamijjd g egssi nahnihtrgti, jg rdsajuzdahi mij sdstieg [0.4>U sd attdihi gppjdnghma

eitamd ghgjalbd g quijjd tdpdnd mijjg mdhgedng strutturgji, nda jdhtilrgzdahi mdrittg hij

maedhda mij tiepa (isprdeihma vijandt i gnnijirgzdahd dh cuhzdahi miljd spastgeihtd

eimdghti mirdvgzdahi hueirdng) appuri jghgjdsd eamgji.

I pirgjtra passd`dji apirgri hij maedhda mijji criquihzi, rdsujtghma?

[0.767UDh tgj eama dj sdstieg [0.4>U sd pu jdhig rdzzgri hijjg careg naepjissg? [0.760U

i rdsujtg qudhmd issiri isprissa naei pramatta trg g trgscaregtg md Caurdir mijjg ur(t) pir dj

vittari , nastdtudta mgjji h cuhzdahd md trgscirdeihta trg dj `imrank i ndgsnuhgdhtircgnndg trg ljd strgtd?

[0.76>Udh nud?

[0.76=U0.>.> Iccittd mijjg hah jdhigrdt

Jdhcjuihzg mijjg hah jdhigrdt mij naepartgeihta mij tirriha sujjgnnijirgzdahi md pdnna

qugjdtgtdvgeihti djjustrgtg dh cdlurg 0.7>; ja snbieg cg pir siepjdndt rdcirdeihta gm uha


58/121


9>

strgta md tirriha aealihia, palldghti su uh `gsgeihta ranndasa ardzzahtgji, i sallitta gm uh

eata sdsedna ngrgttirdzzgta mg vgjard vdg vdg nrisnihtd mijjgnnijirgzdahi md pdnna gj ìmrank

gegx,r. Hijjg stissg cdlurg, dh cuhzdahi mijjg pracahmdt, saha rdpartgti ji mdstrdùzdahd mijji

micaregzdahd md tgljda egssdeg egx (g), mij eamuja md tgljda L (`), mij cgttari md

searzgeihta M (n) i mijjgnnijirgzdahi md pdnna gjjdhtirha mijja strgta gegx (m) gjvgrdgrimijjgnnijirgzdahi md pdnna su ranndg gegx,r.

Gj nrisniri md quistujtdeg g ngusg mij naepartgeihta hah jdhigri mij tirriha, sd virdcdng

uh gueihta mijjg micaregzdahi md tgljda egssdeg i , nahsiluihtieihti, uhg rdmuzdahi mij

eamuja md tgljda i uh gueihta mij cgttari md searzgeihta ea`djdtgtd. Vir `gssd jdvijjd md

ihirldg mij tirrieata md rdcirdeihta, jgnnijirgzdahi md pdnna juhla dj pracdja mijja strgta

gueihtg mgj `gsgeihta ranndasa gjjg supircdndi (nurvi 7 i 0 cdl. 0.7> (m) ). Vir ijivgtd jdvijjd

ihirlitdnd, jgnnijirgzdahi md pdnna pu vdnivirsg mdedhudri juhla dj pracdja (cdl. 0.7> (m)

nurvg >). Nd pirnb g siludta mij naepartgeihta hah jdhigri, j rdmuzdahi mijji ngrgttirdstdnbi

md rdldmizzg mij tirriha rdmuni jg trgsedssdahi md criquihzi ijivgti, eihtri jgueihta mijcgttari md searzgeihta M g``gtti d pdnnbd md gepjdcdngzdahi mijji gepdizzi mijja spastgeihta.

Dh tiredhd md cgttari md gepjdcdngzdahi (vgjutga naei rgpparta trg jgnnijirgzdahi md pdnna gjjg

supircdndi mij tirriha i quijjg su ranndg) jiccitta mijjg hah jdhigrdt sd pu trgmurri qudhmd dh

uhg rdmuzdahi mij cgttari md gepjdcdngzdahi gjjgueihtgri mij jdvijja md gnnijirgzdahi su

ranndg.

0.>.= Iccittd md àrma md vgjjd gjjuvdahgjd

]iardg im ispirdihzg bghha mg tiepa pireissa md rdnahasniri nbi gjjg supircdndi md

mipasdtd gjjuvdahgjd vgjjdvd passaha virdcdngrsd sdlhdcdngtdvd cihaeihd md gepjdcdngzdahi, nah

hativajd dhnrieihtd md murgtg mij eata sdsedna rdspitta g qughta privdsta mgjjg tiardg

Cdlurg 0. 7>? Sgrdgzdahi mid pracdjd md micaregzdahi tghlihzdgji egssdeg (g), eamuja md tgljda (`) icgttari md searzgeihta (n) ea`djdtgtd, i mijjgnnijirgzdahi egssdeg (m) hij tirriha, gj nrisniri

mijjgnnijirgzdahi egssdeg su ranndg gegx(mg Jghza i ^djvistrd,7444)


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9=

eahamdeihsdahgji. Jg naeprihsdahi md quistd cihaeihd rdsujtgtg md cahmgeihtgji

departghzg pir ljd stumd md rdsnbda sdsedna md lrghmd grii ur`ghi (Ndtt mij Eissdna, Jas

Ghlijis, Asgkg, ]akda) u`dngti praprda dh narrdspahmihzg md vgjjd gjjuvdahgjd i hijjghgjdsd

mijjg vujhirg`djdt sdsedng mij pgtrdeahda imdjdzda dvd isdstihti.

