D.BRUCIAFREDDO Idrologia

7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO Idrologia

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www.ibhcemruabgdrhiie.ael

Gky quhstbek iek't jhsbtgth te aektgat lh! Hkney rhgibkc!


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3/97

_gcbkg 1/1 - Aurrbauùl vbtgh ibAeckelh/b Kelh/b

_hr lgccberb bkderlgzbekb su Hurepgss> jttp>//hurepgss.ahihdep.hurepg.hu Xkbekh hurephg, =??=-=?7? =9?:=?7?

@bvh`è hurephe (*) Gsae`te @htturg Bkthrgzbekh erg`h _reiuzbekh erg`h

Bkc`hsh M= @bvh`è bkthrlhibe A7 @bvh`è Gvgkzgte M= @bvh`è bkthrlhibe M= @bvh`è bkthrlhibe A7 @bvh`è gvgkzgte

Drgkahsh G= @bvh`èH`hlhktgrh

M7 @bvh`è Bkthrlhibe G=@bvh`è

H`hlhktgrhG=

@bvh`èh`hlhktgrh

G= @bvh`è h`hlhktgrh

(*) Wugire aelukh hurephe ib rbdhrblhkte phr `h `bkcuh

Agpgabt h aelphthkzh seabg`b - Qeke pgrtbae`grlhkth prhibspeste g `gvergrh bk thgl ahragkie shlprh ib aelprhkihrh h ib rbse`vhrh bprem`hlb g` lhc`be g` dbkh ib etthkhrh b rbsu`tgtb prhvbstb.- Qeke ietgte ib uk derth shkse ib veèkt h ib agpgabt ib prem`hl se`vbkc gkajh kh``h sbtugzbekb pbibkglbajh.-Qeke ietgte ib uk ettble spbrbte ib gigttglhkte gkajh kh``h sbtugzbekb pb aelp`hssh h seke pbhkglhkthibspekbmb`h g trgsdhrth bk tutte b` lekie.-Muekg agpgabt ib aelukbagzbekh h letbvgzbekh etthkutg crgzbh g ukglpbg hsphrbhkzg ib blpgrtbzbekhib `hzbekb prbvgth g uk muek kulhre ib stuihktb ukbvhrsbtgrb ( gi eccb abrag 4? )

Agpgabt h aelphthkzhercgkbzzgtbvh

Chstbekh ib prechttb h cruppb ib `gvere

Agpgabt h aelphthkzh thakbajh Bkchckhrh strutturbstg aek agpgabt prechttgzbekh ib strutturh kek trgibzbekg`b h aelp`hssh.

Agpgabt h aelphthkzhbkderlgtbajh

Qb h`hkagke `h prbkabpg`b aelphthkzh sphabg`bstbajh bk gccbuktg g``h aelphthkzh mgsh ib utb`bzze ihàelputhr>Ettblg aekesahkzg Hxah`+TMGEttblg Aekesahkzg precrgllg phr Leih``gzbekh DHL QY]GXQ3Ettblg Aekesahkzg _recrgllg phr Leih``gzbekh Dhl LBIGQ CHKEttblg Aekesahkzg _recrgllg _hr Leih``gzbekh DHL QG_=??Agpgabt ib utb`bzze h gpprhkiblhkte bk thlpb rgpbib ib tuttb b precrgllb ib leih``gzbekh DHLEttblg aekesahkzg ihb `bkcugccb ib precrgllgzbekh TMG, A++Ettblg aekesahkzg ih` precrgllg ib Agàeè LGY@GMEttblg aekesahkzg ih` pgaajhtte EDDBAHEttblg aekesahkzg ib GXYEAGI

G`trh agpgabt h aelphthkzh ]ukkhr glgterbg`h aek pgrthabpgzbekh g hvhktb , kuete6

_gthkth G, M

X`thrberb bkderlgzbekb ]hdhrhkzh h Aurrbauùl Tbtgh ihttgc`bgte su rbajbhstg

Guterbzze b` trgttglhkte ihb lbhb igtb phrsekg`b gb shksb ih` Iharhte @hcbs`gtbve 1? cbucke =??1, k. 724"Aeibah bk lgthrbg ib prethzbekh ihb igtb phrsekg`b". (dgae`tgtbve, v. bstruzbekb)

Dbrlg


4/97

B

BKIBAH

_rhdgzbekh.............................................................................................................................BBB

Agpbteè 7 B@ MGABKE BI]EC]GDBAE

7.7. Ihdbkbzbekh ib mgabke birecrgdbae................................................................................7

7.=. Ih`blbtgzbekh ih` mgabke birecrgdbae..........................................................................=

7.1. Gkg`bsb ih` rb`hvglhkte agrtecrgdbae..........................................................................1

7.9. Qve`cblhkte hshrabtgzbekh 7.......................................................................................4

7.9.7. Ih`blbtgzbekh h bkibvbiugzbekh ih` mgabke...................................................4

7.9.=. Agàeè ih``h crgkihzzh p`gkblhtrbajh..........................................................2

7.9.1. Agàeè ihc`b bkibab ib derlg........................................................................77

7.9.9. Agàeè ihb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve...................................................................78

7.9.8. Agàeè ihb pgrglhtrb agrgtthrbstbab ih``g phkihkzg..................................==

7.9.4. Agàeè ihb pgrglhtrb Abkhlgtbag...............................................................=8

7.8. Chrgrajbzzgzbekh ih` mgabke.....................................................................................=3

Agpbteè = @H _]HAB_BYG^BEKB

=.7. Bktreiuzbekh............................................................................................................1=

=.=. Chkhsb h derlgzbekh ih``h prhabpbtgzbekb...............................................................1=

=.1. Lbsurg ih``h prhabpbtgzbekb.....................................................................................11

=.1.7. B` pùvbelhtre...............................................................................................11

=.1.=. B` pùvbecrgde................................................................................................18

=.1.1. B` kbvelhtre..................................................................................................14

=.9. Blpbhce ihb igtb pùvbelhtrbab...............................................................................13

=.9.7. Gkkg`b biheècbab...........................................................................................13

=.9.=. Gkg`bsb stgtbstbag...........................................................................................1:

=.8. Qve`cblhkte hshrabtgzbekh =...................................................................................12

=.8.7. Lhteie ihb lelhktb.....................................................................................91

=.8.=. Thrbdbag ih` thst ib _hgrsek..........................................................................99

=.8.1. Agàeè ib pertgth h rbsajbe trglbth `g `hcch ib Culmh`.............................93


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BB

Agpbteè 1 @G IBQY]BMX^BEKH Q_G^BG@H IH@@H _BECCH

1.7. Ibstrbmuzbekh spgzbg`h ih``h pbecch.......................................................................871.=. Gddùsse lhtherbae> ihdbkbzbekh h agàeè................................................................87

1.=.7. Lhteie ih``h bsebhth......................................................................................8=

1.=.=. Lhteie ihb tepebhtb.......................................................................................81

1.1. Aurvh ib pessbmb`bt pùvbelhtrbag (A__)..............................................................81

1.9. Qve`cblhkte hshrabtgzbekh 1...................................................................................88

1.9.7. Aestruzbekh ih` agrtecrgllg ib Culmh`...................................................8:

1.9.=. Aestruzbekh ih``h aurvh ib pessbmb`bt pùvbelhtrbag.................................4?

Agpbteè 9 _E]YGYG IB _]ECHYYE

9.7. _beccbg ib prechtte..................................................................................................4:

9.=. _beccbg ib prechtte gi bkthksbt aestgkth.............................................................4:

9.1. _beccbg ib prechtte gi bkthksbt vgrbgmb`h.............................................................42

9.9. _beccbg lgssblg premgmb`h....................................................................................3?

9.9.7. Lhteie dbsbae.................................................................................................3?

9.9.7.7. Bkibvbiugzbekh ih` crgie ib ulbibt................................................3?

9.9.7.=. Lgssblbzzgzbekh ih` crgie ib ulbibt.............................................37

9.9.7.1. Lgssblbzzgzbekh ihb dhkelhkb ib aekvhrchkzg h se``hvglhkte......3=

9.9.=. Lhteie stgtbstbae..........................................................................................31

9.8. _beccbg khttg..........................................................................................................31

9.8.7. Lhteie ih` AX]TH KXLMH].................................................................39

9.4. _ertgtg lgssblg ib pbhkg......................................................................................39

9.4.7. Lhteie ibrhtte..............................................................................................38

9.4.=. Lhteie rgzbekg`h..........................................................................................3:

9.4.1. Lhteie abkhlgtbae e ih``g aerrbvgzbekh......................................................3:

9.3. Qve`cblhkte ih``g hshrabtgzbekh 9.........................................................................:?

9.3.7. Bstecrgllg ib Ajbagce................................................................................:=

9.3.=. Agàeè ih``h phribth birecheècbajh............................................................:9

9.3.1. Birecrgllg ib pbhkg...................................................................................27


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BBB

_]HDG^BEKH

@ bireècbg, kh``g sug gaahzbekh pb chkhrg`h, prhkih bk aeksbihrgzbekh `h thlgtbajhrbcugrigktb `h gaquh prhshktb kh` sbsthlg-Yhrrg bk qugùkquh dgsh, sbg hssg se`big,

`bqubig e cgssesg.

Wuhstg gkg`bsb chkhrg`bzzgtg sb aekarhtbzzg bk vgrbh mrgkajh sphabdbajh qug`b>

-Birelhthrheècbg> stuibe ih``g abrae`gzbekh ih``gaqug kh``gtlesdhrg.

-C`gabeècbg> gkg`bsb ihb cjbgaabgb h ih``h khvb.

-Birecrgdbg > stuibe ih``h gaquh suphrdbabg`b bkthsh aelh `gcjb (`blkeècbg) e dbulb

(petgleècbg).-Birecheècbg> gkg`bsb ih` dùsse igaqug setthrrgkhe.

B` shcuhkth `gvere sb ae`èag bk ukg grhg gkaer pb sphabdbag ih` shtterh bireècbae,

evvhre `bireècbg thakbag, `g aub dbkg`bt quh``g ib cbukchrh g``gpp`bagzbekh ihb

leih``b prechttgtb ig``h ukbvhrsbt g shcubte ih``gkg`bsb ihb igtb h ih``g lbsurg ih``g

crgkihzzg bireècbag chstbtg ig`è Qtgte.

