Antenne%planari%altamente%direttive% … ESA-ESOC . Danilo Saccoccioni . DISF ... Badrul Alam . PhD...

Antenne planari altamente direttive per investigazioni in spazio apertoe in scenari extraterrestri

P. Baccarelli, V. Ferrara, F. Frezza, P. Simeoni, N. Tedeschi

Primo Workshop Nazionale "La Componentistica Nazionale per lo Spazio: Stato dell’arte, Sviluppi e Prospettive", ASI Roma, Sala Auditorium, 18-20 gennaio 2016

Electromagnetic Fields 2 Group People and Research topics

Electromagnetic Fields 2 Lab. website: http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it Prof. Fabrizio Frezza website: http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it/fabriziofrezza

http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it/�

http://labcem2.diet.uniroma1.it/fabriziofrezza�

18/01/2016 CEM2Group Pagina 3

People (1) The Team

Fabrizio Frezza, PhD Full Professor

Nicola Tedeschi, PhD Research Associate

Marco Muzi, PhD Research Associate

Roberto Laurita, PhD NTT DATA Company

Marco Tannino, PhD Vatican Radio

Fabio Mangini, PhD Research Associate

Muhammad Khalid PhD Student

Carlo Santini PhD Student

Vincenzo Ferrara Associate Professor

Fabrizio Timpani PhD Student

Simone Chicarella Technician

Santo Prontera PhD Student

Emiliano Sassolini PhD Student

Patrizio Simeoni PhD Student

Endri Stoja, PhD Epoka University Assistant Professor

Pietro Paolo Di Gregorio PhD Student

Enrico Lia PhD Student

Maria Denise Astorino PhD Student


Felice Maria Vanin, PhD ESA-ESTEC

Fabio Pelorossi PhD Student ESA-ESOC

Danilo Saccoccioni DISF - SISRI

Alessandro Palombo, PhD Research Associate

Fabrizio De Paolis, PhD ESA-ECSAT

People (2) The Others

Vincenzo Schena PhD Student Thales Alenia Space

Vincenzo Pascale PhD Student Space Engineering

Giuseppe Cotignola PhD Student NeCS-Servizi

Laura Rivaroli Restorer

Lorenzo Dinia PhD Student

Antonella De Ninno ENEA - Frascati

Marco C. Web Master

Badrul Alam PhD Student

Andrea Veroli PhD Student


EM-Fields Laboratory Available facilities (1)

Hardware •Radar GPR GSSI (Geophysical Survey Systems, Inc.) SIR 2000 with an antenna Radar Team SUB-ECHO HBD 300.

•Indoor and outdoor experimental facilities for underground measurements (at Cisterna di Latina site).

•Shielded anechoic chamber Emerson&Cuming with automatic positioning system for antenna measurements. •PNA Agilent E8363B (10 MHz-40 GHz), with time-domain option (010), calibration kit for rectangular waveguide WR-90 (8.2-12.4 GHz) Agilent X11644A, electronic calibration kit Agilent N4691B (3.5 mm, 300 kHz - 26.5 GHz). •Vector network analyzer, model HP8530A, suitable for antennas measurements.

•Portable field meters PMM 8053A (with probes EP330, EP33M, EHP50C) and Wandel & Goltermann EMR 300 (with probe Type 18), covering the whole band 5 Hz - 3 GHz. •Mixed analog-digital oscilloscope Tektronics MSO 2012. Software •Agilent 85071E, software for measuring the dielectric properties of materials.

•Comsol Multiphysics, with RF and AC/DC modules.

•Mathematica Personal Grid.

•Intel Visual Fortran with IMSL Numerical Library.

•Ansys HFSS, Designer, etc… .

•CST Studio Suite.

•FEKO.

•LabVIEW.


EM-Fields Laboratory Available facilities (2)


Research topics

Scattering by 2D/3D buried objects in lossy media

Metamaterials

Leaky-Wave Antennas


Scattering by Buried Objects Cylindrical Structures (1)

Wave Decomposition: • Incident • Reflected •Transmitted • Scattered • Scattered-Reflected • Scattered-Transmitted ?