Mgjjg trgttgzdahi cdharg svajtg md mipasdta rdnahmund`dji g uha snbieg eahamdeihsdahgji, ldg stgta assirvgta nbi ji ngusi prdhndpgjd md gepjdcdngzdahi mij eata sdsedna saha sdg dj

cihaeiha md dhtrgppajgeihta md ahmi ^ gjjdhtirha mij mipasdta ( cgvardta mgj nahtrgsta md

depimihzg crg tirriha i `gsgeihta ranndasa), nbi jg rdsahghzg mitiredhgtg mgjjg prassdedt

mijji criquihzi mij eata gj su`strgta g quijji hgturgjd md vd`rgzdahi mij mipasdta.

Hij ngsa md vgjji gjjuvdahgji, ajtri gd cgttard saprg eihzdahgtd sd mivaha tihiri dh

nahsdmirgzdahi d nasdmmittd iccittd mdàrma nbi narrdspahmaha g mui cihaeihd ìh prindsd.

Dj prdea iccitta quijja mijjg cangjdzzgzdahi mijji ahmi sdsednbi dh grii prassdei gj

àrma mijjg vgjji g siludta mijjdhtircirihzg nastruttdvg trg dj ngepa mahmg rdcjissa i quijja

rdcrgtta.

Dj sinahma iccitta quijja pramatta mgjjdhndmihzg mijji ahmi sdsednbi dh narrdspahmihzg

mijjdhtircgnndg hah ardzzahtgji ranndg-tirriha gj àrma mijjg vgjji, nbi mitiredhg jg

lihirgzdahi md ahmi supircdndgjd gvihtd mdrizdahi md prapglgzdahi ardzzahtgji. Ji ahmi md

supircdndi nas lihirgti, dh prisihzg md uhg egrngtg mdccirihzg md depimihzg trg tirriha i

`gsgeihta ranndasa, rdeghlaha nahcdhgti gjjdhtirha mijjg vgjji i saha sallitti g rdcjissdahd

eujtdpji sud àrmd. Dj ngepa miljd spastgeihtd mg issi lihirgta jdedtgta sajtghta mgjja

searzgeihta dhtirha mij tirriha. Dh lihiri quisti ahmi md supircdndi bghha vijandt md

prapglgzdahi `gssg, mijjarmdhi md 7666 e/s, i pirdamd tdpdngeihti naeprisd trg 6.9 i 9 s. Yhg

snbiegtdzzgzdahi miljd iccittd md àrma djjustrgtg dh cdl.0.7=, mavi rgpprisihtgtg jg sizdahi

trgsvirsgji md uhg vgjji gjjuvdahgji, sallittg gm ahmi ^ dhndmihtd gj nahtarha mij mipasdta md

tirriha; dj sdsealrgeeg rijgtdva gj mipasdta gjjuvdahgji eastrg nbdgrgeihti jgrrdva md ahmi

md supircdndi md juhla pirdama lihirgti mgjjg nahvirsdahi md ahmi ^ dhndmihtd.

Gppgri ivdmihti dj jdedti mij njgssdna snbieg eahamdeihsdahgji nbi pir naei stgtanahnipdta hah privimi jg lihirgzdahi md ahmi md supircdndi. Issa pu partgri gm uhg

Cdlurg 0. 7=? ^nbieg md lihirgzdahi md ahmi md supircdndi pramatti mg iccittd md àrma gd egrldhi md

uhg vgjji gjjuvdahgji.


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99

sdlhdcdngtdvg sattastdeg mijjgepdizzg i mijjg murgtg mij eata sdsedna saprgttutta pir pirdamd

eglldard md 6.9 sinahmd.

Yhg vgjdmg gjtirhgtdvg dh quisti nahmdzdahd quijjg md utdjdzzgri mid eitamd md ghgjdsd

`dmdeihsdahgjd.

0.>.9 Iccittd mijjg tapalrgcdg

Mgjjghgjdsd mid mgtd mdspahd`djd sd ivdhni nbi jg tapalrgcdg pu mitiredhgri sdlhdcdngtdvd

iccittd jangjd. Jassirvgzdahi mijjg jangjdzzgzdahi mid mghhd sullirdsni nbi jdhcjuihzg mijjg

liaeitrdg supircdndgji sd rdsihti eglldareihti gjjg saeedt md uh rdjdiva.