B` `gvere aeksbsth kh``g aekarhtg gpp`bagzbekh ihb aekahttb prhshktgtb h trgttgtb iurgkth b`

aerse ib Bireècbgsve`te kh``gkke gaagihlbae =??8/=??4 prhsse `Xkbvhrsbt ihc`b

Qtuib Lhibthrrgkhg ib ]hccbe Ag`gmrbg - Dgae`t iBkchckhrbg.

B` suiihtte aerse, aekiette ig` pred. bkc. Cbushpph Mgrmgre bkthkih derkbrh gc`b

g``bhvb b lhzzb phr è stuibe ih``h prem`hlgtbajh ib ibdhsg ig``h gaquh h `g chstbekh ih``h

rbsersh birbajh ih` thrrbterbe.

B` shcuhkth thste sb aelpekh ib qugttre hshrabtgzbekb su``g ihdbkbzbekh h b` agàeè ihb

igtb agrgtthrbzzgktb uk mgabke birecrgdbae h `h h`gmergzbekb stgtbstbajh ib igtb

pùvbelhtrbab rbagvgtb gttrgvhrse derlu`h sphrblhktg`b h vgèrb tgmh``gtb.

_ebaj quhste `gvere stgte rhg`bzzgte bkthrglhkth bk shih ukbvhrsbtgrbg sb rbthkute

eppertuke gkthperrh gi eckb hshrabtgzbekh ukg sellgrbg trgttgzbekh therbag ih``h

prem`hlgtbajh gddrektgth phr dgab`btgrkh `g aelprhksbekh.

Kh` preahihrh sb rbthkute eppertuke utb`bzzgrh prbkabpg`lhkth iuh gpp`bagtbvb

sedtwgrh, Guteagi =??9 hi Hxah`, bk leie ig vhèabzzgrh h rhkihrh pb prhabsb b agàe`b.

Bk pgrtbae`grh kh`èrcgkbzzgzbekh ihb dec`b ib `gvere hxah` sb ephrgte bk leie ig

phrlhtthrh `g rbutb`bzzgmb`bt ihc`b sthssb. Yutte b` lgthrbg`h sb trevg aelukquh kh` ai

g``hcgte g quhste `gvere.


7/97

7B` mgabke birecrgdbae

7.7 Ihdbkbzbekh ib mgabke birecrgdbae

_hr ukg dbssgtg shzbekh trgsvhrsg`h ib uk aerse igaqug, sb ihdbkbsah mgabke

birecrgdbae, `hktbt checrgdbag aestbtubtg ig``g prebhzbekh su uk pbgke erbzzektg`h

ih``g suphrdbabh sae`gkth setthsg g``g suiihttg shzbekh. Kh` `bkcugccbe thakbae tg`h

aerrbspekihkzg sb hsprblh gddhrlgkie ajh `g shzbekh setthkih b` mgabke, lhktrh b`

mgabke setthse ig``g shzbekh. Bk g`trb thrlbkb b` mgabke birecrgdbae pu hsshrh

ihdbkbte aelh ùkbt dbsbecrgdbag, g aub sb dg rbdhrblhkte kh``g prechttgzbekh, ajh

rgaaec`bh b ihdùssb suphrdbabg`b, erbcbkgtb ig``h prhabpbtgzbekb lhtherbajh ajh sb

gmmgtteke su` mgabke sthsse, khb aersb igaqug prbkabpg`b h khb sueb ibvhrsb gddùhktb h `b

aekvec`bg kh``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg. Wuhstu`tblg ihttg gkajh shzbekh thrlbkg`h,

aestbtubsah uk igte dekiglhktg`h phr `g ihdbkbzbekh ih` mgabke bk thrlbkb ib hsthksbekh

grhg`h hi gkajh b` pukte arbtbae kh``g prechttgzbekh ib qug`sbgsb ephrg bkchckhrbstbag

pebajh bk hsse vbhkh aekvec`bgtg `g pertgtg lgssblg e pertgtg ib pbhkg.

Qh `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg aebkabih aek `g deah ih` dbulh b` mgabke ihtte prbkabpg`h

g`trblhktb hsse prhkih gttrbmute ib shaekigrbe.

G``bkthrke ih` mgabke ibstbkcubgle trg rhth birecrgdbag(e rhtbaeè dùvbg`h) h

vhrsgktb. @g rhth birecrgdbag (e rhtbaeè) b` aelp`hsse ib ae``htterb dùvbg`b, e agkg`b,

ajh rgaae`ceke b ihdùssb birbab suphrdbabg`b h `b aekvec`bgke dbke g``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg.

Aek `g ibzbekh vhrsgktb e phkibab, sb ihkelbkgke bkvhah tutth `h suphrdbab `gthrg`b gb

rglb ih``g rhth.


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= Hshrabtgzbekh 7

@hsthksbekh ib uk mgabke birecrgdbae sb ihthrlbkg utb`bzzgkie `g agrtecrgdbguddbabg`h ih` Bstbtute Checrgdbae Lb`btgrh Btg`bgke bk sag`g 7>=8??? (Ygve`htth),

7>8???? (Wugirgktb), 7>7?????? (Dec`b), bk rh`gzbekh g``g iblhksbekh ih` mgabke bk

hsglh h g``gppressblgzbekh khahssgrbg phr è stuibe ajh sb stg aelpbhkie. Bk

gàukb agsb, qugkie b` mgabke jg ukg iblhksbekh aekthkutg (bkdhrberh g 7? Fl=) e

qugkie eaaerrh bkibvbiugrh aek lgccberh prhabsbekh `h `bkhh ib blpùvbe,

khahssgrbe dgr rbaerse g ukg agrtecrgdbg ib ihttgc`be etthkutg lhibgkth b` rb`bhve

ghrhedetecrgllhtrbae.

Tg sette`bkhgte aelh quhstg sah`tg prh`blbkgrh aekibzbekb bk lgkbhrg rb`hvgkth b

rbsu`tgtb ih``bkigcbkh lerdelhtrbag ih` mgabke sthsse, bk qugkte, tgkte pb rbiettg

`g sag`gturg ih``g pbgktg, tgkte pb prhabsg sgr `bkibvbiugzbekh ib pgrtbae`grb,

qug`b `g prhshkzg ib pbaae`b h lhib aersb igaqug, ajh gkirgkke g leibdbagrh `g

lgccber pgrth ihb rbsu`tgtb etthkutb gpp`bagkie b leih``b lgthlgtbab.

7.=. Ih`blbtgzbekh ih` mgabke birecrgdbae

_ukte ib pgrthkzg phr `gkg`bsb bireècbag , phr qugkte ihtte, `g ih`blbtgzbekh ih`

mgabke birecrgdbae su` supperte agrtecrgdbae prhsah`te aekiettg aeksbihrgkie gàukb

puktb h `bkhh agrgtthrbstbab.

Bkkgkzbtutte, ibstbkcubgle è spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h ihtte gkajh `bkhg ib

ibspùvbe, ajh rgpprhshktg b` phrblhtre ih` mgabke, ih`blbtgkth `g suphrdbabh

g``bkthrke ih``g qug`h sb gmmgtteke `h prhabpbtgzbekb, `h qug`b trevgke rhagpbteu`tble kh``g rhth birecrgdbag bk hsglh.

_hr bkibvbiugrh è spgrtbgaquh ab gppeccbgle g ihb puktb pgrtbae`grb, aelh b` pukte

ib vhttg, abe b` pukte ib quetg lgssblg, b puktb sh``g, abe quh``b aelprhsb trg iuh

rb`bhvb gibgahktb h b` pukte ib aekag, abe quh`è pb mgsse ajh aebkabih aek `g

shzbekh ib ajbusurg.

Kh``g prgtbag, b` trgaabglhkte ih``g `bkhg ib ibspùvbe sb aekiuah pgssgkie phr b

puktb g quetg pb h`hvgtg, shkzg tgc`bgrh c`b h`hlhktb ihb rhtbae`b birecrgdbab

rh`gtbvb gb aersb igaqug `blbtredb h bkthrshagkie `b bsebpsh ih` supperte agrtecrgdbae


9/97

B` mgabke birecrgdbae 1

shlprh g 2?.

7.1. Gkg`bsb ih` rb`hvglhkte tepecrgdbae

@gkg`bsb ih` rb`hvglhkte tepecrgdbae, suaahssbvg g` trgttglhkte ih`è spgrtbgaquh h

qubkib g``g ih`blbtgzbekh ih` mgabke, aeksbsth bk ukg h`gmergzbekh ihb igtb rbagvgtb

ig``g tepecrgdbg gttg g derkbrh, g lhke ib hrrerb ib esshrvgzbekh, trglbth dukzbekb

gkg`btbajh, aek prhabsbekh h aekabsbekh bkibagzbekb bllhibgth ih``h derlh ih``g

suphrdbabh. Wuhstg gkg`bsb blpertgkth bk qugkte sb iblestrgte pessbmb`h lhtthrh bk

rh`gzbekh b rbsu`tgtb ih``h suiihtth dukzbekb aek b preahssb bireècbab g sag`g ib mgabke. B

leih``b bireècbab ib tbpe chelerdeècbae sb dekigke preprbe su``g pessbmb`bt ib

rbaestrubrh `g rbspestg bireècbag ib uk mgabke (derlgzbekh ib ihdùssb), g shcubte ib ukg

prhabpbtgzbekh ajh sb gmmgtth su ib hsse, su``g mgsh ih` `hcglh ajh bkthraerrh trg `g

suiihttg rbspestg h b agrgtthrb chelerdeècbab ih` mgabke. Bk g`trb thrlbkb `habte

rbthkhrh ajh b` rhtbaeè birecrgdbae rgpprhshktg `blprektg `gsabgtg su``g suphrdbabh

thrrhstrh ig ukg suaahssbekh ib hvhktb ib ihdùsse, sbaaj, bk uk gsshckgte mgabke, b`lhaagkbsle ib ihdùsse pu hsshrh rbaekiette g``g strutturg lerdelhtrbag ih` rhtbaeè.