( ) nimik rn n

me J e θρ

+∞⋅

=−∞

= ∑

i(1) ( ) nmmn m n

mc H e θρ

+∞

=−∞∑

N cylinders N reference systems ⇔

Dissipative media

The representation of these fields requires the plane-wave spectrum of

cylindrical functions.


The shape is different, the procedure is the same. Incident and scattered fields can be represented with the spherical-wave vector functions:

(1) (1)

1

(3) (3)

1

( ) ( )

( ) ( )

q

pq pqi pq pqq p q

q

pq pqs pq pqq p q

E a M r b N r

E c M r d N r

∞

= =−

∞

= =−

= +

= +

∑ ∑

∑ ∑

( ) ( ) ( )(1) ,pq q pqM r j mρ θ ϕ= ( ) ( ) ( )

( )( )(1) 1, ,qq

pq pq pq

jjN r p n

ρρθ ϕ θ ϕ

ρ ρ ρ

∂ = +∂

( ) ( ) ( )(3) (1) ,pq q pqM r h mρ θ ϕ=

( ) ( ) ( )( )

( )(1)(1)

(3) 1, ,qqpq pq pq

hhN r p n

ρρθ ϕ θ ϕ

ρ ρ ρ

∂ = +∂

( ),pqp θ ϕ( ), ,pqn θ ϕ( ), ,pqm θ ϕ

are the Tesseral Vector Functions. They are orthogonal

to one another!!

They are strongly connected with the Tesseral Scalar Function: ( ) ( ), cosp ippq qY P e ϕθ ϕ θ=

Scattering by Buried Objects Spherical Structures (1)


Metamaterials

Surfaces (FSS)

Bulk Substrates (EBG & PBG)

Structures that possess a spatial periodicity.

They can be 2D or 3D structures, with 1D, 2D, or 3D periodicity.

Analysis techniques: • Method of Moments with the Floquet analysis • Finite-Difference Time-Domain Method


1

2

3

Particles homogenization

Mixture homogenization

Measurement of permittivity with a coaxial probe

4 Estimation of the biomass and morphology

Post-processing (inversion 1,2)

Measure

Biomass Morphology

CellTer – Italian Space Agency (ASI) research project 3D evaluation techniques of cellular growth and morphology in microgravity conditions through electromagnetic diffraction

On COST Action TU1208“Civil Engineering Applications of

Ground Penetrating Radar”

COST Action TU1208: Basic Information

Chair of the ActionLara Pajewski (IT)“Roma Tre” [email protected]

Vice-Chair of the ActionAndreas Loizos (EL)National Technical University of Athens

Science & Administrative OfficersThierry Goger & Carmencita Malimban (BE)COST Office

Start date – End date4th April 2013 – 3rd April 2017

You can still join the Action !!

Website of COST Action TU1208: www.GPRadar.euDownload the MoU at www.cost.eu/domains_actions/tud/Actions/TU1208

COST & NNC Participants20 COST Countries• Austria• Belgium• Croatia• Czech Republic• Finland• France• Germany• Greece• Italy• Latvia• Malta• Macedonia• The Netherlands• Norway• Poland• Portugal• Spain• Switzerland• Turkey• United Kingdom

1 Near NeighbourCountry

• Armenia

Non-COST Participants

• Australia• Hong Kong• Japan• U.S.A.

Project 1.1

Project 1.2

WG1Novel GPR Instrumentation

Design, realization and optimization of innovative GPRequipment for the monitoring of critical transportinfrastructures (pavements, bridges and tunnels)

Development and definition of advanced testing,calibration and stability procedures and protocols, forGPR equipment

ChairGuido Manacorda (IT)IDS Ingegneria dei Sistemi

Vice-ChairLuca Gamma (CH)Scuola Universitaria Professionaledella Svizzera Italiana

Working Group 1

Innovative inspection procedures for effective GPR surveying of …

Project 2.1 …critical transport infrastructures (pavements, bridges and tunnels)

Project 2.2 …buildings

Project 2.3 …underground utilities and voids, with a focus to urban areas

Project 2.4 …construction materials and structures

Project 2.5 Determination, by using GPR, of the volumetric water content in structures, sub-structures, foundations and soil