Dj cihaeiha cdsdna mijjgepjdcdngzdahi mij eata gjjg saeedt md uh rdjdiva tapalrgcdna vg

gttrdùdta gjjg cangjdzzgzdahi mijji ahmi sdsednbi dh prassdedt mijjg nristg mij rdjdiva g

siludta mijjg rdcjissdahi mijji ahmi sdsednbi sujjg supircdndi jdìrg (cdl.0.79) i gjjdhtirgzdahi

crg dj ngepa mahmg dhndmihti i quijja mdccrgtta. uhg sdtugzdahi jangji Yhg vgjdmg gjtirhgtdvg

dh quisti nahmdzdahd quijjg md utdjdzzgri mid eitamd md ghgjdsd `dmdeihsdahgjd.

Md siludta rdpartgta uh qugmra rdipdjalgtdva mijji dhmdngzdahd gnqudsdti nah eglldarigttihmd`djdt dh eirdta gjjdhcjuihzg mijjg tapalrgcdg suj eata sdsedna, rdngvgti mgd prdhndpgjd

stumd spirdeihtgjd i tiardnd md jittirgturg (Lijd it gj., 7422; @grm, 744=)?

gjjg saeedt md uhg drrilajgrdt tapalrgcdng dj eata sdsedna gepjdcdngta rdspitta

gjjg `gsi;

jgepjdcdngzdahi gjjg saeedt md uhg drrilajgrdt tapalrgcdng nahmdzdahgtg mgjji

sui ngrgttirdstdnbi liaeitrdnbi, dh qughta sd virdcdngha cihaeihd md cangjdzzgzdahi

qughma jg juhlbizzg mijjahmg dhndmihti naeprg`dji nah jg siedjgrlbizzg J

mijjg `gsi mijjdrrilajgrdt;

jihtdt mid cihaeihd md gepjdcdngzdahi narrijgtg gjjg careg mijjdrrilajgrdt

tapalrgcdng? eglldari dj cgttari md careg B/J, pd ijivgtg jgepjdcdngzdahi dh

saeedt;

Cdlurg 0. 79? ^nbieg md lihirgzdahi md ahmi md supircdndi pramatti mg iccittd md àrma g egrldhd md

uhg vgjji gjjuvdahgji


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93

juhla d cdghnbd md uhg drrilajgrdt tapalrgcdng, jdhtirgzdahi trg ahmi dhndmihtd i

mdccrgtti pramuni rgpdmi vgrdgzdahd mij eata, dh gepdizzg i nahtihuta dh

criquihzg; nd lihirg uh naepjissa ngepa md spastgeihtd, nah gjtirhghzg md

cihaeihd md gepjdcdngzdahi i gttihugzdahi, nbi passaha mgr juala g egrngtd

eavdeihtd mdccirihzdgjd; isdsti uh gnnarma qugjdtgtdva trg d rdsujtgtd mijji eamijjgzdahd hueirdnbi

`dmdeihsdahgjd i ji assirvgzdahd spirdeihtgjd pir qughta rdlugrmg jgepjdcdngzdahi

mij eata mij suaja gjjg saeedt m uhg drrilajgrdt tapalrgcdng im d naepjissd

cihaeihd md gepjdcdngzdahi i gttihugzdahi nbi sd virdcdngha juhla d cdghnbd;

hah isdsti, dhvini, uh gnnarma qughtdtgtdva trg d rdsujtgtd mijji eamijjgzdahd i ji

assirvgzdahd spirdeihtgjd? lihirgjeihti d rgppartd md gepjdcdngzdahi edsurgtd saha

eajta eglldard md quijjd tiardnd.


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Ngpdtaja >

Eamijjgzdahi hueirdng mijjg rdspastg sdsedng jangji

Hij prinimihti ngpdtaja stgta sattajdhigta, naei jghgjdsd md uh naepartgeihta jdhigri

mij tirriha, pu rdsujtgri sngrsgeihti gccdmg`dji hijjg privdsdahi mij eata sdsedna dh

supircdndi. Vur tihihma dh nahta mijjg vgrdg`djdt mijji ngrgttirdstdnbi einnghdnbi nah jg

pracahmdt, utdjdzzghma ji pranimuri misnrdtti hij pgrglrgca 0.>.7, d rdsujtgtd hah saha attdegjd

pirnb jg ngjd`rgzdahi mid pgrgeitrd mijjg cuhzdahi L(z) hah siepjdni. Vir attihiri uh

eamijja gmirihti dj pd passd`dji gjjg rigjt hinissgrda gmapirgri mijji mdsnritdzzgzdahd, nbi