Wubkib sumeribkgtglhkth g` trgaabglhkte ih`è spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h sb pu

hddhttugrh b` agàeè ih``h crgkihzzh p`gkblhtrbajh dekiglhktg`b, qug`b `grhg, b`

phrblhtre h `g ùkcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h, ajh aestbtubsaeke g ère ve`tg `g mgsh phr

`g aesbiihttg lerdelhtrbg, abe `gkg`bsb ihb pgrglhtrb ib derlg ih` mgabke bk

hsglh>

-]gpperte ib abrae`grbt6

-]gpperte ib ukbderlbt6

-]gpperte ib g`ùkcglhkte6

-]gpperte ib derlg6

-Ihksbt ib irhkgccbe.

G`trb dgtterb rb`hvgktb ajh agrgtthrbzzgke uk mgabke birecrgdbae seke>

_grglhtrb ib rb`bhve

-Ibs`bvh`è.


10/97

9 Hshrabtgzbekh 7

-Aurvg bpsecrgdbag.

-G`thzzg lhibg.

-G`thzzg lhibgkg.

_grglhtrb agrgtthrbstbab ih``g phkihkzg

-_hkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke.

-_hkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h.

-_hraerse lhibe ib rusah``glhkte.

-Yhlpe ib aerrbvgzbekh ih` mgabke.

Yuttb quhstb pgrglhtrb seke derthlhkth aekkhssb ùke aek `g`tre ig uk rgpperte ib

ihrbvgzbekh(kek kh``gaahzbekh lgthlgtbag ih` thrlbkh).

@g ihsarbzbekh ib uk mgabke birecrgdbae sb aelp`htg aek `g chrgrajbzzgzbekh, shaekie

`h `hccb ib Jertek-Qtrgjh`hr, aub aekshcuh b` agàeè ih` ]gpperte ib mbderagzbekh

lhibe.

Bkdbkh `hsgtthzzg ihb pgrglhtrb rbagvgtb gttrgvhrse ùtb`bzze ib igtb tgmh``gtb h derlu`h

sphrblhktg`b pu hsshrh dgab`lhkth vhrbdbagtg gttrgvhrse `h rhce`h ib Jertek>

-rhce`g ih` kulhre ihb aersb igaqug6

-rhce`g ih``g ùkcjhzzg lhibg ihb aersb igaqug6

-rhce`g ih` rgpperte ih``h grhh.

_hr ajbgrhzzg kh``g dbcurg 7.7 h rbpertgte uk ibgcrgllg ajh rgpprhshktgtbve

ih``g`cerbtle ig shcubrh kh``gkg`bsb ib ukg zekg ib bkthrhssh bireècbae.


11/97

Agrte

crgdbg

Bkibvbiugzbekh ih`

mgabke birecrgdbae>-rhtbae`e birecrgdbae

-shzbekh ib ajbusurg-s grt bga uh

_grglhtrb ib derlg>-rgpperte ib abrae`grbt

-rgpperte ib ukbderlbt

-rg erte ib g ` uk glhkte

_grglhtrb ih` rb`bhve-Aurvg bpsecrgdbag

-Aurvg bpselhtrbag

-g`tbtuibkh lhibg

_grglhtrb agrgtthrbstbab ih``g phkihkzg-phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke

-phkihkzg lhibg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h

Chrgajbzzgzbekh ihb aersb igaqug-rhce`h ib Jertek-Qtrgj`hr

-bkibvbiugzbekh ih` kulhre ib a`gssb

Thrbdbag ih``h trh rhce`h ib Jertek

B` mgabke birecrgdbae8

Dbcurg 7.7Qajhlg sbckbdbagtbve ih``gkg`bsb bire`ecbag.


12/97

4 Hshrabtgzbekh 7

7.9. Qve`cblhkte ih``hshrabtgzbekh 7

Aekiuabgle `g kestrg gkg`bsb bireècbag kh``g zekg ib _g`bzzb (]hccbe Ag`gmrbg),

aeksbihrgkie aelh pukte arbtbae, evvhre shzbekh ib ajbusurg `g deah ih` dbulh Qbllhre.

Qb trgttg, qubkib, ib uk mgabke prbkabpg`h. Ab gvvg`bgle ih``g agrtecrgdbg ih``bstbtute

B.C.L bk sag`g 7>7???? rbpertgtg bk dbcurg 7.= .

Dbcurg7.= > agrtecrgdbg aek `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg hvbihkzbgtg.

Blpestbgle g kestrg gkg`bsb gttrgvhrse b` phraerse ecbae prhahihkthlhkth ihsarbtte.

7.9.7. Ih`blbtgzbekh h bkibvbiugzbekh ih` mgabke

Gvvg`hkieab ih`ùse ih``gpp`bagtbve GXYEAGI, bkibvbiubgle tuttb b aersb igaqug

prhshktb kh``grhg bk hsglh aelh rbpertgte bk dbcurg7.1. Kh` trgaabgrh b` rhtbaeè

birecrgdbae sb rbthkute eppertuke aeksbihrgrh gkajh b` aektrbmute igte ig quhb aersb

igaqug suphrdbabg`b ajh seke prhshktb se`glhkth bk gàukb phrbeib ih``gkke,

lhtthkieab kh``g sbtugzbekh pb crgvesg h settrghkieab, aes, ig` rbsajbe ib ukg

pessbmb`h settestblg ih` ihdùsse birecrgdbae.


13/97


Dbcurg 7.1(g)> rhtbae`e birecrgdbae

Dbcurg 7.1> rhtbae`e birecrgdbae


14/97

: Hshrabtgzbekh 7

B` pgsse suaahssbve `g ihthrlbkgzbekh ih``e spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h gttrgvhrse `g

lhteie`ecbg prhahihkthlhkth hspestg h ajbgrglhkth rbpertgtg bk dbcurg 7.9.

`bkibvbiugzbekh ih` kestre ecchtte ib stuibe stgtg aelp`htgtg.

Dbcurg 7.9> spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h

.


15/97


7.9.=. Agàeè ih``h crgkihzzh p`gkblhtrbajh

Gvhkie abraesarbtte `grhg ib bkthrhssh, preahibgle g` agàeè ih``h crgkihzzh

p`gkblhtrbajh ih` mgabke, ajh seke >

-Quphrdbabh6

-_hrblhtre6

-@ukcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h.

Quphrdbabh

@g Quphrdbabh aestbtubsah `grhg ih``g prebhzbekh su uk pbgke erbzzektg`h ih` mgabke

sthsse, evvhre grhg aekthkutg g``bkthrke ih`è spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h.

_hr ihthrlbkgr`g pgrtbgle ig` vgèrh rbagvgte gttrgvhrse b` AGI, ibrhttglhkth su

agrtg tepecrgdbag (7>7????) h giephrbgle eppertukb dgtterb aerrhttbvb, tg`b ig

cbukchrh g` vgèrh rhg`h ih``g suphrdbabh, sdruttgkie `g shcuhkth derlu`g>

G < (7/da)**r

ievh G < Quphrdbabh rhg`h (Fl=)6

< Tgèrh lbsurgte su``g agrtg 7> 7???? (al=)6

da< dgtterh aerrhttbve ih`ùkbt ib lbsurg6

r < dgtterh ib aekvhrsbekh ih``g sag`g.

Qestbtubgle g``g derlu`g b igtb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke>

< 918,3= al=6

da < 7?7?6

r < 7?9.

@g suphrdbabh rbsu`tg hsshrh >

G < 9,14 Fl=


16/97

7? Hshrabtgzbekh 7

_hrblhtre

B` phrblhtre rgpprhshktg `g ùkcjhzzg ih` aekterke g` mgabke, e lhc`be ih`è

spgrtbgaquh suphrdbabg`h. _hr ihthrlbkgr`g pgrtbgle ig` vgèrh rbagvgte gttrgvhrse b`

AGI ibrhttglhkth su agrtg tepecrgdbag (7>7????) h giephrbgle eppertukb dgtterb

aerrhttbvb, tg`b ig cbukchrh g` vgèrh rhg`h trglbth `g shcuhkth derlu`g >

_ < (7/da)*p*r

ievh _ < phrblhtre rhg`h (Fl)6

p < vgèrh lbsurgte su``g agrtg 7>7???? (al)6



Qestbtuhkie g``g derlu`g b igtb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke>

p < 29,89 al 6

da< 7?8 6

r < 7?9.

B` phrblhtre >

_ < 2,98 Fl

@ukcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h

Qb ihdbkbsah gstg prbkabpg`h, b` aerse igaqug pb ùkce rbktrgaabgmb`h kh` mgabke

pgrthkie ig``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg vhrse lekth shkzg bkvhrsbekh ib thkihkzg.

Dbcurg 7.8> gstg prbkabpg`h


17/97


B` agàeè ih``g ùkcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h rbsu`tg hsshrh hstrhlglhkth sblb`h g

quh`è ih` phrblhtre, hsp`bagkiesb kh``g shcuhkth hsprhssbekh >

@g < (7/da)*`*r

ievh @g< ùkcjhzzg rhg`h (Fl)6

` < vgèrh lbsurgte su``g agrtg 7>7???? (al)6



B igtb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke seke>

` < 99,38 al 6

da< 7?8 6

r < 7?9 .

Qestbtuhkie kh``g derlu`g, sb rbagvg >

@g < 9,9: Fl

7.9.1. Agàeè ihc`b bkibab ib derlg

Yg`b pgrglhtrb, prhsabkihkie igb igtb p`gkblhtrbab prhahihkthlhkth rbagvgtb,

ihthrlbkgke `g aesbiihttg Lerdelhtrbg (ihsarbzbekh ih``g derlg) ih` mgabke, derkhkie

gkajh ukblpertgkth vhrbdbag ihb agàe`b cb hddhttugtb.

]gpperte ib abrae`grbt

Qb ihdbkbsah aelh b` rgpperte trg `g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke h quh``g ib uk bpethtbae ahrajbe

gvhkth phrblhtre hqubvg`hkth g quh`è ih` mgabke sthsse, abe >

]a< 9 G / _=

B` rbsu`tgte ib tg`h rgpperte uk kulhre pure ]a.

_hr ]a 7 , `g derlg ih` mgabke gppressblgmb`h gi uk ahrajbe 6

_hr ]a0 7 , b` mgabke sb ibsaestg ib (7-]a)% ig ukg derlg abrae`grh .


18/97

7= Hshrabtgzbekh 7

Kh` kestre agse >

G < 9.14 Fl=

_ < 2.98 Fl

B` rgpperte ib abrae`grbt ih` mgabke bk hsglh , qubkib >

]a< 9*1.79*9.14 / (2.98)=< ?,47

_essbgle aekaùihrh ajh `g derlg ih` mgabke sb ibsaestg ih` 12% ig uk ahrajbe ib grhg

hqubvg`hkth.