WG2GPR Surveying of Pavements,

Bridges, Tunnels, Buildings –Utility and Void Sensing

ChairChristina Plati (EL)National Technical University Athens

Vice-ChairXavier Derobert (FR)IFSTTAR

Working Group 2

Project 3.1 Development of new methods for the solution of forward electromagnetic scattering problems by buried structures

Project 3.2 Development of new methods for the solution of inverse electromagnetic scattering problems by buried structures

Project 3.3 Development of intrinsic models for describing near-field antenna effects, including antenna-medium coupling, for improved radar data processing using full-wave inversion

Project 3.4 Shape-reconstruction and quantitative estimation of electromagnetic and physical properties from GPR data

Project 3.5 Development of advanced data processing techniques

WG3EM Methods for Near Field Scattering Problems – Data

Processing Techniques

ChairAntonis Giannopoulos (UK)University of Edinburgh

Working Group 3


Leaky-Wave Antennas

The electric field of a plane wave with: k iβ α= +

0 ,ik rE E e ⋅=

0α =

0β α⋅ =

(homogeneous waves)

(inhomogeneous waves)

surface wave (proper)

leaky wave (improper)

In a lossless medium holds:

α

β

βα

In open waveguides, Leaky modes are related to radiation losses.


a

b w y

x

z

∞

P.E.C.

TE1,0

da'

c

FDTD method applied to study Leaky-Wave Antennas

Leaky-Wave Antennas Microwave frequencies


Leaky-Wave Antennas Optical frequencies

18/01/2016 Pagina 30

European School of Antennas (ESoA) course on: Leaky waves and periodic structures for antenna applications

CEM2Group

4th Edition of the Course: Rome, April 14-17, 2014

www.esoa-web.org

Temperature Sensor

Moisture Sensor

Level and pressure detectors with

energy harvesting

Microcontroller PIC and Transceiver

GPS navigation

data

Remote sensing

WSN – Smart Objects Each node includes: • one or more sensors • a microcontroller • a power source • a communication device.

Input interface of Information System GIS

Image sensor for target detection

WSN and/or Remote Sensing for monitoring of a scenario



Principal collaborations • Department of Engineering (at Roma Tre University)

• Department of Radio Science and Engineering (at Aalto University, Finland)

• Humanitarian Demining Laboratory (at “La Sapienza” University)

Non-uniformwave propagationin lossy media

Homogeneous plane waves

tξ

x

y

iβ

iξ

1ε 2 2 2jε ε εʹ′ ʹ′ʹ′= −

tβ

tα

• First medium is lossless, second medium is dissipative

• Homogeneous incident wave

• Incident angle

• The transmitted wave is attenuated in a direction perpendicular to the interface

iξ

Inhomogeneous plane waves

What if the incident wave is inhomogeneous? (i.e. Leaky wave)

tξ

x

y

iβ

iξ

1ε 2 2 2jε ε εʹ′ ʹ′ʹ′= −

tβ

tα

iα

tζ

• The incident wave presents attenuation perpendicular to the phase (energy) propagation direction

• The transmitted wave presents attenuation in a direction not perpendicular to the interface

• The transmitted angles and magnitudes can be computed analytically.

Total transmissionin lossy media

The conditions on such angles to obtain the total transmission are:

where and are the principal arguments

of the complex numbers and , respectively

If the first medium is dissipative, the incident wave is characterized, as seen before, by two independent angles


The conditions on such angles to obtain the total transmission are:

where and are the principal arguments

of the complex numbers and , respectively

If the first medium is dissipative, the incident wave is characterized, as seen before, by two independent angles

The conditions are of extreme interest because they reduce to the well known total transmission condition when the two media become lossless


The conditions in this case assume the following form:

If the first medium is lossless, the incident wave is characterized just by the magnitude of the phase vector and the incident angle (this is because the angle between the constant-

phase and constant-amplitude planes is fixed by the dispersion equation)

where is the complex number

tξ

x

y

iβ

iξ

1ε 2 2 2jε ε εʹ′ ʹ′ʹ′= −

tβ

tα

iα

Results

A 2D view of the magnetic field (perpendicular to the plane of incidence)

Total transmission between two lossless dielectric (no reflected wave)

Maximum transmission between a lossless and

a lossy medium

Total transmissionbetween a lossless and

a lossy medium

Results

Comparisons: homogeneous vs. inhomogeneous incident wave

Seawater – Wet Sand interface Air - Seawater

(Solid line) (Dashed line)

Research objectivesThe experimental verification of the theory requires to generate a leaky wave with the appropriate characteristics.