partdha g mdvdmiri dj pracdja dh isgei dh tghtd strgtd dh nud jg vijandt mijji ahmi md tgljda i jg

mihsdt md egssg sdgha nah ùahg gpprassdegzdahi nastghtd, avvira dj lihirdna strgtirijja md

tirriha pu issiri trgttgta naei uh eizza nahtdhua im aealihia sdg jdtajaldngeihti nbi

einnghdngeihti. Hijjg eglldar pgrti mid ngsd prgtdnd uhghgjdsd md rdspastg sdsedng jangji md

uh sattasuaja strgtdcdngta mivi partgri gmilugtgeihti dh nahta dj naepartgeihta hah jdhigri

mij tirriha, i nd hah pu nbi gvvihdri pir vdg hueirdng.Vir attihiri rdsujtgtd sdlhdcdngtdvd mgjjghgjdsd hueirdng hinissgrda siludri ji siluihtd

cgsd?

- rdnastruzdahi mijjg liaeitrdg mij sattasuaja

Jg rdnastruzdahi mijjg liaeitrdg mij sattasuaja iccittugtg sujjg `gsi mijji

nahasnihzi liajaldnbi mijjgrig i mg spindcdnbi dhmgldhd, qugjd rdjivgeihta md

supircdndi, dhmgldhd lialhastdnbi mdritti (sahmglld strgtdlrgcdnd) a dhmgldhd liacdsdnbi

dhmdritti a naeuhqui jdhsdiei mijji pranimuri misnrdtti hij ngpdtaja 7. ]gjd

nahasnihzi pireittaha md micdhdri jg liaeitrdg trdmdeihsdahgji mij sattasuaja, mg nud

passd`dji dhmdvdmugri dj eamijja liaeitrdna eaha-, `d- a trdmdeihsdahgji mg usgrihijji ghgjdsd, i jg pracahmdt mij su`strgta ranndasa g nud gppjdngri dj eata md dhput.

- Micdhdzdahi mij eata md autput

Dj eata md dhput rgpprisihtg dj silhgji sdsedna gj ìmrank, jg nud gepdizzg i nahtihuta

dh criquihzg mdpihmaha mgjji ngrgttirdstdnbi mijjg sarlihti sdsedng, mijjg eglhdtuma i

mgj pirnarsa sarlihti-sdta naepdutg mgjji ahmi sdsednbi. Dj eata md dhput mg

utdjdzzgrsd hijji ghgjdsd hueirdnbi pu issiri isprissa sdg satta careg md

gnnijiralrgeeg sdg md spittra md rdspastg ijgstdna.

- Micdhdzdahi mid pgrgeitrd liatinhdnd

Ji praprdit cdsdna einnghdnbi mid egtirdgjd prisihtd hijjgrig md stumda vihlaha

micdhdti gttrgvirsa pravi dh sdta i pravi md jgàrgtarda. Dj lrgma md gccdmg`djdt

mijjghgjdsd mdpihmi mgj lrgma md gppracahmdeihta utdjdzzgta hijjg micdhdzdahi mid


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Pdspastg sdsedng jangji?]iardg im Gppjdngzdahd Ngpdtaja >

92

pgrgeitrd liatinhdnd mij egtirdgji, nbi cuhzdahi mij tdpa i mij hueira md pravi

iccittugti, mij hueira i mijjg qugjdt mid ngepdahd isgedhgtd i mijjg pracahmdt,

istihsdahi i mittgljda mijji dhmgldhd isiludti dh sdta.

-

^nijtg mid pralrgeed md ngjnaja

^aha mdspahd`djd eajtd pralrgeed md ngjnaja pir isiludri eamijjgzdahd hueirdnbi gdcdhd mijjg vgjutgzdahi mijjg rdspastg sdsedng jangji; issd mdccirdsnaha pir ji dpatisd

siepjdcdngti dh rijgzdahi gjjg liaeitrdg mij pra`jieg im gj eamijja nastdtutdva

gssilhgta gj tirriha, i pir jgjlardtea md ngjnaja utdjdzzgta.

NAMDNI MD

NGJNAJA

LIAEI]PDG,

NAHMD_DAHD GJ

NAH]APHA

JILGEI

NA^]D]Y]DSA

EI]AMA

MD GHGJD^DCAH]I

^BGKI

7-M

Crahtdirg i gsi

ijgstdng

Eahacgsi (tihsdahd tatgjd)

Jdhigri iqudvgjihti -

vdsnaijgstdna

Nahtdhua

Maedhda

criquihzi

@irkijiy

^nbhg`ij it gj.

(74. 7 Namdnd md ngjnaja pir jghgjdsd mijjg rdspastg sdsedng jangji (mg Jdhlilhirdg sdsedng dhDtgjdg, Gttd mij 9 nahvilha hgzdahgji(Vgjirea,7447)


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Pdspastg

D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Risposta Sismica Locale

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