]gpperte ib ukbderlbt

Qb ihdbkbsah aelh b` rgpperte trg b` phrblhtre ih` mgabke h `g ùkcjhzzg ih``g

abraekdhrhkzg ib suphrdbabh hqubvg`hkth.

]u< _ / =(*G)

Gkajh b` rbsu`tgte ib tg`h rgpperte uk kulhre pure ]u.

Kh` kestre agse >

G < 9.14 Fl=

_ < 2.98 Fl

B` rgpperte ib ukbderlbt ih` mgabke bk hsglh , qubkib >

]u< 2.98 / =(1.79*9.14) < 7.=:

B` sbckbdbagte ih` rgpperte ib ukbderlbt stg kh``g strhttg aekkhssbekh ajh è `hcg g`

rgpperte ib abrae`grbt6 tg`h `hcglh hsprhsse ig``g derlu`g >

]u< 7 / ]a (7)

B` rgpperte ib ukbderlbt, qubkib, ab phrlhtth ib vhrbdbagrh `hsgtthzzg ihb agàe`b

prhahihktb.

Kh` agse ih` mgabke bk hsglh >

7 / ]a< 7 / ?.47 < 7.=: < ]u

@g rh`gzbekh (7) seiibsdgttg, ib aekshcuhkzg b vgèrb dbkerg rbagvgtb seke hsgttb.

]gpperte ib g`ùkcglhkte

Qb ihdbkbsah aelh b` rgpperte trg `g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke h b` qugirgte ih``g ùkcjhzzg

ih``gstg prbkabpg`h >

]g< G / (@g)=


19/97


B` rbsu`tgte ib tg`h rgpperte uk kulhre pure ]g.

G vgèrb ig ]gpbutteste rbiettb, aerrbspekih uk mgabke le`te g`ùkcgte 6

G vgèrb ib ]gh`hvgtb, aerrbspekih uk mgabke peae g`ùkcgte .

Kh` kestre agse >

G < 9.14 Fl=6

@g < 9,9: Fl .

B` rgpperte ib g`ùkcglhkte ih` mgabke bk hsglh , qubkib >

]g< 9.14 / (9.9:)=< ?.==

Aekaùibgle ib hsshrh bk prhshkzg ib uk mgabke pbutteste g`ùkcgte.

]gpperte ib derlg

]gpprhshktg ukg sbkthsb ihb igtb agàe`gtb dbkerg h sb ihdbkbsah aelh b` rgpperte trg b`

ibglhtre ib uk ahrajbe ib grhg hqubvg`hkth g quh``g ih` mgabke stuibgte h `g ùkcjhzzg

ih``gstg prbkabpg`h, abe >

]d< (=*G) / (@g* )

B` rbsu`tgte ib tg`h rgpperte uk kulhre pure ]d.

_hr ]d 7 , `g derlg ih` mgabke prhsseaj abrae`grh 6

_hr ]d 0 7 , `g derlg ih` mgabke tezzg h g` ukcgtg .

Kh` kestre agse >

G < 9.14 Fl=6

@g < 9,9: Fl .

B` rgpperte ib derlg ih` mgabke , qubkib >


20/97

79 Hshrabtgzbekh 7

]d< (=*9.14) / (9.9:* 1.79) < ?.81

Qb trgttg ib uk mgabke ig``g derlg pbutteste tezzg h g`ùkcgtg.

Ihksbt ib irhkgccbe

_hr uk gsshckgte mgabke birecrgdbae, sb ihdbkbsah ihksbt ib irhkgccbe b` rgpperte trg `g

ùkcjhzzg tetg`h ih` rhtbaeè birecrgdbae ( bkaùsg `gstg prbkabpg`h ) h `g suphrdbabh ih`

mgabke sthsse, abe >

Ii< ( `r ) / Q

Aek

`r< sellg ihb aersb igaqug prhshktb, bkaùsg `gstg prbkabpg`h 6

Q < suphrdbabh tetg`h ih` mgabke .

Kh` kestre agse > `r< 93.22Fl

Q < 9.14 Fl=

Wubkib `g ihksbt ib irhkgccbe ih` mgabke bk hsglh >

Ii< 93.22 Fl / 9.14 Fl=


21/97


Yg`b aeksbihrgzbekb ab phrlhtteke ib aekaùihrh ajh b` mgabke gkg`bzzgte rbsu`tg

pbutteste blphrlhgmb`h h aek uk crgie ib aephrturg vhchtg`h rbiette.

7.9.9. Agàeè ihb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve

Yg`b pgrglhtrb derkbsaeke `h bkderlgzbekb rbcugrigktb `h agrgtthrbstbajh

g`tblhtrbajh ih` mgabke bk hsglh, evvhre lhtteke bk rh`gzbekh `h bkderlgzbekb

grhg`b aek `h iblhksbekb vhrtbag`b preprbh ih` rb`bhve. Dekiglhktg`h phr b` agàeè

ihb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve `g ihdbkbzbekh ih``h g`tbtuibkb prbkabpg`b, abe quh``g ih`

pukte pb g`te (Jlgx) h quh``g ih``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg (Jlbk), rbdhrbth g` `bvh`è

lhibe ih` lgrh.

Kh` mgabke bk hsglh b` pukte g quetg pb mgssg aebkabih aek `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg,

`g aub g`tbtuibkh rbsu`tg hsshrh >

Jlbk< ?l

_ebaj bkdgttb `gstg prbkabpg`h sb bllhtth ibrhttglhkth bk lgrh .

Bkvhah, b` pukte pb g`te sb trevg gi ukg quetg >

Jlgx < 92=l

Ibs`bvh`è ih` mgabke

Qb ihdbkbsah aelh `g ibddhrhkzg trg `g`tbtuibkh lgssblg (quh``g ih` pukte pb g`te)

h `g`tbtuibkh lbkblg, abe quh``g ih``g shzbekh ib ajbusurg >

iJ < Jlgx - Jlbk

Qestbtuhkie b vgèrb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke bk hsglh rbagvbgle >

J < 92= - ? < 92= l

Xkg ve`tg ihthrlbkgte b` ibs`bvh`è ih` mgabke, trgaabgle `h aurvh bselhtrbajh

khahssgrbh phr `g ihthrlbkgzbekh ihc`b g`trb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve.

Qb ihdbkbsaeke aurvh bselhtrbajh, e bsebpsh, `h aurvh aekcbukchktb tuttb b puktb gi

hcug`h quetg h rbktrgaabgmb`b ibrhttglhkth su` supperte agrtecrgdbae.


22/97

74 Hshrabtgzbekh 7

Yuttgvbg phr b` agàeè ihb pgrglhtrb ib rb`bhve ib uk mgabke ib iblhksbekh kek

le`te hsthsh rbsu`tgke hsshrh suddbabhktb ibhab bsebpsh, shpgrgth trg ère ib uk pgsse

aestgkth.

_hr b` mgabke bk hsglh sahc`bgle uk pgsse pgrb g >

iJ < J / 7? < 92= / 7? < 92.= 8?

Yrgaabgle, qubkib, ibhab aurvh ib `bvh`è shpgrgth ib 8? l ukg ig``g`trg, aelh

lestrgte bk dbcurg 7.4 .

Dbcurg 7.4> aurvh bpselhtrbajh

Aurvg bpsecrgdbag

@g aurvg bpsecrgdbag derkbsah `g ibstrbmuzbekh ih``h suphrdbab kh``h ibvhrsh dgsah

g`tblhtrbajh hi bkdgttb, sb ihdbkbsah aelh `g aurvg ajh rbpertg bk eribkgtg `h queth h

bk gsabssg `h suphrdbab ib mgabke, ajh sb trevgke g` ib seprg ib hssh6 e gkajh aelh b`

ùece ihb puktb ih` tbpe >

_b< (Jb, Qb)

Aek

Jb < quetg ih``g bsebpsg prhsg bk aeksbihrgzbekh 6


23/97


Qb< Quphrdbabh g` ib seprg ih``g bsebpsg suiihttg .

_hr hshlpbe, kh` kestre agse, `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg G h b` pukte pb g`te W sgrgkke

rbphttbvglhkth >

G ( ? , 9.14 ) 6 W ( 92= , ? ) 6

]bpertbgle, phr b` mgabke bk hsglh, `h queth ih``h bsebpsh prhahihkthlhkth sah`th h

`h suphrdbab ajh stgkke g` ib seprg ib hssh, gttrgvhrse `g tgmh``g bk dbcurg 7.3

dgahkth pgrth ih` dec`be ib `gvere = ih` db`h .xs` rh`gtbve g``g hshrabtgzbekh 7 kh` ai

g``hcgte >

7 = 1 9 8 4

QX_H]DBABH QX AG]YG (alq) ? 4,39 99,?: 7?2,=7 742,44 ==1,=1

G@YH^^G(l.`.l) 8?? 98? 9?? 18? 1?? =8?

QX_H]DBABH ]HG@H Flq ? ?,?439 ?,99?: 7,?2=7 7,4244 =,=1=1G@YH^^G 8?? 98? 9?? 18? 1?? =8?

3 : 2 7? 77

QX_H]DBABH QX AG]YG (alq) =8?,9: =:8,?2 114,=3 12=,4= 911,28

G@YH^^G(l.`.l) =?? 78? 7?? 8? ?

QX_H]DBABH ]HG@H Flq =,8?9: =,:8?2 1,14=3 1,2=4= 9,1128

G@YH^^G =?? 78? 7?? 8? ?

DBCX]G 7.3> Ygmh``h ihb igtb rh`gtbvb g``h grhh ihthrlbkgth ig``g precrhssbekh ih``h aurvh ib `bvh``e


24/97

7: Hshrabtgzbekh 7

@g aurvg bpsecrgdbag ajh sb rbagvg iukquh>

AX]TG B_QEC]GDBAG

?

7??

=??

1??

9??

8??

4??

? 7 = 1 9 8

QX_H]DBABH (Flq)

G@YH^^G(l.`.l.)

.