We are analyzing different technologies in order to find the most suitable for our purpose.

Microstrip LWA -‐ Design

• Results for this antenna are still under analysis

Leaky Wave antenna Modulo del campo elettriconormalizzatoRispetto al valoreall’interfaccia.

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1,4

1,6

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100

103

106

109

112

115

118

121

124

sigma=0 sigma=0.03 sigma=0.05 sigma=0.08

Horn antenna

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100

103

106

109

112

115

118

121


Modulo del campo elettriconormalizzatoRispetto al valoreall’interfaccia.

Dipole antenna Modulo del campo elettriconormalizzatoRispetto al valoreall’interfaccia.

0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1

1,2

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101

105

109

113

117

121

125

129


Lossy Prism -‐ Description• Using the conservation of the tangential component properties it is possible to turn a homogeneous into a non-‐homogenous plane wave.

β3

β1

β2

α1

α2σ=0

σ=0

σ>0

1. Wave coming from medium 1 (non-‐lossy) is supposed to have no attenuation.

2. Attenuation in the lossy medium 2 has to exist and it must be normal to the separation surface.

3. Attenuation out of the medium 2 and back in the medium 1 can only be normal to the separation surface or null.

The lossy prism must be realised so that attenuation and phase vector are normal!

Design and realizationof acheap GPR prototype@ 2.45 GHz

Radar system design options

Block diagram of FMCW radar

Unit price Quantity Total price Model Number Description Factory€ 13.23 2 € 26.46 OP467 OP467 low-‐noise quad opamp -‐ sostituisce MAX414CPD+ Analog Device€ 1.48 2 € 2.96 LM2940CT-‐5.0-‐ND 5V low dropout regulator Texas Instruments

€ 9.20 1 € 9.20 AD5932YRUZ Function Generator Chip AD5932YRUZ, TSSOP 16 pin sostituisce XR2206P-‐F Function Generator Chip Analog Device

€ 9.12 5 € 45.60 901-‐9889-‐RFX SMA bulkhead F solder cup Coaxial Connectors BLHD JCK S/CUP Ni -‐ AMPHENOL RF 901-‐9889-‐RFX Mouser

€ 46.20 1 € 46.20 ZX95-‐2536C+ 2315-‐2536 MC VCO,+6 dBm Out Mini-‐Circuits€ 14.34 1 € 14.34 VAT-‐3+ FXD SS Attenuator Mini-‐Circuits

€ 41.06 2€ 82.12

ZX60-‐272LN-‐S+BROADBAND AMPL Gain 14 dB, NF=1.2 dB, IP1= 18.5 dBm

Mini-‐Circuits

€ 35.93 1 € 35.93 ZX10-‐2-‐42+ PWR SPLTR CMBD 1900-‐4200 Mc, 0.1dB insertion loss Mini-‐Circuits€ 47.74 1 € 47.74 ZX05-‐43MH-‐S+ DBL BAL MIX 13 dBm LO, RF to LO loss 6.1 dB, IP1 9dBm Mini-‐Circuits€ 6.12 4 € 24.48 SM-‐SM50+ ADAPTER SMA-‐SMA M-‐M barrel Mini-‐Circuits€ 11.26 3 € 33.78 086-‐12SM+ HFLEX BL CA SM/SM 12" SMA-‐SMA M-‐M 6" cable Mini-‐Circuits

€ 4.00 Capacitors € 8.00 Resistors and Trimmers

Subtotal € 380.81 Tax 23% € 87.59 TOTAL € 468.40

Bill of Material

…+ price of antennas

1.5 GHz antenna CST-‐modelled geometry

Thank you for your attention

Antenne%planari%altamente%direttive% … ESA-ESOC . Danilo Saccoccioni . DISF ... Badrul Alam . PhD...

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