Qhrbh7

DBCX]G 7.:>Aurvg bpsecrgdbag ih` mgabke sbte bk _g`gzzb L.kg(]hccbe Ag`gmrbg)

Aurvg bpselhtrbag

Qtrhttglhkth aekkhssg g quh``g bpsecrgdbag, `g aurvg bpselhtrbag sb rbagvg g``e

sthsse leie, lg rbpertgkie `h g`tbtuibkb h `h suphrdbab giblhksbekg`bzzgth,

rgppertgth, abe, g``g`tbtuibkh lgssblg h g``g suphrdbabh tetg`h ih` mgabke, aelh

rbpertgte bk tgmh``g kh``g dbcurg 7.2.


25/97


Dbcurg 7.2> suphrdbabh h g`thzzh rgppertgth gb vg`erb lgssblb

@g aurvg bpselhtrbag phr b` mgabke bk hsglh >

AX]TG B_QELHY]BAG

?

?,7

?,=

?,1

?,9

?,8

?,4

?,3

?,:

?,2

7

?,?? ?,7? ?,=? ?,1? ?,9? ?,8? ?,4? ?,3? ?,:? ?,2? 7,??

Quphrdbabh giblhksbekg`bzzgtg

G`thzzggiblh

ksbekg`bzzgtg

Qhrbh7

DBCX]G 7.7?>Aurvg bpselhtrbag

7 = 1 9 8 4

QX_H]DBABH QX AG]YG (alq) ? 4,39 99,?: 7?2,=7 742,44 ==1,=1G@YH^^G(l.`.l) 8?? 98? 9?? 18? 1?? =8?

QX_H]DBABH ]HG@H Flq ? ?,?439 ?,99?: 7,?2=7 7,4244 =,=1=1

G@YH^^G 8?? 98? 9?? 18? 1?? =8?

QX_H]DBABH GIBLHKQBEKG@B^^GYG ?,?? ?,?= ?,7? ?,=8 ?,12 ?,87

G@YH^^G GIBLHKQBEKG@B^^GYG 7 ?,2 ?,: ?,3 ?,4 ?,8

3 : 2 7? 77

QX_H]DBABH QX AG]YG (alq) =8?,9: =:8,?2 114,=3 12=,4= 911,28

G@YH^^G(l.`.l) =?? 78? 7?? 8? ?

QX_H]DBABH ]HG@H Flq =,8?9: =,:8?2 1,14=3 1,2=4= 9,1128G@YH^^G =?? 78? 7?? 8? ?

QX_H]DBABH GIBLHKQBEKG@B^^GYG ?,8: ?,44 ?,33 ?,2? 7,??

G@YH^^G GIBLHKQBEKG@B^^GYG ?,9 ?,1 ?,= ?,7 ?


26/97

=? Hshrabtgzbekh 7

Ig`` gkiglhkte ih``g aurvg bpselhtrbag pesseke ihiursb gàukh bkderlgzbekb su`

crgie ib hveùzbekh ih` mgabke gttrgvhrse b` aesbiihtte bkthcrg`h bpselhtrbae, abe b`

agàeè ih``grhg G* setthsg ig``g aurvg sthssg.

Bk pgrtbae`grh phr>

G*0?.9, mgabke g`è stgibe shkb`h 6

G*;?.4, mgabke g`è stgibe cbevgkb`h 6

?.90G*0?.4, mgabke bk stgte ib lgturbt .

_hr b` agàeè ih``grhg setthsg g``g aurvg bpselhtrbag hsbsteke bk `htthrgturg kulhresb

bkthcrg`b, ihttb bkthcrg`b bpselhtrbab. Kh` aekiurrh `g kestrg gkg`bsb gmmbgle agàe`gte

`grhg utb`bzzgkie `h agpgabt ephrgtbvh ih` AGI.

_essbgle aekaùihrh ajh sb trgttg ib uk mgabke bk uke stgibe ib lgturbt.

G`thzzg lhibg

@g`thzzg lhibg ih` mgabke quh``g`thzzg ajh, le`tbp`bagtg phr `g suphrdbabh Q ih`

mgabke rbsu`tg hqubvg`hkth g``grhg setthsg ig``g aurvg bpsecrgdbag.

@g`thzzg lhibg sb rbagvg g pgrtbrh ig``g aurvg bpsecrgdbag gttrgvhrse `g shcuhkth

hcugc`bgkzg >

Qtet< V (Jb+ Jb+7) (Qb+7 Qb) \ / = (7)

Ievh>

- b` prble thrlbkh rgpprhshktg b` veùlh ih` pgrg``h`hpbphie bihg`h gvhkth phr

suphrdbabh ib mgsh `grhg ih` mgabke h phr g`thzzg preprbe `g`thzzg lhibg, lhktrh b`

shaekie thrlbkh rgpprhshktg b` veùlh ih` trgphzebih ajh setthkih `g aurvg

bpsecrgdbag.

- JbhJb+7 seke `h g`thzzh lhibh prhsh phr eckb sbkce`g strbsabg aelprhsg trg iuh aurvh

ib bvh`è aekshautbvh.

- Qb+7 hQbseke, bkvhah, `h grhh ib eckb sbkce`g strbsabg `g aub sellg derkbsah `grhg

tetg`h G ih` mgabke.


27/97

B` mgabke birecrgdbae =7

Bk g`trb thrlbkb, sb suiibvbih `g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke Qtetbk grhh pgrzbg`b Qb

aelprhsh trg iuh aurvh ib `bvh`è h g abgsaukg grhg sb gsshckg ukg quetg lhibg Jl

pgrb g``g lhibg grbtlhtbag ih``h queth ih``h aurvh ib `bvh`è ajh `g ih`blbtgke.

Ig``g (7) sb rbagvg >

< V (Jb+ Jb+7) (Qb+7 Qb) \ / = Qtet

Qestbtuhkie b vgèrb prhahihkthlhkth bktreiettb phr trgaabgrh `g aurvg bpsecrgdbag

(tgmh``g 7.8), `g`thzzg lhibg ih` mgabke bk hsglh, rbsu`tg hsshrh >

< =19.9 l

G`thzzg lhibgkg

@g`thzzg lhibgkg `g`thzzg g``g qug`h aerrbspekih, kh``g aurvg bpsecrgdbag, `g

lht ih``g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke, abe quh``g`thzzg g` ib seprg ih``g qug`h

aekthkutg `g lht ih``g suphrdbabh ih` mgabke.

@g`thzzg lhibgkg sb rbagvg ibrhttglhkth ig``g rgpprhshktgzbekh ih``g aurvg

bpsecrgdbag, trglbth bkthrpe`gzbekh `bkhgrh.

(=) J < J +

Ievh

Q / = aerrbspekih g``g lht ih``grhg ih` mgabke 6

Q `grhg bllhibgtglhkth prhahihkth gi Q/= 6

Q `grhg bllhibgtglhkth shcuhkth gi Q/= 6

J `g`thzzg aerrbspekihkth gi Q .

B igtb rh`gtbvb g` mgabke bk hsglh, dgab`lhkth rbktrgaabgmb`b su``g aurvg bpsecrgdbag,

seke >

J < 8? l 6Q < 7.3? Fl= 6

~ J*( Q Q/= )

( Q Q)


28/97

== Hshrabtgzbekh 7

Q < =.=1 Fl= 6

Q/= < =.73 Fl= 6

J < 1?? l .

Qestbtuhkie kh``g (=) sb rbagvg >

J< J + < 8?*(=,=1-=,73) +1?? < 1?8,:9 l. s.`.l.

7.9.8. Agàeè ihb pgrglhtrb agrgtthrbstbab ih``g phkihkzg

@bkderlgzbekh g`tblhtrbag aekshkth ib ihthrlbkgrh b pgrglhtrb rbcugrigktb `g

phkihkzg, aelh `g phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke h quh``g ih``gstg prbkabpg`h, ig aub

ibphkieke, g ère ve`tg, `h agrgtthrbstbajh abkhlgtbajh ih``g rhth sae`gkth.

_hkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke

B` agàeè ih``g phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke agàe`gmb`h aelh lhibg phsgtg ih``h

phkihkzh ib eckb trgtte ib grhg trg `h aurvh ib `bvh`è h `g suphrdbabh tetg`h >

m < (7 / Q)* bmbQb (9)

Aek >

Qb < suphrdbabh ih``g b-hsblg perzbekh bk aub b` mgabke vbhkh ibvbse ig``h aurvh ib

`bvh`è prhahihkthlhkth aeksbihrgth 6

bmb< phkihkzg ih``g b-hsblg perzbekh ib mgabke Qb6

Q < suphrdbabh tetg`h ih` mgabke bk hsglh .

@g suphrdbabh ih``g b-hsblg perzbekh , sh gppressblgtg gi uk trgphzbe, h igtg ig``g

derlu`g>

Qb< ( `b+ `b+7 )*ib/ =

J*( Q Q/= )

( Q Q ) (=,=1-7,3)

~


29/97

B` mgabke birecrgdbae=1

ievh >

`b, `b+7 < ùkcjhzzh ih``h bsebpsh suaahssbvh ajh ih`blbtgke `g perzbekh 6

ib < ibstgkzg trg `h iuh aurvh ib `bvh`è suiihtth .

Qestbtuhkie kh``g derlu`g (9), iepe shlp`bab aeksbihrgzbekb ib tbpe trbcekelhtrbae h

pgssgccb lgthlgtbab, sb rbagvg >

M < ( J / Q )* `b (8)

Evvhre, `g phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke rbsu`tg ibphkihrh ukbaglhkth ig >

J < ibs`bvh`è aestgkth trg `h aurvh bselhtrbajh aeksbihrgth 6

Q < suphrdbabh tetg`h ih` mgabke 6

`b< sellgterbg ih``h ùkcjhzzh ih``h bsebpsh suiihtth .

H khahssgrbe sette`bkhgrh ajh `g derlu`g gpphkg bktreiettg vg`big seè kh` agse bk aub

sbgke seiibsdgtth `h shcuhktb aekibzbekb >

g) `g prblg aurvg ib `bvh`è pgssb phr `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg ( `7< ? ) 6

m) ù`tblg aurvg ib `bvh`è pgssb phr b` pukte g quetg pb h`hvgtg ( `k< ? ) .

Qh quhsth iuh aekibzbekb kek seke seiibsdgtth khahssgrbe sellgrh g``g derlu`g (8)

uk thrlbkh aerrhttbve A pgrb g >

A < V (7-(J/J))*`7+ (7-(J/J))*`k\

Ievh >

J < ibddhrhkzg ib quetg trg `g prblg aurvg ib `bvh`è h `g shzbekh ib ajbusurg 6

J < ibddhrhkzg ib quetg trg ù`tblg aurvg ib `bvh`è h b` pukte pb g`te 6

`7< ùkcjhzzg ih``g prblg bsebpsg 6

`k< ùkcjhzzg ih`ù`tblg bsebpsg .

Kh` agse ih` mgabke bk hsglh `h aekibzbekb g) h m) rbsu`tgke seiibsdgtth, qubkib pebaj >


30/97

=9 Hshrabtgzbekh 7

J < 8?l 6

Q < 9.14Fl=6

`b< 97.3==fl.

`g phkihkzg lhibg >

M < ?.9: < 9:%

_hkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h

_hr agàe`grh `g phkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h kek seke pb suddbabhktb `h ibhab aurvh

bselhtrbajh prhahihkthlhkth aeksbihrgth, lg mbseckg dgr rbdhrblhkte g tutth `h bsebpsh

ajh pgssgke phr b` mgabke hi bkthrshagke `gstg prbkabpg`h.

Bk thrlbkb ib agàeè pessbmb`h shcubrh iuh strgih>

-lhteie crgdbae 6

-lhteie gkg`btbae .

-Lhteie crgdbae

Wuhste preahiblhkte aeksbsth kh` aeksbihrgrh bkkgkzbtutte uk crgdbae ajh rbpertb bk

gsabssg `h ùkcjhzzh ih``h aurvh ib `bvh`è h bk eribkgtg `h queth aerrbspekihktb, ajh

rgpprhshktg b` predbè èkcbtuibkg`h ih``gstg prbkabpg`h.

G quhste pukte, `g phkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h sgr b` aehddbabhkth gkce`grh ih``g

aesbiihttg rhttg ib aelphkse, abe `g rhttg erbhktgtg bk leie ig ihthrlbkgrh iuh grhh

ucug`b (Dbc. 7.77)

_]EDB@E @EKCBYXIBKG@H GQYG _]BKAB_G@H

?

8?

7??

78?

=??

=8?

1??

18?

9??

98?

8??

? ?,9 ?,: 7,= 7,4 = =,9 =,: 1,= 1,4 9 9,9 9,:

@XKCJH^^G (Fl)

WXEYG(ls.`.l.

Qhrbh7

Dbcurg 7.77>`g `bkhg bk resse h `g rhttg ib aelphkse


31/97


Yrgaabgtg `g rhttg ib aelphkse, aelh lestrgte bk dbcurg 7.77, `g phkihkzg lhibg ih`

mgabke ucug`h g` phrahkte ih` aehddbabhkth gkce`grh ih``g rhttg ib aelphkse bk resse

Bg

bg < V @g/ ( ( @b+7 @b ) / bb)\ = (4)

Ievh>

@g< `ukcjhzzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h 6

@b+7 @b


32/97

=4 Hshrabtgzbekh 7

@r< 7 / V =*Ii*( 7 bg/ m) \

Aek

Ii < ihksbt ib irhkgccbe 6

bg< phkihkzg ih``gstg prbkabpg`h 6

m < phkihkzg lhibg ih` mgabke .

_hr b` mgabke bk hsglh >

Ii


33/97


_hr b` mgabke bk hsglh >

Q < 9,18 Flq 6

@g


34/97

=: Hshrabtgzbekh 7

erbcbkh g uk shclhkte ib = eribkh. Iuh rglb ih` shaekie eribkh, aekdùhkie

ihthrlbkgke uk aerse igaqug ih` 1eribkh h aes vbg.

Bk chkhrg`h, `g chrgrajbzzgzbekh shaekie Jertek-Qtrgjh`hr sb dekig su``h shcuhktb trh

rhce`h>

-qugkie aekdùbsaeke iuh trekajb ib eribkh f, kh ihrbvg uke ib eribkh f+7 6

-sh uk aerse igaqug ib eribkh f bkaektrg uke ib eribkh f+7, sb erbcbkg uk trekae ib

eribkh f+7 6

-sh uk trekae ib eribkh f sb vhrsg bk uke ib eribkh f+= e suphrberh, kek kh dg aglmbgrh

`g kulhrgzbekh chrgrajbag h vbhkh ihtte gkelgè .

giephrgkie b` lhteie ib Jertek-Qtrgjh`hr `g chrgrajbzzgzbekh ih` mgabke bk hsglh

rbsu`tg aelh bk dbcurg 7.7= >

Dbcurg 7.7=> chrgrajbzzgzbekh ihb aersb igaqug

b` kestre mgabke jg qubkib eribkh 8.


35/97


]gpperte ib mbderagzbekh lhibe

@g kulhrgzbekh chrgrajbag ih` mgabke phrlhtth `g ihdbkbzbekh ih` rgpperte ib

mbderagzbekh lhibe, ihdbkbte ig``g shcuhkth hsprhssbekh >

]m,f

]m,f < rgpperte ib mbderagzbekh, abe b` rgpperte trg b` kulhre ib trekajb ib eribkh f h

quh``b ib eribkh f+7 6

]m,f < Kf/ Kf+7

kf< aehddbabhkth, ag`ae`gmb`h ig``g rh`gzbekh >

kf< 4f (flgx f) / (flgx( flgx= 7))

_hr b` mgabke bk hsglh, aelh sb hvbkah ig``g dbcurg, rbagvbgle `g shcuhkth tgmh``g ajh

rbpertg b` kulhre ib trekajb phr abgsauk eribkh rb`hvgte >

B` rgpperte ib mbderagzbekh lhibe rbsu`tg hsshrh >

]m,f

< 8.38=287

KXLH]E

Y]EKAJB

E]IBKH

f

=17 7

8? =

7= 1

= 9

7 8


36/97

1? Hshrabtgzbekh 7

]hce`h ib Jertek

@h rhce`h ib Jertek seke ih``h rh`gzbekb hlpbrbajh ajh ab phrlhtteke ib vhrbdbagrh

`hsgtthzzg ihb agàe`b hddhttugtb gttrgvhrse `gppgrthkhkzg ihb rbsu`tgtb gi uk

pgrtbae`grh rgkch.

B rhce`g ib Jertek e rhce`g ih` kulhre ihb aersb igaqug

Yg`h `hcch stgmb`bsah ajh phr eckb eribkh f b` rgpperte ib mbderagzbekh seiibsdb `g

shcuhkth rh`gzbekh >

7.8 0 ]m 0 8.8 aek ]m < Kf/ Kf+7

kh` kestre agse >

]m7 < =17/8? < 9.4=

]m= < 8?/77 < 9.93

]m1 < 77/= < 8,8

]m9 < =/7 < =

BB rhce`g ib Jertek e rhce`g ih``h ùkcjhzzh lhibh

Qtgmb`bsah phr eckb eribkh f b` dgtterh ]`sbg aelprhse kh` shcuhkth rgkch >

7? 0 ]` 0 1.8 aek ]`< @f / @f-7

ievh >

@f < ùkcjhzzg lhibg ihb aersb igaqug ib eribkh f 6

@f-7 < ùkcjhzzg lhibg ihb aersb igaqug ib eribkh f-7 .


37/97


BBB rhce`g ib Jertek e rhce`g ih``h grhh lhibh

Qtgmb`bsah phr eckb eribkh f b` dgtterh ]msbg aelprhse kh` shcuhkth rgkch >

1 0 ]m 0 4 aek ]m< Gf / Gf-7

ievh >

Gf ,Gf-7 < suphrdbab lhibh trg iuh aurvh bselhtrbajh suaahssbvh .


38/97

=@h prhabpbtgzbekb

=.7. Bktreiuzbekh

Iepe gvhr stuibgte `h agrgtthrbstbajh lerdelhtrbajh ih` mgabke hi gvhrkh bkibvbiugtb b

pgrglhtrb rbcugrigktb b` rb`hve h `g phkihkzg, `gkg`bsb bireècbag sb spestg su``g

vgùtgzbekh h h`gmergzbekh stgtbstbag ihb igtb pùvbelhtrbab.

=.=. Chkhsb h derlgzbekh ih``g prhabpbtgzbekh

B` pukte ib pgrthkzg phr `g chkhsb ih``h prhabpbtgzbekb lhtherbajh rgpprhshktgte

ig``bkkg`zglhkte ih``h lgssh igrbg agìg, ajh rgccbuktg ukg quetg aelprhsg trg

7=??? h b =???? l , i ùece g``g derlgzbekh ih``h kumb, `g aub aelpesbzbekh vgrbg aek

`g thlphrgturg.

Bk leie pgrtbae`grh trevbgle >

-pgrtbah``h igaqug, phr t ; ?A

-pgrtbah``h igaqug h arbstg``b ib cjbgaabe, phr ?A 0 t 0 -9?A

-arbstg``b ib cjbgaabe, phr t0 -9?A

Bk chkhrg`h `h pgrtbah``h igaqug prhshktb kh``h kumb jgkke ibglhtrb le`te rbiettb,pgrb

g 7? 1? l.

Ib aekshcuhkzg hssh seke lgkthkuth sesphsh ig``h aerrhktb gsahksbekg`b ih``gtlesdhrg

h ihveke khahssgrbglhkth bkcressgrsb (dbke g ?.8 = ll) phr igr ùece g``h

prhabpbtgzbekb.

@bkcressglhkte ih``h pgrtbah``h igaqug gvbhkh gttrgvhrse iuh dhkelhkb>

Aekihksgzbekh 6

Aeg`hsahkzg .

B` dhkelhke ib aekihksgzbekh ihthrlbkgte ig``h ibddhrhkzh ib thksbekh ib vgperh trg

`h pgrtbah``h6 bkdgttb seke preprbe `h ceaabe`bkh igaqug aek lbker thksbekh gi


39/97

@h prhabpbtgzbekb11

bkcressgrsb, rgccbukchkie ibglhtrb bkterke gb 7?? l. dgverbth ig``g prhshkzg ihb

aesbiihttb kua`hb ib aekihksgzbekh, abe pgrtbah``h ibvhrsh ig``gaqug, prhvg`hkthlhkth

aestbtubth ig sg`b .

@h iblhksbekb ih``h pgrtbah``h aekihksgth rbsu`tgke gkaerg bksuddbabhktb.

G``g aekihksgzbekh ihvh g`èrg shcubrh `g aeg`hsahkzg, dhkelhke preiette igc`b urtb

h`httrestgtbab, gttrgvhrse b qug`b `h pgrtbah``h pb crgkib bkcèmgke `h pb pbaae`h,

rgccbukchkie b = ll ib ibglhtre h ihthrlbkgkie `g prhabpbtgzbekb gtlesdhrbajh.

=.1. Lbsurg ih``h prhabpbtgzbekb

_rblg ib preahihrh g``h`gmergzbekh stgtbstbag ihb igtb pùvbelhtrbab, khahssgrbe

bktreiurrh iuh kezbekb dekiglhktg`b phr `gkg`bsb bireècbag, evvhre quh``h ib g`thzzg ib

prhabpbtgzbekh h phrbeie ib rbterke.

G`thzzg ib prhabpbtgzbekh

Ihttg gkajh g`thzzg ib pbeccbg, rgpprhshktg `g`thzzg ih`è strgte `bqubie rbagvgtg su`

sueè sh `gaqug kek hvgpergssh, kek ihdùbssh suphrdbabg`lhkth, kek sb bkdb`trgssh hkek sb rgaaec`bhssh kh``h ihprhssbekb suphrdbabg`b, evvhre bk prhshkzg ib uk thrrhke

tetg`lhkth pbgkhccbgkth h blphrlhgmb`h hi bk gsshkzg ib se`h. Qu tg`h prbkabpbe seke

mgsgtb c`b strulhktb ib lbsurgzbekh ajh seke ib trh tbpb> pùvbelhtrb, pùvbecrgdb,

kbvelhtrb.

=.1.7. B` pùvbelhtre

B pùvbelhtrb, strulhktb shlp`bab ajh vhkceke utb`bzzgtb phr tg`b lbsurgzbekb h seke

derlgtb ig uk rbahvbterh gi blmute lukbte ib uk erè tgc`bhkth ajh sb gppeccbg su uk

rhabpbhkth rgaaec`bterh. Crgzbh gb igtb etthkutb ig` pùvbelhtre pessbgle agàe`grh

`bkthksbt lhibg ib pbeccbgbk rh`gzbekh g` thlpe g` qug`h ab sb rbdhrbsah. @bkthksbt

bstgktgkhg iukquh igtg ig``g tgkchkth bk eckb pukte g``g aurvg bkthcrg`h ih``h

prhabpbtgzbekb. Kh``h pgrth suphrberh ih`è strulhkte vbhkh gpp`bagtg ukg rhth

lhtg``bagajh kek phrlhtth `hvgpergzbekh ih``gaqug, ukg ih``h prbkabpg`b agush aek

`g prhshkzg ih` vhkte ib hrrerb ib lbsurgzbekh. Ietgzbekh gccbuktbvg ihb pùvbelhtrb

seke c`b sajhrlb ajh phrlhtteke ib g``grcgrh `g suphrdbabh rbahttbvg hi hvbtgke b dgstbib


40/97

19 Hshrabtgzbekh =

ievutb g``g prhshkzg ih` vhkte. @g sah`tg ih``g

pesbzbekh ih`è strulhkte dekiglhktg`h phr

etthkhrh uk igte rhg`h, bkdgttb, mbseckg

ae`èagrh b` pùvbelhtre aek ukg ibstgkzg igc`b

estgae`b vbabkb pgrb g` ieppbe ih``g`thzzg

lgssblg ihb suiihttb blphiblhktb. Bk agse ib

thrrhkb saekkhssb mbseckg rbusabrh g ae`èagrh

`g meaag ih`è strulhkte pgrg``h`glhkth g`

thrrhke hi ertecekg`h rbsphtte g``g ibrhzbekh

ih``g agiutg gtlesdhrbag. G dbgkae (dbc. =.7) sb

vhih è sajhlg ib dukzbekglhkte ib uk

pùvbelhtre, lhktrh kh``g dbcurg bk mgsse

(dbc.=.=) h rbpertgte uk leihrke pùvbelhtre

ibcbtg`h.

Dbcurg =.7> sajhlg ib dukzbekglhkte ib uk pùvbelhtre

Dbcurg =.=> pùvbelhtre g mgsau`g


41/97

@h prhabpbtgzbekb18

=.1.=. B` pùvbecrgde

B@ pùvbecrgde uke strulhkte pb prhabse h ab phrlhtth ib aekesahrh h ib

aelprhkihrh `g vgrbgzbekh ih``bkthksbt ib pbeccbg h ih``g`thzzg ib prhabpbtgzbekh

aestgkthlhkth. Qb trgttg iukquh ib uke strulhkte lhaagkbae phr `g lbsurgzbekh ih``h

prhabpbtgzbekb gtlesdhrbajh. B` pùvbecrgde aestbtubsah uk'ukbt ib rb`hvgzbekh gutekelg

(aelprhkih bkdgttb shkserh, rhcbstrgterh crgdbaeh g`blhktgzbekh) h khahssbtg seè

ib hsshrh ae``hcgte g``'blmute ib agtturg, g`è saepe ib rgaaec`bhrh `h prhabpbtgzbekb.

Wuhste rhcbstrgterh

pgrtbae`grlhkth

bkibagte phr b`

lekbtergccbe ih``g

pbeccbg h rgpprhshktg

uk aelpekhkth

hsshkzbg`h g``'bkthrke ib

ukg tbpbag stgzbekh

a`blgteècbag, ajh

aelprhkih u`thrberb

strulhktb phr b

rhstgktb pgrglhtrb

dekiglhktg`b, qug`b prhssbekh, ulbibt, thlphrgturg.

Hsbsteke trh tbpb ib pùvbecrgde> g mgsau`g, g sbdekh h tetg`bzzgterh.

Xtb`bzzgkie b` pùvbecrgde g mgsau`g `g pbeccbg rgaae`tg ig``'blmute, trgksbtggttrgvhrse b` ibspesbtbve ib rb`hvgzbekh - g vgsajhttg esab``gkth - kh` rhcbstrgterh, hi

qubkib sagrbagtg g``'hsthrke ih`è strulhkte. B` _ùvbecrgde dukzbekg crgzbh

g``'esab``gzbekh ib ukg vgsajhttg bk lhtg`è `hcchre, tgrgtg phr ukg shksbmb`bt ib

?,=ll/lq ib pbeccbg. @g vgsajhttg ibvbsg bk iuh aelpgrtblhktb hi esab``g

`bmhrglhkth aelh ukg mb`gkabg bkterke gi uk gssh erbzzektg`h6 qugkie ?,=ll/lq ib

gaqug jgkke rbhlpbte uk aelpgrtblhkte, `g vgsajhttg sagttg bk pesbzbekh hi b` sue

levblhkte trgslhsse g``g phkkg sarbvhkth, ajh rhcbstrg `h bkderlgzbekb su uk

ibgcrgllg crgiugte. @g rhcbstrgzbekh aeksbsth bk ukg shrbh ib trgaah ibsaektbkuh h `g


42/97

14 Hshrabtgzbekh =

ibstgkzg drg eckb trgaabg rgpprhshktg `'bkthrvg`è ib thlpe drg prhabpbtgzbekb ib

?,=ll/lq. Xk sbsthlg ib bkcrgkgccb aekshkth g``g phkkg ib trgaabgrh b` ibgcrgllg bk

hktrglmh `h ibrhzbekb - ig` mgsse bk g`te h vbahvhrsg - h rbphtutglhkth> phrtgkte `g

sag`g ib lbsurg vbrtug`lhkth b``blbtgtg.

@g phribtg pgrb g` 8% ib pbeccbg agiutg hi

ievutg g` levblhkte ihb rhabpbhktb ievute g`

cbece(sbsthlg vgsau`gkth).

@ukbag ibddhrhkzg ih` pùvbecrgde g sbdekh

`g prhshkzg gppukte ib uk shlp`bah sbdekh

ajh thkih g rbhlpbrsb dbke g` suaahssbve

gihsaglhkte ajh phrlhtth ib sagrbagrh

`gaqug g``hsthrke ih`è strulhkte, lg b`

lhaagkbsle ih``g puktg sarbvhkth

prhsseaj ucug`h.

Bk lektgckg bkvhah vbhkh utb`bzzgte b`

pùvbecrgde tetg`bzzgterh agpgah ib

lbsurgrh h rhcbstrgrh `g agiutg ib pbeccbg phr lhsb bk aekibzbekb glmbhktg`b hstrhlh

hi bk ùecjb ibddbab`lhkth gaahssbmb b6 phr tg`h letbve sb trgttg ib uke strulhkte g`te 8/4

lhtrb h aek ukg meaag ib abrag uk lhtre. Qu` dekie ib quhste strulhkte vbhkh

ihpesbtgtg ukg muekg qugktbt ib e`be, ajh blphrlhgmb`bzzg `gaqug, h ib `bqubie gktb-

chè ajh hsshkie pb `hcchrb ih``gaqug stgckgke su ib hssg h kek phrlhtteke b`

aekch`glhkte ih``g sthssg, ajh preveajhrhmmh b` mèaae ih` sbsthlg hi ukg iblbkuzbekh

ih` veùlh rhg`h.

=.1.1. B` kbvelhtre

B` kbvelhtre uke strulhkte ajh rgaaec`bh `g khvh phr agàe`grh `g`thzzg lhibg ih`

lgkte khvese, `g qugktbt ib khvh agiutg g` sueè, `g aerrbspekihkth qugktbt ib gaqug

agìg khahssgrbg phr sabec`bhrh aelp`htglhkth `g khvh hi b` kulhre ib cberkb phr b

qug`b `g khvh rblgkh g` sueè shkzg aeksbihrgrh khvbagth suaahssbvh. B` kbvelhtre jg

ukgphrturg ib abrag 1?/9? ahktblhtrb h vbhkh peste bk èag`bt lektuesh hspesth sphsse


43/97

@h prhabpbtgzbekb13

g ùkcjh khvbagth. Khb ùecjb aek gmmekigktb qugktbt ib khvh sb

ahrag ib dekihrh `g khvh agiutg bk leie ajh kek gmmbg gi estrubrh

è strulhkte, e aek b` agèrh ibrhtte derkbte ig ukg rhsbsthkzg

h`httrbag h aek `bllhtthrvb ukg qugktbt ketg ib gaqug agìg ajh

peb vbhkh settrgttg ig` tetg`h lbsurgte, lg sb preveag

`hvgpergzbekh h sb thkih g dg`sgrh b igtb etthkutb.

=.9. Blpbhce ihb igtb pùvbelhtrbab

@g lbsurg ihb igtb pùvbelhtrbab gppgkkgccbe ih`è stgte ajh hsp`bag quhstg dukzbekh

lhibgkth ukg rhth ib strulhktb pestb su` thrrbterbe btg`bgke. @g sbkce`g èag`bt bk aub sb

hddhttugke `h lbsurgzbekb prhkih b` kelh ib stgzbekh hi b igtb rh`gtbvb gi eckb stgzbekh

vhkceke rbpertgtb gkke phr gkke khc`b gkkg`b bireècbab.

=.9.7. Gkkg`b bireècbab

C`b gkkg`b bireècbab aestbtubsaeke uke strulhkte dekiglhktg`h phr `g prechttgzbekh birgu`bag,

pebaj rgaae`ceke tuttb b igtb pùvbelhtrbab rhcbstrgtb iurgkth `gkke su` thrrbterbe btg`bgke, ajh

prhshktg abrag uke strulhkte eckb :? Fl=.

@g pgrth ib lgccber bkthrhssh ig` pukte ib vbstg bkchckhrbstbae `g shaekig, rbpertgkth `h

bkderlgzbekb chkhrg`b su``h stgzbekb pùvbelhtrbajh ib rbdhrblhkte (kelh, pesbzbekh su` `bvh`è

lhibe ih` lgrh, strulhktb giephrgtb h agrgtthrbstbajh), aub shcueke ukg shrbh ib tgmh``h, shb phr

stgzbekh.

BYgmh``g

@g pb blpertgkth, pebaj rbpertg b igtb ihb pùvbelhtrb, bk pgrtbae`grh b` vgèrh lhibe cberkg`bhre h

lhksb`h ih``g`thzzg ib prhabpbtgzbekh, b` lgssble gkkug`h h b` kulhre ib cberkb pbevesb*.

BBYgmh``g

]gpprhshktg uk rbhpbèce ih``g prblg, aek lgccber gtthkzbekh gb igtb lhksb`b hi gkkug`b.


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1: Hshrabtgzbekh =

BBBYgmh``g

]bpertg b igtb ihb pùvbecrgdb h, bk pgrtbae`gr leie, b lgssblb gkkug`b ib pbeccbg phr phrbeib ib 7, 1,

4, 7=, =9 erh, aek b cberkb ib lbsurgzbekh.

BT Ygmh``g

]gaaec`bh b vgèrb rbcugrigktb `h lgssblh prhabpbtgzbekb ih``gkke phr phrbeib ib pb cberkb

aekshautbvb.

TYgmh``g

]bpertg b igtb ih``h pbeccbh ib mrhvh iurgtg h derth bkthksbt.

TB

Ygmh``g

]bcugrig `h prhabpbtgzbekb khvesh, gttrgvhrse b vgèrb rhcbstrgtb igb kbvelhtrb.

=.9.=. Gkg`bsb stgtbstbag

Wuhstb igtb seke b` pukte ib pgrthkzg phr vgùtgrh pgrhaajb pgrglhtrb bk dgsh ib prechttgzbekh trglbth

ukg h`gmergzbekh stgtbstbag. @g shaekig dgsh ih``gkg`bsb bireècbag rbcugrig `g stblg ih``g aesbiihttg

pertgtg g` ae`le phr uk gsshckgte mgabke gi uk dbssgte phrbeie ib rbterke Y.Qb ihdbkbsah phrbeie

ib rbterke Y, `bkthrvg`è ib thlpe lhibe trg iuh suaahssbvh rhg`bzzgzbekb ib uk hvhkte.

Hsse rgpprhshktg ukbpethsb dekiglhktg`h kh``g prechttgzbekh birgu`bag, bk qugkte

rbsu`tg preperzbekg`h g``blpertgkzg ih`èphrg h gb rbsajb ihrbvgktb ig pessbmb`b hrrerb e

cugstb. Aelh cb gktbabpgte, `g vgùtgzbekh ihb igtb pùvbelhtrbab vbhkh aekiettg gttrgvhrse

`gpp`bagzbekh ib `hccb ib ibstrbmuzbekh stgtbstbag, g` dbkh ib agàe`grh `g premgmb`bt ajh vhkcg

suphrgte uk ihthrlbkgte vgèrh ib sec`bg, kh` agse pgrtbae`grh `g pertgtg g` ae`le Wa.

B vgèrb ih``g pertgtg g` ae`le, e pertgtg lgssblg, petrhmmhre gkajh hsshrh rbagvgtb gttrgvhrse

ibvhrsh hsprhssbekb, aelh >

Derlu`g ib _gc`bgre 6

Derlu`g ib Yekbkb 6

Derlu`g ib Cjhrgrih``b-Lgrajhttb.

Ajh phr trevgke ibddbab`h gpp`bagzbekh bk qugkte `g ère gddbigmb`bt sh pgrgcekgtg gb rbsu`tgtb

ih``g stgtbstbag le`te mgssg h sb aerrh b` rbsajbe ib sevrgstblg e settestblg ih``g pertgtg.

Wuhste phraj quhsth seke derlu`h hlpbrbajh.


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@h prhabpbtgzbekb12

@g ibstrbmuzbekh stgtbstbag usgtg pb drhquhkthlhkth (hi gkajh `g pb gktbag) `g `hcch ib

Culmh`6 g`trh `hccb seke `g YAHT (twe aelpekhkts hstrhlh vgùhs), `g ibstrbmuzbekh ib

Shbmu``(pb gigttg g``h ekih ib lgrh) h `g `hcch ib Drajht.

@g aerrhtthzzg ih``g sah`tg ih``g `hcch stgtbstbag pu hsshrh dgab`lhkth vhrbdbagtg gttrgvhrse b`

thst ib _hgrsek.

Bkdbkh ùtb`bzze ib ukg ibstrbmuzbekh stgtbstbag, phrlhtth ib rbpertgrh b igtb su agrtg premgmb`bstbag

h aekshkth b` agàeè ih``h pertgth g` ae`le phr dbssgtb phrbeib ib rbterke h `g rbseùzbekh ib le`tb

prem`hlb `hcgtb g` rbsajbe h g` phrbeie ib rbterke sthsse.

=.8. Qve`cblhkte ih``hshrabtgzbekh =

Bk shcubte vhirhle `gpp`bagzbekh ib qugkte dbkerg ihtte su igtb rhg`b hddhttugtb su`

mgabke birecrgdbae ib bkthrhssh ih` dbulh ]uddg `g aub hsthksbekh grhg`h ib abrag 17=

Fl=.

_hr pethr stblgrh b pgrglhtrb ih``g ibstrbmuzbekh ib premgmb`bt, ajh sb suppekh sbg ukg

Culmh`, khahssgrbe rbagvgrh gàukb igtb.

@g `hcch ib Culmh`, ajh hsprblh `g premgmb`bt ajh ukg vgrbgmb`h g`hgterbg Z sbg

suphrberh g ukg sec`bg prhdbssgtg x, lgthlgtbaglhkth hsprhssg ig``g shcuhkth

derlu`g>

_ < ( Z x ) < h h

Qb rbthkute eppertuke igte `bkchkth qugktbt ib agàe`b ig hddhttugrh, ekih hvbtgrh

hrrerb ib qug`sbgsb kgturg ajh bkaerrhrhmmhre kh` agàeè g lgke (kek u`tblg `g

prepgcgzbekh ih``hrrerh kh``h gppressblgzbekb suaahssbvh ihb igtb) ib blpestgrh uk

dec`be ib agàeè Lbaresedt hxah`(hshrabtgzbekh = ih` ai g``hcgte) b aub rbsu`tgtb seke pb

gvgktb rbpertgtb. Kh``g tgmh``g ihrbvgtg aelp`htglhkth ig``glmbhkth ib `gvere ih`

dec`be ib agàeè hsprblbgle tuttb b igtb khahssgrb g`è sve`cblhkte ih``g `hcch ib

Culmh`, bk quhstg shquhkzg>

7.

kh``g prblg aeèkkg seke stgtb rbpertgth `h lbsurgzbekb ihb lgssblb gkkug`b

ih``h pertgth g` ae`le Wa (l1/s) trgttb igc`b Gkkg`b biheècbab 6

-( x u )


46/97

9? Hshrabtgzbekh =

=. kh``g shaekig aeèkkg seke stgtb rbpertgth `h sthssh lbsurgzbekb bk eribkh

arhsahkth6

1. `g thrzg aeèkkg rbpertg `h eribkg`bt (b) rh`gtbvb gb prhahihktb igtb ib pertgtg6

9. `g qugrtg aeèkkg rbpertg `h drhquhkzh (Db) rh`gtbvh gi eckb igte ib pertgtg. @g

drhquhkzg stgtg agàe`gtg trglbth `g derlu`g ib Crhhk-cetthk>

Db

z < - ( x u)

_hr b` agàeè ib quhstb vgèrb gpp`bajbgle b` ècgrbtle khphrbgke gi hktrglmb

b lhlmrb ih``g `hcch ib Culmh`>

_ < ( Z x ) < h h

`k _ < `k h- h

`k _ < -h (x-u) aglmbgkie b` shcke gi hktrglmb b lhlmrb>

-`k _ < h (x-u) ajh ucug`h g

`k7-`k _

`k `k 7/_ < `k h (x-u) evvhre>

`k `k 7/_ < (x-u)

Hsshkie `g vgrbgmb`h gusb`bgrbg ihdbkbtg aelh> z < (x-u)

Qb jg >

z < -`k `k

b ?.99

K + ?.7=

-( x u )

-( x u )

7

_


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@h prhabpbtgzbekb97

_hr b` therhlg ih` `blbth ahktrg`h, `g drhquhkzg Db sb pu aeksbihrgrh

ucug`h g``g premgmb`bt_, bk qugkte b igtb rbsu`tgke hsshrh peae kulhresb.

Aes pessbmb`h agàe`grh b vgèrb ib z aelh>

z < -`k `k

4. `g shstg aeèkkg rbpertg b igtb rh`gtbvb g` thlpe ib rbterke Y, agàe`gte ig``g

shcuhkth hsprhssbekh>

Y

D.BRUCIAFREDDO Idrologia

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